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Lai Y, Wang X, Ma J, Du C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yuan W, Zhao M. Knockdown of EIF2AK2-OAS1 axis reduces ATP production inducing AMPK phosphorylation to inhibit the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:433-449. [PMID: 38825632 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-024-10023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Energy metabolism has always been a hot topic in cancer progression and targeted therapy, and exploring the role of genes in energy metabolic pathways in cancer cells has become key to address this issue. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) plays regulatory roles in cancer and disorders of energy metabolism. Indeed, the role of EIF2AK2 in energy metabolism has been underestimated. The aim of this study is to reveal the expression specificity of EIF2AK2 in gastric cancer (GC) progression and metastasis, and to demonstrate the role of EIF2AK2 in energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, proliferation, death and metastasis pathways in GC cells. Mechanistically, EIF2AK2 overexpression promoted cytoskeleton remodeling and ATP production, mediated cell proliferation and metastasis, upregulated OAS1 expression, decreases p-AMPK expression and inhibited apoptosis in GC cells. Conversely, knockdown of EIF2AK2 resulted in the opposite effect. However, overexpression of OAS1 mediated the upregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted ATP production and NAD+/NADH ratio, but knockdown of OAS1 inhibited the above effects. In addition, knockdown of OAS1 had no effect on EIF2AK2 expression, but inhibited AMPK and upregulated p-AMPK expression. In conclusion, our study identified EIF2AK2 and OAS1 as previously undescribed regulators of energy metabolism in GC cells. We hypothesized that EIF2AK2-OAS1 axis may regulate energy metabolism and inhibit cellular malignant behavior in cancer cells by affecting ATP production to induce AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting EIF2AK2 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Lai
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Pathology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Jingrong Ma
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Chaoqun Du
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Wenzhao Yuan
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China.
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, 23 Yijinhuoluo West Street, Dongsheng District, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China.
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Chen CL, Lin CY, Kung HJ. Targeting Mitochondrial OXPHOS and Their Regulatory Signals in Prostate Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13435. [PMID: 34948229 PMCID: PMC8708687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tumor development requires not only oncogene/tumor suppressor mutations to drive the growth, survival, and metastasis but also metabolic adaptations to meet the increasing energy demand for rapid cellular expansion and to cope with the often nutritional and oxygen-deprived microenvironment. One well-recognized strategy is to shift the metabolic flow from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or respiration in mitochondria to glycolysis or fermentation in cytosol, known as Warburg effects. However, not all cancer cells follow this paradigm. In the development of prostate cancer, OXPHOS actually increases as compared to normal prostate tissue. This is because normal prostate epithelial cells divert citrate in mitochondria for the TCA cycle to the cytosol for secretion into seminal fluid. The sustained level of OXPHOS in primary tumors persists in progression to an advanced stage. As such, targeting OXPHOS and mitochondrial activities in general present therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of the key regulators of the OXPHOS pathway in prostate cancer, ranging from transcriptional regulation, metabolic regulation to genetic regulation. Moreover, we provided a comprehensive update of the current status of OXPHOS inhibitors for prostate cancer therapy. A challenge of developing OXPHOS inhibitors is to selectively target cancer mitochondria and spare normal counterparts, which is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chen
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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3
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Gandhi N, Das GM. Metabolic Reprogramming in Breast Cancer and Its Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020089. [PMID: 30691108 PMCID: PMC6406734 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current standard-of-care (SOC) therapy for breast cancer includes targeted therapies such as endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive; anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-enriched; and general chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. These therapies frequently fail due to acquired or inherent resistance. Altered metabolism has been recognized as one of the major mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance. There are several cues that dictate metabolic reprogramming that also account for the tumors’ metabolic plasticity. For metabolic therapy to be efficacious there is a need to understand the metabolic underpinnings of the different subtypes of breast cancer as well as the role the SOC treatments play in targeting the metabolic phenotype. Understanding the mechanism will allow us to identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. There are some very interesting questions being tackled by researchers today as they pertain to altered metabolism in breast cancer. What are the metabolic differences between the different subtypes of breast cancer? Do cancer cells have a metabolic pathway preference based on the site and stage of metastasis? How do the cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues dictate the metabolic phenotype? How do the nucleus and mitochondria coordinately regulate metabolism? How does sensitivity or resistance to SOC affect metabolic reprogramming and vice-versa? This review addresses these issues along with the latest updates in the field of breast cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics & Pharmacology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics & Pharmacology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Zhu X, Mao Y, Huang T, Yan C, Yu F, Du J, Dai J, Ma H, Jin G. High mitochondrial DNA copy number was associated with an increased gastric cancer risk in a Chinese population. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2593-2600. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Wuxi China
| | - Yingying Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Tongtong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Caiwang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jiangbo Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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5
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Cell Connections by Tunneling Nanotubes: Effects of Mitochondrial Trafficking on Target Cell Metabolism, Homeostasis, and Response to Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6917941. [PMID: 28659978 PMCID: PMC5474251 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6917941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communications play a major role in tissue homeostasis and responses to external cues. Novel structures for this communication have recently been described. These tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) consist of thin-extended membrane protrusions that connect cells together. TNTs allow the cell-to-cell transfer of various cellular components, including proteins, RNAs, viruses, and organelles, such as mitochondria. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both naturally present and recruited to many different tissues where their interaction with resident cells via secreted factors has been largely documented. Their immunosuppressive and repairing capacities constitute the basis for many current clinical trials. MSCs recruited to the tumor microenvironment also play an important role in tumor progression and resistance to therapy. MSCs are now the focus of intense scrutiny due to their capacity to form TNTs and transfer mitochondria to target cells, either in normal physiological or in pathological conditions, leading to changes in cell energy metabolism and functions, as described in this review.
