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Kaur S, Lynch N, Sela Y, Lima JD, Thomas RC, Bandaru SS, Saper CB. Lateral parabrachial FoxP2 neurons regulate respiratory responses to hypercapnia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4475. [PMID: 38796568 PMCID: PMC11128025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
About half of the neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PB) that are activated by CO2 are located in the external lateral (el) subnucleus, express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and cause forebrain arousal. We report here, in male mice, that most of the remaining CO2-responsive neurons in the adjacent central lateral (PBcl) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) PB subnuclei express the transcription factor FoxP2 and many of these neurons project to respiratory sites in the medulla. PBclFoxP2 neurons show increased intracellular calcium during wakefulness and REM sleep and in response to elevated CO2 during NREM sleep. Photo-activation of the PBclFoxP2 neurons increases respiration, whereas either photo-inhibition of PBclFoxP2 or genetic deletion of PB/KFFoxP2 neurons reduces the respiratory response to CO2 stimulation without preventing awakening. Thus, augmenting the PBcl/KFFoxP2 response to CO2 in patients with sleep apnea in combination with inhibition of the PBelCGRP neurons may avoid hypoventilation and minimize EEG arousals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Lynch
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yaniv Sela
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janayna D Lima
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renner C Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kaur S, Nicole L, Sela Y, Lima J, Thomas R, Bandaru S, Saper C. Lateral parabrachial FoxP2 neurons regulate respiratory responses to hypercapnia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2865756. [PMID: 37205337 PMCID: PMC10187408 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2865756/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although CGRP neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBelCGRP neurons) are critical for cortical arousal in response to hypercapnia, activating them has little effect on respiration. However, deletion of all Vglut2 expressing neurons in the PBel region suppresses both the respiratory and arousal response to high CO2. We identified a second population of non-CGRP neurons adjacent to the PBelCGRP group in the central lateral, lateral crescent and Kölliker-Fuse parabrachial subnuclei that are also activated by CO2 and project to the motor and premotor neurons that innvervate respiratory sites in the medulla and spinal cord. We hypothesize that these neurons may in part mediate the respiratory response to CO2 and that they may express the transcription factor, Fork head Box protein 2 (FoxP2), which has recently been found in this region. To test this, we examined the role of the PBFoxP2 neurons in respiration and arousal response to CO2, and found that they show cFos expression in response to CO2 exposure as well as increased intracellular calcium activity during spontaneous sleep-wake and exposure to CO2. We also found that optogenetically photo-activating PBFoxP2 neurons increases respiration and that photo-inhibition using archaerhodopsin T (ArchT) reduced the respiratory response to CO2 stimulation without preventing awakening. Our results indicate that PBFoxP2 neurons play an important role in the respiratory response to CO2 exposure during NREM sleep, and indicate that other pathways that also contribute to the response cannot compensate for the loss of the PBFoxP2 neurons. Our findings suggest that augmentation of the PBFoxP2 response to CO2 in patients with sleep apnea in combination with inhibition of the PBelCGRP neurons may avoid hypoventilation and minimize EEG arousals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sathyajit Bandaru
- Beth Israel Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Ma-02215
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Gabrielyan L, Liang H, Minalyan A, Hatami A, John V, Wang L. Behavioral Deficits and Brain α-Synuclein and Phosphorylated Serine-129 α-Synuclein in Male and Female Mice Overexpressing Human α-Synuclein. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:875-893. [PMID: 33361597 PMCID: PMC8577576 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in pathology of Parkinson's disease, and 90% of α-syn in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129 α-syn). OBJECTIVE To assess behavior impairments and brain levels of α-syn and pS129 α-syn in mice overexpressing human α-syn under Thy1 promoter (Thy1-α-syn) and wild type (wt) littermates. METHODS Motor and non-motor behaviors were monitored, brain human α-syn levels measured by ELISA, and α-syn and pS129 α-syn mapped by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Male and female wt littermates did not show differences in the behavioral tests. Male Thy1-α-syn mice displayed more severe impairments than female counterparts in cotton nesting, pole tests, adhesive removal, finding buried food, and marble burying. Concentrations of human α-syn in the olfactory regions, cortex, nigrostriatal system, and dorsal medulla were significantly increased in Thy1-α-syn mice, higher in males than females. Immunoreactivity of α-syn was not simply increased in Thy1-α-syn mice but had altered localization in somas and fibers in a few brain areas. Abundant pS129 α-syn existed in many brain areas of Thy1-α-syn mice, while there was none or only a small amount in a few brain regions of wt mice. The substantia nigra, olfactory regions, amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal vagal complex displayed different distribution patterns between wt and transgenic mice, but not between sexes. CONCLUSION The severer abnormal behaviors in male than female Thy1-α-syn mice may be related to higher brain levels of human α-syn, in the absence of sex differences in the altered brain immunoreactivity patterns of α-syn and pS129 α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Gabrielyan
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Honghui Liang
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Artem Minalyan
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Asa Hatami
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, UCLA
| | | | - Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
- VA Great Los Angeles Health System
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Bai Y, Chen YB, Qiu XT, Chen YB, Ma LT, Li YQ, Sun HK, Zhang MM, Zhang T, Chen T, Fan BY, Li H, Li YQ. Nucleus tractus solitarius mediates hyperalgesia induced by chronic pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6077-6093. [PMID: 31686764 PMCID: PMC6824279 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i40.6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central sensitization plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of chronic pain induced by chronic pancreatitis (CP). We hypothesized that the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a primary central site that integrates pancreatic afferents apart from the thoracic spinal dorsal horn, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of CP.
