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Verma M, Agarwal N, Verma M, Kumar V. Epigenetics and animal models: applications in cancer control and treatment. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu M, Zhu J, Liu S, Wang C, Shi Q, Kuang Y, Fang X, Hu X. FOXD3, frequently methylated in colorectal cancer, acts as a tumor suppressor and induces tumor cell apoptosis under ER stress via p53. Carcinogenesis 2019; 41:1253-1262. [PMID: 31784734 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3), an important member of the forkhead box transcription factor family, has many biological functions. However, the role and signaling pathways of FOXD3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) are still unclear. We examined FOXD3 expression and methylation in normal colon mucosa, CRC cell lines and primary tumors by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. We also evaluated its tumor-suppressive function by examining its modulation of apoptosis under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CRC cells. The FOXD3 target signal pathway was identified by western blotting, immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that FOXD3 was frequently methylated and silenced in CRC cell lines and was downregulated in CRC tissues compared with paired adjacent non-tumor tissues. Meanwhile, low FOXD3 protein expression was significantly correlated with poor histopathological grading, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of patients, indicating its potential as a tumor marker that may be of potential value as a therapeutic target for CRC. Moreover, restoration of FOXD3 expression inhibited the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. FOXD3 also increased mitochondrial apoptosis through the unfolded protein response under ER stress. Furthermore, we found that FOXD3 could bind directly to the promoter of p53 and enhance its expression. Knockdown of p53 impaired the effect of apoptosis induced by FOXD3. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that FOXD3, which is frequently methylated in CRC, acted as a tumor suppressor inducing tumor cell apoptosis under ER stress via p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of General Surgery and Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinglan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeye Kuang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Role of Personalized Nutrition in Chronic-Degenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081707. [PMID: 31344895 PMCID: PMC6723746 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human nutrition is a branch of medicine based on foods biochemical interactions with the human body. The phenotypic transition from health to disease status can be attributed to changes in genes and/or protein expression. For this reason, a new discipline has been developed called “-omic science”. In this review, we analyzed the role of “-omics sciences” (nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics) in the health status and as possible therapeutic tool in chronic degenerative diseases. In particular, we focused on the role of nutrigenetics and the relationship between eating habits, changes in the DNA sequence and the onset of nutrition-related diseases. Moreover, we examined nutrigenomics and the effect of nutrients on gene expression. We perused the role of proteomics and metabolomics in personalized nutrition. In this scenario, we analyzed also how dysbiosis of gut microbiota can influence the onset and progression of chronic degenerative diseases. Moreover, nutrients influencing and regulating gene activity, both directly and indirectly, paves the way for personalized nutrition that plays a key role in the prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases.
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DNA Methylation Events as Markers for Diagnosis and Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:5472893. [PMID: 29038614 PMCID: PMC5606093 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5472893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During the onset and progression of hematological malignancies, many changes occur in cellular epigenome, such as hypo- or hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoter regions. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression and is a key event for tumorigenesis. The continuous search for biomarkers that signal early disease, indicate prognosis, and act as therapeutic targets has led to studies investigating the role of DNA in cancer onset and progression. This review focuses on DNA methylation changes as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, response to treatment, and early toxicity in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Here, we report that distinct changes in DNA methylation may alter gene function and drive malignant cellular transformation during several stages of leukemogenesis. Most of these modifications occur at an early stage of disease and may predict myeloid/lymphoid transformation or response to therapy, which justifies its use as a biomarker for disease onset and progression. Methylation patterns, or its dynamic change during treatment, may also be used as markers for patient stratification, disease prognosis, and response to treatment. Further investigations of methylation modifications as therapeutic biomarkers, which may correlate with therapeutic response and/or predict treatment toxicity, are still warranted.
