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Cui HK, Tang CJ, Gao Y, Li ZA, Zhang J, Li YD. An integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptome and bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis identified C1Q as a novel stimulated risk gene for Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289223. [PMID: 38179058 PMCID: PMC10764496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The role of complement component 1q (C1Q) related genes on human atherosclerotic plaques (HAP) is less known. Our aim is to establish C1Q associated hub genes using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA analysis to diagnose and predict HAP patients more effectively and investigate the association between C1Q and HAP (ischemic stroke) using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods HAP scRNA-seq and bulk-RNA data were download from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The C1Q-related hub genes was screened using the GBM, LASSO and XGBoost algorithms. We built machine learning models to diagnose and distinguish between types of atherosclerosis using generalized linear models and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses. Further, we scored the HALLMARK_COMPLEMENT signaling pathway using ssGSEA and confirmed hub gene expression through qRT-PCR in RAW264.7 macrophages and apoE-/- mice. Furthermore, the risk association between C1Q and HAP was assessed through bidirectional MR analysis, with C1Q as exposure and ischemic stroke (IS, large artery atherosclerosis) as outcomes. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the main method. Results We utilized scRNA-seq dataset (GSE159677) to identify 24 cell clusters and 12 cell types, and revealed seven C1Q associated DEGs in both the scRNA-seq and GEO datasets. We then used GBM, LASSO and XGBoost to select C1QA and C1QC from the seven DEGs. Our findings indicated that both training and validation cohorts had satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for identifying patients with HPAs. Additionally, we confirmed SPI1 as a potential TF responsible for regulating the two hub genes in HAP. Our analysis further revealed that the HALLMARK_COMPLEMENT signaling pathway was correlated and activated with C1QA and C1QC. We confirmed high expression levels of C1QA, C1QC and SPI1 in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages and apoE-/- mice using qPCR. The results of MR indicated that there was a positive association between the genetic risk of C1Q and IS, as evidenced by an odds ratio (OR) of 1.118 (95%CI: 1.013-1.234, P = 0.027). Conclusion The authors have effectively developed and validated a novel diagnostic signature comprising two genes for HAP, while MR analysis has provided evidence supporting a favorable association of C1Q on IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kai Cui
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chao-Jie Tang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zi-Ang Li
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yong-Dong Li
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Z, Wu H, Luo Y, Tan X. Correlation of serum complement factor 5a level with inflammatory response and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease of different severity. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:319. [PMID: 37679689 PMCID: PMC10483705 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of dementia. Serum complement factor 5a (C5a) is exceedingly implicated in AD. We explored the role of C5a levels in AD patients of different severity. METHODS Mild, moderate, and severe AD patients, and healthy controls were included. C5a and pro-inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP) levels were assessed by ELISA, and cognitive function was evaluated by Mini-Mental state examination (MMSE) score. The correlations between C5a, inflammatory factor levels, MMSE score, and plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio were analyzed by Pearson tests. Independent risk factors for AD aggravation were assessed by logistic multivariate regression analysis. According to the cut-off value of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of C5a level, AD patients were assigned into low/high expression groups, and severe AD incidence was compared. Severe AD cumulative incidence was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS Serum C5a, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and CRP levels were raised, and MMSE score was lowered in AD. Serum C5a, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and CRP levels in severe AD patients were higher than those in mild/moderate AD patients, but there were no significant differences in these cytokines between moderate and mild AD groups. The MMSE score of severe AD patients was lower than that of mild/moderate AD patients. Serum C5a level was positively correlated with serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP levels, and negatively correlated with MMSE score, with no obvious correlation with plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Serum C5a level was one of the independent risk factors for AD aggravation. The occurrence of severe AD might be related to an increase in serum C5a level. CONCLUSION Serum C5a level increased with AD severity, and its expression was positively correlated with serum pro-inflammatory factor levels, and negatively correlated with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People´s Hospital of Jingzhou City, No.8 HangKong Road, Shashi District, 434100, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Wu
- Yangtze University, 434023, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First People´s Hospital of Jingzhou City, No.8 HangKong Road, Shashi District, 434100, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Xianpei Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First People´s Hospital of Jingzhou City, No.8 HangKong Road, Shashi District, 434100, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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Shichita T, Ooboshi H, Yoshimura A. Neuroimmune mechanisms and therapies mediating post-ischaemic brain injury and repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:299-312. [PMID: 36973481 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems control whole-body homeostasis and respond to various types of tissue injury, including stroke, in a coordinated manner. Cerebral ischaemia and subsequent neuronal cell death activate resident or infiltrating immune cells, which trigger neuroinflammation that affects functional prognosis after stroke. Inflammatory immune cells exacerbate ischaemic neuronal injury after the onset of brain ischaemia; however, some of the immune cells thereafter change their function to neural repair. The recovery processes after ischaemic brain injury require additional and close interactions between the nervous and immune systems through various mechanisms. Thus, the brain controls its own inflammation and repair processes after injury via the immune system, which provides a promising therapeutic opportunity for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ooboshi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Westacott LJ, Wilkinson LS. Complement Dependent Synaptic Reorganisation During Critical Periods of Brain Development and Risk for Psychiatric Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:840266. [PMID: 35600620 PMCID: PMC9120629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.840266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We now know that the immune system plays a major role in the complex processes underlying brain development throughout the lifespan, carrying out a number of important homeostatic functions under physiological conditions in the absence of pathological inflammation or infection. In particular, complement-mediated synaptic pruning during critical periods of early life may play a key role in shaping brain development and subsequent risk for psychopathology, including neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. However, these disorders vary greatly in their onset, disease course, and prevalence amongst sexes suggesting complex interactions between the immune system, sex and the unique developmental trajectories of circuitries underlying different brain functions which are yet to be fully understood. Perturbations of homeostatic neuroimmune interactions during different critical periods in which regional circuits mature may have a plethora of long-term consequences for psychiatric phenotypes, but at present there is a gap in our understanding of how these mechanisms may impact on the structural and functional changes occurring in the brain at different developmental stages. In this article we will consider the latest developments in the field of complement mediated synaptic pruning where our understanding is beginning to move beyond the visual system where this process was first described, to brain areas and developmental periods of potential relevance to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Gage M, Gard M, Thippeswamy T. Characterization of Cortical Glial Scars in the Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) Rat Model of Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867949. [PMID: 35372361 PMCID: PMC8966428 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial scars have been observed following stab lesions in the spinal cord and brain but not observed and characterized in chemoconvulsant-induced epilepsy models. Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and can be modeled in rodents. Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) exposure, like other real-world organophosphate nerve agents (OPNAs) used in chemical warfare scenarios, can lead to the development of status epilepticus (SE). We have previously demonstrated that DFP-induced SE promotes epileptogenesis which is characterized by the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), gliosis, and neurodegeneration. In this study, we report classical glial scars developed in the piriform cortex, but not in the hippocampus, by 8 days post-exposure. We challenged both male and female rats with 4–5 mg/kg DFP (s.c.) followed immediately by 2 mg/kg atropine sulfate (i.m.) and 25 mg/kg pralidoxime (i.m.) and one hour later by midazolam (i.m). Glial scars were present in the piriform cortex/amygdala region in 73% of the DFP treated animals. No scars were found in controls. Scars were characterized by a massive clustering of reactive microglia surrounded by hypertrophic reactive astrocytes. The core of the scars was filled with a significant increase of IBA1 and CD68 positive cells and a significant reduction in NeuN positive cells compared to the periphery of the scars. There was a significantly higher density of reactive GFAP, complement 3 (C3), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) positive cells at the periphery of the scar compared to similar areas in controls. We found a significant increase in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CS-56) in the periphery of the scars compared to a similar region in control brains. However, there was no change in TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 positive cells in or around the scars in DFP-exposed animals compared to controls. In contrast to stab-induced scars, we did not find fibroblasts (Thy1.1) in the scar core or periphery. There were sex differences with respect to the density of iNOS, CD68, NeuN, GFAP, C3 and CS-56 positive cells. This is the first report of cortical glial scars in rodents with systemic chemoconvulsant-induced SE. Further investigation could help to elucidate the mechanisms of scar development and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Gage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Megan Gard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy,
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6
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The complement cascade in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5532-5541. [PMID: 31628417 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence implicates a causal role for the complement pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since studies have shown inconsistent differences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood complement protein concentrations between AD patients and healthy elderly, this study sought to summarize the clinical data. Original peer-reviewed articles measuring CSF and/or blood concentrations of complement or complement regulator protein concentrations in AD and healthy elderly control (HC) groups were included. Of 2966 records identified, means and standard deviations from 86 studies were summarized as standardized mean differences (SMD) by random effects meta-analyses. In CSF, concentrations of clusterin (NAD/NHC = 625/577, SMD = 0.53, Z8 = 8.81, p < 0.005; I2 < 0.005%) and complement component 3 (C3; NAD/NHC = 299/522, SMD = 0.45, Z3 = 3.21, p < 0.005; I2 = 68.40%) were significantly higher in AD, but differences in C1q, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein (SAP), and factor H concentrations were not significant. In peripheral blood, concentrations of CRP were elevated in AD (NAD/NHC = 3404/3332, SMD = 0.44, Z43 = 3.43, p < 0.005; I2 = 93.81%), but differences between groups in C3, C4, C1-inhibitor, SAP, factor H and clusterin concentrations were not significant, and inconsistent between studies. Of 64 complement pathway proteins or regulators in the quantitative synthesis, trends in C1q, factor B, C4a, and late-stage complement pathway components (e.g. C9) in blood, C4 in CSF, and the membrane attack complex in blood and CSF, might be investigated further. The results collectively support elevated complement pathway activity in AD, which was best characterized by increased CSF clusterin concentrations and less consistently by CSF C3 concentrations. Complement activity related to an AD diagnosis was not reflected consistently by the peripheral blood proteins investigated.
