1
|
Denes V, Geck P, Mester A, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: 30 Years in Research Spotlight and 600 Million Years in Service. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091488. [PMID: 31540472 PMCID: PMC6780647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging from the depths of evolution, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are present in multicellular organisms from Tunicates to humans and govern a remarkable number of physiological processes. Consequently, the clinical relevance of PACAP systems spans a multifaceted palette that includes more than 40 disorders. We aimed to present the versatility of PACAP1-38 actions with a focus on three aspects: (1) when PACAP1-38 could be a cause of a malfunction, (2) when PACAP1-38 could be the cure for a malfunction, and (3) when PACAP1-38 could either improve or impair biology. PACAP1-38 is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder whereas an outstanding protective potential has been established in ischemia and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, PACAP receptors could mediate opposing effects both in cancers and in inflammation. In the light of the above, the duration and concentrations of PACAP agents must be carefully set at any application to avoid unwanted consequences. An enormous amount of data accumulated since its discovery (1989) and the first clinical trials are dated in 2017. Thus in the field of PACAP research: “this is not the end, not even the beginning of the end, but maybe the end of the beginning.”
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Denes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Peter Geck
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alteration of the PAC1 Receptor Expression in the Basal Ganglia of MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Macaque Monkeys. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:702-715. [PMID: 29230633 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-known neuropeptide with strong neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. PACAP exerts its protective actions via three G protein-coupled receptors: the specific Pac1 receptor (Pac1R) and the Vpac1/Vpac2 receptors, the neuroprotective effects being mainly mediated by the Pac1R. The protective role of PACAP in models of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases is now well-established in both in vitro and in vivo studies. PACAP and its receptors occur in the mammalian brain, including regions associated with Parkinson's disease. PACAP receptor upregulation or downregulation has been reported in several injury models or human diseases, but no data are available on alterations of receptor expression in Parkinson's disease. The model closest to the human disease is the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced macaque model. Therefore, our present aim was to evaluate changes in Pac1R expression in basal ganglia related to Parkinson's disease in a macaque model. Monkeys were rendered parkinsonian with MPTP, and striatum, pallidum, and cortex were evaluated for Pac1R immunostaining. We found that Pac1R immunosignal was markedly reduced in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and internal and external parts of the globus pallidus, while the immunoreactivity remained unchanged in the cortex of MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkey brains. This decrease was attenuated in some brain areas in monkeys treated with L-DOPA. The strong, specific decrease of the PACAP receptor immunosignal in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian macaque monkey brains suggests that the PACAP/Pac1R system may play an important role in the development/progression of the disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Girard BM, Malley SE, Mathews MM, May V, Vizzard MA. Intravesical PAC1 Receptor Antagonist, PACAP(6-38), Reduces Urinary Bladder Frequency and Pelvic Sensitivity in NGF-OE Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:290-9. [PMID: 27146136 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic NGF overexpression (OE) in the urothelium, achieved through the use of a highly urothelium-specific uroplakin II promoter, stimulates neuronal sprouting in the urinary bladder, produces increased voiding frequency and non-voiding contractions, and referred somatic sensitivity. Additional NGF-mediated pleiotropic changes might contribute to increased voiding frequency and pelvic hypersensitivity in NGF-OE mice such as neuropeptide/receptor systems including PACAP(Adcyap1) and PAC1 receptor (Adcyap1r1). Given the presence of PAC1-immunoreactive fibers and the expression of PAC1 receptor expression in bladder tissues, and PACAP-facilitated detrusor contraction, whether PACAP/receptor signaling contributes to increased voiding frequency and somatic sensitivity was evaluated in NGF-OE mice. Intravesical administration of the PAC1 receptor antagonist, PACAP(6-38) (300 nM), significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased intercontraction interval (2.0-fold) and void volume (2.5-fold) in NGF-OE mice. Intravesical instillation of PACAP(6-38) also decreased baseline bladder pressure in NGF-OE mice. PACAP(6-38) had no effects on bladder function in WT mice. Intravesical administration of PACAP(6-38) (300 nM) significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced pelvic sensitivity in NGF-OE mice but was without effect in WT mice. PACAP/receptor signaling contributes to the increased voiding frequency and pelvic sensitivity observed in NGF-OE mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice M Girard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Susan E Malley
