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Li J, Liu Y, Qu L, Cao X, Li X. Effect of polypyrrole surface modification on antifouling performance of PTFE microfiltration membrane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, polypyrrole was prepared by in situ chemical oxidation polymerization and deposited on the surface of the PTFE membrane. The surface morphology of the membrane shown that the membrane fouling degree of the modified membrane was much lower than that of the original membrane. Besides, the contact angle value decreased from 107.20° to 72.62°, and its hydrophilicity was significantly enhanced. It took humic acid (HA) as a typical representative membrane foulants, and static and dynamic HA adsorption experiments were carried out on the membranes before and after modification. In the static adsorption experiment of HA, the adsorption capacity of an original membrane was 1.28 times that of a modified membrane. In the dynamic antifouling experiment of HA, the rejection of the modified membrane to HA was 62.99%, while that of the original membrane was only 39.82%. In addition, the experimental results showed that the modified membrane had a higher flux recovery rate, which was 1.18 times that of the original membrane. This study proves that the modified membrane has an extraordinary antifouling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhu Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Liwei Qu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Xian Cao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , P. R. China
| | - Xianning Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , P. R. China
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2
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Mushtaq A, Cho H, Ryu H, Ahmed MA, Saif Ur Rehman M, Han JI. Novel metallic stainless-steel mesh-supported conductive membrane and its performance in the electro-filtration process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136160. [PMID: 36030940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of a thoroughly metallic electro-conductive membrane by using simple filtration to uniformly coat AgNWs dispersion through stainless steel (SUS)-mesh, which functions both as filter and a flexible conductive substrate. The as-prepared AgNWs networks layer on the SUS-mesh was further strengthened by electroplating Ag layers (P-SUS membrane); exhibiting an overall electrical conductivity of 9.2 × 104 S/m, which is up to 42 times greater than the conductivity of pristine SUS-mesh. The P-SUS membrane exhibited adequate physical durability against chemical and mechanical stresses under prolonged filtration, and high pure water flux of 534 ± 54 LMH/bar. This electro-membrane displayed the anticipated flux recovery in harvesting microalgae (Chlorella sp. HS-2) when filtration was done with the membrane used as a cathode: micro-sized bubbles, generated from the cathodic membrane, functioned to detach the foulants and recover the relative flux to a significant level. The P-SUS membrane indeed possesses necessary traits that the polymer-support membrane lacks, in terms of not only electrical conductivity and mechanical strength but also filtration performance with anti-fouling capability, all of which are of necessity to be considered workable electroconductive membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Mushtaq
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hoon Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ajaz Ahmed
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Lau HS, Lau SK, Soh LS, Hong SU, Gok XY, Yi S, Yong WF. State-of-the-Art Organic- and Inorganic-Based Hollow Fiber Membranes in Liquid and Gas Applications: Looking Back and Beyond. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:539. [PMID: 35629866 PMCID: PMC9144028 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aggravation of environmental problems such as water scarcity and air pollution has called upon the need for a sustainable solution globally. Membrane technology, owing to its simplicity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, has emerged as one of the favorable technologies for water and air purification. Among all of the membrane configurations, hollow fiber membranes hold promise due to their outstanding packing density and ease of module assembly. Herein, this review systematically outlines the fundamentals of hollow fiber membranes, which comprise the structural analyses and phase inversion mechanism. Furthermore, illustrations of the latest advances in the fabrication of organic, inorganic, and composite hollow fiber membranes are presented. Key findings on the utilization of hollow fiber membranes in microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), pervaporation, gas and vapor separation, membrane distillation, and membrane contactor are also reported. Moreover, the applications in nuclear waste treatment and biomedical fields such as hemodialysis and drug delivery are emphasized. Subsequently, the emerging R&D areas, precisely on green fabrication and modification techniques as well as sustainable materials for hollow fiber membranes, are highlighted. Last but not least, this review offers invigorating perspectives on the future directions for the design of next-generation hollow fiber membranes for various applications. As such, the comprehensive and critical insights gained in this review are anticipated to provide a new research doorway to stimulate the future development and optimization of hollow fiber membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Siew Kei Lau
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Leong Sing Soh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Seang Uyin Hong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Xie Yuen Gok
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
| | - Shouliang Yi
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA;
| | - Wai Fen Yong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.S.L.); (S.K.L.); (L.S.S.); (S.U.H.); (X.Y.G.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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4
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Ma G, Zhao S, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang J. Conjugated polyaniline derivative membranes enable ultrafast nanofiltration and organic-solvent nanofiltration. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Revised Manuscript with Corrections: Polyurethane-Based Conductive Composites: From Synthesis to Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041938. [PMID: 35216059 PMCID: PMC8872548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to outline the extended applications of polyurethane (PU)-based nanocomposites incorporated with conductive polymeric particles as well as to condense an outline on the chemistry and fabrication of polyurethanes (PUs). Additionally, we discuss related research trends of PU-based conducting materials for EMI shielding, sensors, coating, films, and foams, in particular those from the past 10 years. PU is generally an electrical insulator and behaves as a dielectric material. The electrical conductivity of PU is imparted by the addition of metal nanoparticles, and increases with the enhancing aspect ratio and ordering in structure, as happens in the case of conducting polymer fibrils or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Nanocomposites with good electrical conductivity exhibit noticeable changes based on the remarkable electric properties of nanomaterials such as graphene, RGO, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Recently, conducting polymers, including PANI, PPY, PTh, and their derivatives, have been popularly engaged as incorporated fillers into PU substrates. This review also discusses additional challenges and future-oriented perspectives combined with here-and-now practicableness.