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Verma M. The Role of Epigenomics in the Study of Cancer Biomarkers and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 867:59-80. [PMID: 26530360 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics plays a key role in cancer development. Genetics alone cannot explain sporadic cancer and cancer development in individuals with no family history or a weak family history of cancer. Epigenetics provides a mechanism to explain the development of cancer in such situations. Alterations in epigenetic profiling may provide important insights into the etiology and natural history of cancer. Because several epigenetic changes occur before histopathological changes, they can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and risk assessment. Many cancers may remain asymptomatic until relatively late stages; in managing the disease, efforts should be focused on early detection, accurate prediction of disease progression, and frequent monitoring. This chapter describes epigenetic biomarkers as they are expressed during cancer development and their potential use in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Based on epigenomic information, biomarkers have been identified that may serve as diagnostic tools; some such biomarkers also may be useful in identifying individuals who will respond to therapy and survive longer. The importance of analytical and clinical validation of biomarkers is discussed, along with challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Suite# 4E102. 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9763, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9726, USA.
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Abstract
Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC) is a major cancer worldwide. Research in this field is needed to identify biomarkers that can be used for early detection of the disease as well as new approaches to its treatment. Epigenetic biomarkers provide an opportunity to understand liver cancer etiology and evaluate novel epigenetic inhibitors for treatment. Traditionally, liver cirrhosis, proteomic biomarkers, and the presence of hepatitis viruses have been used for the detection and diagnosis of liver cancer. Promising results from microRNA (miRNA) profiling and hypermethylation of selected genes have raised hopes of identifying new biomarkers. Some of these epigenetic biomarkers may be useful in risk assessment and for screening populations to identify who is likely to develop cancer. Challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed in this chapter.
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Warzak DA, Johnson SA, Ellersieck MR, Roberts RM, Zhang X, Ho SM, Rosenfeld CS. Effects of post-weaning diet on metabolic parameters and DNA methylation status of the cryptic promoter in the A(vy) allele of viable yellow mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:667-74. [PMID: 25818200 PMCID: PMC4431896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying the A(vy) allele are epigenetic mosaics. If the majority of cells have an active (demethylated) intracisternal A particle (IAP), mice have a yellow coat color and develop adult-onset obesity and diabetes, while mice whose mosaicism predominantly reflects an inactive (methylated) IAP are pseudoagouti (brown) and less prone to metabolic disease. Brown and yellow coat color A(vy)/a post-weaning mice were placed on one of three diets [AIN, and two lower-calorie diets National Institutes of Health (NIH) and methyl-supplemented, NIHMe] to determine whether coat color, weight gain, blood glucose and methylation of hepatic IAP became altered. None of the diets altered A(vy)/a mice coat color. NIHMe did not protect against increasing obesity or the usual onset of hyperglycemia in males. Nor did it promote increased methylation of A(vy) IAP in liver tissue. By contrast, AIN, despite its higher content of fat and carbohydrate and ability to promote greater weight gains than the NIH and NIHMe diets, protected males better against hyperglycemia than either the NIH or NIHMe diets. This diet led to a significantly reduced (~50%; P = .003) average methylation state of all CpG sites within the hepatic IAP for the pseudoagouti mice. On AIN, but not on the other diets, extent of hepatic IAP methylation was negatively correlated (R = 0.97, P ≤ .001) with body weight of pseudoagouti mice. The findings indicate that post-weaning diet might influence interpretation of studies with A(vy)/a mice because IAP methylation patterns may be malleable in certain organs and influenced by post-weaning diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Warzak
- Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Agriculture Experimental Station-Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Ray PD, Yosim A, Fry RC. Incorporating epigenetic data into the risk assessment process for the toxic metals arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury: strategies and challenges. Front Genet 2014; 5:201. [PMID: 25076963 PMCID: PMC4100550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxic metals poses a serious human health hazard based on ubiquitous environmental presence, the extent of exposure, and the toxicity and disease states associated with exposure. This global health issue warrants accurate and reliable models derived from the risk assessment process to predict disease risk in populations. There has been considerable interest recently in the impact of environmental toxicants such as toxic metals on the epigenome. Epigenetic modifications are alterations to an individual's genome without a change in the DNA sequence, and include, but are not limited to, three commonly studied alterations: DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA expression. Given the role of epigenetic alterations in regulating gene and thus protein expression, there is the potential for the integration of toxic metal-induced epigenetic alterations as informative factors in the risk assessment process. In the present review, epigenetic alterations induced by five high priority toxic metals/metalloids are prioritized for analysis and their possible inclusion into the risk assessment process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Ray
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Yosim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