AIM To investigate the role of the NTS in the visceral hypersensitivity induced by chronic pancreatitis.
METHODS CP was induced by the intraductal injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in rats. Pancreatic hyperalgesia was assessed by referred somatic pain via von Frey filament assay. Neural activation of the NTS was indicated by immunohistochemical staining for Fos. Basic synaptic transmission within the NTS was assessed by electrophysiological recordings. Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subtype 1 (GluR1) was analyzed by immunoblotting. Membrane insertion of NR2B and GluR1 was evaluated by electron microscopy. The regulatory role of the NTS in visceral hypersensitivity was detected via pharmacological approach and chemogenetics in CP rats.
RESULTS TNBS treatment significantly increased the number of Fos-expressing neurons within the caudal NTS. The excitatory synaptic transmission was substantially potentiated within the caudal NTS in CP rats (frequency: 5.87 ± 1.12 Hz in CP rats vs 2.55 ± 0.44 Hz in sham rats, P < 0.01; amplitude: 19.60 ± 1.39 pA in CP rats vs 14.71 ± 1.07 pA in sham rats; P < 0.01). CP rats showed upregulated expression of VGluT2, and increased phosphorylation and postsynaptic trafficking of NR2B and GluR1 within the caudal NTS. Blocking excitatory synaptic transmission via the AMPAR antagonist CNQX and the NMDAR antagonist AP-5 microinjection reversed visceral hypersensitivity in CP rats (abdominal withdraw threshold: 7.00 ± 1.02 g in CNQX group, 8.00 ± 0.81 g in AP-5 group and 1.10 ± 0.27 g in saline group, P < 0.001). Inhibiting the excitability of NTS neurons via chemogenetics also significantly attenuated pancreatic hyperalgesia (abdominal withdraw threshold: 13.67 ± 2.55 g in Gi group, 2.00 ± 1.37 g in Gq group, and 2.36 ± 0.67 g in mCherry group, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that enhanced excitatory transmission within the caudal NTS contributes to pancreatic pain and emphasize the NTS as a pivotal hub for the processing of pancreatic afferents, which provide novel insights into the central sensitization of painful CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Biao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou 350101, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xin-Tong Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Bing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Tian Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Qi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Ke Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo-Yuan Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
- Joint Laboratory of Neuroscience at Hainan Medical University and Fourth Military Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
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Nephew BC, Huang W, Poirier GL, Payne L, King JA. Altered neural connectivity in adult female rats exposed to early life social stress. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:225-233. [PMID: 27594665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of a variety of neuroanatomical techniques has led to a greater understanding of the adverse effects of stress on psychiatric health. One recent advance that has been particularly valuable is the development of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in clinical studies. The current study investigates changes in RSFC in F1 adult female rats exposed to the early life chronic social stress (ECSS) of the daily introduction of a novel male intruder to the cage of their F0 mothers while the F1 pups are in the cage. This ECSS for the F1 animals consists of depressed maternal care from their F0 mothers and exposure to conflict between their F0 mothers and intruder males. Analyses of the functional connectivity data in ECSS exposed adult females versus control females reveal broad changes in the limbic and reward systems, the salience and introspective socioaffective networks, and several additional stress and social behavior associated nuclei. Substantial changes in connectivity were found in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and somatosensory cortex. The current rodent RSFC data support the hypothesis that the exposure to early life social stress has long term effects on neural connectivity in numerous social behavior, stress, and depression relevant brain nuclei. Future conscious rodent RSFC studies can build on the wealth of data generated from previous neuroanatomical studies of early life stress and enhance translational connectivity between animal and human fMRI studies in the development of novel preventative measures and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Nephew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Peabody Pavilion, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States.