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7
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Wei Y, Chen T, Bosco DB, Xie M, Zheng J, Dheer A, Ying Y, Wu Q, Lennon VA, Wu LJ. The complement C3-C3aR pathway mediates microglia-astrocyte interaction following status epilepticus. Glia 2021; 69:1155-1169. [PMID: 33314324 PMCID: PMC7936954 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gliosis is a histopathological characteristic of epilepsy that comprises activated microglia and astrocytes. It is unclear whether or how crosstalk occurs between microglia and astrocytes in the evolution of epilepsy. Here, we report in a mouse model of status epilepticus, induced by intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid (KA), sequential activation of microglia and astrocytes and their close spatial interaction in the hippocampal CA3 region. Microglial ablation reduced astrocyte activation and their upregulation of complement C3. When compared to wild-type mice, both C3-/- and C3aR-/- mice had significantly less microglia-astrocyte interaction in response to KA-induced status epilepticus. Additionally, KA-injected C3-/- mice had significantly less histochemical evidence of neurodegeneration. The results suggest that the C3-C3aR pathway contributes to KA-induced neurodegeneration by mediating microglia-astrocyte communication. The C3-C3aR pathway may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wei
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yanlu Ying
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Vanda A. Lennon
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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8
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Bai Q, Sheng Z, Liu Y, Zhang R, Yong VW, Xue M. Intracerebral haemorrhage: from clinical settings to animal models. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5:388-395. [PMID: 33376200 PMCID: PMC7804065 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity and for which no effective treatments are available to date. Much experimental and clinical research have been performed to explore its mechanisms regard the subsequent inflammatory cascade and to seek the potential therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review is to discuss insights from clinical settings that have led to the development of numerous animal models of ICH. Some of the current and future challenges for clinicians to understand ICH are also surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bai
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaofu Sheng
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhang
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Voon Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Departments of Cerebrovascular Diseases; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Ma Y, Jiang L, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y, Lu W, Shi R, Zhang L, Fu Z, Qu M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation alleviated ischemic brain injury via inhibiting C3/C3aR pathway in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2374-2386. [PMID: 31865842 PMCID: PMC7820683 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19892777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach in brain ischemia. However, whether the therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitor cells is via affecting complement activation is unknown. We established a mouse focal ischemia model (n = 111) and transplanted endothelial progenitor cells into the peri-infarct region immediately after brain ischemia. Neurological outcomes and brain infarct/atrophy volume were examined after ischemia. Expression of C3, C3aR and pro-inflammatory factors were further examined to explore the role of endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic brain. We found that endothelial progenitor cells improved neurological outcomes and reduced brain infarct/atrophy volume after 1 to 14 days of ischemia compared to the control (p < 0.05). C3 and C3aR expression in the brain was up-regulated at 1 day up to 14 days (p < 0.05). Endothelial progenitor cells reduced astrocyte-derived C3 (p < 0.05) and C3aR expression (p < 0.05) after ischemia. Endothelial progenitor cells also reduced inflammatory response after ischemia (p < 0.05). Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation reduced astrocyte-derived C3 expression in the brain after ischemic stroke, together with decreased C3aR and inflammatory response contributing to neurological function recovery. Our results indicate that modulating complement C3/C3aR pathway is a novel therapeutic target for the ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rubing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijie Qu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingling Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Complement C3 Inhibition Modulates Neurodegeneration in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2019; 38:7201-7203. [PMID: 30111576 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1011-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Clarke AR, Christophe BR, Khahera A, Sim JL, Connolly ES. Therapeutic Modulation of the Complement Cascade in Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1723. [PMID: 31417544 PMCID: PMC6682670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and an increasing number of ischemic stroke patients are undergoing pharmacological and mechanical reperfusion. Both human and experimental models of reperfused ischemic stroke have implicated the complement cascade in secondary tissue injury. Most data point to the lectin and alternative pathways as key to activation, and C3a and C5a binding of their receptors as critical effectors of injury. During periods of thrombolysis use to treat stroke, acute experimental complement cascade blockade has been found to rescue tissue and improves functional outcome. Blockade of the complement cascade during the period of tissue reorganization, repair, and recovery is by contrast not helpful and in fact is likely to be deleterious with emerging data suggesting downstream upregulation of the cascade might even facilitate recovery. Successful clinical translation will require the right clinical setting and pharmacologic strategies that are capable of targeting the key effectors early while not inhibiting delayed repair. Early reports in a variety of disease states suggest that such pharmacologic strategies appear to have a favorable risk profile and offer substantial hope for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Clarke
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon R Christophe
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anadjeet Khahera
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin L Sim
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - E Sander Connolly
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Liu M, Mu H, Peng W, Zhao L, Hu W, Jiang Z, Gao L, Cao X, Li N, Han J. Time-dependent C5a and C5aR expression in dental pulp cells following stimulation with LTA and LPS. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:823-834. [PMID: 31257457 PMCID: PMC6657968 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, deep decay can lead to inflammation in the dental pulp. Apart from the use of various materials to sooth the inflamed pulp, there is currently no adequate treatment, and the gold standard, calcium hydroxide, that is used to cover the dentin/pulp, has limited effect. Sometimes the pulp will remain infected and cause pulpitis, and ultimately, the pulp will need to be removed. The first principle of oral treatment is to protect the pulp. Therefore, it is necessary to study the immune response and regeneration of pulp cells in conditions of deep decay. Of the terminal complement system proteins, complement 5a (C5a) has the most potent effect compared to complement 3a (C3a) and complement 4a (C4a). C5a is 20- to 2,500-fold stronger than C3a and C4a. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the association between C5a, secreted by complement activation, and the duration of inflammation. Another key goal was to detect the expression of C5a and its receptor, complement 5a receptor (C5aR). To this end, the cells were divided into 4 groups as per stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as follows: i) The 1 µg/ml LTA group; ii) the 1 µg/ml LPS group; iii) the 1 µg/ml LTA and 1 µg/ml LPS group; and iv) the PBS-only group, which served as a control. There were 5 time points for all 4 groups: 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the gene expression levels of C5a, C5aR and interleukin (IL)-6 at different time points. Western blot analyses was carried out to detect the expression of C5aR. Transmission electron microscopy was also conducted to assess the ultra-structural features of dental pulp cells. The gene expression trends of C5a and C5aR mRNA were identical. C5a and C5aR mRNA was highly expressed on the second day of LTA or LPS stimulation. However, in the LTA and LPS co-stimulation group, C5a and C5aR mRNA were highly expressed on both the first and second day, with higher levels on the second day. IL-6 expression decreased as time progressed in the LTA only and in the LTA + LPS co-stimulation groups. However, a peak in its expression was observed on the second day in the LPS group. On the whole, this study demonstrates that a 1 µg/ml concentration of LTA and LPS stimulates human dental pulp cells to activate the expression of C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Mu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wenting Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 253000, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhuling Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Cao
- Department of Endodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Han
- Department of Orthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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13
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Vallejo R, Gupta A, Kelley CA, Vallejo A, Rink J, Williams JM, Cass CL, Smith WJ, Benyamin R, Cedeño DL. Effects of Phase Polarity and Charge Balance Spinal Cord Stimulation on Behavior and Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Neuromodulation 2019; 23:26-35. [PMID: 31070863 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vallejo