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Cisplatin selects short forms of the mitochondrial DNA OriB variant (16184-16193 poly-cytosine tract), which confer resistance to cisplatin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46240. [PMID: 28393913 PMCID: PMC5385546 DOI: 10.1038/srep46240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of alternations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been reported in different types of cancers, and the role of mtDNA in cancer has been attracting increasing interest. In order to investigate the relationship between mtDNA alternations and chemosensitivity, we constructed cybrid (trans-mitochondrial hybrid) cell lines carrying a HeLa nucleus and the mtDNA of healthy individuals because of the presence of somatic alternations in the mtDNA of many cancer cells. After a treatment with 1.0 μg/mL cisplatin for 10 days, we isolated 100 cisplatin-resistant clones, 70 of which carried the shorter mtDNA OriB variant (16184–16193 poly-cytosine tract), which was located in the control region of mtDNA. Whole mtDNA sequencing of 10 clones revealed no additional alternations. Re-construction of the HeLa nucleus and mtDNA from cisplatin-resistant cells showed that cisplatin resistance was only acquired by mtDNA alternations in the control region, and not by possible alternation(s) in the nuclear genome.
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Nzigou Mombo B, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Bokus A, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Jorgensen C, Hugnot JP, Vignais ML. MitoCeption: Transferring Isolated Human MSC Mitochondria to Glioblastoma Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287607 DOI: 10.3791/55245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role for cell metabolism, energy production and control of apoptosis. Inadequate mitochondrial function has been found responsible for very diverse diseases, ranging from neurological pathologies to cancer. Interestingly, mitochondria have recently been shown to display the capacity to be transferred between cell types, notably from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to cancer cells in coculture conditions, with metabolic and functional consequences for the mitochondria recipient cells, further enhancing the current interest for the biological properties of these organelles. Evaluating the effects of the transferred MSC mitochondria in the target cells is of primary importance to understand the biological outcome of such cell-cell interactions. The MitoCeption protocol described here allows the transfer of the mitochondria isolated beforehand from the donor cells to the target cells, using MSC mitochondria and glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) as a model system. This protocol has previously been used to transfer mitochondria, isolated from MSCs, to adherent MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. This mitochondria transfer protocol is adapted here for GSCs that present the specific particularity of growing as neurospheres in vitro. The transfer of the isolated mitochondria can be followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and confocal imaging using mitochondria vital dyes. The use of mitochondria donor and target cells with distinct haplotypes (SNPs) also allows detection of the transferred mitochondria based on the concentration of their circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the target cells. Once the protocol has been validated with these criteria, the cells harboring the transferred mitochondria can be further analyzed to determine the effects of the exogenous mitochondria on biological properties such as cell metabolism, plasticity, proliferation and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Nzigou Mombo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM U1183, Montpellier University
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM U1183, Montpellier University
| | - Aleksandra Bokus
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM U1183, Montpellier University
| | | | - Christian Jorgensen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM U1183, Montpellier University
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University
| | - Marie-Luce Vignais
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), INSERM U1183, Montpellier University;
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Hardie RA, van Dam E, Cowley M, Han TL, Balaban S, Pajic M, Pinese M, Iconomou M, Shearer RF, McKenna J, Miller D, Waddell N, Pearson JV, Grimmond SM, Sazanov L, Biankin AV, Villas-Boas S, Hoy AJ, Turner N, Saunders DN. Mitochondrial mutations and metabolic adaptation in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Metab 2017; 5:2. [PMID: 28163917 PMCID: PMC5282905 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-017-0164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer has a five-year survival rate of ~8%, with characteristic molecular heterogeneity and restricted treatment options. Targeting metabolism has emerged as a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for cancers such as pancreatic cancer, which are driven by genetic alterations that are not tractable drug targets. Although somatic mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations have been observed in various tumors types, understanding of metabolic genotype-phenotype relationships is limited. METHODS We deployed an integrated approach combining genomics, metabolomics, and phenotypic analysis on a unique cohort of patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines (PDCLs). Genome analysis was performed via targeted sequencing of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial components and metabolic genes. Phenotypic characterization of PDCLs included measurement of cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) using a Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyser, targeted metabolomics and pathway profiling, and radiolabelled glutamine tracing. RESULTS We identified 24 somatic mutations in the mtDNA of 12 patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines (PDCLs). A further 18 mutations were identified in a targeted study of ~1000 nuclear genes important for mitochondrial function and metabolism. Comparison with reference datasets indicated a strong selection bias for non-synonymous mutants with predicted functional effects. Phenotypic analysis showed metabolic changes consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction, including reduced oxygen consumption and increased glycolysis. Metabolomics and radiolabeled substrate tracing indicated the initiation of reductive glutamine metabolism and lipid synthesis in tumours. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneous genomic landscape of pancreatic tumours may converge on a common metabolic phenotype, with individual tumours adapting to increased anabolic demands via different genetic mechanisms. Targeting resulting metabolic phenotypes may be a productive therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae-Anne Hardie