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Shahini M, Taheri N, Mohammadloo HE, Ramezanzadeh B. A comprehensive overview of nano and micro carriers aiming at curtailing corrosion progression. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Xu L, Wang K, Wang J, Patterson DA. Linking the Tuneability and Defouling of Electrically Conductive Polyaniline/Exfoliated Graphite Composite Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080631. [PMID: 34436394 PMCID: PMC8400208 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli responsive membranes, which are able to respond to environmental stimuli, are attracting ever-increasing interests. In this study, we blended exfoliated graphite (EG) into the polyaniline (PANI) and developed PANI/EG composite membranes. The properties of the new generated membranes, especially the stimuli response properties (e.g., electrical tuneability, deformation), were studied. The fouling removal ability of the membrane under applied electrical potential was also investigated by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model foulant. A flat membrane with defect-free surface and good adhesion to the support layer was formed by non-solvent induced phase separation method. The electrical conductivity of the formed PANI/EG composite membrane was (5.10 ± 0.27) ×10-4 S cm-1. The dynamic droplet penetration rate through the membranes showed an increase under applied electrical potential, which gives a preliminary quantitative indication of the electrical tuneability of the membranes. The membrane deformation appeared at a fast response under applied potential and recovered to its original position immediately when removing the applied potential. The application of electrical potential led to the removal of BSA foulant from the membrane surface as indicated by the increase in permeance of the fouled membrane on cleaning with 46.2% flux recovery ratio and increased BSA concentration in the wash solution. The electrically conductive PANI/EG composite membranes are able to respond to electrical stimuli, enabling a new range of potential applications including externally tuneability and in situ removal and control of fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
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8
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Mehta R, Brahmbhatt H, Bhojani G, Bhattacharya A. Polypyrrole as the interlayer for thin‐film poly(piperazine‐amide) composite membranes: Separation behavior of salts and pesticides. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romil Mehta
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Human Resource Development Centre Campus Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Harshad Brahmbhatt
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
| | - Gopal Bhojani
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI) Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Human Resource Development Centre Campus Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
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9
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Bell D, Sengpiel R, Wessling M. Metallized hollow fiber membranes for electrochemical fouling control. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Sarihan A, Shahid S, Shen J, Amura I, Patterson DA, Emanuelsson EAC. Exploiting the electrical conductivity of poly-acid doped polyaniline membranes with enhanced durability for organic solvent nanofiltration. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Asadi Tashvigh A, Feng Y, Weber M, Maletzko C, Chung TS. 110th Anniversary: Selection of Cross-Linkers and Cross-Linking Procedures for the Fabrication of Solvent-Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Asadi Tashvigh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yingnan Feng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Martin Weber
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, RAP/OUB-B001, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Maletzko
- Performance Materials, BASF SE, G-PM/PU-D219, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Tai-Shung Chung
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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12
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Flexible electro-responsive in-situ polymer acid doped polyaniline membranes for permeation enhancement and membrane fouling removal. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Wu Y, Wang J, Ou B, Zhao S, Wang Z. Some Important Issues of the Commercial Production of 1-D Nano-PANI. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E681. [PMID: 30991641 PMCID: PMC6523887 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional polyaniline nano-materials (1-D nano-PANI) have great promise applications in supercapacitors, sensors and actuators, electrochromic devices, anticorrosive coatings, and other nanometer devices. Consequently, commercial production of 1-D nano-PANI at large-scale needs to be quickly developed to ensure widespread usage of this material. Until now, approaches-including hard template methods, soft template methods, interfacial polymerization, rapid mixing polymerization, dilute polymerization, and electrochemical polymerization-have been reported to be used to preparation of this material. Herein, some important issues dealing with commercial production of 1-D nano-PANI are proposed based on the complexity of the synthetic process, its characters, and the aspects of waste production and treatment in particular. In addition, potential solutions to these important issues are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Jixiao Wang
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Bin Ou
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Song Zhao
