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Feinberg K, Tajdaran K, Mirmoeini K, Daeschler SC, Henriquez MA, Stevens KE, Mulenga CM, Hussain A, Hamrah P, Ali A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The Role of Sensory Innervation in Homeostatic and Injury-Induced Corneal Epithelial Renewal. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12615. [PMID: 37628793 PMCID: PMC10454376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the window through which we see the world. Corneal clarity is required for vision, and blindness occurs when the cornea becomes opaque. The cornea is covered by unique transparent epithelial cells that serve as an outermost cellular barrier bordering between the cornea and the external environment. Corneal sensory nerves protect the cornea from injury by triggering tearing and blink reflexes, and are also thought to regulate corneal epithelial renewal via unknown mechanism(s). When protective corneal sensory innervation is absent due to infection, trauma, intracranial tumors, surgery, or congenital causes, permanent blindness results from repetitive epithelial microtraumas and failure to heal. The condition is termed neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), with an incidence of 5:10,000 people worldwide. In this report, we review the currently available therapeutic solutions for NK and discuss the progress in our understanding of how the sensory nerves induce corneal epithelial renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Feinberg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kiana Tajdaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simeon C. Daeschler
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Hospital, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mario A. Henriquez
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chilando M. Mulenga
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arif Hussain
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Ji F, Zhang Y, Cui P, Li Y, Li C, Du D, Xu H. Preventive Effect of Local Lidocaine Administration on the Formation of Traumatic Neuroma. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072476. [PMID: 37048560 PMCID: PMC10095338 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic neuroma is a common sequela of peripheral nerve injury or amputation, which often leads to severe neuropathic pain. The present study investigated the effect of local lidocaine administration on preventing the formation of traumatic neuroma. METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups. The lidocaine group underwent sciatic nerve transection, followed by an injection of lidocaine (0.5%) around the proximal of a severed sciatic nerve under ultrasound-guidance 2-7 days after neurectomy. In the control group, rats received an injection of saline following neurectomy. The autotomy score, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, histological assessment, expression of neuroma, and pain-related markers were detected. RESULTS Lidocaine treatment reduced the autotomy score and attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The mRNA expression of α-SMA, NGF, TNF-α, and IL-1β all significantly decreased in the lidocaine group in comparison to those in the saline control group. The histological results showed nerve fibers, demyelination, and collagen hyperplasia in the proximal nerve stump in the saline control group, which were significantly inhibited in the lidocaine group. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that local lidocaine administration could inhibit the formation of painful neuroma due to traumatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Dongping Du
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
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Gala DS, Titlow JS, Teodoro RO, Davis I. Far from home: the role of glial mRNA localization in synaptic plasticity. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:153-169. [PMID: 36442969 PMCID: PMC9891262 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079422.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and glia are highly polarized cells, whose distal cytoplasmic functional subdomains require specific proteins. Neurons have axonal and dendritic cytoplasmic extensions containing synapses whose plasticity is regulated efficiently by mRNA transport and localized translation. The principles behind these mechanisms are equally attractive for explaining rapid local regulation of distal glial cytoplasmic projections, independent of their cell nucleus. However, in contrast to neurons, mRNA localization has received little experimental attention in glia. Nevertheless, there are many functionally diverse glial subtypes containing extensive networks of long cytoplasmic projections with likely localized regulation that influence neurons and their synapses. Moreover, glia have many other neuron-like properties, including electrical activity, secretion of gliotransmitters and calcium signaling, influencing, for example, synaptic transmission, plasticity and axon pruning. Here, we review previous studies concerning glial transcripts with important roles in influencing synaptic plasticity, focusing on a few cases involving localized translation. We discuss a variety of important questions about mRNA transport and localized translation in glia that remain to be addressed, using cutting-edge tools already available for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Gala
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Titlow
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Rita O Teodoro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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Sheikhghomi S, Shafaat M, Hasani H. Eyelid Schwannoma. A Case Report. CESKA A SLOVENSKA OFTALMOLOGIE : CASOPIS CESKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI 2023; 79:325-328. [PMID: 37996247 DOI: 10.31348/2023/34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this case report, we describe a 53-year-old woman who presented with a slow-growing lower lid mass in her right eye. On gross examination, a remarkable lower lid bulging was noted. On palpation, a subcutaneous oval-shaped mass with a firm consistency, measuring about 2cm, was noted. The uncorrected visual acuities of the patient were 20/20 (by Snellen chart) bilaterally, and the examinations of the anterior and posterior segments of both eyes were unremarkable. On the orbital Computed Tomography scan of the patient, a solitary and homogenous solid globular mass with the same density of the brain tissue was obvious. The patient underwent surgical excision. Microscopic assessment of the lesion revealed a biphasic hypercellular area (Antoni A) and myxoid hypocellular areas (Antoni B), containing slender cells with tapered ends, interspersed with collagen fibers, consistent with a diagnosis of schwannoma. In addition, some foci of nuclear palisading around the fibrillary process (Verocay bodies) could frequently be found throughout the highly cellular regions. Schwannomas rarely occur in the eyelids, but have clinical and paraclinical indicators which indicate the probable diagnosis. In conclusion, we suggest that eyelid schwannoma be considered as an element of the differential diagnoses list for subcutaneous lesions of the eyelid.