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
| | - Guillaume L Poirier
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
| | - Laurellee Payne
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
| | - Jean A King
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
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Baez-Santiago MA, Reid EE, Moran A, Maier JX, Marrero-Garcia Y, Katz DB. Dynamic taste responses of parabrachial pontine neurons in awake rats. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1314-23. [PMID: 26792879 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00311.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The parabrachial nuclei of the pons (PbN) receive almost direct input from taste buds on the tongue and control basic taste-driven behaviors. Thus it is reasonable to hypothesize that PbN neurons might respond to tastes in a manner similar to that of peripheral receptors, i.e., that these responses might be narrow and relatively "dynamics free." On the other hand, the majority of the input to PbN descends from forebrain regions such as gustatory cortex (GC), which processes tastes with "temporal codes" in which firing reflects first the presence, then the identity, and finally the desirability of the stimulus. Therefore a reasonable alternative hypothesis is that PbN responses might be dominated by dynamics similar to those observed in GC. Here we examined simultaneously recorded single-neuron PbN (and GC) responses in awake rats receiving exposure to basic taste stimuli. We found that pontine taste responses were almost entirely confined to canonically identified taste-PbN (t-PbN). Taste-specificity was found, furthermore, to be time varying in a larger percentage of these t-PbN responses than in responses recorded from the tissue around PbN (including non-taste-PbN). Finally, these time-varying properties were a good match for those observed in simultaneously recorded GC neurons-taste-specificity appeared after an initial nonspecific burst of action potentials, and palatability emerged several hundred milliseconds later. These results suggest that the pontine taste relay is closely allied with the dynamic taste processing performed in forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn A Baez-Santiago
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;
| | - Emily E Reid
- Psychology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Anan Moran
- Psychology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; and
| | - Joost X Maier
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Donald B Katz
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Psychology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Wang L, Mogami S, Yakabi S, Karasawa H, Yamada C, Yakabi K, Hattori T, Taché Y. Patterns of Brain Activation and Meal Reduction Induced by Abdominal Surgery in Mice and Modulation by Rikkunshito. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139325. [PMID: 26421719 PMCID: PMC4589401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal surgery inhibits food intake and induces c-Fos expression in the hypothalamic and medullary nuclei in rats. Rikkunshito (RKT), a Kampo medicine improves anorexia. We assessed the alterations in meal microstructure and c-Fos expression in brain nuclei induced by abdominal surgery and the modulation by RKT in mice. RKT or vehicle was gavaged daily for 1 week. On day 8 mice had no access to food for 6–7 h and were treated twice with RKT or vehicle. Abdominal surgery (laparotomy-cecum palpation) was performed 1–2 h before the dark phase. The food intake and meal structures were monitored using an automated monitoring system for mice. Brain sections were processed for c-Fos immunoreactivity (ir) 2-h after abdominal surgery. Abdominal surgery significantly reduced bouts, meal frequency, size and duration, and time spent on meals, and increased inter-meal interval and satiety ratio resulting in 92–86% suppression of food intake at 2–24 h post-surgery compared with control group (no surgery). RKT significantly increased bouts, meal duration and the cumulative 12-h food intake by 11%. Abdominal surgery increased c-Fos in the prelimbic, cingulate and insular cortexes, and autonomic nuclei, such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, hypothalamic supraoptic (SON), paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-W), lateral periaqueduct gray (PAG), lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). RKT induced a small increase in c-Fos-ir neurons in the SON and E-W of control mice, and in mice with surgery there was an increase in the lateral PAG and a decrease in the NTS. These findings indicate that abdominal surgery inhibits food intake by increasing both satiation (meal duration) and satiety (meal interval) and activates brain circuits involved in pain, feeding behavior and stress that may underlie the alterations of meal pattern and food intake inhibition. RKT improves food consumption post-surgically that may involve modulation of pain pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yakabi
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Karasawa
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Systemic mechanism of taste, flavour and palatability in brain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3133-47. [PMID: 25733187 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Taste is considered as one of the five traditional senses and has the ability to detect the flavour of food and certain minerals. Information of taste is transferred to the cortical gustatory area for identification and discrimination of taste quality. Animals have memory recognition power to maintain the familiar foods which are already encountered. Animal shows neophobic response when it encounters novel taste and shows no hesitation when the food is known to be safe. Palatability is the hedonic reward provided by foods and fluids. Palatability is closely related to neurochemicals, and this chemical influences the consumption of food and fluid. Even though, the food is palatable that can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. This review presents the overall view on brain mechanisms of taste, flavour and palatability.