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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Van Goethem C, Mulunda MM, Verbeke R, Koschine T, Wübbenhorst M, Zhang Z, Nies E, Dickmann M, Egger W, Vankelecom IFJ, Koeckelberghs G. Increasing Membrane Permeability by Increasing the Polymer Crystallinity: The Unique Case of Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Dickmann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) and Physik Department E21, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Werner Egger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
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15
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Shen J, Shahid S, Sarihan A, Patterson DA, Emanuelsson EA. Effect of polyacid dopants on the performance of polyaniline membranes in organic solvent nanofiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Vatanpour V, Ghadimi A, Karimi A, Khataee A, Yekavalangi ME. Antifouling polyvinylidene fluoride ultrafiltration membrane fabricated from embedding polypyrrole coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 89:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Mulunda MM, Zhang Z, Nies E, van Goethem C, Vankelecom IFJ, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of Branching of Polythiophenes on the Microporosity. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Monga Mulunda
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Polymer Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Eric Nies
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Polymer Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Cédric van Goethem
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Ivo F. J. Vankelecom
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; Division of Polymer Chemistry and Materials; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee (Leuven) Belgium
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18
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Bartel M, Wysocka B, Krug P, Kępińska D, Kijewska K, Blanchard GJ, Kaczyńska K, Lubelska K, Wiktorska K, Głowala P, Wilczek M, Pisarek M, Szczytko J, Twardowski A, Mazur M. Magnetic polymer microcapsules loaded with Nile Red fluorescent dye. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 195:148-156. [PMID: 29414572 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of multifunctional smart vehicles for drug delivery is a fascinating challenge of multidisciplinary research at the crossroads of materials science, physics and biology. We demonstrate a prototypical microcapsule system that is capable of encapsulating hydrophobic molecules and at the same time reveals magnetic properties. The microcapsules are prepared using a templated synthesis approach where the molecules to be encapsulated (Nile Red) are present in the organic droplets that are suspended in the polymerization solution which also contains magnetic nanoparticles. The polymer (polypyrrole) grows on the surface of organic droplets encapsulating the fluorescent dye in the core of the formed microcapsule which incorporates the nanoparticles into its wall. For characterization of the resulting structures a range of complementary physicochemical methodology is used including optical and electron microscopy, magnetometry, 1H NMR and spectroscopy in the visible and X-ray spectral ranges. Moreover, the microcapsules have been examined in biological environment in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bartel
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wysocka
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pamela Krug
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Kępińska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Kijewska
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA
| | - Gary J Blanchard
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Paulina Głowala
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Wilczek
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Pisarek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Twardowski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Mazur
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Xu L, Shahid S, Holda AK, Emanuelsson EAC, Patterson DA. Stimuli responsive conductive polyaniline membrane: In-filtration electrical tuneability of flux and MWCO. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Mahdavi MR, Delnavaz M, Vatanpour V, Farahbakhsh J. Effect of blending polypyrrole coated multiwalled carbon nanotube on desalination performance and antifouling property of thin film nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Otero TF, Martinez‐Soria LX, Schumacher J, Valero L, Pascual VH. Self-Supported Polypyrrole/Polyvinylsulfate Films: Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensing Properties of Their Redox Reactions. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:25-32. [PMID: 28168147 PMCID: PMC5288749 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thick films of polypyrrole/polyvinylsulfate (PPy/PVS) blends were electrogenerated on stainless-steel electrodes under potentiostatic conditions from aqueous solution. The best electropolymerization potential window was determined by cyclic voltammetry. After removing the film from the back metal, self-supported electrodes were obtained. Voltammetric, coulovoltammetric, and chronoamperometric responses from a LiClO4 aqueous solution indicated the formation of an energetically stable structure beyond a reduction threshold of the material. Its subsequent oxidation required higher anodic voltammetric overpotentials or longer chronoamperometric oxidation times. This structure was attributed to the formation of lamellar or vacuolar structures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the films under different oxidations states revealed that the electrochemical reactions drive the reversible exchange of cations between the film and the electrolyte. The electrical energy and the charge consumed by the reversible reaction of the film under voltammetric conditions between the constant potential limits are a function of the potential scan rate, that is, they sense the working electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)Aulario II30203CartagenaSpain