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Verma M, Rogers S, Divi RL, Schully SD, Nelson S, Su LJ, Ross S, Pilch S, Winn DM, Khoury MJ. Epigenetic research in cancer epidemiology: trends, opportunities, and challenges. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:223-33. [PMID: 24326628 PMCID: PMC3925982 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is emerging as an important field in cancer epidemiology that promises to provide insights into gene regulation and facilitate cancer control throughout the cancer care continuum. Increasingly, investigators are incorporating epigenetic analysis into the studies of etiology and outcomes. To understand current progress and trends in the inclusion of epigenetics in cancer epidemiology, we evaluated the published literature and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported research grant awards in this field to identify trends in epigenetics research. We present a summary of the epidemiologic studies in NCI's grant portfolio (from January 2005 through December 2012) and in the scientific literature published during the same period, irrespective of support from the NCI. Blood cells and tumor tissue were the most commonly used biospecimens in these studies, although buccal cells, cervical cells, sputum, and stool samples were also used. DNA methylation profiling was the focus of the majority of studies, but several studies also measured microRNA profiles. We illustrate here the current status of epidemiologic studies that are evaluating epigenetic changes in large populations. The incorporation of epigenomic assessments in cancer epidemiology studies has and is likely to continue to provide important insights into the field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Rogers
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Rao L. Divi
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Sheri D. Schully
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Stefanie Nelson
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - L. Joseph Su
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon Ross
- Division of Cancer Prevention, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Pilch
- Office of the Director, Information Resources and Services Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deborah M. Winn
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Muin J. Khoury
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Abstract
Genomics has generated a wealth of data that is now being used to identify additional molecular alterations associated with cancer development. Mapping these alterations in the cancer genome is a critical first step in dissecting oncological pathways. There are two ways in which cancer research has changed in recent years. The first is the progressive elucidation of the genomic basis of cancer. This has been accomplished by the generation of detailed information using procedures such as global expression profiling. The second is a renewed emphasis on the role of epigenetic modifications in the etiology of cancer. Changes in DNA methylation and chromatin modification patterns are some of the epigenetic factors that cause gene deregulation in cancer. In this article, current and evolving genomic applications and the hypotheses underlying the modality for cancer therapy will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakatani
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Meguerditchian AN, Bullard Dunn K. Biomarkers and Targeted Therapeutics in Colorectal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2013; 22:841-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Verma M, Khoury MJ, Ioannidis JPA. Opportunities and challenges for selected emerging technologies in cancer epidemiology: mitochondrial, epigenomic, metabolomic, and telomerase profiling. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:189-200. [PMID: 23242141 PMCID: PMC3565041 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in the last decade in new methods for biologic measurements using sophisticated technologies that go beyond the established genome, proteome, and gene expression platforms. These methods and technologies create opportunities to enhance cancer epidemiologic studies. In this article, we describe several emerging technologies and evaluate their potential in epidemiologic studies. We review the background, assays, methods, and challenges and offer examples of the use of mitochondrial DNA and copy number assessments, epigenomic profiling (including methylation, histone modification, miRNAs, and chromatin condensation), metabolite profiling (metabolomics), and telomere measurements. We map the volume of literature referring to each one of these measurement tools and the extent to which efforts have been made at knowledge integration (e.g., systematic reviews and meta-analyses). We also clarify strengths and weaknesses of the existing platforms and the range of type of samples that can be tested with each of them. These measurement tools can be used in identifying at-risk populations and providing novel markers of survival and treatment response. Rigorous analytic and validation standards, transparent availability of massive data, and integration in large-scale evidence are essential in fulfilling the potential of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
After the completion of the human genome, a need was identified by scientists to look for a functional map of the human genome. Epigenomics provided functional characteristics of genes identified in the genome. Epigenetics is the alteration in gene expression (function) without changing the nucleotide sequence. Both activation and inactivation of cancer-associated genes can occur by epigenetic mechanisms. The major players in epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation are DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, chromatin remodeling, small noncoding RNA expression and gene imprinting. In the last few years, epigenetic mechanisms have been studied in a number of tumor types and epigenetic markers have been identified that are suitable for cancer detection, diagnosis, follow-up of treatment and screening high-risk populations. One interesting aspect of epigenetics is the reactivation of genes by successful reversion of some epigenetic changes using chemicals. The reversibility of epigenetic aberrations has made them attractive targets for cancer treatment with modulators that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases, leading to the reactivation of silenced genes. In this article, we have described the current status of this powerful science and discussed the challenges in the clinical fields where epigenetic approaches in cancer are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirendra Nath Banerjee
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 930, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA.