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Ellen van Dam
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Mark Cowley
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Ting-Li Han
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Seher Balaban
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Mary Iconomou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Robert F. Shearer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Jessie McKenna
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - David Miller
- Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - John V. Pearson
- Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Sean M. Grimmond
- Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Leonid Sazanov
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Silas Villas-Boas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Andrew J. Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Darren N. Saunders
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Spotlight on the relevance of mtDNA in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 19:409-418. [PMID: 27778302 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of the mitochondrial genome has recently attracted interest because of its high mutation frequency in tumors. Different aspects of mtDNA make it relevant for cancer's biology, such as it encodes a limited but essential number of genes for OXPHOS biogenesis, it is particularly susceptible to mutations, and its copy number can vary. Moreover, most ROS in mitochondria are produced by the electron transport chain. These characteristics place the mtDNA in the center of multiple signaling pathways, known as mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which modifies numerous key processes in cancer. Cybrid studies support that mtDNA mutations are relevant and exert their effect through a modification of OXPHOS function and ROS production. However, there is still much controversy regarding the clinical relevance of mtDNA mutations. New studies should focus more on OXPHOS dysfunction associated with a specific mutational signature rather than the presence of mutations in the mtDNA.
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10
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Catanzaro D, Gaude E, Orso G, Giordano C, Guzzo G, Rasola A, Ragazzi E, Caparrotta L, Frezza C, Montopoli M. Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase sensitizes cisplatin-resistant cells to death. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30102-14. [PMID: 26337086 PMCID: PMC4745784 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of cisplatin resistance, one of the major limitations of current chemotherapy, has only partially been described. We previously demonstrated that cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells (C13), are characterized by reduced mitochondrial activity and higher glucose-dependency when compared to the cisplatin-sensitive counterpart (2008). In this work we further characterized the role of metabolic transformation in cisplatin resistance. By using transmitochondrial hybrids we show that metabolic reprogramming of cisplatin-resistant cell is not caused by inherent mtDNA mutations. We also found that C13 cells not only present an increased glucose-uptake and consumption, but also exhibit increased expression and enzymatic activity of the Pentose Phosphate pathway (PPP) enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Moreover, we show that cisplatin-resistant cells are more sensitive to G6PDH inhibition. Even if the metabolomic fingerprint of ovarian cancer cells remains to be further elucidated, these findings indicate that PPP offers innovative potential targets to overcome cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catanzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Gaude
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Guzzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Caparrotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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11
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Tsai T, St John JC. The role of mitochondrial DNA copy number, variants, and haplotypes in farm animal developmental outcome. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S133-46. [PMID: 27345311 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of cellular energy is generated through the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. The electron transport chain is encoded by 2 genomes, the chromosomal and the mitochondrial genomes. Mitochondrial DNA is associated with a number of traits, which include tolerance to heat, growth and physical performance, meat and milk quality, and fertility. Mitochondrial genomes can be clustered into groups known as mtDNA haplotypes. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes are a potential genetic source for manipulating phenotypes in farm animals. The use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as nuclear transfer, allows favorable chromosomal genetic traits to be mixed and matched with sought after mtDNA haplotype traits. As a result super breeds can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesha Tsai
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia
| | - Justin C St John
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia.