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Department of PsychologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Department of PsychologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
- South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute Laredo TX USA
| | - Courtney A. Kelley
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Department of PsychologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
| | | | - Jonathan Rink
- Department of BiologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
| | | | - Cynthia L. Cass
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Department of PsychologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
| | - William J. Smith
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Geisel School of MedicineDartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Ramsin Benyamin
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Department of PsychologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
- College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Champaign‐Urbana IL USA
| | - David L. Cedeño
- Millennium Pain Center Bloomington IL USA
- Department of PsychologyIllinois Wesleyan University Bloomington IL USA
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14
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The Novel C5aR Antagonist DF3016A Protects Neurons Against Ischemic Neuroinflammatory Injury. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:163-174. [PMID: 30953275 PMCID: PMC6570783 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) constitutively expresses complement (C) membrane receptors and complement proteins, including the component C5a. This is a crucial terminal effector of the C cascade, mostly involved in pain and neuroinflammatory conditions. Aberrant activation of C5a protein and its receptor C5aR has been reported to play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, with important clinical consequences. Here we have investigated the effects of DF3016A, a novel selective C5aR antagonist, able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), on cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD/R), a neuroinflammation-related process. We demonstrated that a mild ischemic insult induces an early upregulation of C5aR associated with the over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the over-expression of the transcriptional regulatory factor miR-181. Furthermore, we report the first experimental evidence of the effect of DF3016A, modulating complement component C5a, on neurons in a model of injury. Interestingly, DF3016A protects neuronal viability by restoring intracellular calcium levels, thus opposing the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and miR-181 expression. Based on our results, we suggest that DF3016A is a novel C5aR antagonist promoting protective effects against OGD/R-induced damage that could be a new therapeutic approach to controlling CNS neuroinflammatory conditions.
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15
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Dias A, Santos D, Coelho T, Alves-Ferreira M, Sequeiros J, Alonso I, Sousa A, Lemos C. C1QA and C1QC modify age-at-onset in familial amyloid polyneuropathy patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:748-754. [PMID: 31019999 PMCID: PMC6469251 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Transthyretin (TTR) familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) (OMIM 176300) shows a variable age‐at‐onset (AO), including within families. We hypothesized that variants in C1QA and C1QC genes, might also act as genetic modifiers of AO in TTR‐FAP Val30Met Portuguese patients. Methods We analyzed DNA samples of 267 patients (117 families). To search for variants, all exons and flanking regions were genotyped by automated sequencing. We used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to take into account the non‐independency of AO among relatives. Intensive in silico analyses were performed, using various software to assess miRNAs target sites, splicing sites, transcription factor binding sites alterations, and gene–gene interactions. Results Two variants for C1QA gene, GA genotype of rs201693493 (P < 0.001) and CT genotype of rs149050968 (P < 0.001), were significantly associated with later AO. In silico analysis demonstrated, that rs201693493 may alter splicing activity. Regarding C1QC, we found three statistically significant results: GA genotype of rs2935537 (P = 0.003), GA genotype of rs201241346 (P < 0.001) and GA genotype of rs200952686 (P < 0.001). The first two were associated with earlier AO, whereas the third was associated with later‐onset. Interpretation C1QA was associated with later onset, whereas C1QC may have a double role: variants may confer earlier or later AO. As found in a study in Cyprus, we confirmed the role of complement C1Q genes (and thus of inflammation) as modulator of AO in Portuguese patients with TTR‐FAP Val30Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Dias
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,FCUP Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Diana Santos
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,ICBAS Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Teresa Coelho
- UCA Unidade Corino de Andrade Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP) Porto Portugal
| | - Miguel Alves-Ferreira
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,ICBAS Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,ICBAS Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,ICBAS Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Alda Sousa
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,ICBAS Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Carolina Lemos
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,UnIGENe IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal.,ICBAS Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
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16
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Rezazadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H, Moradi M, Salek Esfahani B, Talebian S, Parvin S, Gharesouran J. Genetic discoveries and advances in late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16873-16884. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Division of Medical Genetics Tabriz Children’s Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Moradi
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behnaz Salek Esfahani
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Shahrzad Talebian
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Shaho Parvin
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Jalal Gharesouran
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Division of Medical Genetics Tabriz Children’s Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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17
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Johansson E, Lange S, Bergström T, Oshalim M, Lönnroth I, Studahl M. Increased level of compleasomes in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:702-711. [PMID: 30094629 PMCID: PMC6280959 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a common cause of viral encephalitis (HSV-1) characterised by pronounced inflammation and elevated intracranial pressure. We have shown in a rat model that HSV-1 infection causes an interaction between complement factors and proteasomes, leading to formation of proteasome/complement complexes (compleasomes). Exposure of the proteasome regulatory subunit antisecretory factor 1 (AF1) leads to a decrease in intracranial pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and prolonged formation of compleasomes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with HSE. Cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 55) from 24 HSE patients were analysed for compleasome complexes. Samples from healthy controls (n = 23) and patient controls (n = 27) served as baseline information. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for proteasomes and their complex formation with complement factor 3 or 4, and Western blot for C3 activation were performed on CSF samples. Increased compleasome formation, both presenting as an initial formation and showing exposure of subunit AF1 in the compleasomes, was found in CSF samples drawn from patients with HSE compared with samples from the control groups (p < 0.0005). The total protein CSF concentration was equal in all groups. The levels were higher in the acute phase compared with late in the disease course (p < 0.0005). Complement 3 breakdown product iC3b was detected in CSF samples of the HSE patients. The early increased formation of compleasomes in CSF suggests that this complex may be involved in host defence against HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Johansson
- Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, PO Box 7193, S-402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 420, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Lange
- Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, PO Box 7193, S-402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 420, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, PO Box 7193, S-402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 420, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Merna Oshalim
- Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, PO Box 7193, S-402 34, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 420, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivar Lönnroth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 420, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 420, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Diagnosvägen 21, S-416 85, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Linetsky M, Bondelid KS, Losovskiy S, Gabyak V, Rullo MJ, Stiadle TI, Munjapara V, Saxena P, Ma D, Cheng YS, Howes AM, Udeigwe E, Salomon RG. 4-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic Acid Lactone Is a Potent Inducer of the Complement Pathway in Human Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:666-679. [PMID: 29883119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered that oxidative cleavage of docosahexaenoate (DHA), which is especially abundant in the retinal photoreceptor rod outer segments and retinal pigmented endothelial (RPE) cells, generates 4-hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoate (HOHA) lactone, and that HOHA lactone can enter RPE cells that metabolize it through conjugation with glutathione (GSH). The consequent depletion of GSH results in oxidative stress. We now find that HOHA lactone induces upregulation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 in ARPE-19 cells. This leads to expression of GCLM, HO1, and NQO1, three known Nrf2-responsive antioxidant genes. Besides this protective response, HOHA lactone also triggers a countervailing inflammatory activation of innate immunity. Evidence for a contribution of the complement pathway to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology includes the presence of complement proteins in drusen and Bruch's membrane from AMD donor eyes, and the identification of genetic susceptibility loci for AMD in the complement pathway. In eye tissues from a mouse model of AMD, accumulation of complement protein in Bruch's membrane below the RPE suggested that the complement pathway targets this interface, where lesions occur in the RPE and photoreceptor rod outer segments. In animal models of AMD, intravenous injection of NaIO3 to induce oxidative injury selectively destroys the RPE and causes secretion of factor C3 from the RPE into areas directly adjacent to sites of RPE damage. However, a molecular-level link between oxidative injury and complement activation remained elusive. We now find that sub-micromolar concentrations of HOHA lactone foster expression of C3, CFB, and C5 in ARPE-19 cells and induce a countervailing upregulation of CD55, an inhibitor of C3 convertase production and complement cascade amplification. Ultimately, HOHA lactone causes membrane attack complex formation on the plasma membrane. Thus, HOHA lactone provides a molecular-level connection between free-radical-induced oxidative cleavage of DHA and activation of the complement pathway in AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Linetsky
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Karina S Bondelid
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Sofiya Losovskiy
- Department of Chemistry , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio 44115 , United States
| | - Vadym Gabyak
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , Ohio 44115 , United States
| | - Mario J Rullo
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Thomas I Stiadle
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Vasu Munjapara
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Priyali Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Duoming Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Yu-Shiuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Andrew M Howes
- Department of Biochemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Emeka Udeigwe
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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19
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Maino B, Spampinato AG, Severini C, Petrella C, Ciotti MT, D'Agata V, Calissano P, Cavallaro S. The trophic effect of nerve growth factor in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons is associated to an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive transcriptional program. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7178-7187. [PMID: 29741791 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor, the prototype of a family of neurotrophins, elicits differentiation and survival of peripheral and central neuronal cells. Although its neural mechanisms have been studied extensively, relatively little is known about the transcriptional regulation governing its effects. We have previously observed that in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons treatment with nerve growth factor for 72 hr increases neurite outgrowth and cell survival. To obtain a comprehensive view of the underlying transcriptional program, we performed whole-genome expression analysis by microarray technology. We identified 541 differentially expressed genes and characterized dysregulated pathways related to innate immunity: the complement system and neuro-inflammatory signaling. The exploitation of such genes and pathways may help interfering with the intracellular mechanisms involved in neuronal survival and guide novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maino
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio G Spampinato
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, Roma, Italy.,European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
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20
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Platelet Proteomic Analysis Revealed Differential Pattern of Cytoskeletal- and Immune-Related Proteins at Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8815-8825. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Hammad A, Westacott L, Zaben M. The role of the complement system in traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29357880 PMCID: PMC5778697 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of disability and mortality in the western world. While the initial injury sustained results in damage, it is the subsequent secondary cascade that is thought to be the significant determinant of subsequent outcomes. The changes associated with the secondary injury do not become irreversible until some time after the start of the cascade. This may present a window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions aiming to improve outcomes subsequent to TBI. A prominent contributor to the secondary injury is a multifaceted inflammatory reaction. The complement system plays a notable role in this inflammatory reaction; however, it has often been overlooked in the context of TBI secondary injury. The complement system has homeostatic functions in the uninjured central nervous system (CNS), playing a part in neurodevelopment as well as having protective functions in the fully developed CNS, including protection from infection and inflammation. In the context of CNS injury, it can have a number of deleterious effects, evidence for which primarily comes not only from animal models but also, to a lesser extent, from human post-mortem studies. In stark contrast to this, complement may also promote neurogenesis and plasticity subsequent to CNS injury. This review aims to explore the role of the complement system in TBI secondary injury, by examining evidence from both clinical and animal studies. We examine whether specific complement activation pathways play more prominent roles in TBI than others. We also explore the potential role of complement in post-TBI neuroprotection and CNS repair/regeneration. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the complement system in the context of TBI and point out certain areas on which future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hammad
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Room 4FT 80E, 4th Floor, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Room 4FT 80E, 4th Floor, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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22
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Abstract
Exploration of neuroimmune mechanisms is vital to the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of mental disorders. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms are increasingly understood to underpin a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, with an ever-expanding evidence base drawn from basic science to large-scale epidemiological data. Unravelling of these mechanisms should lead to biomarker discovery and potential new avenues for therapeutics that modulate immunological mechanisms. Identification of neuroimmune biomarkers is vital to improving diagnosis, stratification and treatment of mental disorders. There is an urgent clinical need for new therapeutic approaches with poor treatment response and treatment resistance a major problem for many psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia. Neurodegenerative psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's also have clear neuroimmune underpinnings and manifest an urgent clinical need for improvements in diagnosis and research towards transformative disease-modifying treatments. This chapter provides some background on the role of the neuroimmune system in mental illness, exploring the role for biomarkers, in addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge in this exciting field. We also reflect on the inherent challenges and methodological pitfalls faced by research in this field, including the complexity of conceptualising multidimensional mental disorders and the dynamic shifting sands of the immune system.
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23
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From Blood to Lesioned Brain: An In Vitro Study on Migration Mechanisms of Human Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1478606. [PMID: 28698717 PMCID: PMC5494110 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1478606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies critically rely on selective cell migration toward pathological or injured areas. We previously demonstrated that human olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs), derived from an adult olfactory lamina propria, migrate specifically toward an injured mouse hippocampus after transplantation in the cerebrospinal fluid and promote functional recoveries. However, the mechanisms controlling their recruitment and homing remain elusive. Using an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and secretome analysis, we observed that OE-MSCs produce numerous proteins allowing them to cross the endothelial wall. Then, pan-genomic DNA microarrays identified signaling molecules that lesioned mouse hippocampus overexpressed. Among the most upregulated cytokines, both recombinant SPP1/osteopontin and CCL2/MCP-1 stimulate OE-MSC migration whereas only CCL2 exerts a chemotactic effect. Additionally, OE-MSCs express SPP1 receptors but not the CCL2 cognate receptor, suggesting a CCR2-independent pathway through other CCR receptors. These results confirm that OE-MSCs can be attracted by chemotactic cytokines overexpressed in inflamed areas and demonstrate that CCL2 is an important factor that could promote OE-MSC engraftment, suggesting improvement for future clinical trials.