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Ryan FP. An alternative approach to medical genetics based on modern evolutionary biology. Part 5: epigenetics and genomics. J R Soc Med 2009; 102:531-7. [PMID: 19966129 DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.090365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Ryan
- Sheffield Primary Care Trust and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University.
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Czerninski R, Krichevsky S, Ashhab Y, Gazit D, Patel V, Ben-Yehuda D. Promoter hypermethylation of mismatch repair genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2009; 15:206-13. [PMID: 19207881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are environmental and can lead to DNA mutagenesis. Mismatch repair (MMR) system functions to repair small DNA lesions, which can be targeted for promoter hypermethylation. We therefore wanted to test whether hypermethylation of MMR genes (hMLH1, hMSH2) could contribute to oral carcinogenesis by correlating the information to patient clinical data. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 28 OSCC and six normal oral epithelium samples. The methylation status of the two MMR genes was assessed using Methylation Specific PCR after DNA modification with sodium bisulfite. Serial sections of the same tissues were immunostained with antibodies against hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein. RESULTS Promoter hypermethylation was observed in 14/28 OSCC cases. Remarkably, 100% of patients with multiple oral malignancies showed hypermethylation in hMLH1 or hMSH2 compared with 31.5% of single tumor patients. In 10 cancer cases, expression of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes by immunostaining showed reduced or absence of expression of one of the genes, although some did not reflect the methylation status. CONCLUSIONS Hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 might play a role in oral carcinogenesis and may be correlated with a tendency to develop multiple oral malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Czerninski
- Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Verma M, Seminara D, Arena FJ, John C, Iwamoto K, Hartmuller V. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in cancer : improving diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification. Mol Diagn Ther 2007; 10:1-15. [PMID: 16646573 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression patterns change during the initiation, progression, and development of cancer, as a result of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic changes arise due to irreversible changes in the nucleotide sequence, whereas epigenetic changes occur due to changes in chromatin conformation, histone acetylation, and methylation of the CpG islands located primarily in the promoter region of a gene. Both genetic and epigenetic markers can potentially be utilized to identify different stages of tumor development. Several such markers exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for different tumor types and can be assayed in biofluids and other specimens collected by noninvasive technologies. In spite of the availability of large numbers of diagnostic markers, only a few have been clinically validated so far. The current status and the challenges in the field of genetic and epigenetic markers in cancer diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Analytic Epidemiology Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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18
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Ghosh D, Skinner MA, Laing WA. Pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics: synergies and differences. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:567-74. [PMID: 17213870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The success of the Human Genome Project and the spectacular development of broad genomics tools have catalyzed a new era in both medicine and nutrition. The terms pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics are relatively new. Both have grown out of their genetic forbears as large-scale genomics technologies have been developed in the last decade. The aim of both disciplines is to individualize or personalize medicine and food and nutrition, and ultimately health, by tailoring the drug or the food to the individual genotype. This review article provides an overview of synergies and differences between these two potentially powerful science areas. Individual genetic variation is the common factor on which both pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics are based. Each human is genetically (including epigenetics) unique and phenotypically distinct. One of the expectations of both technologies is that a wide range of gene variants and related single-nucleotide polymorphism will be identified as to their importance in health status, validated and incorporated into genotype based strategies for the optimization of health and the prevention of disease. Pharmacogenomics requires rigorous genomic testing that will be regulated and analyzed by professionals and acted on by medical practitioners. As further information is obtained on the importance of the interaction of food and the human genotype in disease prevention and health, pharmacogenomics can provide an opportunity driver for nutrigenomics. As we move from disease treatment to disease prevention, the two disciplines will become more closely aligned.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ghosh