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Jiang Y, Tang X, Li T, Ling J, Yang Y. The success of biomaterial-based tissue engineering strategies for peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1039777. [PMID: 36329703 PMCID: PMC9622790 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1039777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a clinically common injury that causes sensory dysfunction and locomotor system degeneration, which seriously affects the quality of the patients’ daily life. Long gapped defects in large nerve are difficult to repair via surgery and limited donor source of autologous nerve greatly challenges the successful nerve repair by transplantation. Significantly, remarkable progress has been made in repairing the peripheral nerve injury using artificial nerve grafts and a variety of products for peripheral nerve repair have emerged been approved globally in recent years. The raw materials of these commercial products includes natural/synthetic polymers, extracellular matrix. Despite a lot of effort, the desirable functional recovery still remains great challenges in long gapped nerve defects. Thus this review discusses the recent development of tissue engineering products for peripheral nerve repair and the design of bionic grafts improving the local microenvironment for accelerating nerve regeneration against locomotor disorder, which may provide potential strategies for the repair of long gaps or thick nerve defects by multifunctional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Jiang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Ling, ; Yumin Yang,
| | - Yumin Yang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Ling, ; Yumin Yang,
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Ali SR, Jordan M, Nagarajan P, Amit M. Nerve Density and Neuronal Biomarkers in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194817. [PMID: 36230740 PMCID: PMC9561962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Researchers have shown that tumor biomarkers and increased nerve density are important clinical tools for determining cancer prognosis and developing effective treatments. The aims of our review were to synthesize these findings by detailing the histology of peripheral nerves, discuss the use of various neuronal biomarkers in cancer, and assess the impact of increased nerve density on tumorigenesis. This review demonstrates that specific neuronal markers may have an important role in tumorigenesis and may serve as diagnostic and prognostic factors for various cancers. Moreover, increased nerve density may be associated with worse prognosis in different cancers, and cancer therapies that decrease nerve density may offer benefit to patients. Abstract Certain histologic characteristics of neurons, novel neuronal biomarkers, and nerve density are emerging as important diagnostic and prognostic tools in several cancers. The tumor microenvironment has long been known to promote tumor development via promoting angiogenesis and cellular proliferation, but new evidence has shown that neural proliferation and invasion in the tumor microenvironment may also enable tumor growth. Specific neuronal components in peripheral nerves and their localization in certain tumor sites have been identified and associated with tumor aggressiveness. In addition, dense neural innervation has been shown to promote tumorigenesis. In this review, we will summarize the histological components of a nerve, explore the neuronal biomarkers found in tumor sites, and discuss clinical correlates between tumor neurobiology and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrukh R. Ali
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Madeleine Jordan
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Pathology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Moran Amit
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (M.A.)
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Shahidi S, Janmaleki M, Riaz S, Sanati Nezhad A, Syed N. A tuned gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel facilitates myelination of dorsal root ganglia neurons in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112131. [PMID: 34082948 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Investigating axonal myelination by Schwann cells (SCs) is crucial for understanding mechanisms underlying demyelination and remyelination, which may help gain insights into incurable disorders like neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, a gelatin-based hydrogel, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), was optimized to achieve the biocompatibility, porosity, mechanical stability, and degradability needed to provide high cell viability for dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and SCs, and to enable their long-term coculture needed for myelination studies. The results of cell viability, neurite elongation, SC function and maturation, SC-axon interaction, and myelination were compared with two other commonly used substrates, namely collagen and Poly-d Lysine (PDL). The tuned GelMA constructs (Young's modulus of 32.6 ± 1.9 kPa and the median value of pore size of 10.3 μm) enhanced single axon generation (unlike collagen) and promoted the interaction of DRG neurons and SCs (unlike PDL). While DRG cells exhibited relatively higher viability on PDL after 48 h, i.e., 83.8%, the cells had similar survival rate on GelMA and collagen substrates, 66.7% and 61.5%, respectively. Further adjusting the hydrogel properties to achieve two distinct ranges of relatively small and large pores supported SCs to extend their processes freely and enabled physical contact with and wrapping around their corresponding axons. Staining the cells with myelin basic protein (MBA) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) revealed enhanced myelination on GelMA hydrogel compared to PDL and collagen. Moreover, the engineered porosity enhanced DRGs and SCs attachments and flexibility of movement across the substrate. This engineered hydrogel structure can now be further explored to model demyelination in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as to study the effects of various compounds on myelin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Shahidi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saba Riaz
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Naweed Syed
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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8
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Gordon T, Fu SY. Peripheral nerves preferentially regenerate in intramuscular endoneurial tubes to reinnervate denervated skeletal muscles. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113717. [PMID: 33839142 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells are essential for peripheral nerve regeneration but, over short distances in acellular nerve grafts, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules can support growth. The ECM molecules are present also on denervated muscle surfaces where they can support nerve growth. In this study, we addressed the efficacy of the ECM molecules of denervated muscle to support nerve fiber regeneration and muscle reinnervation. In the hindlimb of Sprague-Dawley rats, the proximal stump of the transected posterior tibial nerve, was cross-sutured to the distal nerve stump (NN) of each of three denervated muscles, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and soleus, or implanted onto the denervated muscles' surfaces (N-M), proximal or distal to the endplate zone. Recordings of muscle and motor unit (MU) isometric forces and silver/cholinesterase histochemical staining of longitudinal muscle cryosections were used to determine the numbers of reinnervated MUs and the spatial course of regenerating nerve fibers, respectively. MU numbers declined significantly after N-M (>50%) as compared to those after NN. Muscle forces were reduced despite each nerve reinnervating up to three times the normal MU muscle fiber number. Regenerating nerves 'streamed' from the N-M site either proximal or distal to endplate zones toward the denervated intramuscular endoneurial tubes, with reduced numbers reinnervating endplates. We conclude that there is preferential reinnervation through the endoneurial tube and that it is important to drive implanted nerve fibers to enter endoneurial tubes for optimal muscle reinnervation. Schwann cells play the essential role in guiding regenerating nerve fibers to reinnervate denervated muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Susan Y Fu