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24
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Fagan K, Crider A, Ahmed AO, Pillai A. Complement C3 Expression Is Decreased in Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects and Contributes to Behavioral Deficits in Rodents. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:19-27. [PMID: 28879198 DOI: 10.1159/000465523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with hallmark symptoms including social deficits, communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. Accumulating evidence suggests a potential role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of ASD. The complement system represents one of the major effector mechanisms of the innate immune system, and regulates inflammation, and orchestrates defense against pathogens. However, the role of CNS complement system in ASD is not well understood. In the present study, we found a significant increase in C2, C5, and MASP1, but a decrease in C1q, C3, and C4 mRNA levels in the middle frontal gyrus of ASD subjects compared to controls. Significant decreases in the mRNA levels of 2 key proinflammatory cytokines, IL-17 and IL-23 were observed in ASD subjects. Our study further demonstrated a strong association of complement genes with IL-17 and IL-23, suggesting a possible role of the complement system in immune dysregulation in ASD. We observed significant associations between complement components and abnormality of development scores in subjects with ASD. In rodents, C3 knockdown in the prefrontal cortex induced social interaction deficits and repetitive behavior in mice. Together, these studies suggest a potential role of C3 in the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Fagan
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Amanda Crider
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Anthony O Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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Mizuno M, Suzuki Y, Ito Y. Complement regulation and kidney diseases: recent knowledge of the double-edged roles of complement activation in nephrology. Clin Exp Nephrol 2017; 22:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-017-1405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Mulder M, Geocadin RG. Neurology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 141:593-617. [PMID: 28190437 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63599-0.00032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an up-to-date review of the science and clinical practice pertaining to neurologic injury after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The past two decades have seen a major shift in the science and practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with a major emphasis on postresuscitation neurologic care. This chapter provides a nuanced and thoughtful historic and bench-to-bedside overview of the neurologic aspects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A particular emphasis is made on the anatomy and pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, up-to-date management of survivors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and a careful discussion on neurologic outcome prediction. Guidance to practice evidence-based clinical care when able and thoughtful, pragmatic suggestions for care where evidence is lacking are also provided. This chapter serves as both a useful clinical guide and an updated, thorough, and state-of-the-art reference on the topic for advanced students and experienced practitioners in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mulder
- Department of Critical Care and the John Nasseff Neuroscience Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Allina Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R G Geocadin
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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27
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Modulation of miR-146a/complement factor H-mediated inflammatory responses in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160290. [PMID: 27852797 PMCID: PMC5180253 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of inflammatory and immune processes in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). miRNAs represent small regulatory RNA molecules that have been shown to act as negative regulators of gene expression controlling different biological processes, including immune system homoeostasis and function. We investigated the expression and cellular distribution of miRNA-146a (miR-146a) in a rat model of TLE. Prominent up-regulation of miR-146a activation was evident in 1 week after status epilepticus (SE) and persisted in the chronic phase. The predicted miR-146a's target complement factor H (CFH) mRNA and protein expression was also down-regulated in TLE rat model. Furthermore, transfection of miR-146a mimics in neuronal and glial cells down-regulated CFH mRNA and protein levels respectively. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-146a down-regulated CFH mRNA expression via 3'-UTR pairing. Down-regulating miR-146a by intracerebroventricular injection of antagomir-146a enhanced the hippocampal expression of CFH in TLE model and decreased seizure susceptibility. These findings suggest that immunopathological deficits associated with TLE can in part be explained by a generalized miR-146a-mediated down-regulation of CFH that may contribute to epileptogenesis in a rat model of TLE.
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28
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Manousopoulou A, Gatherer M, Smith C, Nicoll JAR, Woelk CH, Johnson M, Kalaria R, Attems J, Garbis SD, Carare RO. Systems proteomic analysis reveals that clusterin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 increase in leptomeningeal arteries affected by cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:492-504. [PMID: 27543695 PMCID: PMC5638106 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims Amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the walls of leptomeningeal arteries as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used global quantitative proteomic analysis to examine the hypothesis that the leptomeningeal arteries derived from patients with CAA have a distinct endophenotypic profile compared to those from young and elderly controls. Methods Freshly dissected leptomeningeal arteries from the Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource and Edinburgh Sudden Death Brain Bank from seven elderly (82.9 ± 7.5 years) females with severe capillary and arterial CAA, as well as seven elderly (88.3 ± 8.6 years) and five young (45.4 ± 3.9 years) females without CAA were used in this study. Arteries from four patients with CAA, two young and two elderly controls were individually analysed using quantitative proteomics. Key proteomic findings were then validated using immunohistochemistry. Results Bioinformatics interpretation of the results showed a significant enrichment of the immune response/classical complement and extracellular matrix remodelling pathways (P < 0.05) in arteries affected by CAA vs. those from young and elderly controls. Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 (TIMP3), validated using immunohistochemistry, were shown to co‐localize with Aβ and to be up‐regulated in leptomeningeal arteries from CAA patients compared to young and elderly controls. Conclusions Global proteomic profiling of brain leptomeningeal arteries revealed that clusterin and TIMP3 increase in leptomeningeal arteries affected by CAA. We propose that clusterin and TIMP3 could facilitate perivascular clearance and may serve as novel candidate therapeutic targets for CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manousopoulou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Gatherer
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C Smith
- Pathology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J A R Nicoll
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C H Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Johnson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S D Garbis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R O Carare
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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29
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C5a and pain development: An old molecule, a new target. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Ramos TN, Arynchyna AA, Blackburn TE, Barnum SR, Johnston JM. Soluble membrane attack complex is diagnostic for intraventricular shunt infection in children. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87919. [PMID: 27699221 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children treated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts to manage hydrocephalus frequently develop shunt failure and/or infections, conditions that present with overlapping symptoms. The potential life-threatening nature of shunt infections requires rapid diagnosis; however, traditional microbiology is time consuming, expensive, and potentially unreliable. We set out to identify a biomarker that would identify shunt infection. METHODS CSF was assayed for the soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC) by ELISA in patients with suspected shunt failure or infection. CSF was obtained at the time of initial surgical intervention. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic potential of sMAC in pyogenic-infected versus noninfected patients. RESULTS Children with pyogenic shunt infection had significantly increased sMAC levels compared with noninfected patients (3,211 ± 1,111 ng/ml vs. 26 ± 3.8 ng/ml, P = 0.0001). In infected patients undergoing serial CSF draws, sMAC levels were prognostic for both positive and negative clinical outcomes. Children with delayed, broth-only growth of commensal organisms (P. acnes, S. epidermidis, etc.) had the lowest sMAC levels (7.96 ± 1.7 ng/ml), suggesting contamination rather than shunt infection. CONCLUSION Elevated CSF sMAC levels are both sensitive and specific for diagnosing pyogenic shunt infection and may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker during recovery from infection. FUNDING This work was supported in part by the Impact Fund of Children's of Alabama.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia A Arynchyna
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama
| | | | - Scott R Barnum
- Department of Microbiology.,Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James M Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama
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Li GS, Li QF, Dong MM, Zan T, Ding S, Liu LB. Complement components of nerve regeneration conditioned fluid influence the microenvironment of nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:682-6. [PMID: 27212935 PMCID: PMC4870931 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve regeneration conditioned fluid is secreted by nerve stumps inside a nerve regeneration chamber. A better understanding of the proteinogram of nerve regeneration conditioned fluid can provide evidence for studying the role of the microenvironment in peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, we used cylindrical silicone tubes as the nerve regeneration chamber model for the repair of injured rat sciatic nerve. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics technology and western blot analysis confirmed that there were more than 10 complement components (complement factor I, C1q-A, C1q-B, C2, C3, C4, C5, C7, C8β and complement factor D) in the nerve regeneration conditioned fluid and each varied at different time points. These findings suggest that all these complement components have a functional role in nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Shuai Li
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Min Dong
- Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Tao Zan
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Bo Liu
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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32