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
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McGruder BM, Atha DH, Wang W, Huppi K, Wei WQ, Abnet CC, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Taylor PR, Jakupciak JP. Real-time telomerase assay of less-invasively collected esophageal cell samples. Cancer Lett 2006; 244:91-100. [PMID: 16569479 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and proteomic efforts have discovered a complex list of biomarkers that identify human disease, stratify risk of disease within populations, and monitor drug or therapy responses for treatment. Attention is needed to characterize these biomarkers and to develop high-throughput technologies to evaluate their accuracy and precision. Telomerase activity is correlated with tumor progression, indicating cells that express telomerase possess aggressive clinical behavior and that telomerase activity could be a clinically important cancer biomarker. Traditionally, the detection of cancer has involved invasive procedures to procure samples. There is a need for less invasive approaches suitable for population- and clinic-based assays for cancer early detection. Esophageal balloon cytology (EBC) is a low-invasive screening technique, which samples superficial epithelial cells from the esophagus. Since telomerase activity is absent in superficial cells of normal esophageal squamous epithelium but is often present in superficial cells from dysplastic lesions and ESCCs, measuring telomerase activity in EBC samples may be a good way to screen for these lesions. The development of rapid real-time telomerase activity assays raises the possibility of extending such screening to high-risk populations. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of using rapid Real-Time Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (RTTRAP) for the analysis of NIST telomerase candidate reference material and esophageal clinical samples. The telomerase activity of eight EBC samples was also measured by capillary electrophoresis of RTTRAP products, RApidTRAP, and hTERT mRNA RT-PCR assays. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using the RTTRAP assay in EBC samples and suggest that individuals from high-risk populations can be screened for telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M McGruder
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8311, 20899, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of genetics and emerging concepts related to the ways in which nutrients and bioactive food components may interact with the genome and subsequently affect human health. This exciting area of research is likely to have far-reaching implications for the assessment and treatment of critically and chronically ill individuals that will affect nutrition standards of care and practice. A brief overview of some of the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic research and genome-based health care and a list of genetics resources also are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P A Kauwell
- Food and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110370, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas remains a challenging disease mainly due to advanced stage diagnosis, the early systemic dissemination, aggressive local tumor progression, and subsequent short patient survival. Thus, assessment of incidence markers instead of prevalence indicators is recommended because the time between diagnosis and death is usually very short. Investigations to date have led to the discovery of many rare genes and environmental factors that contribute to pancreatic cancer. However, common genes involved in genetic polymorphisms, and specific risk factors have not been identified. Furthermore, the role of gene-environment interactions on the tumorogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer need to be further investigated. Given current therapeutic modalities, only early detection of cancer of the pancreas, followed by surgical resection, offers the possibility of lengthening survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Analytic Epidemiology Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Both genetics and epigenetics regulate gene expression in cancer. Regulation by genetics involves a change in the DNA sequence, whereas epigenetic regulation involves alteration in chromatin structure and methylation of the promoter region. During the initiation, development, and progression of cancer, a number of genes undergo epigenetic changes. Some of these changes can be used as biomarkers for early detection of cancer as well as to follow treatment. A panel of epigenetic biomarkers is preferred to a single biomarker in clinical assays. Changes in gene expression due to epigenetic regulation can be reversed by chemicals, and this approach opens up a novel approach in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7324, USA.