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Morgan M Mathews
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret A Vizzard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, D405A Given Research Building, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manecka DL, Lelièvre V, Anouar Y. Inhibition of constitutive TNF production is associated with PACAP-mediated differentiation in PC12 cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3008-14. [PMID: 24928446 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a trophic neuropeptide that promotes cell survival and neuritogenesis in the central and peripheral nervous system. Our previous transcriptomic studies revealed the down-regulation of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) during PACAP-induced PC12 cell differentiation. Here we show that TNF is constitutively expressed in PC12 cells in a manner dependent on NF-κB transcription factor, and that PACAP rapidly inhibits TNF expression and secretion. The inhibition occurs through suppression of RelB subunit of NF-κB, and is likely to prevent the deleterious effects of the cytokine on survival and neurite outgrowth during PC12 cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Destiny-Love Manecka
- Inserm, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - Youssef Anouar
- Inserm, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dijkmans TF, van Hooijdonk LWA, Schouten TG, Kamphorst JT, Vellinga ACA, Meerman JHN, Fitzsimons CP, de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E. Temporal and functional dynamics of the transcriptome during nerve growth factor-induced differentiation. J Neurochem 2010; 105:2388-403. [PMID: 18346208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) is an extensively used model to study neuronal differentiation. The initial signaling cascades triggered by nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation have been subject to thorough investigation and are well characterized. However, knowledge of temporal transcriptomal regulation during NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells remains far from complete. We performed a microarray study that characterized temporal and functional changes of the transcriptome during 4 subsequent days of differentiation of Neuroscreen-1 PC12 cells. By analyzing the transcription profiles of 1595 NGF-regulated genes, we show a large diversity of transcriptional regulation in time. Also, we quantitatively identified 26 out of 243 predefined biological process and 30 out of 255 predefined molecular function classes that are specifically regulated by NGF. Combining the temporal and functional transcriptomal data revealed that NGF selectively exerts a temporally coordinated regulation of genes implicated in protein biosynthesis, intracellular signaling, cell structure, chromatin packaging and remodeling, intracellular protein traffic, mRNA transcription, and cell cycle. We will discuss how NGF-induced changes may modulate the transcriptional response to NGF itself during differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Dijkmans
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
PACAP/VIP and receptor characterization in micturition pathways in mice with overexpression of NGF in urothelium. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:378-89. [PMID: 20449688 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urothelium-specific overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the urinary bladder of transgenic mice stimulates neuronal sprouting or proliferation in the urinary bladder, produces urinary bladder hyperreflexia, and results in increased referred somatic hypersensitivity. Additional NGF-mediated changes might contribute to the urinary bladder hyperreflexia and pelvic hypersensitivity observed in these transgenic mice such as upregulation of neuropeptide/receptor systems. Chronic overexpression of NGF in the urothelium was achieved through the use of a highly urothelium-specific, uroplakin II promoter. In the present study, we examined pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and associated receptor (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) transcripts or protein expression in urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia in NGF-overexpressing and littermate wildtype mice using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical approaches. Results demonstrate upregulation of PAC1 receptor transcript and PAC1-immunoreactivity in urothelium of NGF-OE mice whereas PACAP transcript and PACAP-immunoreactivity were decreased in urothelium of NGF-OE mice. In contrast, VPAC1 receptor transcript was decreased in both urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle of NGF-OE mice. VIP transcript expression and immunostaining was not altered in urinary bladder of NGF-OE mice. Changes in PACAP, VIP, and associated receptor transcripts and protein expression in micturition pathways resemble some, but not all, changes observed after induction of urinary bladder inflammation known to involve NGF production.
