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Cho G, Moon C, Maharajan N, Ang MJ, Kim M, Jang CH. Effect of Pre-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Coated Cellulose/Collagen Nanofibrous Nerve Conduit on Regeneration of Transected Facial Nerve. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147638. [PMID: 35886987 PMCID: PMC9318960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: In order to evaluate the effect of a pre-induced mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-coated cellulose/collagen nanofibrous nerve conduit on facial nerve regeneration in a rat model both in vitro and in vivo. (2) Methods: After fabrication of the cellulose/collagen nanofibrous conduit, its lumen was coated with either MSCs or pre-induced MSCs. The nerve conduit was then applied to the defective main trunk of the facial nerve. Rats were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n = 10 in each): cellulose/collagen nanofiber (control group), cellulose/collagen nanofiber/MSCs (group I), and cellulose/collagen nanofiber/pre-induced MSCs (group II). (3) Results Fibrillation of the vibrissae of each group was observed, and action potential threshold was compared 8 weeks post-surgery. Histopathological changes were also observed. Groups I and II showed better recovery of vibrissa fibrillation than the control group. (4) Conclusions: Group II, treated with the pre-induced MSC-coated cellulose/collagen nanofibrous nerve conduit, showed the highest degree of recovery based on functional and histological evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- GwangWon Cho
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (G.C.); (N.M.)
- Department of Life Science, BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Nagarajan Maharajan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (G.C.); (N.M.)
- Department of Life Science, BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Mary Jasmin Ang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños 4031, Philippines;
| | - Minseong Kim
- Advanced Biomaterial Team, Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Dong-gu 41061, Korea;
| | - Chul Ho Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-2206774
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Sugiyama M, Ito T, Furukawa T, Hirayama A, Kakehata S. The effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 on the recovery of facial nerve function in a guinea pig model of facial palsy. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:28. [PMID: 32513097 PMCID: PMC10717557 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the treatment of peripheral facial nerve palsy was investigated using an animal model. The facial nerve within the temporal bone was exposed and compressed by clamping. The animals were treated with either IGF-1 or saline which was topically administered by a gelatin-based sustained-release hydrogel via an intratemporal route. The recovery from facial nerve palsy was evaluated at 8 weeks postoperatively based on eyelid closure, complete recovery rate, electroneurography and number of axons found on the facial nerve. IGF-1 treatment resulted in significant improvement in the changes of the degree of eyelid closure over the total time period and complete recovery rate. A separate study showed that IGF-1 receptor mRNA was expressed in facial nerves up to 14 days after the nerve-clamping procedure. IGF-1 was thus found to be effective in the treatment of peripheral facial nerve palsy when topically applied using a sustained-release gelatin-based hydrogel via an intratemporal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Sugiyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Furukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirayama
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiji Kakehata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
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Ali SA, Hanks JE, Stebbins AW, Cohen ST, Hunter DA, Snyder-Warwick AK, Mackinnon SE, Kupfer RA, Hogikyan ND, Feldman EL, Brenner MJ. Comparison of Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein With Vincristine for Facial Nerve Inhibition After Bilateral Axotomy in a Transgenic Thy1-Gfp Rat Model. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2019; 21:426-433. [PMID: 31219545 PMCID: PMC6587147 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2019.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Aberrant synkinetic movement after facial nerve injury can lead to prominent facial asymmetry and resultant psychological distress. The current practices of neuroinhibition to promote greater facial symmetry are often temporary in nature and require repeated procedures. OBJECTIVE To determine whether myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a specific neuroinhibitor, can prevent neuroregeneration with efficacy comparable with that of vincristine, a well-established neurotoxin. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Rats transgenic for Thy-1 cell surface antigen-green fluorescent protein (Thy1-Gfp) were randomized into 3 groups. Each rat received bilateral crush axotomy injuries to the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves. The animals received intraneural injection of saline, MAG, or vincristine. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The animals were imaged via fluorescent microscopy at weeks 1, 3, 4, and 5 after surgery. Quantitative fluorescent data were generated as mean intensities of nerve segments proximal and distal to the axotomy site. Electrophysiological analysis, via measurement of compound muscle action potentials, was performed at weeks 0, 3, 4, and 5 after surgery. RESULTS A total of 12 rats were included in the study. Administration of MAG significantly reduced fluorescent intensity of the distal nerve in comparison with the control group at week 3 (mean [SD], MAG group: 94 [11] intensity units vs control group: 130 [11] intensity units; P < .001), week 4 (MAG group: 81 [19] intensity units vs control group: 103 [9] intensity units; P = .004), and week 5 (MAG group: 76 [10] intensity units vs control group: 94 [10] intensity units; P < .001). In addition, rats treated with MAG had greater fluorescent intensity than those treated with vincristine at week 3 (mean [SD], MAG group: 94 [11] intensity units vs vincristine group: 76 [6] intensity units; P = .03), although there was no significant difference for weeks 4 and 5. At week 5, both MAG and vincristine demonstrated lower distal nerve to proximal nerve intensity ratios than the control group (control group, 0.94; vs MAG group, 0.82; P = .01; vs vincristine group; 0.77; P < .001). There was no significant difference in amplitude between the experimental groups at week 5 of electrophysiological testing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Lower facial asymmetry and synkinesis are common persistent concerns to patients after facial nerve injury. Using the Thy1-Gfp rat, this study demonstrates effective inhibition of neuroregeneration via intraneural application of MAG in a crush axotomy model, comparable with results with vincristine. By potentially avoiding systemic toxic effects of vincristine, MAG demonstrates potential as an inhibitor of neural regeneration for patients with synkinesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ahmed Ali
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - John E. Hanks
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Aaron W. Stebbins
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Samantha T. Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Daniel A. Hunter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Alison K. Snyder-Warwick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan E. Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Robbi A. Kupfer
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Norman D. Hogikyan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Michael J. Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor
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Zhang Q, Nguyen PD, Shi S, Burrell JC, Xu Q, Cullen KD, Le AD. Neural Crest Stem-Like Cells Non-genetically Induced from Human Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Facial Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6965-6983. [PMID: 29372546 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-genetic induction of somatic cells into neural crest stem-like cells (NCSCs) is promising for potential cell-based therapies for post-traumatic peripheral nerve regeneration. Here, we report that human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) could be reproducibly and readily induced into NCSCs via non-genetic approaches. Compared to parental GMSCs, induced NCSC population had increased expression in NCSC-related genes and displayed robust differentiation into neuronal and Schwann-like cells. Knockdown of the expression of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a critical mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, attenuated the expression of NCSC-related genes; specific blocking of RhoA/ROCK activity and non-muscle myosin II (NM II)-dependent contraction suppressed YAP1 and NCSC-related genes and concurrently abolished neural spheroid formation in NCSCs. Using a rat model of facial nerve defect, implantation of NCSC-laden nerve conduits promoted functional regeneration of the injured nerve. These promising findings demonstrate that induced NCSCs derived from GMSCs represent an easily accessible and promising source of neural stem-like cells for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunzhou Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Phuong D Nguyen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shihong Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qilin Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kacy D Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anh D Le