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12
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Enhanced tumorigenicity by mitochondrial DNA mild mutations. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13628-43. [PMID: 25909222 PMCID: PMC4537038 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how mitochondria are involved in malignant transformation we have generated a collection of transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines on the same nuclear background (143B) but with mutant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants with different degrees of pathogenicity. These include the severe mutation in the tRNALys gene, m.8363G>A, and the three milder yet prevalent Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) mutations in the MT-ND1 (m.3460G>A), MT-ND4 (m.11778G>A) and MT-ND6 (m.14484T>C) mitochondrial genes. We found that 143B ρ0 cells devoid of mtDNA and cybrids harboring wild type mtDNA or that causing severe mitochondrial dysfunction do not produce tumors when injected in nude mice. By contrast cybrids containing mild mutant mtDNAs exhibit different tumorigenic capacities, depending on OXPHOS dysfunction. The differences in tumorigenicity correlate with an enhanced resistance to apoptosis and high levels of NOX expression. However, the final capacity of the different cybrid cell lines to generate tumors is most likely a consequence of a complex array of pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic factors associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results demonstrate the essential role of mtDNA in tumorigenesis and explain the numerous and varied mtDNA mutations found in human tumors, most of which give rise to mild mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Park JH, Vithayathil S, Kumar S, Sung PL, Dobrolecki LE, Putluri V, Bhat VB, Bhowmik SK, Gupta V, Arora K, Wu D, Tsouko E, Zhang Y, Maity S, Donti TR, Graham BH, Frigo DE, Coarfa C, Yotnda P, Putluri N, Sreekumar A, Lewis MT, Creighton CJ, Wong LJC, Kaipparettu BA. Fatty Acid Oxidation-Driven Src Links Mitochondrial Energy Reprogramming and Oncogenic Properties in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2154-2165. [PMID: 26923594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitochondrial cybrids and multiple OMICs approaches were used to understand mitochondrial reprogramming and mitochondria-regulated cancer pathways in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Analysis of cybrids and established breast cancer (BC) cell lines showed that metastatic TNBC maintains high levels of ATP through fatty acid β oxidation (FAO) and activates Src oncoprotein through autophosphorylation at Y419. Manipulation of FAO including the knocking down of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), the rate-limiting proteins of FAO, and analysis of patient-derived xenograft models confirmed the role of mitochondrial FAO in Src activation and metastasis. Analysis of TCGA and other independent BC clinical data further reaffirmed the role of mitochondrial FAO and CPT genes in Src regulation and their significance in BC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyoung Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sajna Vithayathil
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pi-Lin Sung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Salil Kumar Bhowmik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Danli Wu
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Efrosini Tsouko
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suman Maity
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taraka R Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Genomic Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patricia Yotnda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lee-Jun C Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Benny Abraham Kaipparettu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Birkenmeier K, Dröse S, Wittig I, Winkelmann R, Käfer V, Döring C, Hartmann S, Wenz T, Reichert AS, Brandt U, Hansmann ML. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma are highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2231-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Birkenmeier
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Stefan Dröse
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy; Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
- Centre of Biological Chemistry, and Centre for Membrane Proteomics, Molecular Bioenergetics Group; Medical School, Goethe-University; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Centre of Biological Chemistry, and Centre for Membrane Proteomics, Molecular Bioenergetics Group; Medical School, Goethe-University; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Ria Winkelmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Viktoria Käfer
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
| | - Tina Wenz
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne; Zülpicher Str. 47A Cologne 50674 Germany
| | - Andreas S. Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders (NCMD); The Netherlands
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes”, Goethe-University; Frankfurt Am Main Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University Hospital; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt Am Main 60596 Germany
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15
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Aberrant mitochondrial RNA in the role of aging and aging associated diseases. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
There are many approaches used to control breast cancer, although the most efficient strategy is the reactivation of apoptosis. Since mitochondria play an important role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of cell death pathways, we focus here on metabolic remodeling and mitochondrial alterations present in breast tumor cells. We review strategies including classes of compounds and delivery systems that target metabolic and specific mitochondrial alterations to kill tumor cells without affecting their normal counterparts. We present here the arguments for the improvement of already existent molecules and the design of novel promising anticancer drug candidates that target breast cancer mitochondria.
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MitoCeption as a new tool to assess the effects of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell mitochondria on cancer cell metabolism and function. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9073. [PMID: 25766410 PMCID: PMC4358056 DOI: 10.1038/srep09073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial activity is central to tissue homeostasis. Mitochondria dysfunction constitutes a hallmark of many genetic diseases and plays a key role in tumor progression. The essential role of mitochondria, added to their recently documented capacity to transfer from cell to cell, obviously contributes to their current interest. However, determining the proper role of mitochondria in defined biological contexts was hampered by the lack of suitable experimental tools. We designed a protocol (MitoCeption) to directly and quantitatively transfer mitochondria, isolated from cell type A, to recipient cell type B. We validated and quantified the effective mitochondria transfer by imaging, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and mitochondrial DNA analysis. We show that the transfer of minute amounts of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) mitochondria to cancer cells, a process otherwise occurring naturally in coculture, results in cancer cell enhanced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity and favors cancer cell proliferation and invasion. The MitoCeption technique, which can be applied to different cell systems, will therefore be a method of choice to analyze the metabolic modifications induced by exogenous mitochondria in host cells.