Collapse
|
7
|
Reglodi D, Tamás A, Lubics A, Szalontay L, Lengvári I. Morphological and functional effects of PACAP in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the substantia nigra in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 123:85-94. [PMID: 15518897 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has several different actions in the nervous system, including neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different doses of PACAP on the functional and morphological outcome in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Rats were given unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra. PACAP-treated animals received 1, 0.1 or 0.01 microg PACAP as a pretreatment. Control animals without PACAP treatment displayed severe hypokinesia at 1 and 10 days post-lesion when compared to normal animals or those receiving saline only. PACAP treatment resulted in less severe acute hypokinesia, and complete recovery by 10 days. Asymmetrical signs were observed in all lesioned animals 1 day post-lesion. PACAP-treated animals, however, showed better recovery as they ceased to display asymmetrical signs 10 days later and showed markedly less apomorphine-induced rotations. Best behavioral outcome was observed in animals treated with 0.1 microg PACAP. Tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry revealed increased number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area in all PACAP-treated rats in contrast to the severe cell loss in control animals. These results indicate that PACAP may be a promising therapeutic agent in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Pécs University Medical Faculty and Neurohumoral Regulations Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigeti u 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nielsen KM, Chaverra M, Hapner SJ, Nelson BR, Todd V, Zigmond RE, Lefcort F. PACAP promotes sensory neuron differentiation: blockade by neurotrophic factors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:629-41. [PMID: 15080892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons encounter a panoply of extracellular signals as they differentiate. A major goal is to identify these extrinsic cues and define the mechanisms by which neurons simultaneously integrate stimulation by multiple factors yet initiate one specific biological response. Factors that are known to exert potent activities in the developing nervous system include the NGF family of neurotrophic factors, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). Here we demonstrate that PACAP promotes the differentiation of nascent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in that it increases both the number of neural-marker-positive cells and axonogenesis without affecting the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. This response is mediated through the PAC1 receptor and requires MAP kinase activation. Moreover, we find that, in the absence of exogenously added PACAP, blockade of the PAC1 receptor inhibits neuronal differentiation. These data coupled with our finding that both PACAP and the PAC1 receptor are expressed during the peak period of neuronal differentiation in the DRG suggest that PACAP functions in vivo to promote the differentiation of nascent sensory neurons. Interestingly, we also demonstrate that the neurotrophic factors NT-3 and CNTF completely block the PACAP-induced neuronal differentiation. This points to the intricate integration of cellular signals by nascent neurons and, to our knowledge, is the first evidence for neurotrophic factor abrogation of a pathway regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Cues
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/embryology
- Growth Cones/metabolism
- Growth Cones/ultrastructure
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Neurotrophin 3/metabolism
- Neurotrophin 3/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jongsma Wallin H, Pettersson LME, Verge VMK, Danielsen N. Effect of anti-nerve growth factor treatment on pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide expression in adult sensory neurons exposed to adjuvant induced inflammation. Neuroscience 2003; 120:325-31. [PMID: 12890505 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is increased in sensory neurons exposed to adjuvant induced peripheral inflammation. Local elevation in expression of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) is a main factor contributing to the neuronal response to inflammation. This study examines the role of endogenous NGF in inflammation-associated increases in PACAP expression using the adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation model with or without systemic administration of antibodies against NGF. Quantitative in situ hybridization was used to detect changes in neuronal PACAP mRNA expression and to correlate this expression with neuronal mRNA expression of the NGF receptor tyrosine kinase (trk) A. The results from this study show that inflammation triggered increases in PACAP expression occurs in small- to medium-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that also express trkA, and that this elevation in PACAP expression is prevented by systemic injection of anti-NGF. This supports a role for NGF as a positive regulator of PACAP expression during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Jongsma Wallin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, BMC F10, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kimura H, Kawatani M, Ito E, Ishikawa K. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on facial nerve recovery in the Guinea pig. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:1000-6. [PMID: 12782812 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200306000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has neurotrophic effects of neural regeneration and gives protection to the nervous system. We investigated whether PACAP had a neurotrophic effect on peripheral motoneurons and whether PACAP could facilitate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a neurotrophin, in nerve regeneration. The presence and distribution of PACAP receptors following facial nerve transection were also investigated. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS Unilateral transection of the facial nerve was performed in male Hartley guinea pigs, and PACAP was injected at the site. Saline was substituted as a control. Compound muscle action potentials were recorded to measure the changes of latency. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) content in facial target muscle was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The regenerating site was taken for histological studies. RESULTS Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide hastened the appearance of compound muscle action potentials and shortened the latency. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide increased and prolonged the nerve transection-induced GDNF increase in the facial muscles. The number of myelinated fibers at 1 to 4 weeks after the transection was increased. PAC1 receptor or VPAC1 receptor or both were identified in the injury area at 2 to 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide facilitated the recovery of latency of compound muscle action potentials or the number of myelinated axons, or both. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide prolonged the GDNF levels in target organs. These data indicated that PACAP promoted regeneration of the facial nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromoto Kimura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jamen F, Bouschet T, Laden JC, Bockaert J, Brabet P. Up-regulation of the PACAP type-1 receptor (PAC1) promoter by neurotrophins in rat PC12 cells and mouse cerebellar granule cells via the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. J Neurochem 2002; 82:1199-207. [PMID: 12358767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type-1 receptor (PAC1) has been involved in the survival and differentiation of neuroblasts during development. This study examined the effects of various neurotrophins on the activity of the mouse PAC1 promoter/luciferase reporter constructs in rat PC12 cells and in 8-day-old mouse cerebellar granule cells. In PC12 cells, both differentiating factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and mitogens such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) up-regulated PAC1 promoter activity by 2-4-fold in a concentration-dependent manner. Although PACAP differentiated the PC12 cells, it had no effect on the PAC1 promoter and antagonized the stimulatory effect of NGF. In cerebellar granule cells, IGF-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) also stimulated the activity of the PAC1 promoter. NGF and IGF-1 increased endogenous PAC1 mRNA levels, and the NGF-induced up-regulation is the result of an increase in transcription from PAC1 promoter instead of an increase in mRNA stability. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor, PD98059, prevented the transcriptional effects both in PC12 and cerebellar granule cells. Moreover, expression of dominant-negative Ras protein in PC12 cells also prevented the NGF effect. Our results show that the PAC1 promoter can be up-regulated by diverse neurotrophins via an MAPK-dependent pathway and suggest a role for the Ras protein.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebellum/cytology
- Cerebellum/drug effects
- Cerebellum/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mice
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- PC12 Cells
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- ras Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez-Henche N, Jamen F, Leroy C, Bockaert J, Brabet P. Transcription of the mouse PAC1 receptor gene: cell-specific expression and regulation by Zac1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1576:157-62. [PMID: 12031496 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulations of the PACAP type 1 (PAC1) receptor expression have been described in the brain and the anterior pituitary. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying mouse PAC1 gene regulation, we first mapped its transcription start sites (tss). PAC1 receptor RNA initiates from two major sites in embryos and adult tissues. Functional analysis revealed a basal promoter within the first 180 bp upstream of transcription start. Negative regulatory sequences upstream of this minimal promoter control the cell type-specific transcription of a luciferase reporter gene. Zac1, a zinc finger protein mainly expressed in the brain and the pituitary gland, binds to a GC-rich motif of the promoter regulatory elements. The Zac1 DNA binding site is required to positive and negative regulations of the promoter. Our findings provide bases for future studies on the regulatory elements controlling PAC1 gene transcription and demonstrate the PAC1 receptor promoter as a target of Zac1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Regulator
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genomic Library
- Luciferases/genetics
- Mice
- Pituitary Gland/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
Collapse
|