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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5
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Wang H, Ni H, Han S, Xu W, Wang J, Yuan B, Zhu T, Jin W, Liang W, Dai J. The Promotion of Neural Regeneration in A Rat Facial Nerve Crush Injury Model Using Collagen-Binding NT-3. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2016; 46:578-585. [PMID: 27993869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic facial nerve injury, an important cause of facial paralysis, has a number of adverse effects, including facial muscle dysfunction and facial asymmetry. It has been demonstrated in our previous work that native human NT-3 fused with a collagen-binding domain (CBD-NT-3) could bind to collagen, specifically to exert neurotrophic effects, promoting axonal regeneration. To evaluate the effect of CBD-NT-3 in inducing facial nerve regeneration and functional recovery, the differing effects of CBD-NT-3 and native neurotrophin-3 (NAT-NT-3) were observed using the results of facial nerve functional recovery, electrophysiological testing, and axonal and myelin changes in a rat model of facial nerve crush injury. The rats were injected in the epineurium in crushed fibers of the facial nerve with CBD-NT-3, NAT-NT-3, and PBS respectively. After 4 weeks, the CBD-NT-3 group demonstrated significantly more ordered growth of axons and nerve functional recovery than the NAT-NT-3 group. The results suggest that CBD-NT-3 considerably enhances facial nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbin Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoyu Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weibang Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen H, Liu C, Yin J, Chen Z, Xu J, Wang D, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Li A. Mitochondrial Cyclophilin D as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Ischemia-Induced Facial Palsy in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:931-41. [PMID: 25820785 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that ischemia could induce facial nerve (FN) injury. However, there is a lack of a suitable animal model for FN injury study and thus little knowledge is available about the precise mechanism for FN injury. The aims of this study were to establish a reliable FN injury model induced by blocking the petrosal artery and to investigate whether dysfunctional interaction between cyclophilin D (CypD) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) can mediate cell dysfunction in ischemic FN injury. The outcomes of ischemia-induced FN injury rat model were evaluated by behavioral assessment, histological observation, electrophysiology, and electron microscopy. Then the levels of CypD and protein that forms the MPTP were evaluated under the conditions with or without the treatment of Cyclosporin A (CsA), which has been found to disrupt MPTP through the binding of CypD. The blocking of petrosal artery caused significant facial palsy signs in the ischemia group but not in the sham group. Furthermore, ischemia can induce the dysfunction of facial nucleus neurons and destruction of the myelin sheath and increase the protein levels of CypD and MPTP protein compared with sham group. Interestingly, treatment with CsA significantly improved neurological function and reversed the ischemia-induced increase of CypD and MPTP proteins in ischemia group. These results demonstrated that blocking of petrosal artery in rats can induce FN injury and the mechanism may be related to the disruption of MPTP by CypD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chnagtao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanlei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 182 Tong Guan North Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222002, People's Republic of China.
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Tan J, Xu J, Xing Y, Chen L, Li S. Effect of rocuronium on the level and mode of pre-synaptic acetylcholine release by facial and somatic nerves, and changes following facial nerve injury in rabbits. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:1479-1490. [PMID: 25973033 PMCID: PMC4396282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Muscles innervated by the facial nerve show differential sensitivities to muscle relaxants than muscles innervated by somatic nerves. The evoked electromyography (EEMG) response is also proportionally reduced after facial nerve injury. This forms the theoretical basis for proper utilization of muscle relaxants to balance EEMG monitoring and immobility under general anesthesia. (1) To observe the relationships between the level and mode of acetylcholine (ACh) release and the duration of facial nerve injury, and the influence of rocuronium in an in vitro rabbit model. (2) To explore the pre-synaptic mechanisms of discrepant responses to a muscle relaxant. Quantal and non-quantal ACh release were measured by using intracellular microelectrode recording in the orbicularis oris 1 to 42 days after graded facial nerve injury and in the gastrocnemius with/without rocuronium. Quantal ACh release was significantly decreased by rocuronium in the orbicularis oris and gastrocnemius, but significantly more so in gastrocnemius. Quantal release was reduced after facial nerve injury, which was significantly correlated with the severity of nerve injury in the absence but not in the presence of rocuronium. Non-quantal ACh release was reduced after facial nerve injury, with many relationships observed depending on the extent of the injury. The extent of inhibition of non-quantal release by rocuronium correlated with the grade of facial nerve injury. These findings may explain why EEMG amplitude might be diminished after acute facial nerve injury but relatively preserved after chronic injury and differential responses in sensitivity to rocuronium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
| | - Yian Xing
- Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200080, China
| | - Lianhua Chen
- Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200080, China
| | - Shitong Li
- Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200080, China
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Cui Y, Lu C, Meng D, Xiao Z, Hou X, Ding W, Kou D, Yao Y, Chen B, Zhang Z, Li J, Pan J, Dai J. Collagen scaffolds modified with CNTF and bFGF promote facial nerve regeneration in minipigs. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7819-27. [PMID: 24930851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most experiments of peripheral nerve repair after injury have been conducted in the rodent model but the translation of findings from rodent studies to clinical practice is needed partly because the nerve regeneration must occur over much longer distances in humans than in rodents. The reconstruction of long distance nerve injuries still represents a great challenge to surgeons who is engaged in peripheral nerve surgery. Here we used the functional nerve conduit (collagen scaffolds incorporated with neurocytokines CNTF and bFGF) to bridge a 35 mm long facial nerve gap in minipig models. At 6 months after surgery, electrophysiology assessment and histological examination were conducted to evaluate the regeneration of peripheral facial nerves. Based on functional and histological observations, the results indicated that the functional collagen scaffolds promoted nerve reconstruction. The number and arrangement of regenerated nerve fibers, myelination, and nerve function reconstruction was better in the CNTF + bFGF conduit group than the single factor CNTF or bFGF conduit group. The functional composite conduit, which exhibited favorable mechanical properties, may promote facial nerve regeneration in minipigs effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Lu
- School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Danqing Meng
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianglin Hou
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenyong Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Depeng Kou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - Jiayin Li
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Juli Pan
- School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China.
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3 Nanyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China.
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Abstract
Nervus intermedius neuralgia (NIN) is an uncommon disorder that affects a sensory branch of the facial nerve. This condition usually provokes a very intense and stabbing pain localized in the depth of the ear canal. Due to the close anatomical proximity, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies should be included in the differential diagnosis. The treatment of NIN has not been established, although it seems reasonable that the therapeutic approaches used in other more common craniofacial neuralgias, such as trigeminal neuralgia, should be effective. In this paper, the authors present a case report of a female patient diagnosed with NIN who was successfully managed with pharmacological treatment.