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18
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Betaine is a positive regulator of mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:621-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Folmes CDL, Martinez-Fernandez A, Perales-Clemente E, Li X, McDonald A, Oglesbee D, Hrstka SC, Perez-Terzic C, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Disease-causing mitochondrial heteroplasmy segregated within induced pluripotent stem cell clones derived from a patient with MELAS. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1298-308. [PMID: 23553816 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases display pathological phenotypes according to the mixture of mutant versus wild-type mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), known as heteroplasmy. We herein examined the impact of nuclear reprogramming and clonal isolation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) on mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Patient-derived dermal fibroblasts with a prototypical mitochondrial deficiency diagnosed as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction with reduced oxidative reserve due to heteroplasmy at position G13513A in the ND5 subunit of complex I. Bioengineered iPSC clones acquired pluripotency with multilineage differentiation capacity and demonstrated reduction in mitochondrial density and oxygen consumption distinguishing them from the somatic source. Consistent with the cellular mosaicism of the original patient-derived fibroblasts, the MELAS-iPSC clones contained a similar range of mtDNA heteroplasmy of the disease-causing mutation with identical profiles in the remaining mtDNA. High-heteroplasmy iPSC clones were used to demonstrate that extended stem cell passaging was sufficient to purge mutant mtDNA, resulting in isogenic iPSC subclones with various degrees of disease-causing genotypes. On comparative differentiation of iPSC clones, improved cardiogenic yield was associated with iPSC clones containing lower heteroplasmy compared with isogenic clones with high heteroplasmy. Thus, mtDNA heteroplasmic segregation within patient-derived stem cell lines enables direct comparison of genotype/phenotype relationships in progenitor cells and lineage-restricted progeny, and indicates that cell fate decisions are regulated as a function of mtDNA mutation load. The novel nuclear reprogramming-based model system introduces a disease-in-a-dish tool to examine the impact of mutant genotypes for MELAS patients in bioengineered tissues and a cellular probe for molecular features of individual mitochondrial diseases.
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20
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Bandelt HJ, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Richards MB, Yao YG, Logan I. The case for the continuing use of the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) and the standardization of notation in human mitochondrial DNA studies. J Hum Genet 2013; 59:66-77. [PMID: 24304692 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the determination in 1981 of the sequence of the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome, the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS), has been used as the reference sequence to annotate mtDNA in molecular anthropology, forensic science and medical genetics. The CRS was eventually upgraded to the revised version (rCRS) in 1999. This reference sequence is a convenient device for recording mtDNA variation, although it has often been misunderstood as a wild-type (WT) or consensus sequence by medical geneticists. Recently, there has been a proposal to replace the rCRS with the so-called Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS). Even if it had been estimated accurately, the RSRS would be a cumbersome substitute for the rCRS, as the new proposal fuses--and thus confuses--the two distinct concepts of ancestral lineage and reference point for human mtDNA. Instead, we prefer to maintain the rCRS and to report mtDNA profiles by employing the hitherto predominant circumfix style. Tree diagrams could display mutations by using either the profile notation (in conventional short forms where appropriate) or in a root-upwards way with two suffixes indicating ancestral and derived nucleotides. This would guard against misunderstandings about reporting mtDNA variation. It is therefore neither necessary nor sensible to change the present reference sequence, the rCRS, in any way. The proposed switch to RSRS would inevitably lead to notational chaos, mistakes and misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Kloss-Brandstätter
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin B Richards
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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21
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St John J. The control of mtDNA replication during differentiation and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1345-54. [PMID: 24183916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is important for energy production as it encodes some of the key genes of electron transfer chain, where the majority of cellular energy is generated through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). MtDNA replication is mediated by nuclear DNA-encoded proteins or enzymes, which translocate to the mitochondria, and is strictly regulated throughout development. It starts with approximately 200 copies in each primordial germ cell and these copies undergo expansion and restriction events at various stages of development. SCOPE OF REVIEW I describe the patterns of mtDNA replication at key stages of development. I explain that it is essential to regulate mtDNA copy number and to establish the mtDNA set point in order that the mature, specialised cell acquires the appropriate numbers of mtDNA copy to generate sufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through OXPHOS to undertake its specialised function. I discuss how these processes are dependent on the controlled expression of the nuclear-encoded mtDNA-specific replication factors and that this can be modulated by mtDNA haplotypes. I discuss how these events are altered by certain assisted reproductive technologies, some of which have been proposed to prevent the transmission of mutant mtDNA and others to overcome infertility. Furthermore, some of these technologies are predisposed to transmitting two or more populations of mtDNA, which can be extremely harmful. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The failure to regulate mtDNA replication and mtDNA transmission during development is disadvantageous. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Manipulation of oocytes and embryos can lead to significant implications for the maternal-only transmission of mtDNA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of mitochondrial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin St John
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Centre for Genetic Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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22
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Mitochondrial DNA mutations and breast tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:336-44. [PMID: 24140413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and genetic factors play an important role in its genesis. Although mutations in tumor suppressors and oncogenes encoded by the nuclear genome are known to play a critical role in breast tumorigenesis, the contribution of the mitochondrial genome to this process is unclear. Like the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome also encodes proteins critical for mitochondrion functions such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which is known to be defective in cancer including breast cancer. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to mutations due to limited repair mechanisms compared to nuclear DNA (nDNA). Thus changes in mitochondrial genes could also contribute to the development of breast cancer. In this review we discuss mtDNA mutations that affect OXPHOS. Continuous acquisition of mtDNA mutations and selection of advantageous mutations ultimately leads to generation of cells that propagate uncontrollably to form tumors. Since irreversible damage to OXPHOS leads to a shift in energy metabolism towards enhanced aerobic glycolysis in most cancers, mutations in mtDNA represent an early event during breast tumorigenesis, and thus may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of breast cancer. Because mtDNA mutations lead to defective OXPHOS, development of agents that target OXPHOS will provide specificity for preventative and therapeutic agents against breast cancer with minimal toxicity.