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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9
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Magnaghi V, Martin S, Smith P, Allen L, Conte V, Reid AJ, Faroni A. Peripheral nerve regeneration following injury is altered in mice lacking P2X7 receptor. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5798-5814. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Sarah Martin
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
| | - Patrick Smith
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
| | - Luke Allen
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
| | - Vincenzo Conte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester UK
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Faroni A, Workman VL, Saiani A, Reid AJ. Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel Matrices Improve the Neurotrophic Potential of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900410. [PMID: 31348622 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in microsurgical techniques, treatment options to restore prior function following peripheral nerve injury remain unavailable, and autologous nerve grafting remains the therapy of choice. Recent experimental work has focused on the development of artificial constructs incorporating smart biomaterials and stem cells, aspiring to match/improve the outcomes of nerve autografting. Chemically stimulated human adipose-derived stem cells (dhASC) can improve nerve regeneration outcomes; however, these properties are lost when chemical stimulation is withdrawn, and survival rate upon transplantation is low. It is hypothesized that interactions with synthetic hydrogel matrices could maintain and improve neurotrophic characteristics of dhASC. dhASC are cultured on PeptiGel-Alpha 1 and PeptiGel-Alpha 2 self-assembling peptide hydrogels, showing comparable viability to collagen I control gels. Culturing dhASC on Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 substrates allow the maintenance of neurotrophic features, such as the expression of growth factors and neuroglial markers. Both Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 substrates are suitable for the culture of peripheral sensory neurons, permitting sprouting of neuronal extensions without the need of biological extracellular matrices, and preserving neuronal function. PeptiGel substrates loaded with hdASC are proposed as promising candidates for the development of tissue engineering therapies for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe LaboratoriesDivision of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Victoria L. Workman
- School of Materials & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Alberto Saiani
- School of Materials & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Blond McIndoe LaboratoriesDivision of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & BurnsWythenshawe HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester M23 9LT UK
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Okur Z, Senturk OI, Yilmaz C, Gulseren G, Mammadov B, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Promotion of neurite outgrowth by rationally designed NGF-β binding peptide nanofibers. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1777-1790. [PMID: 29770392 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00311d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of neurite outgrowth is an important limiting step for regeneration in nerve injury and depends strongly on the local expression of nerve growth factor (NGF). The rational design of bioactive materials is a promising approach for the development of novel therapeutic methods for nerve regeneration, and biomaterials capable of presenting NGF to nerve cells are especially suitable for this purpose. In this study, we show bioactive peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers capable of promoting neurite outgrowth by displaying high density binding epitopes for NGF. A high-affinity NGF-binding sequence was identified by phage display and combined with a beta-sheet forming motif to produce a self-assembling PA molecule. The bioactive nanofiber had higher affinity for NGF compared to control nanofibers and in vitro studies revealed that the NGF binding peptide amphiphile nanofibers (NGFB-PA nanofiber) significantly promote the neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells. In addition, the nanofibers induced differentiation of PC-12 cells into neuron-like cells by enhancing NGF/high-activity NGF receptor (TrkA) interactions and activating MAPK pathway elements. The NGFB-PA nanofiber was further shown as a promising material to support axonal outgrowth from primary sensory neurons. These materials will pave the way for the development of new therapeutic agents for peripheral nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Okur
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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12
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Petrova ES. Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Stimulation of Nerve Regeneration. Russ J Dev Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Deng B, Lv W, Duan W, Liu Y, Li Z, Song X, Cui C, Qi X, Wang X, Li C. FGF9 modulates Schwann cell myelination in developing nerves and induces a pro‐inflammatory environment during injury. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8643-8658. [PMID: 29953642 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Deng
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wenjing Lv
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Weisong Duan
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xueqing Song
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaoming Qi
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
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Aquino JB, Sierra R. Schwann cell precursors in health and disease. Glia 2017; 66:465-476. [PMID: 29124786 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are frequently regarded as neural crest-derived cells (NCDCs) found in contact with axons during nerve formation. Nevertheless, cells with SCPs properties can be found up to the adulthood. They are well characterized with regard to both gene expression profile and cellular behavior -for instance, proliferation, migratory capabilities and survival requirements-. They differ in origin regarding their anatomic location: even though most of them are derived from migratory NCCs, there is also contribution of the boundary cap neural crest cells (bNCCs) to the skin and other tissues. Many functions are known for SCPs in normal development, including nerve fasciculation and target innervation, arterial branching patterning and differentiation, and other morphogenetic processes. In addition, SCPs are now known to be a source of many neural (glia, endoneural fibroblasts, melanocytes, visceral neurons, and chromaffin cells) and non-neural-like (mesenchymal stromal cells, able e.g., to generate dentine-producing odontoblasts) cell types. Until now no reports of endoderm-like derivatives were reported so far. Interestingly, in the Schwann cell lineage only early SCPs are likely able to differentiate into melanocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. We have also herein discussed the literature regarding their role in repair as well as in disease mechanisms, such as in diverse cancers. Moreover, many caveats in our knowledge of SCPs biology are highlighted all through this article. Future research should expand more into the relevance of SCPs in pathologies and in other regenerative mechanisms which might bring new unexpected clinically-relevant knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge B Aquino
- Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Sierra
- Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Hayes DA, Kunde DA, Taylor RL, Pyecroft SB, Sohal SS, Snow ET. ERBB3: A potential serum biomarker for early detection and therapeutic target for devil facial tumour 1 (DFT1). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177919. [PMID: 28591206 PMCID: PMC5462353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil Facial Tumour 1 (DFT1) is one of two transmissible neoplasms of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) predominantly affecting their facial regions. DFT1's cellular origin is that of Schwann cell lineage where lesions are evident macroscopically late in the disease. Conversely, the pre-clinical timeframe from cellular transmission to appearance of DFT1 remains uncertain demonstrating the importance of an effective pre-clinical biomarker. We show that ERBB3, a marker expressed normally by the developing neural crest and Schwann cells, is immunohistohemically expressed by DFT1, therefore the potential of ERBB3 as a biomarker was explored. Under the hypothesis that serum ERBB3 levels may increase as DFT1 invades local and distant tissues our pilot study determined serum ERBB3 levels in normal Tasmanian devils and Tasmanian devils with DFT1. Compared to the baseline serum ERBB3 levels in unaffected Tasmanian devils, Tasmanian devils with DFT1 showed significant elevation of serum ERBB3 levels. Interestingly Tasmanian devils with cutaneous lymphoma (CL) also showed elevation of serum ERBB3 levels when compared to the baseline serum levels of Tasmanian devils without DFT1. Thus, elevated serum ERBB3 levels in otherwise healthy looking devils could predict possible DFT1 or CL in captive or wild devil populations and would have implications on the management, welfare and survival of Tasmanian devils. ERBB3 is also a therapeutic target and therefore the potential exists to consider modes of administration that may eradicate DFT1 from the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A. Hayes
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment, Animal Health Laboratory, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dale A. Kunde
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robyn L. Taylor
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment, Resource Management and Conservation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Pyecroft
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Elizabeth T. Snow
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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16
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Wenling C, Duohui J, Jiamou L, Yandao G, Nanming Z, Xiufang Z. Effects of the Degree of Deacetylation on the Physicochemical Properties and Schwann Cell Affinity of Chitosan Films. J Biomater Appl 2016; 20:157-77. [PMID: 16183675 DOI: 10.1177/0885328205049897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a potential material for the preparation of nerve repair conduits. In order to find a better chitosan for the application in peripheral nerve regeneration, the effects of the degree of deacetylation (DD) on the physicochemical properties and Schwann cell affinity of chitosan films have been evaluated. Six kinds of chitosan samples with similar molecular weight, but various DD in a range from 70.1 to 95.6% were prepared from one stock chitosan material and fabricated into films. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that there were more crystalline regions in the higher DD chitosan films. Swelling and mechanical property measurements revealed that the swelling index of chitosan films decreased and their elastic modulus and tensile strength increased with the increase in DD. The adsorption amount of fibronectin and laminin on chitosan films was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Culture of adult rat Schwann cells on the films showed that the chitosan films with higher DD provided better substrata for Schwann cell spreading and proliferation. In conclusion, DD of chitosan plays an important role in their physicochemical properties and affinity with Schwann cells. The results suggest that chitosan with a DD higher than 90% is considered as a promising material for application in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Wenling
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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17
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Delaney CL, Feldman EL. Review ■ : Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Apoptosis in Glial Cell Biology. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent trophic factor capable of promoting both survival and differentiation of neurons and glia. This review examines the role of IGF-I and apoptosis in oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell biology in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis is an essential element of development, homeostasis, and disease. IGF-I protects oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells from apoptosis during development and after apoptotic stimuli. Transgenic mouse models, which ablate or increase expression of IGF-I, have abnormal oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. A more thorough understanding of the protective mechanism of IGF-I in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will aid in its precise application in treating a variety of neurologic disorders. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:39-47, 2000
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Study of synergistic role of allogenic skin-derived precursor differentiated Schwann cells and heregulin-1β in nerve regeneration with an acellular nerve allograft. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:146-53. [PMID: 27063890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of tissue structure and three-dimensional microenvironment is crucial for regeneration of axons in the peripheral nerve repair. In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nerve regeneration by using an acellular nerve allograft (ANA) injected with allogenic skin-derived precursor differentiated Schwann cells (SKP-SCs) and heregulin-1β. Skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) were generated from dermis of newborn (postnatal day 2) Wistar rats. In a rat model, nerve regeneration was determined across a 15 mm lesion in the sciatic nerve by using an ANA injected with allogenic SKP-SCs and heregulin-1β. The electrophysiological analysis, histological examination and electron microscopy were involved in this study. Cultured SKPs expressed nestin and fibronectin, and differentiated into cells with phenotype of SCs that presented characteristic markers of p75NGFR and S100-β. Implantation of SKP-SCs into the rat models by using ANA and allogenic skin-derived precursor differentiated Schwann cells (SKP-SCs) increases sciatic nerve functional index (SFI), peak amplitudes, nerve conduction velocities, number of myelinated fibers within the graft, while reduces incubation period, sciatic nerve injury-induced weight and contractions loss. Using ANA injected with SKP-SCs combined with heregulin-1β greatly promote peripheral nerve repair in a rat model. Our results suggest that SKP-SCs transplantation with heregulin-1β represents a powerful therapeutic approach, and facilitates the efficacy of acellular nerve allograft in peripheral nerve injury, though the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated.