| | - Lluis X. Martinez‐Soria
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)Aulario II30203CartagenaSpain
| | - Johanna Schumacher
- Arquimea Ingeniería S.L.U.Calle Margarita Salas, 10 (Pol Ind Leganec)28918LeganésMadridSpain
| | - Laura Valero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)Aulario II30203CartagenaSpain
- Engineering SchoolUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MéxicoToluca50000Mexico
| | - Victor H. Pascual
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)Aulario II30203CartagenaSpain
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Lee J, Ye Y, Ward AJ, Zhou C, Chen V, Minett AI, Lee S, Liu Z, Chae SR, Shi J. High flux and high selectivity carbon nanotube composite membranes for natural organic matter removal. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Giel V, Kredatusová J, Trchová M, Brus J, Žitka J, Peter J. Polyaniline/polybenzimidazole blends: Characterisation of its physico-chemical properties and gas separation behaviour. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Jaymand M, Hatamzadeh M, Omidi Y. Modification of polythiophene by the incorporation of processable polymeric chains: Recent progress in synthesis and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Tuning the performance of polypyrrole-based solvent-resistant composite nanofiltration membranes by optimizing polymerization conditions and incorporating graphene oxide. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Martinez JG, Otero TF. Structural electrochemistry. Chronopotentiometric responses from rising compacted polypyrrole electrodes: experiments and model. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04530k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A model considering conformational packing and structural relaxation–swelling effects describes and quantifies chronopotentiometric responses from conducting polymer film electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Martinez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials
- ETSII
- Cartagena, Spain
| | - T. F. Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT)
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials
- ETSII
- Cartagena, Spain
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Teli SB, Molina S, Sotto A, Calvo EG, Abajo JD. Fouling Resistant Polysulfone–PANI/TiO2 Ultrafiltration Nanocomposite Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401037n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand B. Teli
- Fundación IMDEA-AGUA, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid,
Spain
| | - Serena Molina
- Department de Quimica
Macromolecuar,
Institutute de Ciencia y Teccbnlogia de Polimeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Juan
de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arcadio Sotto
- Department of Chemical and Energy
Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloy García Calvo
- Fundación IMDEA-AGUA, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid,
Spain
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30
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Irvin JA, Carberry JR. Dominant ion transport processes of ionic liquid electrolyte in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Otero T, Martinez J, Arias-Pardilla J. Biomimetic electrochemistry from conducting polymers. A review. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Martinez JG, Otero TF. Biomimetic Dual Sensing-Actuators: Theoretical Description. Sensing Electrolyte Concentration and Driving Current. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9223-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Martinez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, Center for Electrochemistry and
Intelligent Materials (CEMI),
Paseo Alfonso XIII, Aulario II, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, Center for Electrochemistry and
Intelligent Materials (CEMI),
Paseo Alfonso XIII, Aulario II, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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33
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Zhao J, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang S. High-performance membranes comprising polyaniline nanoparticles incorporated into polyvinylamine matrix for CO2/N2 separation. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Otero TF, Sanchez JJ, Martinez JG. Biomimetic dual sensing-actuators based on conducting polymers. Galvanostatic theoretical model for actuators sensing temperature. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5279-90. [PMID: 22455612 DOI: 10.1021/jp300290s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical model is proposed for the quantitative description of the chronopotentiometric (E-t) responses, under galvanostatic control, of either conducting polymer films or dual sensing-actuating devices. Assuming that the reaction occurs by extraction, or injection, of n consecutive electrons from, or to, a polymer chain the material moves through n consecutive oxidation or reduction states. Stair functions are obtained describing either potential or consumed electrical energy evolutions as a function of both, driving (current) and environmental (temperature, electrolyte concentration...) variables. The current quantifies the actuation of any electrochemical device (charge/discharge of batteries, movement rate, and position of muscles): the stair functions are dual actuating-sensing functions. A good agreement exists between theoretical and experimental results from either polypyrrole films or artificial muscles at different temperatures. Only two connecting wires include, at any time, sensing (potential) and working (current) information of any dual device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Cartagena, Spain.