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23
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Crosstalk from non-cancerous mitochondria can inhibit tumor properties of metastatic cells by suppressing oncogenic pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61747. [PMID: 23671572 PMCID: PMC3650012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-nucleus cross talks and mitochondrial retrograde regulation can play a significant role in cellular properties. Transmitochondrial cybrid systems (cybrids) are an excellent tool to study specific effects of altered mitochondria under a defined nuclear background. The majority of the studies using the cybrid model focused on the significance of specific mitochondrial DNA variations in mitochondrial function or tumor properties. However, most of these variants are benign polymorphisms without known functional significance. From an objective of rectifying mitochondrial defects in cancer cells and to establish mitochondria as a potential anticancer drug target, understanding the role of functional mitochondria in reversing oncogenic properties under a cancer nuclear background is very important. Here we analyzed the potential reversal of oncogenic properties of a highly metastatic cell line with the introduction of non-cancerous mitochondria. Cybrids were established by fusing the mitochondria DNA depleted 143B TK- ρ0 cells from an aggressive osteosarcoma cell line with mitochondria from benign breast epithelial cell line MCF10A, moderately metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 and 143B cells. In spite of the uniform cancerous nuclear background, as observed with the mitochondria donor cells, cybrids with benign mitochondria showed high mitochondrial functional properties including increased ATP synthesis, oxygen consumption and respiratory chain activities compared to cybrids with cancerous mitochondria. Interestingly, benign mitochondria could reverse different oncogenic characteristics of 143B TK- cell including cell proliferation, viability under hypoxic condition, anti-apoptotic properties, resistance to anti-cancer drug, invasion, and colony formation in soft agar, and in vivo tumor growth in nude mice. Microarray analysis suggested that several oncogenic pathways observed in cybrids with cancer mitochondria are inhibited in cybrids with non-cancerous mitochondria. These results suggest the critical oncogenic regulation by mitochondrial-nuclear cross talk and highlights rectifying mitochondrial functional properties as a promising target in cancer therapy.
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24
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Kelly RD, Rodda AE, Dickinson A, Mahmud A, Nefzger CM, Lee W, Forsythe JS, Polo JM, Trounce IA, McKenzie M, Nisbet DR, St. John JC. Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes Define Gene Expression Patterns in Pluripotent and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:703-16. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Yu M, Wan Y, Zou Q. Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in Chinese patients with osteosarcoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:126-32. [PMID: 23441585 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been long proposed to drive the pathogenesis and progression of human malignancies. Previous investigations have revealed a high frequency of somatic mutations in the D-loop control region of mtDNA in osteosarcoma. However, little is known with regard to whether or not somatic mutations also occur in the coding regions of mtDNA in osteosarcoma. To test this possibility, in the present study we screened somatic mutations over the full-length mitochondrial genome of 31 osteosarcoma tumour tissue samples, and corresponding peripheral blood samples from the same cohort of patients. We detected a sum of 11 somatic mutations in the mtDNA coding regions in our series. Nine of them were missense or frameshift mutations that have the potential to hamper mitochondrial respiratory function. In combination with our earlier observations on the D-loop fragment, 71.0% (22/31) of patients with osteosarcoma carried at least one somatic mtDNA mutation, and a total of 40 somatic mutations were identified. Amongst them, 29 (72.5%) were located in the D-loop region, two (5%) were in the sequences of the tRNA genes, two (5%) were in the mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 6 gene and seven (17.5%) occurred in genes encoding components of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes. In addition, somatic mtDNA mutation was not closely associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of osteosarcoma. Together, these findings suggest that somatic mutations are highly prevalent events in both coding and non-coding regions of mtDNA in osteosarcoma. Some missense and frameshift mutations are putatively harmful to proper mitochondrial activity and might play vital roles in osteosarcoma carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yu
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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López-Armada MJ, Riveiro-Naveira RR, Vaamonde-García C, Valcárcel-Ares MN. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the inflammatory response. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:106-18. [PMID: 23333405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been linked to multiple degenerative and acute diseases as well as the aging process. Moreover, mitochondrial alterations play a central role in these processes. Mitochondria have an important role in pro-inflammatory signaling; similarly, pro-inflammatory mediators may also alter mitochondrial function. Both of these processes increase mitochondrial oxidative stress, promoting a vicious inflammatory cycle. Additionally, damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria could contribute to inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation, while alterations in mitochondrial autophagy may cause inflammation. Strategies aimed at controlling excessive oxidative stress within mitochondria may represent both preventive and therapeutic interventions in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J López-Armada
- Aging and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica A Coruña (INIBIC)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC)-SERGAS, Xubias 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.