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Wada SI, Haginomori SI, Mori A, Ichihara T, Kanazawa A, Kawata R, Takubo T, Yorifuji S. The midline electroneurography method for facial palsy reflects total nerve degeneration. Acta Otolaryngol 2013; 133:327-33. [PMID: 23163890 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.743680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The midline electroneurography (ENoG) method might reflect total facial nerve degeneration. OBJECTIVE We compared ENoG values in patients with facial palsy using two different methods, the midline method and five electroneurogram recordings, to reveal whether the ENoG value obtained with the midline method reflects total facial nerve degeneration. METHODS Forty patients with facial palsy were enrolled. Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were recorded using the midline method, in which the anode was placed on the mental protuberance and the cathode was placed on the philtrum. Additionally, five electroneurogram recordings were obtained by placing the anode on the skin of the parietal region and five cathodes on the skin over five facial muscles (frontalis, orbicularis oculi, nasalis, orbicularis oris, and depressor anguli oris muscles). ENoG values recorded using the two methods were compared. RESULTS The ENoG values of the five facial muscles did not differ from those obtained using the midline method. The total ENoG value calculated by summing five CMAPs from five facial muscles, which is considered to reflect total facial nerve degeneration, was not significantly different from that using midline methods; moreover, a strong positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.87) was found between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Wada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Chen JL, Li SQ, Chi FL, Chen LH, Li ST. Different sensitivities to rocuronium of the neuromuscular junctions innervated by normal/damaged facial nerves and somatic nerve in rats: the role of the presynaptic acetylcholine quantal release. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012; 125:1747-1752. [PMID: 22800894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscles present different responses to muscle relaxants, a mechanism of importance in surgeries requiring facial nerve evoked electromyography under general anaesthesia. The non-depolarizing muscle relaxants have multiple reaction formats in the neuromuscular junction, in which pre-synaptic quantal release of acetylcholine was one of the important mechanisms. This study was to compare the pre-synaptic quantal release of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junctions innervated by normal/damaged facial nerves and somatic nerve under the effect of rocuronium in rats in vitro. METHODS Acute right-sided facial nerve injury was induced by nerve crush axotomies. Both sided facial nerve connected orbicularis oris strips and tibial nerve connected gastrocnemius strips were isolated to measure endplate potentials (EPP) and miniature endplate potentials (MEPP) using an intracellular microelectrode gauge under different rocuronium concentrations. Then, the pre-synaptic quantal releases of acetylcholine were calculated by the ratios of the EPPs and the MEPPs, and compared among the damaged or normal facial nerve innervated orbicularis oris and tibial nerve innervated gastrocnemius. RESULTS The EPP/MEPP ratios of the three neuromuscular junctions decreased in a dose dependent manner with the increase of the rocuronium concentration. With the concentrations of rocuronium being 5 µg/ml, 7.5 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml, the decrease of the EPP/MEPP ratio in the damaged facial nerve group was greater than that in the normal facial nerve group. The decrease in the somatic nerve group was the biggest, with significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Rocuronium presented different levels of inhibition on the pre-synaptic quantal release of acetylcholine in the three groups of neuromuscular junctions. The levels of the inhibition showed the following sequence: somatic nerve > damaged facial nerve > normal facial nerve. The difference may be one of the reasons causing the different sensitivities to rocuronium among the muscles innervated by the normal/injured facial nerves and the somatic nerve. The results may provide some information for the proper usage of muscle relaxants in surgeries requiring electromyographic monitoring for the pre-surgically impaired facial nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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12
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Dong Y, Li J, Zhang F, Li Y. Nociceptive afferents to the premotor neurons that send axons simultaneously to the facial and hypoglossal motoneurons by means of axon collaterals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25615. [PMID: 21980505 PMCID: PMC3183065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the brainstem premotor neurons of the facial nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus coordinate orofacial nociceptive reflex (ONR) responses. However, whether the brainstem PNs receive the nociceptive projection directly from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus is still kept unclear. Our present study focuses on the distribution of premotor neurons in the ONR pathways of rats and the collateral projection of the premotor neurons which are involved in the brainstem local pathways of the orofacial nociceptive reflexes of rat. Retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold (FG) or FG/tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA) were injected into the VII or/and XII, and anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vc). The tracing studies indicated that FG-labeled neurons receiving BDA-labeled fibers from the Vc were mainly distributed bilaterally in the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), dorsal and ventral medullary reticular formation (MdD, MdV), supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup) and parabrachial nucleus (PBN) with an ipsilateral dominance. Some FG/TMR-DA double-labeled premotor neurons, which were observed bilaterally in the PCRt, MdD, dorsal part of the MdV, peri-motor nucleus regions, contacted with BDA-labeled axonal terminals and expressed c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity which induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin into the lip. After retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into VII or XII and BDA into Vc, electron microscopic study revealed that some BDA-labeled axonal terminals made mainly asymmetric synapses on the dendritic and somatic profiles of WGA-HRP-labeled premotor neurons. These data indicate that some premotor neurons could integrate the orofacial nociceptive input from the Vc and transfer these signals simultaneously to different brainstem motonuclei by axonal collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Dong
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinlian Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YL)
| | - Fuxing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YL)
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Komobuchi H, Hato N, Teraoka M, Wakisaka H, Takahashi H, Gyo K, Tabata Y, Yamamoto M. Basic fibroblast growth factor combined with biodegradable hydrogel promotes healing of facial nerve after compression injury: an experimental study. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130:173-8. [PMID: 19680989 DOI: 10.3109/00016480902896139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Topical application of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) hydrogel facilitates faster healing from traumatic facial paralysis due to continuous release of bFGF. OBJECTIVES bFGF is considered a potent agent to facilitate recovery from neuronal damage; however, exogenously applied bFGF does not work well because of its short acting time. To enhance the effects in vivo, we developed a new drug delivery system by embedding bFGF in a gelatin hydrogel that degrades slowly. In this study, the effects of bFGF-hydrogel on traumatic facial nerve paralysis were investigated in guinea pigs. METHODS The intratemporal facial nerve was exposed and clamped at the vertical portion using micro needle forceps. The animals were then subjected to one of the following three procedures: group A, no further treatment; group B, one-shot application of bFGF to the nerve; and group C, application of bFGF-hydrogel instead. Six weeks later, facial nerve functions were evaluated by three test batteries: observation of facial movements, electrophysiological testing, and histological study. RESULTS The results for groups A and B were similar in the three tests, indicating that one-shot application of bFGF did not benefit facial nerve recovery. In contrast, group C achieved better results in all tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Komobuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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Suzuki T, Mizutani H, Miyake E, Fukano N, Saeki S, Ogawa S. Infusion requirements and reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii and adductor pollicis muscles. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1336-40. [PMID: 19650798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to compare the infusion rates required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block and the reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) and the adductor pollicis muscle (APM). METHODS We randomly allocated 30 female patients into two groups of 15 patients each to monitor neuromuscular block at either the CSM or the APM. After induction of anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion, contraction of the CSM to the facial nerve stimulation or that of the APM to the ulnar nerve stimulation was quantified using an acceleromyograph during 1.0-1.5% end-tidal sevoflurane anaesthesia. All the patients received a bolus of 1 mg/kg rocuronium. When the first twitch (T1) of train-of-four (TOF) recovered to 10% of the control, rocuronium infusion was commenced and maintained at T1 of 10% of the control at the CSM or APM for 120 min. Immediately after rocuronium infusion was discontinued, the time required for 0.04 mg/kg neostigmine-facilitated recovery to a TOF ratio of 0.9 was recorded. RESULTS Rocuronium infusion dose after a lapse of 120 min was significantly larger in the CSM than in the APM [7.1 (2.3) vs. 4.7 (2.6) microg/kg/min; P=0.001]. The time for facilitated recovery was shorter in the CSM than in the APM [11.4 (3.8) vs. 16.2 (6.0) min; P=0.016]. CONCLUSION A larger rocuronium infusion dose was required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block at the CSM. Neostigmine-mediated reversal was faster at the CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Lorenzano C, Bagnato S, Gilio F, Fabbrini G, Berardelli A. No clinical or neurophysiological evidence of botulinum toxin diffusion to non-injected muscles in patients with hemifacial spasm. Neurotox Res 2009; 9:141-4. [PMID: 16785111 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin injected into a muscle may diffuse to nearby muscles thus producing unwanted effects. In patients with hemifacial spasm, we evaluated clinically and neurophysiologically, whether botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) diffuses from the injection site (orbicularis oculi) to untreated muscles (orbicularis oris from the affected side and orbicularis oculi and oris from the unaffected side). We studied 38 patients with idiopathic hemifacial spasm. Botulinum toxin was injected into the affected orbicularis oculi muscle alone (at 3 standardized sites) at a clinically effective dose. Patients were studied before (T0) and 3-4 weeks after treatment (T1). We evaluated the clinical effects of botulinum toxin and muscle strength in the affected and unaffected muscles. We also assessed the peak-to-peak amplitude compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recorded from the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles on both sides after supramaximal electrical stimulation of the facial nerve at the stylomastoid foramen. In all patients, botulinum toxin treatment reduced muscle spasms in the injected orbicularis oculi muscle and induced no muscle weakness in the other facial muscles. The CMAP amplitude significantly decreased in the injected orbicularis oculi muscle, but remained unchanged in the other facial muscles (orbicularis oris muscle on the affected side and contra-lateral unaffected muscles). In conclusion, in patients with hemifacial spasm, botulinum toxin, at a clinically effective dose, induces no clinical signs of diffusion and does not reduce the CMAP size in the nearby untreated orbicularis oris or contralateral facial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lorenzano
- Department of Neurosciences and Institute Neuromed (IRCCS), University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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17
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18
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Corso L. Train-of-four results and observed muscle movement in children during continuous neuromuscular blockade. Crit Care Nurse 2008; 28:30-39. [PMID: 18515606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Corso
- University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Gu YH, Liang WM. [Influence of non-depolarizing relaxant on facial nerve monitoring during total intravenous anesthesia]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008; 88:591-593. [PMID: 18646711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the feasibility of using non-depolarizing relaxant in intraoperative facial nerve monitoring (IFNM) during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). METHODS Thirty adult patients, aged 37 (20-50), with ASA class I or II, without disorder of facial nerve, underwent IFNM during TIVA, using fentanyl, midazolam, and propofol, to record the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the facial nerve. Train of four (TOF) pattern was used to evaluate the degree of peripheral neuromuscular blockade. The relationship between the TOF value and CMAP was studied. RESULTS When the TOP value was 1 the wave amplitude of the CMAP of facial nerve was 0.19 +/- 0.08 mv, significantly lower than that when no muscle relaxant was used (2.72 +/- 0.34 mv, P < 0.01), however, when the TOF values were > or = 2 there were no statistically significant differences in the amplitude of the CMAP of facial nerve. In addition, clear graph of CMAP could be obtained when the TOF values were > or = 2. CONCLUSION IFNM can be safely and efficaciously performed when neuromuscular blockade is monitored carefully during TIVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Unit of Neuroelectrophysiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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20
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Wiese S, Jablonka S, Holtmann B, Orel N, Rajagopal R, Chao MV, Sendtner M. Adenosine receptor A2A-R contributes to motoneuron survival by transactivating the tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17210-5. [PMID: 17940030 PMCID: PMC2040418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705267104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are potent survival factors for developing and injured neurons. However, they are not being used to treat neurodegenerative diseases because of difficulties in administration and numerous side effects that have been encountered in previous clinical trials. Their biological activities use Trk (tropomyosin-related kinase) transmembrane tyrosine kinases. Therefore, one alternative approach is to use transactivation pathways such as adenosine 2A receptor agonists, which can activate Trk receptor signaling independent of neurotrophin binding. However, the relevance in vivo and applicability of these transactivation events during neurodegenerative and injury conditions have never been extensively studied. Here we demonstrate that motoneuron survival after facial nerve lesioning is significantly enhanced by transactivation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinases by adenosine agonists. Moreover, survival of motoneurons directly required the activation of the BDNF receptor TrkB and an increase in Akt (AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog) activity. The ability of small molecules to activate a trophic response by using Trk signaling provides a unique mechanism to promote survival signals in motoneurons and suggests new strategies for using transactivation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiese
- *Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Sibylle Jablonka
- *Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Bettina Holtmann
- *Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Nadiya Orel
- *Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Rithwick Rajagopal
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
| | - Moses V. Chao
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael Sendtner
- *Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; and
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Tetzlaff J, Tanzer L, Jones KJ. Cellular localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in mouse-derived motoneuron hybrid cells and mouse facial motoneurons. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1362-70. [PMID: 17638386 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of gonadal steroid hormones to augment axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury has been well established in rat and hamster motoneuron systems, and provides a foundation for the use of these agents as neurotherapeutics. With the advent of mouse genetics and the availability of transgenic and knockout mice, the use of mice in studies of neuroprotection is growing. It has recently been demonstrated that both androgens and estrogens rescue motoneurons (MN) from injury in mouse-derived motoneuron hybrid cells in vitro and mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) in vivo (Tetzlaff et al. [2006] J Mol Neurosci 28:53-64). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of these effects, the present study examined the cellular localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in mouse MN in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry studies established the presence of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha/beta in immortalized mouse motoneuron hybrid cells and AR and estrogen receptor alpha in mouse FMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tetzlaff
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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22
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Elmas C, Ayhan S, Tuncer S, Erdogan D, Calguner E, Basterzï Y, Gozil R, Bahcelioglu M. Effect of Fresh and Stored Botulinum Toxin A on Muscle and Nerve Ultrastructure. Ann Plast Surg 2007; 59:316-22. [PMID: 17721223 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31802e0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the ultrastructural alterations of the muscle and nerve that appear following injection of freshly reconstituted and stored botulinum toxin A. Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to 6 groups, and anterior auricular muscle was used for injections. Group 1 did not receive any injection and group 2 received saline injection. Groups 3 and 5 received fresh botulinum; muscles and motor nerves were harvested at 5 days and 12 weeks, respectively. Groups 4 and 6 received stored botulinum; muscles and motor nerves were harvested at 5 days and 12 weeks, respectively. Alterations in muscle and nerve ultrastructure were evaluated with electron microscopy. Degeneration findings in muscle after botulinum toxin injection revealed no significant difference between freshly reconstituted and stored toxin in the early period. When stored toxin was used, atrophic changes in the muscle were less severe than the fresh toxin at 3 months. On nerve evaluation, fresh toxin displays significant acute changes on nerve ultrastructure; however, fresh and stored toxin shows similar degeneration at 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Elmas