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Eriksson CE, Studahl M, Bergström T. Acute and prolonged complement activation in the central nervous system during herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:130-8. [PMID: 27235358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigated the acute and prolonged complement system activity in HSE patients, by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for numerous complement components (C). We found increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of C3a, C3b, C5 and C5a in HSE patients compared with healthy controls. C3a and C5a concentrations remained increased also compared with patient controls. Our results conclude that the complement system is activated in CNS during HSE in the acute phase, and interestingly also in later stages supporting previous reports of prolonged inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta E Eriksson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Silverman SM, Kim BJ, Howell GR, Miller J, John SWM, Wordinger RJ, Clark AF. C1q propagates microglial activation and neurodegeneration in the visual axis following retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:24. [PMID: 27008854 PMCID: PMC4806521 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C1q represents the initiating protein of the classical complement cascade, however recent findings indicate pathway independent roles such as developmental pruning of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Furthermore, chronic neuroinflammation, including increased expression of C1q and activation of microglia and astrocytes, appears to be a common finding among many neurodegenerative disease models. Here we compare the effects of a retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury on glial activation and neurodegeneration in wild type (WT) and C1qa-deficient mice in the retina and superior colliculus (SC). Retinal I/R was induced in mice through elevation of intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 60 min followed by reperfusion. Glial cell activation and population changes were assessed using immunofluorescence. Neuroprotection was determined using histological measurements of retinal layer thickness, RGC counts, and visual function by flash electroretinography (ERG). Results Retinal I/R injury significantly upregulated C1q expression in the retina as early as 72 h and within 7 days in the superficial SC, and was sustained as long as 28 days. Accompanying increased C1q expression was activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as a significantly increased glial population density observed in the retina and SC. Microglial activation and changes in density were completely ablated in C1qa-deficient mice, interestingly however there was no effect on astrocytes. Furthermore, loss of C1qa significantly rescued I/R-induced loss of RGCs and protected against retinal layer thinning in comparison to WT mice. ERG assessment revealed early preservation of b-wave amplitude deficits from retinal I/R injury due to C1qa-deficiency that was lost by day 28. Conclusions Our results for the first time demonstrate the spatiotemporal changes in the neuroinflammatory response following retinal I/R injury at both local and distal sites of injury. In addition, we have shown a role for C1q as a primary mediator of microglial activation and pathological damage. This suggests developmental mechanisms of C1q may be re-engaged during injury response, modulation of which may be beneficial for neuroprotection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0089-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Silverman
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Byung-Jin Kim
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | | | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, 04609, ME, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Robert J Wordinger
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, CBH-441, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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Weinstein JR, Quan Y, Hanson JF, Colonna L, Iorga M, Honda SI, Shibuya K, Shibuya A, Elkon KB, Möller T. IgM-Dependent Phagocytosis in Microglia Is Mediated by Complement Receptor 3, Not Fcα/μ Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5309-17. [PMID: 26500348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in receptor-mediated phagocytosis in the CNS. In brain abscess and other CNS infections, invading bacteria undergo opsonization with Igs or complement. Microglia recognize these opsonized pathogens by Fc or complement receptors triggering phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Fcα/μR, the less-studied receptor for IgM and IgA, in microglial phagocytosis. We showed that primary microglia, as well as N9 microglial cells, express Fcα/μR. We also showed that anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgM markedly increased the rate of microglial S. aureus phagocytosis. To unequivocally test the role of Fcα/μR in IgM-mediated phagocytosis, we performed experiments in microglia from Fcα/μR(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, we found that IgM-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus was similar in microglia derived from wild-type or Fcα/μR(-/-) mice. We hypothesized that IgM-dependent activation of complement receptors might contribute to the IgM-mediated increase in phagocytosis. To test this, we used immunologic and genetic inactivation of complement receptor 3 components (CD11b and CD18) as well as C3. IgM-, but not IgG-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus was reduced in wild-type microglia and macrophages following preincubation with an anti-CD11b blocking Ab. IgM-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus was also reduced in microglia derived from CD18(-/-) and C3(-/-) mice. Taken together, our findings implicate complement receptor 3 and C3, but not Fcα/μR, in IgM-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
| | - Yi Quan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Josiah F Hanson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lucrezia Colonna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Michael Iorga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shin-ichiro Honda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Thomas Möller
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Baker DJ, Blackburn DJ, Keatinge M, Sokhi D, Viskaitis P, Heath PR, Ferraiuolo L, Kirby J, Shaw PJ. Lysosomal and phagocytic activity is increased in astrocytes during disease progression in the SOD1 (G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:410. [PMID: 26528138 PMCID: PMC4606544 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previously, gene expression profiling of astrocytes from the pre-symptomatic stage of the SOD1G93A model of ALS has revealed reduced lactate metabolism and altered trophic support. Here, we have performed microarray analysis of symptomatic and late-stage disease astrocytes isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from the lumbar spinal cord of the SOD1G93A mouse to complete the picture of astrocyte behavior throughout the disease course. Astrocytes at symptomatic and late-stage disease show a distinct up-regulation of transcripts defining a reactive phenotype, such as those involved in the lysosome and phagocytic pathways. Functional analysis of hexosaminidase B enzyme activity in the spinal cord and of astrocyte phagocytic ability has demonstrated a significant increase in lysosomal enzyme activity and phagocytic activity in SOD1G93A vs. littermate controls, validating the findings of the microarray study. In addition to the increased reactivity seen at both stages, astrocytes from late-stage disease showed decreased expression of many transcripts involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Staining for the master regulator of cholesterol synthesis, SREBP2, has revealed an increased localization to the cytoplasm of astrocytes and motor neurons in late-stage SOD1G93A spinal cord, indicating that down-regulation of transcripts may be due to an excess of cholesterol in the CNS during late-stage disease possibly due to phagocytosis of neuronal debris. Our data reveal that SOD1G93A astrocytes are characterized more by a loss of supportive function than a toxic phenotype during ALS disease progression and future studies should focus upon restorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel J Blackburn
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcus Keatinge
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Dilraj Sokhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Paulius Viskaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
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Alawieh A, Elvington A, Tomlinson S. Complement in the Homeostatic and Ischemic Brain. Front Immunol 2015; 6:417. [PMID: 26322048 PMCID: PMC4533015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a component of the immune system involved in both recognition and response to pathogens, and it is implicated in an increasing number of homeostatic and disease processes. It is well documented that reperfusion of ischemic tissue results in complement activation and an inflammatory response that causes post-reperfusion injury. This occurs following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and triggers secondary damage that extends beyond the initial infarcted area, an outcome that has rationalized the use of complement inhibitors as candidate therapeutics after stroke. In the central nervous system, however, recent studies have revealed that complement also has essential roles in synaptic pruning, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. In the context of recovery after stroke, these apparent divergent functions of complement may account for findings that the protective effect of complement inhibition in the acute phase after stroke is not always maintained in the subacute and chronic phases. The development of effective stroke therapies based on modulation of the complement system will require a detailed understanding of complement-dependent processes in both early neurodegenerative events and delayed neuro-reparatory processes. Here, we review the role of complement in normal brain physiology, the events initiating complement activation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the contribution of complement to both injury and recovery. We also discuss how the design of future experiments may better characterize the dual role of complement in recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alawieh
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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37
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Regulatory function of glycosphingolipids in the inflammation and degeneration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 571:58-65. [PMID: 25688919 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the biological sciences has revealed that a number of extrinsic and intrinsic environmental factors may cause chronic inflammation. When these insults are persistent or intermittently repeated, regardless of extrinsic or intrinsic origins, homeostasis of our bodies would be disturbed and undergo long-term impact. These situations might give rise to chronic inflammation, leading to various diseases as results of accumulative effects of various inflammatory reactions. Complex carbohydrates expressed mainly on the cell surface have been demonstrated to play roles in fine-tuning of various biological processes to maintain homeostasis of cells, organs and our bodies. When abnormal physicochemical insults and harmful pathogens invade, the fine-tuning including modification of the glycosylation patterns is continuously exerted. Therefore, defects in the proper response with proper glycosylation lead to chronic inflammation and subsequent deterioration of individual tissues and organs. Genetic depletion of sialic acid-containing glycolipids, gangliosides resulted in the inflammation of CNS and neurodegeneration. Lactosylceramide was also reported to mediate neuroinflammation, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. Defects of globoseries glycolipids resulted in the increased sensitivity to LPS toxicity. Thus, possibilities that manipulation of synthesis and expression of glycosphingolipids may be applicable for the disease control are now proposed.