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27
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Energy and redox homeostasis in tumor cells. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:593838. [PMID: 22693511 PMCID: PMC3369431 DOI: 10.1155/2012/593838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells display abnormal morphology, chromosomes, and metabolism. This review will focus on the metabolism of tumor cells integrating the available data by way of a functional approach. The first part contains a comprehensive introduction to bioenergetics, mitochondria, and the mechanisms of production and degradation of reactive oxygen species. This will be followed by a discussion on the oxidative metabolism of tumor cells including the morphology, biogenesis, and networking of mitochondria. Tumor cells overexpress proteins that favor fission, such as GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). The interplay between proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family that promotes Drp 1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation and fusogenic antiapoptotic proteins such as Opa-1 will be presented. It will be argued that contrary to the widespread belief that in cancer cells, aerobic glycolysis completely replaces oxidative metabolism, a misrepresentation of Warburg's original results, mitochondria of tumor cells are fully viable and functional. Cancer cells also carry out oxidative metabolism and generally conform to the orthodox model of ATP production maintaining as well an intact electron transport system. Finally, data will be presented indicating that the key to tumor cell survival in an ROS rich environment depends on the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes and high levels of the nonenzymatic antioxidant scavengers.
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28
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Yan C, Ding X, Dasgupta N, Wu L, Du H. Gene profile of myeloid-derived suppressive cells from the bone marrow of lysosomal acid lipase knock-out mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30701. [PMID: 22383970 PMCID: PMC3288004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) controls development and homeostasis of myeloid lineage cells. Loss of the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) function leads to expansion of myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) that cause myeloproliferative neoplasm. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Affymetrix GeneChip microarray analysis identified detailed intrinsic defects in Ly6G(+) myeloid lineage cells of LAL knock-out (lal-/-) mice. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor, and controls cell growth, cell cycle entry, cell survival, and cell motility. Loss of the LAL function led to major alteration of large GTPase and small GTPase signal transduction pathways. lal-/- Ly6G(+) myeloid cells in the bone marrow showed substantial increase of cell proliferation in association with up-regulation of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) genes. The epigenetic microenvironment was significantly changed due to the increased expression of multiple histone cluster genes, centromere protein genes and chromosome modification genes. Gene expression of bioenergetic pathways, including glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory chain proteins, was also increased, while the mitochondrial function was impaired in lal-/- Ly6G(+) myeloid cells. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased accompanied by up-regulation of nitric oxide/ROS production genes in these cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This comprehensive gene profile study for the first time identifies and defines important gene pathways involved in the myeloid lineage cells towards MDSCs using lal-/- mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yan
- The Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xinchun Ding
- The Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nupur Dasgupta
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lingyan Wu
- The Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hong Du
- IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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McGee AM, Douglas DL, Liang Y, Hyder SM, Baines CP. The mitochondrial protein C1qbp promotes cell proliferation, migration and resistance to cell death. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:4119-27. [PMID: 22101277 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.23.18287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement 1q-Binding Protein (C1qbp) is a mitochondrial protein reported to be upregulated in cancer. However, whether C1qbp plays a tumor suppressive or tumorigenic role in the progression of cancer is controversial. Moreover, the exact effects of C1qbp on cell proliferation, migration, and death/survival have not been definitely proven. To this end, we comprehensively examined the effects of C1qbp on mitochondrial-dependent cell death, proliferation, and migration in both normal and breast cancer cells using genetic gain- and loss-of-function approaches. In normal fibroblasts, overexpression of C1qbp protected the cells against staurosporine-induce apoptosis, increased proliferation, decreased cellular ATP, and increased cell migration in a wound-healing assay. In contrast, the opposite effects were observed in fibroblasts depleted of C1qbp by RNA interference. C1qbp expression was found to be markedly elevated in 4 different human breast cancer cell lines as well as in ductal and adenocarcinoma tumors from breast cancer patients. Stable knockdown of C1qbp by shRNA in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line greatly reduced cell proliferation, increased ATP levels, and decreased cell migration compared to control shRNA-transfected cells. Moreover, C1qbp knockdown elicited a significant increase in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, C1qbp upregulation was not restricted to breast cancer cells and tumors, as levels of C1qbp were also found to be significantly elevated in both human lung and colon cancer cell lines and carcinomas. Together, these results establish a pro-tumor, rather than anti-tumor, role for C1qbp, and indicate that C1qbp could serve as a molecular target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M McGee