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Stimulating the proliferation, migration and lamellipodia of Schwann cells using low-dose curcumin. Neuroscience 2016; 324:140-50. [PMID: 26955781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of peripheral glia is being trialled for neural repair therapies, and identification of compounds that enhance the activity of glia is therefore of therapeutic interest. We have previously shown that curcumin potently stimulates the activity of olfactory glia. We have now examined the effect of curcumin on Schwann cell (SC) activities including proliferation, migration and the expression of protein markers. SCs were treated with control media and with different concentrations of curcumin (0.02-20 μM). Cell proliferation was determined by MTS assay and migration changes were determined by single live cell migration tracking. We found that small doses of curcumin (40 nM) dramatically increased the proliferation and migration in SCs within just one day. When compared with olfactory glia, curcumin stimulated SC proliferation more rapidly and at lower concentrations. Curcumin significantly increased the migration of SCs, and also increased the dynamic activity of lamellipodial waves which are essential for SC migration. Expression of the activated form of the MAP kinase p38 (p-p38) was significantly decreased in curcumin-treated SCs. These results show that curcumin's effects on SCs differ remarkably to its effects on olfactory glia, suggesting that subtypes of closely related glia can be differentially stimulated by curcumin. Overall these results demonstrate that the therapeutically beneficial activities of glia can be differentially enhanced by curcumin which could be used to improve outcomes of neural repair therapies.
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20
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Meda F, Gauron C, Rampon C, Teillon J, Volovitch M, Vriz S. Nerves Control Redox Levels in Mature Tissues Through Schwann Cells and Hedgehog Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:299-311. [PMID: 26442784 PMCID: PMC4761803 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recent advances in redox biology have emphasized the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the modulation of signaling pathways and revealed that H2O2 plays a role in cellular remodeling in adults. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms that control H2O2 levels in mature tissue would be of great interest. RESULTS We used a denervation strategy to demonstrate that sensory neurons are responsible for controlling H2O2 levels under normal conditions and after being lesioned. Moreover, we demonstrate that severed nerves respond to appendage amputation via the induction of Hedgehog signaling and that this signaling is responsible for H2O2 production in the wounded epidermis. Finally, we show that H2O2 and nerve growth are regulated via reciprocal action in adults. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION These data support a new paradigm for the regulation of tissue homeostasis: H2O2 attracts nerves and nerves control H2O2 levels in a positive feedback loop. This finding suggests that the peripheral nerve redox environment could be a target for manipulating cell plasticity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Meda
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,2 École Normale Supérieure, Institute of Biology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS) , CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Carole Gauron
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Christine Rampon
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France .,4 Biology Department, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jérémie Teillon
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Michel Volovitch
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,2 École Normale Supérieure, Institute of Biology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS) , CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vriz
- 1 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB) CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France , Paris, France .,3 PSL Research University , Paris, France .,4 Biology Department, Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Cedex 13, France
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21
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Fenrich K, Gordon T. Canadian Association of Neuroscience Review: Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems – Current Issues and Advances. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 31:142-56. [PMID: 15198438 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100053798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInjured nerves regenerate their axons in the peripheral (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). The contrasting capacities have been attributed to the growth permissive Schwann cells in the PNS and the growth inhibitory environment of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS. In the current review, we first contrast the robust regenerative response of injured PNS neurons with the weak response of the CNS neurons, and the capacity of Schwann cells and not the oligodendrocytes to support axonal regeneration. We then consider the factors that limit axonal regeneration in both the PNS and CNS. Limiting factors in the PNS include slow regeneration of axons across the injury site, progressive decline in the regenerative capacity of axotomized neurons (chronic axotomy) and progressive failure of denervated Schwann cells to support axonal regeneration (chronic denervation). In the CNS on the other hand, it is the poor regenerative response of neurons, the inhibitory proteins that are expressed by oligodendrocytes and act via a common receptor on CNS neurons, and the formation of the glial scar that prevent axonal regeneration in the CNS. Strategies to overcome these limitations in the PNS are considered in detail and contrasted with strategies in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fenrich
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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22
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Jiang CQ, Hu J, Xiang JP, Zhu JK, Liu XL, Luo P. Tissue-engineered rhesus monkey nerve grafts for the repair of long ulnar nerve defects: similar outcomes to autologous nerve grafts. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1845-1850. [PMID: 28123431 PMCID: PMC5204243 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acellular nerve allografts can help preserve normal nerve structure and extracellular matrix composition. These allografts have low immunogenicity and are more readily available than autologous nerves for the repair of long-segment peripheral nerve defects. In this study, we repaired a 40-mm ulnar nerve defect in rhesus monkeys with tissue-engineered peripheral nerve, and compared the outcome with that of autograft. The graft was prepared using a chemical extract from adult rhesus monkeys and seeded with allogeneic Schwann cells. Pathomorphology, electromyogram and immunohistochemistry findings revealed the absence of palmar erosion or ulcers, and that the morphology and elasticity of the hypothenar eminence were normal 5 months postoperatively. There were no significant differences in the mean peak compound muscle action potential, the mean nerve conduction velocity, or the number of neurofilaments between the experimental and control groups. However, outcome was significantly better in the experimental group than in the blank group. These findings suggest that chemically extracted allogeneic nerve seeded with autologous Schwann cells can repair 40-mm ulnar nerve defects in the rhesus monkey. The outcomes are similar to those obtained with autologous nerve graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking Universtiy Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Microscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Ping Xiang