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Maurer AJ, Bonney PA, Toho LC, Glenn CA, Agarwal S, Battiste JD, Fung KM, Sughrue ME. Tumor necrosis-initiated complement activation stimulates proliferation of medulloblastoma cells. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:185-92. [PMID: 25603857 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN We sought to determine the effect of necrosis-induced activation of the complement protein C3 in medulloblastoma. MATERIALS/METHODS Twelve medulloblastoma surgical specimens were evaluated for complement activation using immunohistochemistry, with H&E stains performed on adjacent tissue sections to determine the relationship of complement activation to necrotic tissue. Flow cytometry and Western blot were performed on three established medulloblastoma lines and one surgically-procured cell culture to determine expression of C3a receptor (C3aR) in medulloblastoma. In vitro proliferation of siRNA C3aR knockdown cells was compared to that of control siRNA cells with cell line Daoy. RESULTS Three surgical specimens were found to have necrosis on H&E sections. In each case, iC3b staining was identified on adjacent sections, limited to the necrotic region. In no case did necrosis occur without iC3b staining on adjacent sections. C3aR protein was demonstrated on both the three established cell lines and on the surgical culture. Proliferation assays of Daoy cells with siRNA knockdown vs. control siRNA revealed significantly reduced proliferation at 72 h (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Necrosis is associated with complement activation in medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma cells express C3aR, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of C3aR inhibits proliferation of these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Maurer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1000 N. Lincoln Blvd., Suite 4000, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA,
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Zimmer J, Hobkirk J, Mohamed F, Browning MJ, Stover CM. On the Functional Overlap between Complement and Anti-Microbial Peptides. Front Immunol 2015; 5:689. [PMID: 25646095 PMCID: PMC4298222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intriguingly, activated complement and anti-microbial peptides share certain functionalities; lytic, phagocytic, and chemo-attractant activities and each may, in addition, exert cell instructive roles. Each has been shown to have distinct LPS detoxifying activity and may play a role in the development of endotoxin tolerance. In search of the origin of complement, a functional homolog of complement C3 involved in opsonization has been identified in horseshoe crabs. Horseshoe crabs possess anti-microbial peptides able to bind to acyl chains or phosphate groups/saccharides of endotoxin, LPS. Complement activity as a whole is detectable in marine invertebrates. These are also a source of anti-microbial peptides with potential pharmaceutical applicability. Investigating the locality for the production of complement pathway proteins and their role in modulating cellular immune responses are emerging fields. The significance of local synthesis of complement components is becoming clearer from in vivo studies of parenchymatous disease involving specifically generated, complement-deficient mouse lines. Complement C3 is a central component of complement activation. Its provision by cells of the myeloid lineage varies. Their effector functions in turn are increased in the presence of anti-microbial peptides. This may point to a potentiating range of activities, which should serve the maintenance of health but may also cause disease. Because of the therapeutic implications, this review will consider closely studies dealing with complement activation and anti-microbial peptide activity in acute inflammation (e.g., dialysis-related peritonitis, appendicitis, and ischemia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zimmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases - Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - James Hobkirk
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Fatima Mohamed
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - Michael J Browning
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK ; Department of Immunology, Leicester Royal Infirmary , Leicester , UK
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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Loeffler DA. Should development of Alzheimer's disease-specific intravenous immunoglobulin be considered? J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:198. [PMID: 25476011 PMCID: PMC4265363 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent phase II and III studies with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) did not find evidence for the slowing of AD progression compared to placebo-treated patients, in contrast to encouraging results in pilot studies. An additional phase III trial is ongoing. If negative results are found, then further AD studies with IVIG are unlikely unless a manufacturer opts for a trial with high-dose IVIG, which would increase its anti-inflammatory effects but also the risk for adverse events. An alternative approach could be an AD-specific IVIG, supplementing IVIG with higher concentrations of selected antibodies purified from it or produced via recombinant polyclonal antibody technology. These antibodies could include those to amyloid-beta (Aβ, tau protein, inflammatory cytokines, complement activation proteins, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. IgG fragment crystallizable (Fc) fragments containing terminal sialic acid could be added to increase anti-inflammatory effects. While this product might be more effective in slowing AD clinical progression than current IVIG, there are difficulties with this approach. Preclinical studies would be required to determine which of the antibodies of interest for supplementing current IVIG (for example, antibodies to phosphorylated or oligomeric tau) are actually present (and, therefore, available for purification) in IVIG, and the effects of the product in mouse models of AD. An Investigational New Drug application for an AD-specific IVIG would require United States Food and Drug Administration approval. If the drug would be found to benefit AD patients, meeting the increased demand for IVIG would be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Beaumont Health System, 3601 West Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA.
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Kawa MP, Machalinska A, Roginska D, Machalinski B. Complement system in pathogenesis of AMD: dual player in degeneration and protection of retinal tissue. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:483960. [PMID: 25276841 PMCID: PMC4168147 DOI: 10.1155/2014/483960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly, especially in Western countries. Although the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical course of the disease are well described, its pathogenesis is not entirely elucidated. AMD is associated with a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including complement components deposition in the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. Although the complement system (CS) is increasingly recognized as mediating important roles in retinal biology, its particular role in AMD pathogenesis has not been precisely defined. Unrestricted activation of the CS following injury may directly damage retinal tissue and recruit immune cells to the vicinity of active complement cascades, therefore detrimentally causing bystander damage to surrounding cells and tissues. On the other hand, recent evidence supports the notion that an active complement pathway is a necessity for the normal maintenance of the neurosensory retina. In this scenario, complement activation appears to have beneficial effect as it promotes cell survival and tissue remodeling by facilitating the rapid removal of dying cells and resulting cellular debris, thus demonstrating anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. In this review, we discuss both the beneficial and detrimental roles of CS in degenerative retina, focusing on the diverse aspects of CS functions that may promote or inhibit macular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milosz P. Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Machalinska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Roginska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Machalinski
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Neuroprotective effect of schizandrin A on oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:735-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Guo Q, Cheng J, Zhang J, Su B, Bian C, Lin S, Zhong C. Delayed post-injury administration of C5a improves regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:318-25. [PMID: 23855891 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of a complement system can aggravate the secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, it was reported recently that the activation of a complement could have both a secondary injury and a neuroprotective effect, in which C5a is the most important factor, but there is no direct evidence for this dual effect of C5a after SCI. In order to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of C5a after SCI, in this study ectogenic C5a was injected intraperitoneally before/after SCI in vivo, or administrated to mechanically injured neurones in vitro; following this, neurone apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, axonal regeneration and functional recovery were investigated. The in-vivo experiments indicated that, following treatment with C5a 24 h before or immediately after injury, locomotor function was impaired significantly. However, when treatment with C5a took place 24 h after injury, locomotor function improved significantly. In-vitro experiments indicated that a certain concentration of C5a (50-100 nM) could inhibit caspase-3-mediated neurone apoptosis by binding to its receptor CD88, and that it could even promote the neurite outgrowth of uninjured neurones. In conclusion, delayed post-injury administration of C5a within a certain concentration could exert its neuroprotective effect through inhibiting caspase-3-mediated neurone apoptosis and promoting neurite outgrowth of uninjured neurones as well. These data suggest that C5a may have opposite functions in a time- and concentration-dependent manner after SCI. The dual roles of C5a have to be taken into account when measures are taken to inhibit complement activation in order to promote regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Rostami E, Davidsson J, Gyorgy A, Agoston DV, Risling M, Bellander BM. The Terminal Pathway of the Complement System Is Activated in Focal Penetrating But Not in Mild Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1954-65. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rostami
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Davidsson