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Jones AWE, Yao Z, Vicencio JM, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Szabadkai G. PGC-1 family coactivators and cell fate: roles in cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and retrograde mitochondria-nucleus signalling. Mitochondrion 2011; 12:86-99. [PMID: 21983689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a complex nuclear transcriptional machinery controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function has been described. Central to this network are the PGC-1 family coactivators, characterised as master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent literature has identified a broader role for PGC-1 coactivators in both cell death and cellular adaptation under conditions of stress, here reviewed in the context of the pathology associated with cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, we propose that these studies also imply a novel conceptual framework on the general role of mitochondrial dysfunction in disease. It is now well established that the complex nuclear transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis allows for adaptation of mitochondrial mass and function to environmental conditions. On the other hand, it has also been suggested that mitochondria alter their function according to prevailing cellular energetic requirements and thus function as sensors that generate signals to adjust fundamental cellular processes through a retrograde mitochondria-nucleus signalling pathway. Therefore, altered mitochondrial function can affect cell fate not only directly by modifying cellular energy levels or redox state, but also indirectly, by altering nuclear transcriptional patterns. The current literature on such retrograde signalling in both yeast and mammalian cells is thus reviewed, with an outlook on its potential contribution to disease through the regulation of PGC-1 family coactivators. We propose that further investigation of these pathways will lead to the identification of novel pharmacological targets and treatment strategies to combat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleck W E Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
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31
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Tu YF, Kaipparettu BA, Ma Y, Wong LJC. Mitochondria of highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 exhibits increased autophagic properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1125-32. [PMID: 21570379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that removes damaged or unwanted cellular components and recycles them to build new constituents. It is essential for tumor growth under adverse environment. Mitochondria play an important role in the formation of autophagosome and its subsequent docking and fusion with lysosome. To understand the contribution of mitochondria to the regulation of homeostatic autophagy in cancer cells, we used the transmitochondrial cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) model. Cybrid system allowed us to compare mitochondria from different cell types including highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (c231), less metastatic breast cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-436 (c436) and MDA-MB-468 (c468), as well as non-cancerous mammary epithelial cell MCF-10A (c10A) in a defined nuclear background. The c231 exhibited lower LC3-II levels but higher ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I than c436, c468 and c10A. In addition, c231 displayed more punctate LC3-positive cells and had lower levels of sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) than other cybrids. These suggested that mitochondria could contribute to the increased autophagy and autophagic flux in metastatic cancer. This increased autophagy was found to be non-selective autophagy instead of selective mitophagy since LC3 puncta in c231 did not co-localize with mitochondria labeled by Mitotracker red or Tomm 20. The promotion of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in c231 also contributed to increased autophagy. Block of MPT by the inhibition of low-conductance stage of MPT pores resulted in a decrease of LC3 puncta in c231. These results suggested that mitochondria from highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 can promote homeostatic autophagy of cancer through opening low-conductance MPT pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Tu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB 2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Yadav UP, Singh T, Kumar P, Sharma P, Kaur H, Sharma S, Singh S, Kumar S, Mehta K. [Morbidity in primary medical services in the jurisdiction of Huamantla, Tlaxcala]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 1982; 10:1010. [PMID: 32670883 PMCID: PMC7330710 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Prasad Yadav
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Tashvinder Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pramit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Harsimrat Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
- Desh Bhagat Dental College, Mandi Gobindgarh, India
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
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Jia D, Park JH, Jung KH, Levine H, Kaipparettu BA. [Experience in the management of children with diabetes mellitus]. Cells 1966. [PMID: 29534029 PMCID: PMC5870353 DOI: 10.3390/cells7030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, also referred to as the Warburg effect, has been regarded as the dominant metabolic phenotype in cancer cells for a long time. More recently, it has been shown that mitochondria in most tumors are not defective in their ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Instead, in highly aggressive cancer cells, mitochondrial energy pathways are reprogrammed to meet the challenges of high energy demand, better utilization of available fuels and macromolecular synthesis for rapid cell division and migration. Mitochondrial energy reprogramming is also involved in the regulation of oncogenic pathways via mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling and post-translational modification of oncoproteins. In addition, neoplastic mitochondria can engage in crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment. For example, signals from cancer-associated fibroblasts can drive tumor mitochondria to utilize OXPHOS, a process known as the reverse Warburg effect. Emerging evidence shows that cancer cells can acquire a hybrid glycolysis/OXPHOS phenotype in which both glycolysis and OXPHOS can be utilized for energy production and biomass synthesis. The hybrid glycolysis/OXPHOS phenotype facilitates metabolic plasticity of cancer cells and may be specifically associated with metastasis and therapy-resistance. Moreover, cancer cells can switch their metabolism phenotypes in response to external stimuli for better survival. Taking into account the metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cells, therapies targeting cancer metabolic dependency in principle can be made more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Jun Hyoung Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Kwang Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Benny Abraham Kaipparettu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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