- Department of Histology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Kuczkowski KM. Anesthetic implications of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injections for the treatment of 'the aging face' in the parturient. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51:515-6. [PMID: 17378795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ito M, Ohbayashi M, Furukawa M, Okoyama S. Neuroprotective effects of TJ-23 (Tokishakuyakusan) on adult rat motoneurons following peripheral facial nerve axotomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 136:225-30. [PMID: 17275544 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated free radical scavenging activity and the possible neuroprotective effect of Tokishakuyakusan (TJ-23) on facial motor nucleus (FMN) motoneurons after peripheral axotomy. STUDY DESIGN In 40 adult rats, the right facial nerve was transected at the level of the stylomastoid foramen. Following axotomy, the effects of TJ-23 on nitric oxide synthase were investigated using NADPH-d histochemistry. FMN motoneurons were counted bilaterally in sections stained with cresyl violet. RESULTS Rats administered TJ-23 exhibited clear suppression of injury-induced neuronal NADPH-d expression in the ipsilateral FMN when compared to nontreated controls. The number of surviving motoneurons in the ipsilateral FMN was significantly greater among TJ-23-treated rats than nontreated controls on day 56 following axotomy. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of TJ-23 after peripheral facial nerve axotomy. SIGNIFICANCE Antioxidants may have therapeutic potential in traumatic facial nerve dysfunction resulting from head injury, ear surgery, and parotid gland surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedical Research and Education, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Radford A. Reasons for failed local anaesthesia in dentistry. SAAD Dig 2007; 23:24-8. [PMID: 17265911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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26
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Neal JK, Wade J. Courtship and copulation in the adult male green anole: effects of season, hormone and female contact on reproductive behavior and morphology. Behav Brain Res 2006; 177:177-85. [PMID: 17174414 PMCID: PMC2892282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among reproductive season, testosterone (T) and female presence were investigated on the structure and function of forebrain and neuromuscular systems controlling courtship and copulation in the green anole lizard. Under breeding (BS) or non-breeding (NBS) environmental conditions, male green anoles were implanted with either T or blank capsules and exposed to one of three female stimulus conditions: physical, visual or no female contact. T and at least visual exposure to females increased courtship displays (extension of a throat fan, or dewlap), and these effects were greater during the BS than NBS. T also facilitated copulation, and did so to a greater extent in the BS. The hormone increased soma size in the preoptic area (POA) and amygdala (AMY), and in the AMY the effects were greater in the BS than NBS. Cross-sectional areas of copulatory organs and associated muscle fibers were enhanced by T, and more so in the BS than NBS. However, no effects on morphology of dewlap motoneurons or muscles or copulatory motoneurons were detected. Thus, (1) changes in behavior and neural and/or muscular morphology are not always parallel and (2) differences in responsiveness to T exist across seasons and among tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Neal
- Michigan State University, Neuroscience Program, East Lansing, MI 48824-1101, United States.
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Baart JA, van Diermen DE, van Eijden TMGJ. [Transient paresis after mandibular block anaesthesia]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2006; 113:418-20. [PMID: 17058764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mandibular block anaesthesia is frequently used in dentistry. The technique is more susceptible to failure than local anaesthesia by infiltration. Two cases of patients who were afflicted by transient paresis of (branches of) the facial and vagus nerves after mandibular block anaesthesia have been analysed. With reference to both these cases advice is given on how to react in case of a misdirected mandibular block anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Baart
- Uit de afdeling Mondziekten en Kaakchirurgie/Orale Pathologie van het Vrije Universiteit medisch centrum/Academisch Centrum Tandheelkunde Amsterdam.
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Strauss C, Romstöck J, Fahlbusch R, Rampp S, Scheller C. Preservation of Facial Nerve Function after Postoperative Vasoactive Treatment in Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery. Neurosurgery 2006; 59:577-84; discussion 577-84. [PMID: 16955040 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000230260.95477.0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Facial nerve paresis and hearing loss are common complications after vestibular schwannoma surgery. Experimental and clinical studies point to a beneficial effect of nimodipine and hydroxyethyl starch for preservation of cochlear nerve function. A retrospective analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effect of vasoactive treatment on facial nerve outcome.
PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Forty-five patients with vestibular schwannoma removal, intraoperative electromyographic monitoring, and postoperative deterioration of facial nerve function were evaluated. Twenty-five patients underwent vasoactive treatment consisting of nimodipine and hydroxyethyl starch for improvement of hearing outcome. Twenty patients did not receive such treatment. Facial nerve function was evaluated before and after surgery, as well as 1 year after the surgical procedure. Patients were comparable regarding age, tumor size, and preoperative facial nerve function.
RESULTS:
Long-term results of facial nerve function were significantly improved in those patients who experienced severe postoperative deterioration of facial nerve function and received vasoactive treatment as compared with patients who did not receive nimodipine and hydroxyethyl starch after surgery. Treated patients showed a significantly higher rate of complete recovery compared with patients without treatment.
CONCLUSION:
The study points to a potential effect of vasoactive treatment for facial nerve function after vestibular schwannoma surgery. In particular, patients with postoperative disfiguring facial nerve palsy clearly benefit from intravenous hydroxyethyl starch and nimodipine with respect to a long-term socially acceptable facial nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether local anesthetic blockade of the infraorbital nerve may allow for cleft lip repair to be performed under regional anesthesia. METHOD Twenty patients above 12 years of age with cleft lip (7 females and 13 males) were enrolled. Careful preoperative counseling was given. Bilateral infraorbital block was performed (extraoral approach) with 10 mL of equal volumes of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline and 0.5% bupivacaine. The point of entry was the intersection of a vertical line through the pupil of the eye (in the neutral position) and a horizontal line through the ala of the nose. The needle was directed medially and cephalad until the infraorbital foramina was reached and 2 mL was injected. Through the same point of entry, but directed medially (toward the ala), 1 mL was injected followed by a 2-mL injection caudally and medially (into the lip). RESULTS The block was successful in all patients without complication. The surgery was uneventful, lasting between 45 and 60 minutes. The postoperative duration of analgesia was between 6 and 24 hours (mean 16.5 +/- 5.10 SD). CONCLUSIONS The nerve supply of the cleft lip, our modification of the block, and possible problems with this technique are discussed. This study confirms the utility of this block for postoperative analgesia. Further studies are required to apply this innovative, safe, and economical modification of anesthesia for cleft lip surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Eipe
- Department of Anesthesia, Padhar Hospital, Padhar, Betul District, Madhya Pradesh-460005, India.
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Naja ZM, El-Rajab M, Al-Tannir MA, Ziade FM, Tawfik OM. Occipital Nerve Blockade for Cervicogenic Headache: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Pain Pract 2006; 6:89-95. [PMID: 17309715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cervicogenic headache is a chronic hemicranial pain, usually occurring daily. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of nerve stimulator-guided occipital nerve blockade in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. The reduction in analgesic consumption was the primary outcome measure. Fifty adult patients diagnosed with cervicogenic headache were randomly divided into two equal groups of 25 patients each. All patients in both groups received greater and lesser occipital blocks, whereas only 16 patients in each group received facial nerve blockade in association with the occipital blocks. The control group received injections of an equivalent volume of preservative-free normal saline. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Total Pain Index (TPI). Forty-seven patients entered into the final analysis as three patients were lost to follow-up. Anesthetic block was effective in reducing the VAS and the TPI by approximately 50% from baseline values (P = 0.0001). Analgesic consumption, duration of headache and its frequency, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, decreased appetite, and limitations in functional activities were significantly less in block group compared to control group (P < 0.05). The nerve stimulator-guided occipital nerve blockade significantly relieved cervicogenic headache and associated symptoms at two weeks following injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoher M Naja
- Anesthesia Department, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Abstract
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by involuntary irregular clonic or tonic movements of the muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII on one side of the face, and is most often a result of vascular compression of the facial nerve at the root exit zone (Muscle and Nerve 1998;21:1740). Disability associated with this disorder ranges from social embarrassment to interference with vision resulting from involuntary eye closure. Treatment of HFS most often involves botulinum toxin injections, but may also include medications and surgery. We describe treatment with the three types of botulinum toxin currently commercially available--Botox, Dysport and Myobloc/NeuroBloc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frei
- The Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Institute, Fountain Valley, CA 97208, USA.