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Gyorgy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denes V. Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kadoch C, Li J, Wong VS, Chen L, Cha S, Munster P, Lowell CA, Shuman MA, Rubenstein JL. Complement activation and intraventricular rituximab distribution in recurrent central nervous system lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:1029-41. [PMID: 24190981 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the mechanistic basis for efficacy of intrathecal rituximab. We evaluated complement activation as well as the pharmacokinetics of intraventricular rituximab in patients who participated in two phase 1 multicenter studies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated complement activation as a candidate mediator of rituximab within the central nervous system (CNS). Complement C3 and C5b-9 were quantified by ELISA in serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens after intraventricular rituximab administration. We determined rituximab concentration profiles in CSF and serum. A population three- compartment pharmacokinetic model was built to describe the disposition of rituximab following intraventricular administration. The model was derived from results of the first trial and validated with results of the second trial. RESULTS Complement C3 and C5b-9 were reproducibly activated in CSF after intraventricular rituximab. Ectopic expression of C3 mRNA and protein within CNS lymphoma lesions was localized to myeloid cells. Constitutive high C3 activation at baseline was associated with adverse prognosis. A pharmacokinetic model was built, which contains three distinct compartments, to describe the distribution of rituximab within the neuroaxis after intraventricular administration. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence of C3 activation within the neuroaxis with intraventricular immunotherapy and suggest that complement may contribute to immunotherapeutic responses of rituximab in CNS lymphoma. Penetration of rituximab into neural tissue is supported by this pharmacokinetic model and may contribute to efficacy. These findings have general implications for intraventricular immunotherapy. Our data highlight potential innovations to improve efficacy of intraventricular immunotherapy both via modulation of the innate immune response as well as innovations in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigall Kadoch
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Department of Radiology, Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Michel B, Ferguson A, Johnson T, Bender H, Meyerett-Reid C, Wyckoff AC, Pulford B, Telling GC, Zabel MD. Complement protein C3 exacerbates prion disease in a mouse model of chronic wasting disease. Int Immunol 2013; 25:697-702. [PMID: 24038599 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a critical role of the complement system in facilitating attachment of prions to both B cells and follicular dendritic cells and assisting in prion replication. Complement activation intensifies disease in prion-infected animals, and elimination of complement components inhibits prion accumulation, replication and pathogenesis. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly infectious prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervid populations that utilizes the complement system for efficient peripheral prion replication and most likely efficient horizontal transmission. Here we show that complete genetic or transient pharmacological depletion of C3 prolongs incubation times and significantly delays splenic accumulation in a CWD transgenic mouse model. Using a semi-quantitative prion amplification scoring system we show that C3 impacts disease progression in the early stages of disease by slowing the rate of prion accumulation and/or replication. The delayed kinetics in prion replication correlate with delayed disease kinetics in mice deficient in C3. Taken together, these data support a critical role of C3 in peripheral CWD prion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Michel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Prion Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Aronowski J, Hall CE. New Horizons for Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Treatment: Experience From Preclinical Studies. Neurol Res 2013; 27:268-79. [PMID: 15845210 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x25225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a major medical problem, for which there is no effective treatment. However, extensive experimental and clinical research carried out in recent years has brought to light new exciting ideas for novel potential treatments. First, it was well documented that the management of hypertension helps to prevent new and recurrent ICH. Also, development of new guidelines for management of hypertension after the onset of the ICH may help in more effective ICH treatment. Existing contemporary data collected from preclinical studies indicates that ICH-induced inflammation represents a key factor leading to secondary brain damage, suggesting that some anti-inflammatory approaches can be used to treat hemorrhagic stroke. In this article, beyond discussing implications related to hypertension, we will summarize important (but not all) new discoveries connecting the role of inflammation to ICH pathology. Selected aspects of inflammatory response including the role of cytokines, transcription factor nuclear factor-kB, microglia activation, astrogliosis, and complement activation will be introduced. We will also discuss the role for reactive oxygen species and metalloproteinases in ICH pathogenesis and introduce basic knowledge on the nature of ICH-induced cell death including apoptosis. Potential targets for intervention and translation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:952375. [PMID: 23935251 PMCID: PMC3712244 DOI: 10.1155/2013/952375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a host-defense mechanism associated with restoration of normal structure and function of the brain and neutralization of an insult. Increasing neuropathological and biochemical evidence from the brains of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) provides strong evidence for activation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells, may play a major role in the inflammatory process of the diseased brain of patients with PD. Although microglia forms the first line of defense for the neural parenchyma, uncontrolled activation of microglia may directly affect neurons by releasing various molecular mediators such as inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-6, and IL-1β), nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Moreover, recent studies have reported that activated microglia phagocytose not only damaged cell debris but also intact neighboring cells. This phenomenon further supports their active participation in self-enduring neuronal damage cycles. As the relationship between PD and neuroinflammation is being studied, there is a realization that both cellular and molecular mediators are most likely assisting pathological processes leading to disease progression. Here, we discuss mediators of neuroinflammation, which are known activators released from damaged parenchyma of the brain and result in neuronal degeneration in patients with PD.
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Guo Q, Cheng J, Zhang H, Zhang J, Su B, Bian C, Lin S. Expressions of C5a and its receptor CD88 after spinal cord injury in C3-deficient mice. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:224-9. [PMID: 23033813 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of complement system can aggravate the secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). Our previous study indicates that the interception of complement activation by C3 deficiency can reduce the secondary injury and improve the regeneration and functional recovery after SCI. However, recently, it was reported that C5a which was generated during the complement activation pathways also had a protective effect on neurons, but whether it has the similar effect after SCI is unknown. To investigate the possibility and mechanism of the protective effect of C5a on neurons, it is necessary to study the expression profiles of C5a and its receptor CD88 after SCI and the influence on their expression when C3 was knocked out. By immunohistochemistry and Western blot, we found that in wild-type (WT) mice, both the expression of C5a and its receptor CD88 increased significantly, and there were two peaks during their expression after SCI. However, in C3-deficient mice, the expression of C5a still increased after SCI, although it was lower than that in WT group at every time points after SCI, and the expression of CD88 remained stable. Our study suggests that the expressions of C5a and CD88 can be inhibited in different degrees after SCI when the activation of complement system is blocked through C3 deficiency, which can reduce the secondary injury caused by C5a after SCI on one hand but deprive neurons of the possible protective effect from C5a on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Yang J, Ahn HN, Chang M, Narasimhan P, Chan PH, Song YS. Complement component 3 inhibition by an antioxidant is neuroprotective after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. J Neurochem 2012. [PMID: 23199288 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress after stroke is associated with the inflammatory system activation in the brain. The complement cascade, especially the degradation products of complement component 3, is a key inflammatory mediator of cerebral ischemia. We have shown that pro-inflammatory complement component 3 is increased by oxidative stress after ischemic stroke in mice using DNA array. In this study, we investigated whether up-regulation of complement component 3 is directly related to oxidative stress after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation in brain cells. Persistent up-regulation of complement component 3 expression was reduced in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice, and manganese-superoxide dismutase knock-out mice showed highly increased complement component 3 levels after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Antioxidant N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone treatment suppressed complement component 3 expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Accumulation of complement component 3 in neurons and microglia was decreased by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone, which reduced infarct volume and impaired neurological deficiency after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. Small interfering RNA specific for complement component 3 transfection showed a significant increase in brain cells viability after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Our study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of antioxidants through complement component 3 suppression is a new strategy for potential therapeutic approaches in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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