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35
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Dadarwal R, Namvar A, Thomas D, Hall J, Warriner K. Organic conducting polymer electrode based sensors for detection of Salmonella infecting bacteriophages. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Sairam M, Loh XX, Li K, Bismarck A, Steinke JHG, Livingston AG. Nanoporous asymmetric polyaniline films for filtration of organic solvents. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Loh X, Sairam M, Bismarck A, Steinke J, Livingston A, Li K. Crosslinked integrally skinned asymmetric polyaniline membranes for use in organic solvents. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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39
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Kocherginsky NM, Wang Z. Ion/Electron Coupled Transport Through Polyaniline Membrane: Fast Transmembrane Redox Reactions at Neutral pH. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:7016-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai M. Kocherginsky
- Biomime, 909 E. Sunnycrest Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A., and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Zheng Wang
- Biomime, 909 E. Sunnycrest Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A., and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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40
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41
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Loh XX, Sairam M, Steinke JHG, Livingston AG, Bismarck A, Li K. Polyaniline hollow fibres for organic solvent nanofiltration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6324-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b815632h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Tan S, Tieu JH, Bélanger D. Chemical polymerization of aniline on a poly(styrene sulfonic acid) membrane: Controlling the polymerization site using different oxidants. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:14085-92. [PMID: 16852769 DOI: 10.1021/jp051278m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrene sulfonic acid) membranes (Neosepta CMX, Tokuyama Corp.) have been modified by in situ polymerization of aniline. (NH4)2S2O8, FeCl3, H2O2, and KIO3 were used as oxidizing agents, and two different modification methods (single-step versus two-step) were studied. The composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrodialysis, ion-exchange capacity, and conductivity measurements. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to control the polymerization site of aniline which in turn affects the membrane selectivity properties. Hence, composite membranes having a very thin and homogeneous surface polyaniline layer lead to a very low transport of Zn 2+ without increasing significantly the resistance to H+ conductivity. On the other hand, membranes containing about the same quantity of PANI but inside the membrane do not block the transport of Zn 2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tan
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal (Québec) Canada H3C 3P8
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43
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Aylward WM, Pickup PG. Anion and cation transport in composite films of polypyrrole with a sulphonated silica (ormosil) hydrogel. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Deligöz H. Preparation of self-standing polyaniline-based membranes: Doping effect on the selective ion separation and reverse osmosis properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Study of electrochemical stability of conducting polymers by bidimensional spectroelectrochemistry: p- and n-doping of poly(4,4′-bis(butylthio)-2,2′-bithiophene) films. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Pile DL, Zhang Y, Hillier AC. Electrochemically modulated permeability of poly(aniline) and composite poly(aniline)-poly(styrenesulfonate) membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:5925-31. [PMID: 16768531 DOI: 10.1021/la060255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of oxidation state on the permeability of several probe molecules through conducting polymer membranes comprising composites of poly(aniline) and poly(styrenesulfonate) was examined in aqueous solution. Pure poly(aniline) membranes displayed a characteristic increase in permeability between reduced and half-oxidized states for neutrally charged phenol and negatively charged 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate. In contrast, positively charged pyridine experienced decreased permeability through the membrane when poly(aniline) was switched from the reduced to the half-oxidized state. This behavior can be explained by a combination of oxidation-induced film swelling and the anion-exchange character of the positively charged membrane. The membrane composition was modified to include a fixed negative charge by the addition of poly(styrenesulfonate) during synthesis. The incorporation of this negatively charged component introduced cation-exchange character to the film and substantially reduced membrane permeability to 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate in both oxidation states. In addition, increasing the fraction of poly(styrenesulfonate) in the membrane served to decrease film permeability for all species because of a densification of the membrane. This work demonstrates how both film composition and oxidation state can be used to tune the permeability of conducting polymer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pile
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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47
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McEvoy TM, Long JW, Smith TJ, Stevenson KJ. Nanoscale conductivity mapping of hybrid nanoarchitectures: ultrathin poly(o-phenylenediamine) on mesoporous manganese oxide ambigels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4462-6. [PMID: 16649748 DOI: 10.1021/la052571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We use conductive-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) to characterize and image hybrid electrode structures comprising mesoporous manganese oxide (MnO2) ambigel nanoarchitectures coated with an ultrathin (<10 nm) electrodeposited layer of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD. Native MnO2 ambigel films, supported on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, exhibit spatially uniform conductivity that correlates well with the topography of the MnO2 film, confirming that the nanoscopic oxide network is effectively wired to the underlying ITO substrate. Following the self-limiting electrodeposition of the PPD coating onto the high-surface-area (>200 m2 g(-1)) MnO2 ambigel, the resulting hybrid structures display an approximately 20-fold reduction in conductivity, as determined from CP-AFM measurements. The CP-AFM imaging studies confirm that the ultrathin, insulating PPD layer conformally and homogeneously coats the conductive nanoarchitecture. CP-AFM imaging of PPD-MnO2 hybrid electrodes following electrochemical cycling in an aqueous acid electrolyte reveals that the ultrathin PPD coating serves as an effective barrier to the electrolyte, protecting the underlying MnO2 nanoarchitecture from electrochemical dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M McEvoy
- Naval Research Laboratory, Surface Chemistry Branch, Code 6170, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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