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Neurotensin: revealing a novel neuromodulator circuit in the nucleus accumbens–parabrachial nucleus projection of the domestic chick. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:605-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang MM, Liu SB, Chen T, Koga K, Zhang T, Li YQ, Zhuo M. Effects of NB001 and gabapentin on irritable bowel syndrome-induced behavioral anxiety and spontaneous pain. Mol Brain 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 24935250 PMCID: PMC4071154 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort, spontaneous pain, colorectal hypersensitivity and bowel dysfunction. Patients with IBS also suffer from emotional anxiety and depression. However, few animal studies have investigated IBS-induced spontaneous pain and behavioral anxiety. In this study, we assessed spontaneous pain and anxiety behaviors in an adult mouse model of IBS induced by zymosan administration. By using Fos protein as a marker, we found that sensory and emotion related brain regions were activated at day 7 after the treatment with zymosan; these regions include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex and amygdala. Behaviorally, zymosan administration triggered spontaneous pain (decreased spontaneous activities in the open field test) and increased anxiety-like behaviors in three different tests (the open field, elevated plus maze and light/dark box tests). Intraperitoneal injection of NB001, an adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) inhibitor, reduced spontaneous pain but had no significant effect on behavioral anxiety. In contrast, gabapentin reduced both spontaneous pain and behavioral anxiety. These results indicate that NB001 and gabapentin may inhibit spontaneous pain and anxiety-like behaviors through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology & K, K, Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi 710032, China.
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Lu YC, Chen YZ, Wei YY, He XT, Li X, Hu W, Yanagawa Y, Wang W, Wu SX, Dong YL. Neurochemical properties of the synapses between the parabrachial nucleus-derived CGRP-positive axonal terminals and the GABAergic neurons in the lateral capsular division of central nucleus of amygdala. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:105-18. [PMID: 24794145 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lateral capsular division of central nucleus of amygdala (CeC) contains neurons using γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) as the predominant neurotransmitter and expresses abundant calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive terminals. However, the relationship between them has not been revealed yet. Using GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mouse, we investigated the neurochemical features of synapses between CGRP-positive terminals and GABAergic neurons within CeC and the potential involvement of CGRP1 receptor by combining fluorescent in situ hybridization for CGRP1 receptor mRNA with immunofluorescent histochemistry for GFP and CGRP. The ultrastructures of these synapses were investigated with pre-embedding electron microscopy for GFP and CGRP. We found that some GABAergic neurons in the CeC received parabrachial nucleus (PBN) derived CGRP innervations and some of these GABAergic neurons can be activated by subcutaneous injection of formalin. Moreover, more than 90 % GABAergic neurons innervated by CGRP-positive terminal also express CGRP1 receptor mRNA. The CGRP-positive fibers made symmetric synapses onto the GABAergic somata, and asymmetric synapses onto the GABA-LI dendritic shafts and spines. This study provides direct ultrastructural evidences for the synaptic contacts between CGRP-positive terminals and GABAergic neurons within the CeC, which may underlie the pain-related neural pathway from PBN to CeC and be involved in the chronic pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
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García R, Simon MJ, Puerto A. Rewarding effects of the electrical stimulation of the parabrachial complex: taste or place preference? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 107:101-7. [PMID: 24291574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial complex has been related to various emotional-affective processes. It has been shown that electrical stimulation of the external Lateral Parabrachial (LPBe) nucleus can induce reinforcing effects in place preference and taste discrimination tasks but does not appear to support self-stimulation. This study examined the relative relevance of place and taste stimuli after electrical stimulation of the LPBe nucleus. A learning discrimination task was conducted that simultaneously included both sensory indexes (taste and place) in order to determine the preference of animals for one or the other. After a taste stimulus reversal task, the rewarding effect of stimulation was found to be preferentially associated with place. These results are discussed in the context of the rewarding action and biological constraints induced by different natural and artificial reinforcing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Maria J Simon
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Amadeo Puerto
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
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Abstract
Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on appreciating breathing as a behavior, rather than a stereotypic rhythm. In this review, we focus on the pontine-mediated inspiratory off-switch (IOS) associated with postinspiratory glottal constriction. Further, IOS is examined in the context of pontine regulation of glottal resistance in response to multimodal sensory inputs and higher commands, which in turn rules timing, duration, and patterning of respiratory airflow. In addition, network plasticity in respiratory control emerges during the development of the pons. Synaptic plasticity is required for dynamic and efficient modulation of the expiratory breathing pattern to cope with rapid changes from eupneic to adaptive breathing linked to exploratory (foraging and sniffing) and expulsive (vocalizing, coughing, sneezing, and retching) behaviors, as well as conveyance of basic emotions. The speed and complexity of changes in the breathing pattern of behaving animals implies that "learning to breathe" is necessary to adjust to changing internal and external states to maintain homeostasis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Neural Mechanisms That Underlie Angina-Induced Referred Pain in the Trigeminal Nerve Territory: A c-Fos Study in Rats. ISRN PAIN 2013; 2013:671503. [PMID: 27335881 PMCID: PMC4893399 DOI: 10.1155/2013/671503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) is involved in angina-induced referred pain in the trigeminal nerve territory and to identify the peripheral nerve conducting nociceptive signals that are input into the TSNC. Following application of the pain producing substance (PPS) infusion, the number of Fos-labeled cells increased significantly in the subnucleus caudalis (Sp5C) compared with other nuclei in the TSNC. The Fos-labeled cells in the Sp5C disappeared when the left and right cervical vagus nerves were sectioned. Lesion of the C1-C2 spinal segments did not reduce the number of Fos-labeled cells. These results suggest that the nociceptive signals that conduct vagal afferent fibers from the cardiac region are input into the Sp5C and then projected to the thalamus.
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Abstract
The identification and functional understanding of the neurocircuitry that mediates alcohol and drug effects that are relevant for the development of addictive behavior is a fundamental challenge in addiction research. Here we introduce an assumption-free construction of a neurocircuitry that mediates acute and chronic drug effects on neurotransmitter dynamics that is solely based on rodent neuroanatomy. Two types of data were considered for constructing the neurocircuitry: (1) information on the cytoarchitecture and neurochemical connectivity of each brain region of interest obtained from different neuroanatomical techniques; (2) information on the functional relevance of each region of interest with respect to alcohol and drug effects. We used mathematical data mining and hierarchical clustering methods to achieve the highest standards in the preprocessing of these data. Using this approach, a dynamical network of high molecular and spatial resolution containing 19 brain regions and seven neurotransmitter systems was obtained. Further graph theoretical analysis suggests that the neurocircuitry is connected and cannot be separated into further components. Our analysis also reveals the existence of a principal core subcircuit comprised of nine brain regions: the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and raphe nuclei. Finally, by means of algebraic criteria for synchronizability of the neurocircuitry, the suitability for in silico modeling of acute and chronic drug effects is indicated. Indeed, we introduced as an example a dynamical system for modeling the effects of acute ethanol administration in rats and obtained an increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens-a hallmark of drug reinforcement-to an extent similar to that seen in numerous microdialysis studies. We conclude that the present neurocircuitry provides a structural and dynamical framework for large-scale mathematical models and will help to predict chronic drug effects on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim; Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim; Germany
| | - Anita C. Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim; Germany
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Li J, Chen K, Yan J, Wang Q, Zhao X, Yang X, Yang D, Zhao S, Zhu G, Sun B. Increased sucrose intake and corresponding c-Fos in amygdala and parabrachial nucleus of dietary obese rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 525:111-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Simon MJ, Garcia R, Puerto A. Concurrent stimulation-induced place preference in lateral hypothalamus and parabrachial complex: Differential effects of naloxone. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:311-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yamamoto T, Ueji K. Brain mechanisms of flavor learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:76. [PMID: 21922004 PMCID: PMC3166791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the flavor of the ingested food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with a preferable (e.g., good taste or nutritive satisfaction) or aversive (e.g., malaise with displeasure) signal (unconditioned stimulus, US), animals react to its subsequent exposure by increasing or decreasing ingestion to the food. These two types of association learning (preference learning vs. aversion learning) are known as classical conditioned reactions which are basic learning and memory phenomena, leading selection of food and proper food intake. Since the perception of flavor is generated by interaction of taste and odor during food intake, taste and/or odor are mainly associated with bodily signals in the flavor learning. After briefly reviewing flavor learning in general, brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion is described in more detail. The CS-US association leading to long-term potentiation in the amygdala, especially in its basolateral nucleus, is the basis of establishment of conditioned taste aversion. The novelty of the CS detected by the cortical gustatory area may be supportive in CS-US association. After the association, CS input is conveyed through the amygdala to different brain regions including the hippocampus for contextual fear formation, to the supramammillary and thalamic paraventricular nuclei for stressful anxiety or memory dependent fearful or stressful emotion, to the reward system to induce aversive expression to the CS, or hedonic shift from positive to negative, and to the CS-responsive neurons in the gustatory system to enhance the responsiveness to facilitate to detect the harmful stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ueji
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
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Shin JW, Geerling JC, Stein MK, Miller RL, Loewy AD. FoxP2 brainstem neurons project to sodium appetite regulatory sites. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:1-23. [PMID: 21605659 PMCID: PMC3148274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Forkhead box protein 2 (FoxP2) is expressed in two cell groups of the brainstem that have been implicated in sodium appetite regulation: the pre-locus coeruleus (pre-LC) and parabrachial nucleus--external lateral-inner subdivision (PBel-inner). Because the connections of these two groups are unknown, neuroanatomical tracing methods were used to define their central projections. The pre-LC outputs were first analyzed using an anterograde axonal tracer--Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) to construct a brain map. Next, we examined whether the FoxP2 immunoreactive (FoxP2+) neurons of the pre-LC contribute to these projections using a retrograde neuronal tracer--cholera toxin β-subunit (CTb). CTb was injected into selected brain regions identified in the anterograde tracing study. One week later the rats were killed, and brainstem sections were processed by a double immunohistochemical procedure to determine whether the FoxP2+ neurons in the pre-LC and/or PBel-inner contained CTb. FoxP2+ pre-LC neurons project to: (1) ventral pallidum; (2) substantia innominata and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; (3) paraventricular, central medial, parafascicular, and subparafascicular parvicellular thalamic nuclei; (4) paraventricular (PVH), lateral, perifornical, dorsomedial (DMH), and parasubthalamic hypothalamic nuclei; and (5) ventral tegmental area (VTA), periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), dorsal and central linear raphe nuclei. FoxP2+ PBel-inner neurons project to the PVH and DMH, with weaker connections to the LHA, VTA, and PAG. Both the pre-LC and PBel-inner project to central sites implicated in sodium appetite, and related issues, including foraging behavior, hedonic responses to salt intake, sodium balance, and cardiovascular regulation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel C. Geerling
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew K. Stein
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur D. Loewy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Dong YL, Fukazawa Y, Wang W, Kamasawa N, Shigemoto R. Differential postsynaptic compartments in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of amygdala for afferents from the parabrachial nucleus and the basolateral nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4771-91. [PMID: 20963828 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeC), which is known as the "nociceptive amygdala," receive glutamatergic inputs from the parabrachial nucleus (PB) and the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA), which convey nociceptive information from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and polymodal information from the thalamus and cortex, respectively. Here, we examined the ultrastructural properties of PB- and BLA-CeC synapses identified with EGFP-expressing lentivirus in rats. In addition, the density of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) on CeC neurons was studied by using highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling (SDS-FRL). Afferents from the PB made asymmetrical synapses mainly on dendritic shafts (88%), whereas those from the BLA were on dendritic spines (81%). PB-CeC synapses in dendritic shafts were significantly larger (median 0.072 μm(2)) than BLA-CeC synapses in spines (median 0.058 μm(2); P = 0.02). The dendritic shafts that made synapses with PB fibers were also significantly larger than those that made synapses with BLA fibers, indicating that the PB fibers make synapses on more proximal parts of dendrites than the BLA fibers. SDS-FRL revealed that almost all excitatory postsynaptic sites have AMPARs in the CeC. The density of AMPAR-specific gold particles in individual synapses was significantly higher in spine synapses (median 510 particles/μm(2)) than in shaft synapses (median 427 particles/μm(2); P = 0.01). These results suggest that distinct synaptic impacts from PB- and BLA-CeC pathways contribute to the integration of nociceptive and polymodal information in the CeC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Dong
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
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Scott TR, Small DM. The Role of the Parabrachial Nucleus in Taste Processing and Feeding. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170:372-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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