- Department of Microscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Kai Zhu
- Department of Microscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Department of Microscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Luo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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23
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Alves CJ, Maximino JR, Chadi G. Dysregulated expression of death, stress and mitochondrion related genes in the sciatic nerve of presymptomatic SOD1(G93A) mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:332. [PMID: 26339226 PMCID: PMC4555015 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are the main source of paracrine support to motor neurons. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been correlated to motor neuron death in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Despite the involvement of Schwann cells in early neuromuscular disruption in ALS, detailed molecular events of a dying-back triggering are unknown. Sciatic nerves of presymptomatic (60-day-old) SOD1(G93A) mice were submitted to a high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. DAVID demonstrated the deregulated genes related to death, stress and mitochondrion, which allowed the identification of Cell cycle, ErbB signaling, Tryptophan metabolism and Rig-I-like receptor signaling as the most representative KEGG pathways. The protein-protein interaction networks based upon deregulated genes have identified the top hubs (TRAF2, H2AFX, E2F1, FOXO3, MSH2, NGFR, TGFBR1) and bottlenecks (TRAF2, E2F1, CDKN1B, TWIST1, FOXO3). Schwann cells were enriched from the sciatic nerve of presymptomatic mice using flow cytometry cell sorting. qPCR showed the up regulated (Ngfr, Cdnkn1b, E2f1, Traf2 and Erbb3, H2afx, Cdkn1a, Hspa1, Prdx, Mapk10) and down-regulated (Foxo3, Mtor) genes in the enriched Schwann cells. In conclusion, molecular analyses in the presymptomatic sciatic nerve demonstrated the involvement of death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial pathways in the Schwann cell non-autonomous mechanisms in the early stages of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian J Alves
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica R Maximino
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Chadi
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Kurwale NS, Suri V, Srivastava A, Suri A, Mohanti S, Yadav P, Sharma MC, Sarkar C. Role of bone marrow derived pluripotent stem cells in peripheral nerve repair in adult rats: A morphometric evaluation. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6:152-9. [PMID: 25883471 PMCID: PMC4387802 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.153218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment of the effect of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) on early and late phase of nerve regeneration in rat sciatic nerve model. Materials and Methods: Sciatic nerve transection and repair was performed in 50 inbred female Wistar albino rats divided equally in two groups. In the test group the gap was filled with BM-MNCs obtained from the two male rats and fibrin sealant, while in the control group only fibrin sealant was used. Sciatic nerve was harvested at 15 days and at 60 days interval. Parameters of regeneration were assessed at anastomosis (G), intermediate distal (C), and distal site (A). Semi-quantitative (histopathological) and quantitative (morphometric) parameters were analyzed. Results: At 15 days there was a statistically significant difference found in mean axon diameter, mean nerve thickness and myelin thickness at the repair site (P < 0.05). However, in the distal areas, the axons were sparse and myelin rings were very thin in both the groups. At 60 days, the difference in above-mentioned parameters was statistically significant at the distal most sites. FISH assay confirmed the presence of Y chromosome, confirming the presence of BM-MNCs from the male rats. Conclusions: Transplanting BM-MNCS at the site of peripheral nerve injury leads to significantly better recovery. These differences were evident at the repair site and at the intermediate distal site at 15 days and at the distal most sites at 60 days. With practically no ethical issue regarding their isolation and application, they can be easily used for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh S Kurwale
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arati Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Suri
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Mohanti
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Yadav
- Central Animal Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meher C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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25
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Abstract
Although the ultrastructure of peripheral nerves has been known for nearly 200 years, the developmental origins and functional roles of all five main components of these specialized nervous system conduits are still poorly understood. One of these understudied nerve elements, the perineurium, is a component of the blood-nerve barrier and is essential for protecting axons and their associated Schwann cells from ionic flux, toxins, and infection. However, until recently, it was thought that this vital nerve tissue was derived from the mesoderm and simply served a structural/barrier function with no other influence on the development, maintenance, or regeneration of peripheral nerves. Recent work in zebrafish using in vivo time-lapse imaging, genetic manipulation, and laser axotomy is shedding light on the origin and roles of this previously ignored glial nerve component and is changing how we view development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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26
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Grochmal J, Midha R. Recent advances in stem cell-mediated peripheral nerve repair. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:13-22. [PMID: 25825283 DOI: 10.1159/000369450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major advance in the field of peripheral nerve repair has been the advent of stem and progenitor cell use to supplement the regenerative environment in animal models of nerve injury. As Schwann cell replacements, stem cells may be even better suited to promoting regeneration in these scenarios. We review the recent literature detailing the search for the definitive Schwann cell replacement cell, including a look at genetic modification of transplanted cells for nerve injury repair.
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27
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Shakhbazau A, Mohanty C, Kumar R, Midha R. Sensory recovery after cell therapy in peripheral nerve repair: effects of naïve and skin precursor-derived Schwann cells. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:423-31. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.5.jns132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Object
Cell therapy is a promising candidate among biological or technological innovations sought to augment microsurgical techniques in peripheral nerve repair. This report describes long-term functional regenerative effects of cell therapy in the rat injury model with a focus on sensory recovery.
Methods
Schwann cells were derived from isogenic nerve or skin precursor cells and injected into the transected and immediately repaired sciatic nerve distal to the injury site. Sensory recovery was assessed at weeks 4, 7, and 10. Axonal regeneration was assessed at Week 11.
Results
By Week 10, thermal sensitivity in cell therapy groups returned to a level indistinguishable from the baseline (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemistry at 11 weeks after injury showed improved regeneration of NF+ and IB4+ axons.