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Oble DA, Burton L, Maxwell K, Hassard T, Nathaniel EJH. A comparison of thyroxine- and polyamine-mediated enhancement of rat facial nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2004; 189:105-11. [PMID: 15296840 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones and spermidine, a motor neuron trophic polyamine (PA), have been shown to enhance peripheral motor nerve regeneration; however, the mechanism by which these treatment modalities exert their effect is unknown. Similarities in treatment outcome suggest that these molecules may be working via a common mechanism. Such an explanation is plausible since thyroid hormone is a potent inducer of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in polyamine synthesis. This study was designed to morphologically evaluate the effects of exogenous thyroxine and spermidine on the regeneration of the rat facial nerve. Myelinated fiber density, axonal size, and degree of myelination were assayed by light and electron microscopy 21 days following facial nerve crush. Strikingly, the two treatment modalities had identical effects on all parameters tested. Each significantly enhanced the density of myelinated axons in regenerating nerves relative to the vehicle control. In addition, relative to the control treatment, both thyroxine and spermidine significantly increased the cross-sectional area of regenerating axons (P < 0.05). Interestingly, neither of the drug treatments had any effect on remyelination at the position where this parameter was analyzed. The concurrent administration of both thyroxine and spermidine did not synergistically enhance motor neuron regeneration. These data support the hypothesis that thyroxine and spermidine enhance neural regeneration by a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A Oble
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W3.
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Ito M, Hasegawa M, Hoshida S, Miwa T, Furukawa M. Successful treatment of hemifacial spasm with selective facial nerve block using doxorubicin (adriamycin) under local anesthesia. Acta Otolaryngol 2004; 124:217-20. [PMID: 15072429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe our experience with selective chemical rhizotomy of facial nerves using adriamycin (ADM) in a patient with hemifacial spasm (HFS). This unique technique is less invasive than intracranial neurosurgery and enables one to perform a permanent nerve block under local anesthesia. PATIENT The patient, a 73-year-old female, had difficulty opening her left eye. Following unsuccessful treatment with anti-epileptic medicine, she received selective intraneural injections of ADM under local anesthesia. One week after the surgery the spasms had disappeared completely. No major complications were caused by this procedure and there had been no recurrence of spasms 3 years after the surgery. RESULTS It is thought that recurrence of HFS should be observed after simple neurotomy due to regrowth of nerve fibers. However, this did not occur after chemical rhizotomy with ADM. This method clearly differs from previously used varieties of simple neurotomy because the latter technique does not cause severe destructive changes in the facial motor nucleus. CONCLUSION Selective facial nerve chemical rhizotomy with ADM under local anesthesia may be effective in treating a subgroup of patients with HFS, especially elderly patients and those in the high-risk group for general anesthesia and intracranial neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Koyama J, Yokouchi K, Fukushima N, Kawagishi K, Higashiyama F, Moriizumi T. Neurotrophic effect of hepatocyte growth factor on neonatal facial motor neurons. Neurol Res 2003; 25:701-7. [PMID: 14579786 DOI: 10.1179/016164103101202192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophic effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on axotomized facial motor neurons was examined after local application of HGF to the proximal facial nerve stump of the neonatal rat on post-natal day one (P1). Motor neuron survival was expressed as the neuronal cell count on the injured side as a percentage of that on the noninjured side. Motor neuron survival of the control group was 76% on P3, 54% on P5 and 23% on P8, that of the HGF-treated group 78% on P3, 69% on P5 and 31% on P8, and that of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-treated group 91% on P5 and 45% on P8. The motor neuron survival rates were then adjusted by deducting the facial motor neurons corresponding to the uninjured retroauricular branch (20%) of the facial nerve. The adjusted values were 70% (P3), 42% (P5) and 4% (P8) for the control group, 72% (P3), 61% (P5) and 14% (P8) for the HGF-treated group, and 88% (P5) and 32% (P8) for the BDNF-treated group. These findings demonstrate that HGF has a neuroprotective effect on injured facial motor neurons and suggest that HGF has neurotrophic properties distinct from those of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Kumazawa Y, Nishimura Y, Akamine T, Lin M, Asahara T, Shibuya H, Yamamoto T. Modulation of voltage-dependent potassium currents by opiates in facial motoneurons of neonatal rats. Neurosci Res 2003; 47:329-39. [PMID: 14568115 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We examined the modulation of rat facial motoneurons (FMNs) by opiates in a slice preparation (7-15 days old) using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Although application of methionine enkephalin (ME) did not change the peak value of the transient outward current (A-current, IA), it reduced the persistent voltage-dependent K(+) currents (IKs) in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction was antagonized by naloxone (40 microM). IKs were reduced only by mu-selective agonist [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO, 2-121.6 microM). This reduction was antagonized by naloxone (40 microM) or the mu-selective antagonist, D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH(2) (CTOP, 1 microM). Agonists for other opiate receptors (delta- and kappa-opiate receptor) showed no effect on IKs. In accord with the effects on IKs, DAMGO (100 microM) prolonged the duration of the action potential evoked in Ca(2+)-free external solution containing 4-aminopiridine (1mM). These results suggest that the activation of mu-opiate receptors contributes to signal transduction in FMNs primarily by modulating action potential duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kumazawa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 143-8540, Japan
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Abstract
Nerve grafts may be used to repair damaged peripheral nerves and also to facilitate spinal cord regeneration after experimental trauma. Little is known, however, about the possible use of xenografts and the role of immune rejection in the outcome of repair. In rats, excision of a short (7-8 mm) segment of facial nerve at its exit point from the skull base results in a permanent deficit in eye closure in the blink reflex. This deficit can be repaired by transplantation of a segment of either syngeneic rat facial nerve or xenogeneic Balb-C mouse sciatic nerve either with or without cyclosporine immunosuppression. With longer (15-20 mm) transplants, however, restoration of eye closure becomes dependent on cyclosporine administration. Thus, in a situation where nerve repair does not occur without a graft, a host immune attack has an attritional effect which is not sufficient to prevent repair over short distances, but becomes obvious when the regenerating fibres have to cross longer segments of transplanted tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Choi
- The Division of Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has neurotrophic effects of neural regeneration and gives protection to the nervous system. We investigated whether PACAP had a neurotrophic effect on peripheral motoneurons and whether PACAP could facilitate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a neurotrophin, in nerve regeneration. The presence and distribution of PACAP receptors following facial nerve transection were also investigated. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS Unilateral transection of the facial nerve was performed in male Hartley guinea pigs, and PACAP was injected at the site. Saline was substituted as a control. Compound muscle action potentials were recorded to measure the changes of latency. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) content in facial target muscle was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The regenerating site was taken for histological studies. RESULTS Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide hastened the appearance of compound muscle action potentials and shortened the latency. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide increased and prolonged the nerve transection-induced GDNF increase in the facial muscles. The number of myelinated fibers at 1 to 4 weeks after the transection was increased. PAC1 receptor or VPAC1 receptor or both were identified in the injury area at 2 to 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide facilitated the recovery of latency of compound muscle action potentials or the number of myelinated axons, or both. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide prolonged the GDNF levels in target organs. These data indicated that PACAP promoted regeneration of the facial nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromoto Kimura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Xiao T, Shoji W, Zhou W, Su F, Kuwada JY. Transmembrane sema4E guides branchiomotor axons to their targets in zebrafish. J Neurosci 2003; 23:4190-8. [PMID: 12764107 PMCID: PMC6741097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Class 4 semaphorins are a large class of transmembrane proteins that contain a sema domain and that are expressed in the CNS, but their in vivo neural function is unknown. In zebrafish, the epithelial cells that line the pharyngeal arches express Sema4E. Extension of branchiomotor axons along the mesenchymal cells bounded by these epithelial cells suggests that Sema4E may act as a repulsive guidance molecule to restrict the branchiomotor axons to the mesenchymal cells. To test this hypothesis, Sema4E was misexpressed in hsp70 promoter-regulated transgenic zebrafish in which sema4E was heat-inducible, and Sema4E was knocked down by injection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides that acted specifically against Sema4E. Ubiquitous induction of Sema4E retarded outgrowth by the facial and gill branchiomotor axons significantly. Furthermore, outgrowth by gill motor axons was specifically inhibited when Sema4E-expressing transgenic cells were transplanted to their pathway in nontransgenic host embryos. Morpholino knockdown of Sema4E caused facial motor axons to defasciculate and follow aberrant pathways. These results show that Sema4E is repulsive for facial and gill motor axons and functions as a barrier for these axons within the pharyngeal arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xiao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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Abstract
Pregnant ICR mice were given 20% ethanol intraperitoneally twice on day 13 of gestation and allowed to give birth to offspring. The offspring were killed at 56 days of age and the motor root of their facial nerve was examined histologically and morphometrically. The cross-sectional area of the facial nerve of mice prenatally exposed to ethanol was significantly smaller than that of the control mice. There was no significant difference in the total number of myelinated axons or the mean axonal diameter between control and ethanol-exposed mice, but the mean diameter of myelinated fibers (axon + myelin sheath) and the thickness of myelin sheath were significantly decreased in the treated group. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to ethanol disturbs myelination of the motor root of the facial nerve and may cause permanent neurological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Komatsu
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Calgüner E, Gözil R, Erdoğan D, Kurt I, Keskil S, Elmas C, Sabuncuoğlu H. Atrophic and regenerative changes in rabbit mimic muscles after lidocaine and bupivacaine application. Anat Histol Embryol 2003; 32:54-9. [PMID: 12733274 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2003.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Destruction and denervation atrophy in skeletal muscles caused by the injection of local anaesthetics was investigated by injecting lidocaine or bupivacaine around the rabbit facial nerve to produce facial paralysis. Animals were then sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-injection, and changes in mimic muscle tissue were assessed at each stage by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Atrophic changes were observed at 2-6 weeks after injection, and regeneration started at 6-8 weeks. Compared to bupivacaine, lidocaine caused more dramatic atrophic changes and was associated with slower muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calgüner
- Department of Anatomy, Gazi University School of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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Kizilay A, Aladag I, Cokkeser Y, Miman MC, Ozturan O, Gulhas N. Effects of partial neuromuscular blockade on facial nerve monitorization in otologic surgery. Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123:321-4. [PMID: 12701767 DOI: 10.1080/00016480310001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) is administered as part of a general anesthetic in order to keep the patient immobilized during surgery and has been known to hinder intraoperative neuromonitorization. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of NMB on electrical stimulation thresholds of the facial nerve during otologic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Intraoperative facial nerve monitorization was performed in 29 patients with advanced middle ear disease. Electromyographic (EMG) responses were recorded by insertion of needle electrodes into the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. Minimal facial nerve stimulations causing EMG responses in the facial musculature were measured during full recovery from the effects of muscular relaxants and with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels of NMB. These defined NMB levels were maintained by the administration of a drip infusion of atracurium and were assessed objectively by recording the hypothenar muscle action. RESULTS All of the patients had detectable EMG responses of the facial musculature at the 50% and 75% levels of NMB in response to the electrical stimulation of the facial nerve. The corresponding mean stimulation thresholds were 0.10 +/- 0.08 and 0.11 +/- 0.09 mA, respectively. No responses were measured in 31% of the patients when the level of peripheral NMB was 100%. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a regulated 50% level of peripheral NMB provides reliable intraoperative EMG monitoring of the facial musculature in response to electrical stimulation and adequate anesthesia, with full immobilization of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kizilay
- Department of Otolaryngology, Inonu University Medical School, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Malatya, Turkey.
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Barras FM, Pasche P, Bouche N, Aebischer P, Zurn AD. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor released by synthetic guidance channels promotes facial nerve regeneration in the rat. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70:746-55. [PMID: 12444596 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of the human facial nerve after lesion is often limited, leading to severe functional impairments, in particular when repair is delayed for several months, when cross-facial nerve grafts have to be performed, or in elderly patients. To improve the outcome, the potential accelerating and maturating effects of the neurotrophic factors glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on nerve regeneration were assessed using an axotomy model of the rat facial nerve. One-centimeter-long synthetic guidance channels releasing the neurotrophic factors over several weeks were used to bridge an 8 mm nerve gap, a distance that does not allow regeneration in the absence of growth factors. Nerve cables regenerated in the presence of GDNF showed a large number of myelinated axons 6 weeks after grafting (871 +/- 373, n = 5), whereas only 106 +/- 86 (n = 5) myelinated axons were counted in the presence of NT-3. Retrograde labeling with fluorogold revealed 981 +/- 450 (n = 5) and 53 +/- 38 (n = 5) retrogradely labeled motoneurons in the facial nucleus in the presence of GDNF and NT-3, respectively. No regenerated axons or retrogradely labeled cells were observed in the absence of growth factors (n = 6). These results demonstrate that GDNF, as previously described for the sciatic nerve, a mixed sensory and motor nerve, is also very efficient in promoting regeneration of the facial nerve, an essentially pure motor nerve. GDNF may therefore be useful in improving facial nerve regeneration in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Barras
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary NaCl level on the integrated responses of the chorda tympani (CT) nerve to salt stimulation alone and mixed with the sodium-channel blocker, amiloride hydrochloride. Five groups of adult male rats were reared on regular chow containing either basal 0.1%, intermediate 1.0%, or high 3.0% NaCl from conception to postnatal day (PD) 30 or from conception to adulthood. Adult rats reared from conception to adulthood on basal dietary NaCl demonstrated a reduction in the CT nerve response to NaCl due to a decrease in the amiloride sensitive transduction mechanism. However, the CT nerve responses of adult rats reared on basal dietary NaCl to PD30 and then switched to intermediate dietary NaCl were similar to those of rats reared for a lifetime on intermediate dietary NaCl. Similarly, the CT nerve responses to NaCl in animals reared on high dietary NaCl from conception to PD30 and then switched to an intermediate NaCl diet were comparable to animals reared on intermediate and basal dietary NaCl. However, we found that exposure to high dietary NaCl led to a greater amiloride inhibition of NaCl responses. Thus, there is critical association between dietary NaCl level over two different exposure periods and CT nerve responsiveness to NaCl specifically regarding the degree of amiloride inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pittman
- Department of Psychology, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA.