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23
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Fernández Madrid F, Karvonen RL, Ensley J, Kraut M, Granda JL, Alansari H, Tang N, Tomkiel JE. Spectra of antinuclear antibodies in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and of the head and neck. CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION 2005; 29:59-65. [PMID: 15734219 PMCID: PMC5604226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) and of the lung (LSCC) share some important risk factors, but differ substantially in terms of prognosis and treatment. A pulmonary nodule developing in patients with surgically cured HNSCC may pose a diagnostic dilemma. Markers able to distinguish these two common malignancies would be of major clinical importance. In this work we compared the spectrum of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) from 22 patients with SCCL to that of 40 patients with HNSCC. Patient sera were used to probe immunoblots of nuclear extracts from all four major lung cancer cell types, normal lung fibroblasts, cells cultured from a HNSCC, and keratinocytes cultured from the field cancerization. The ability to classify retrospectively LSCC from HNSCC based on serum ANA reactivities was determined by recursive partitioning analyses. We found that while both malignancies share reactivities to a small group of nuclear antigens, other reactivities are directed against proteins uniquely or preferentially expressed in either SCCL or in SCCHN cells. Our work shows that autoimmunity is a prominent feature of squamous cell carcinoma and suggests that molecular characterization of nuclear antigens recognized by ANAs may lead to the discovery of markers valuable to distinguish LSCC from HNSCC.
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24
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Banne AF, Amiri A, Pero RW. Reduced level of serum thiols in patients with a diagnosis of active disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:327-34. [PMID: 15142434 DOI: 10.1089/109454503323028920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, or the production of oxygen-centered free radicals, has been hypothesized as the major source of DNA damage that in turn can lead to altered genetic expression, disease, and aging of humans. Serum protein thiol levels in blood are a direct measure of the in vivo reduction/oxidation (redox) status in humans, because thiols react readily with oxygen-containing free radicals to form disulfides. Moreover, serum thiols also reflect DNA repair capacity and the possible eventual accumulation of genetic damage, since a key DNA repair enzyme, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), is thiol/disulfide redox regulated. This study tests the hypothesis that serum protein thiols can be used to estimate individual aging status by comparing the levels of apparently healthy subjects (n = 90) to those of individuals (n = 306) with an active disease diagnosis. Nine categories of human disorders all showed highly significant reductions in serum protein thiols from 46 to 91 nM cysteine/200 microL serum (mean +/- S.D. = 59 +/- 40) compared to a control mean of 128 +/- 39 nM cysteine/200 microL serum (p <.001). These data strongly confirm an important role of oxidative stress in human disease development, and identify serum thiol status as a potential biochemical endpoint useful in the assessment of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F Banne
- Biomedical Diagnostic Research, Inc., Chesterland, Ohio, USA
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25
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Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Biomarkers can be used to detect cancer in different stages, initiation, development, and progression. The desirable property and utility of a biomarker lie in its ability to provide an early indication of disease progression. Biomarkers should be easy to detect, measurable across populations, and useful for detection of cancer at an early stage, identification of high-risk individuals, detection of recurrence, or monitoring endpoints in intervention studies. Recent technological advances have helped develop noninvasive, sensitive, and specific biomarkers to detect cancer at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Wagner
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7346, USA
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26
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Milner JA. Incorporating basic nutrition science into health interventions for cancer prevention. J Nutr 2003; 133:3820S-3826S. [PMID: 14608120 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3820s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to numerous dietary components that modify cancer incidence as well as the biological behavior of tumors. These inhibitory or stimulatory effects depend not only on the dietary component examined, but on a number of factors including the cellular DNA profile (nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic effects), protein formation and regulation (proteomic effect), and the effective delivery of the active intermediate at specific target sites (metabolomic effect). Unfortunately, the diet and cancer research domain is strewn with studies that were inadequately designed to monitor biological endpoints, used invalid biomarkers, or monitored irrelevant intakes or exposures. The scientific frontiers in health risk prediction and disease prevention strategies will greatly expand with the building of reliable nutrition and cancer biomarker databases that use modeling techniques to integrate information about intakes, effect biomarkers, and susceptibility biomarkers. Fundamental to this database will be the elucidation of the specific molecular sites of action (targets) for the specific dietary component. Clustering techniques that build on either genes or ratios of genetic expressions or their products will be needed to assess the merit of a particular dietary intervention. Models are already surfacing about how dietary-induced fluctuations in genes and their expression products can modify pathways associated with carcinogen activation and detoxification, alter rates of cellular proliferation, influence apoptosis, and modify angiogenesis. Embracing new genomic technologies offers exciting opportunities for advancing nutrition, especially those related to cancer prevention. We must effectively communicate, within a responsible bioethical framework, the potential value of knowledge about genes and gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Milner
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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