Conclusions:
The results of this study show that cell therapy significantly improves thermal sensation and the number of regenerated sensory neurons at 11 weeks after injury. These findings contribute to the view of skin-derived stem cells as a reliable source of Schwann cells with therapeutic potential for functional recovery in damaged peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antos Shakhbazau
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine,
- 2Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and
| | | | - Ranjan Kumar
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine,
- 2Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and
- 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine,
- 2Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and
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28
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Gerardo-Nava J, Hodde D, Katona I, Bozkurt A, Grehl T, Steinbusch HW, Weis J, Brook GA. Spinal cord organotypic slice cultures for the study of regenerating motor axon interactions with 3D scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4288-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Nerve injury secondary to trauma, neurological disease or tumor excision presents a challenge for surgical reconstruction. Current practice for nerve repair involves autologous nerve transplantation, which is associated with significant donor-site morbidity and other complications. Previously artificial nerve conduits made from polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid and collagen were approved by the FDA (USA) for nerve repair. More recently, there have been significant advances in nerve conduit design that better address the requirements of nerve regrowth. Innovations in materials science, nanotechnology, and biology open the way for the synthesis of new generation nerve repair conduits that address issues currently faced in nerve repair and regeneration. This review discusses recent innovations in this area, including the use of nanotechnology to improve the design of nerve conduits and to enhance nerve regeneration.
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Yan H, Zhang F, Kolkin J, Wang C, Xia Z, Fan C. Mechanisms of nerve capping technique in prevention of painful neuroma formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93973. [PMID: 24705579 PMCID: PMC3976365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve capping techniques have been introduced as a promising treatment modality for the treatment of painful neuroma with varied outcomes; however, its exact mechanism is still unknown. RhoA is one of the members of the RAS superfamily of GTPases that operate as molecular switches and plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Our aim was to investigate the structural and morphologic mechanisms by which the nerve capping technique prevents the formation of painful neuromas after neuroectomy. We also hoped to provide a theoretical basis for this treatment approach. An aligned nanofiber conduit was used for the capping procedure and the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats was selected as the animal model. Behavioral analysis, extent of neuroma formation, histological assessment, expressions of pain markers of substance P and c-fos, molecular biological changes as well as ultrastructural features were investigated and compared with the findings in a no-capping control group. The formation of traumatic neuromas was significantly inhibited in the capping group with relatively “normal” structural and morphological features and no occurrence of autotomy and significantly lower expression of pain markers compared to the no-capping group. The gene expression of RhoA was consistently in a higher level in the capping group within 8 weeks after surgery. This study shows that capping technique will alter the regeneration state of transected nerves and reduce painful neuroma formation, indicating a promising approach for the treatment of painful neuroma. The initiation of the “regenerative brake” induced by structural as well as morphological improvements in the severed nerve is theorized to be most likely a key mechanism for the capping technique in the prevention of painful neuroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hede Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics (Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jon Kolkin
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Duke Raleigh Hospital, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Clinical translation of autologous Schwann cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014; 18:682-9. [PMID: 24220051 PMCID: PMC3864173 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the current status of testing Schwann cell transplantation as a therapy for human spinal cord injury (SCI). RECENT FINDINGS Transplanted Schwann cells have reparative effects in the damaged spinal cord. A few clinical studies have reported that Schwann cell transplantation appears safe. Compared with allogeneic cell transplants, autologous cells do not require immune suppression, but the workload of cell manufacturing is greater. Preclinical Schwann cell transplant studies conducted at the University of Miami in 2009-2012 supported an investigational new drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration. A Phase 1 safety study has been initiated. SUMMARY Spinal cord repair after severe SCI requires that axonal regeneration and myelination occur in a context of reduced inhibition, enhanced plasticity, and new circuit formation. Evolving clinical experience with Schwann cell transplantation may provide a basis upon which additionally combined therapeutics can be tested to increase the extent of repair after SCI. Safety is the primary consideration when ex-vivo manipulated cells are introduced into the damaged nervous system. Preclinical studies across several species have not indicated safety concerns regarding Schwann cells. Initial clinical reports from studies in Iran and China are suggestive of clinical safety, although more rigorous characterization of the implanted cells is needed.
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Chen P, Cescon M, Megighian A, Bonaldo P. Collagen VI regulates peripheral nerve myelination and function. FASEB J 2013; 28:1145-56. [PMID: 24277578 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Collagen VI is an extracellular matrix protein with broad distribution in several tissues. Although Col6a1 is expressed by Schwann cells, the role of collagen VI in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is yet unknown. Here we show that Schwann cells, but not axons, contribute to collagen VI deposition in peripheral nerves. By using Col6a1-null mice, in which collagen VI deposition is compromised, we demonstrate that lack of collagen VI leads to increased myelin thickness (P<0.001) along with 60-130% up-regulation in myelin-associated proteins and disorganized C fibers in the PNS. The hypermyelination of PNS in Col6a1(-/-) mice is supported by alterations of signaling pathways involved in myelination, including increase of P-FAK, P-AKT, P-ERK1, P-ERK2, and P-p38 (4.15, 1.67, 2.47, 3.34, and 2.60-fold, respectively) and reduction of vimentin (0.49-fold), P-JNK (0.74-fold), and P-c-Jun (0.50-fold). Pathologically, Col6a1(-/-) mice display an impairment of nerve conduction velocity and motor coordination (P<0.05), as well as a delayed response to acute pain stimuli (P<0.001), indicating that lack of collagen VI causes functional defects of peripheral nerves. Altogether, these results indicate that collagen VI is a critical component of PNS contributing to the structural integrity and proper function of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Chen