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Gözil R, Kurt I, Erdoğan D, Calgüner E, Keskil S, Kurt MN, Elmas C. Long-term degeneration and regeneration of the rabbit facial nerve blocked with conventional lidocaine and bupivacaine solutions. Anat Histol Embryol 2002; 31:293-9. [PMID: 12484423 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The alterations due to the long-term degeneration and regeneration of the rabbit facial nerve were investigated. The facial nerve was blocked with conventional lidocaine and bupivacaine solutions. The rabbits were sacrificed and facial nerves were removed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the administration of normal saline, lidocaine and bupivacaine. The samples were then processed for electron microscopic observation. Degenerations were seen 2-4 weeks after the injection of normal saline, lidocaine and bupivacaine. In the normal saline group the regeneration process was observed after 6 weeks, whereas in the lidocaine and bupivacaine groups this process was first noticed after 8 weeks. In the lidocaine and bupivacaine groups, regeneration was not completed at the end of 8 weeks; however, it was faster in the bupivacaine group. Bupivacaine is therefore suggested as the drug of choice for neural blockade as it caused less damage and a faster regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gözil
- Department of Anatomy, Gazi University School of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
The subretrofacial nucleus (SRF) has been known to play a crucial role in the expression of the exercise pressor reflex. Previously, we have reported that the release of glutamate (Glu) in the SRF was increased during muscle contraction in anesthetized cats. In this study, static muscle contraction of the triceps surae for 4 min was induced by electrical stimulation of L7 and S1 ventral roots. Endogenous release of Glu and citrulline (Cit) from the SRF was recovered by microdialysis and measured by HPLC. The microdialysis probes were also used to deliver L-arginine and L-NAME to test the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on release of Glu in the SRF and on the cardiovascular responses during muscle contraction. During control, muscle contraction significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 98+/-8 to 151+/-9 mmHg, and the extracellular concentration of Glu from 610+/-120 to 1280+/-290 nM. Dialyzing 2 mM L-arginine into the SRF increased basal Cit concentration from 260+/-50 to 760+/-210 nM (P<0.05). During contraction after L-arginine, the increases in MAP and Glu concentration were significantly attenuated (86+/-3-124+/-6 mmHg and 300+/-60-460+/-100 nM, respectively). Dialysis of 0.5 mM L-NAME into the SRF decreased Cit concentration from 340+/-40 to 180+/-20 nM (P<0.05). During contraction after dialyzing L-NAME, the increases in MAP and Glu concentration were significantly potentiated (93+/-6-154+/-9 mmHg and 520+/-80-1290+/-380 nM, respectively). These results suggest that endogenous NO modulates the cardiovascular responses to static muscle contraction by affecting the release of Glu in the SRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Harry S. Moss Heart Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9174, USA.
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Abstract
The objective of this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was to test the efficacy of high-dose prednisone, administered as early as possible, in modifying the natural progression of Bell's palsy. Sixty-two consecutive patients, enrolled within 72 hours of facial palsy onset, were assigned to high dose intravenous prednisone in combination with intramuscular polyvitaminic therapy (group A) or polyvitaminic therapy alone (group B). Clinical grading of facial muscle strength and length of absence from work were evaluated. An early worsening of facial muscle strength was observed in controls, leading to the divergence in the trends of the grading scores in the two groups; this result was not confirmed in the long-term follow-up. Treated patients returned to work earlier than controls. In conclusion, early treatment based on high-dose corticosteroids slightly accelerates spontaneous improvement in Bell's palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lagalla
- Neurorehabilitation Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Umberto I Hospital, University of Ancona, Via Conca 1, I-60020 Torrette (AN), Italy
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Hedrick MS, Broch L, Martinez M, Powell JL, Wade RE. Is the vertebrate respiratory central pattern generator conserved? Insights from in-vitro and in-vivo amphibian models. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 499:127-32. [PMID: 11729866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, 94542, USA.
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Coers S, Tanzer L, Jones KJ. Testosterone treatment attenuates the effects of facial nerve transection on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in the hamster facial motor nucleus. Metab Brain Dis 2002; 17:55-63. [PMID: 12083337 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015415226799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone propionate (TP) administration coincident with facial nerve injury accelerates the recovery rate from facial muscle paralysis in the hamster. One mechanism by which TP could augment peripheral nerve regeneration is through glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) regulation in the facial motor nucleus. In a previous study, axotomy alone induces increases in GFAP mRNA. with TP significantly attenuating the axotomy-induced increases in GFAP mRNA. In the present study, immunoblotting techniques were used to extend our previous GFAP mRNA studies to the protein level. Castrated male hamsters were subjected to a right facial nerve transection, with half of the animals receiving subcutaneous implants of 100% crystalline TP. The left facial motor nucleus of each animal served as an internal control. Postoperative survival times include Days 4, 7, and 14. In non-TP-treated animals, facial nerve transections alone increased GFAP levels at all time points, relative to internal controls. As previously observed at the mRNA level, TP treatment attenuated but did not eliminate the axotomy-induced increase in GFAP levels at all time points tested. These results suggest that the regulatory actions of gonadal steroids on GFAP expression manifested in parallel at the mRNA/protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Coers
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Wang J, Lu L, Liu S. [Effects of botulinum toxin-A on facial motoneurons]. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2002; 37:180-3. [PMID: 12772318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine effects of botulinum toxin-A(BTX-A) intramuscular injection at rat whisker pad on facial motoneurons. METHODS A total of 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the present study. A single intramuscular injection of the BTX-A at rat whisker pad as model was employed, using retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical staining methods, to observe the effects of BTX-A on the facial motoneurons survival and the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vescular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Rats received intramuscular injection of 0.9% NaCl served as control. RESULTS The fluorescence labeled facial motoneurons were all in the lateral subnucleus of facial nucleus after BTX-A injection at rat whisker pad. There was no significant difference of labeled motoneuron number in BTX-A injection group vs control at observed time points (t = 0.022. P > 0.05). At 7 d after BTX-A injection, optical density of ChAT and VAChT immunostaining began to increase in facial motoneurons of the lateral subnucleus ipsilateral to the injection side. A maximal increase of this data was observed 14 d after injection; thereafter it declined gradually to normal level. The patterns of changes in optical density of ChAT and VAChT immunostaining in facial motoneurons of the lateral subnucleus contralateral to the injection side were similar to that of ipsilateral. There were significant difference of optical density of ChAT and VAChT immunostaining in facial motoneurons of the lateral subnucleus in BTX-A injection group vs control(t = 3.054, P < 0.05; t = 3.366, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION After BTX-A injection at rat one side whisker pad, the number of facial motoneurons innervating muscles of whisker pad in the lateral subnucleus has no change. However, the expression of ChAT and VAChT increase in the facial motoneurons of the lateral subnucleus. These data indicate that BTX-A intramuscular injection at facial nerve target organ doesn't induce the loss of facial motoneurons, and only results in the expression of protein related to acetylcholine changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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