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Dey I, Midha N, Singh G, Forsyth A, Walsh SK, Singh B, Kumar R, Toth C, Midha R. Diabetic Schwann cells suffer from nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 underproduction and poor associability with axons. Glia 2013; 61:1990-9. [PMID: 24123456 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are integral to peripheral nerve biology, contributing to saltatory conduction along axons, nerve and axon development, and axonal regeneration. SCs also provide a microenvironment favoring neural regeneration partially due to production of several neurotrophic factors. Dysfunction of SCs may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve diseases such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy where hyperglycemia is often considered pathogenic. In order to study the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) upon the regenerative capacity of adult SCs, we investigated the differential production of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) by SCs harvested from the sciatic nerves of murine models of type 1 DM (streptozotocin treated C57BL/6J mice) and type 2 DM (LepR(-/-) or db/db mice) or non-diabetic cohorts. In vitro, SCs from diabetic and control mice were maintained under similar hyperglycemic and euglycemic conditions respectively. Mature SCs from diabetic mice produced lower levels of NGF and NT3 under hyperglycemic conditions when compared to SCs in euglycemia. In addition, SCs from both DM and non-DM mice appear to be incapable of insulin production, but responded to exogenous insulin with greater proliferation and heightened myelination potentiation. Moreover, SCs from diabetic animals showed poorer association with co-cultured axons. Hyperglycemia had significant impact upon SCs, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Dey
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Enomoto M, Bunge MB, Tsoulfas P. A multifunctional neurotrophin with reduced affinity to p75NTR enhances transplanted Schwann cell survival and axon growth after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:170-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Faroni A, Rothwell SW, Grolla AA, Terenghi G, Magnaghi V, Verkhratsky A. Differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into Schwann cell phenotype induces expression of P2X receptors that control cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e743. [PMID: 23887634 PMCID: PMC3730438 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are fundamental for development, myelination and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Slow growth rate and difficulties in harvesting limit SC applications in regenerative medicine. Several molecules, including receptors for neurosteroids and neurotransmitters, have been suggested to be implicated in regulating physiology and regenerative potential of SCs. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be differentiated into SC-like phenotype (dASC) sharing morphological and functional properties with SC, thus representing a valid SC alternative. We have previously shown that dASC express γ-aminobutyric-acid receptors, which modulate their proliferation and neurotrophic potential, although little is known about the role of other neurotransmitters in ASC. In this study, we investigated the expression of purinergic receptors in dASC. Using reverse transriptase (RT)-PCR, western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry, we have demonstrated that ASCs express P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 purinoceptors. Differentiation of ASCs towards glial phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors. Using Ca(2+)-imaging techniques, we have shown that stimulation of purinoceptors with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) triggers intracellular Ca(2+) signals, indicating functional activity of these receptors. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings showed that ATP and BzATP induced ion currents that can be fully inhibited with specific P2X7 antagonists. Finally, using cytotoxicity assays we have shown that the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) leads to dASC death, an effect that can be prevented using a specific P2X7 antagonist. Altogether, these results show, for the first time, the presence of functional P2X7 receptors in dASC and their link with critical physiological processes such as cell death and survival. The presence of these novel pharmacological targets in dASC might open new opportunities for the management of cell survival and neurotrophic potential in tissue engineering approaches using dASC for nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faroni
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Pesirikan N, Chang W, Zhang X, Xu J, Yu X. Characterization of schwann cells in self-assembled sheets from thermoresponsive substrates. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1601-9. [PMID: 23477904 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are the vital glial cells in the development and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recently, Schwann cell transplantation has emerged as one of the attractive candidates in treating demyelinating diseases resulting from the PNS and central nervous system injuries. Schwann cells are usually injected as cell suspensions or transplanted after being seeded on extracellular matrix proteins or biodegradable polymeric scaffolds. In these approaches, the adherens junctions between Schwann cells present in vivo are not readily replicated as Schwann cells dispersed as individual cells. Here we describe a procedure to grow a large amount of Schwann cells in a sheet architecture that can be either transplanted or injected and provide some insights into the influence of a sheet-like cell organization on the function of Schwann cells, including their viability, proliferation, alignment, and migration. The Schwann cell sheet was successfully generated through coating the culture plate surfaces by layer-by-layer self-assembly of the thermoresponsive polymer poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM). Further characterization of the Schwann cell sheet showed that Schwann cells in sheet were highly viable, but maintained a lower proliferation rate than individual Schwann cells. The levels of nerve growth factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor were also maintained in Schwann cell sheets. The protein level of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27, was upregulated in the Schwann cell sheet. Both alignment with axon-like nanofibers and migration of Schwann cells are not significantly different between Schwann cells in a sheet-like organization and as individual cells. We conclude that Schwann cell sheet engineering presents a promising method for cell-based nerve injury therapy, as well as a model to study the control of Schwann cell proliferation in response to intercellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norapath Pesirikan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Shivane A, Parkinson DB, Ammoun S, Hanemann CO. Expression of c-Jun and Sox-2 in human schwannomas and traumatic neuromas. Histopathology 2013; 62:651-6. [PMID: 23362975 DOI: 10.1111/his.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Schwann cells myelinate axons of the peripheral nervous system. This process of myelination is regulated by various transcription factors. c-Jun and Sox-2 are negative regulators of myelination and control Schwann cell differentiation and plasticity. Schwannoma cells within tumours no longer express myelin markers, and show increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. We have shown previously that several signalling pathways are activated in schwannoma cells in situ, in particular the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo we have demonstrated that c-Jun and Sox-2 are co-regulated in Schwann cells and evidence shows that both these proteins regulate myelination negatively. In this study, we aimed to characterize the expression of c-Jun and Sox-2 in schwannoma and traumatic neuroma. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to c-Jun and Sox-2 was applied to six schwannomas, and the results were compared with those seen in traumatic neuroma and normal nerve. Increased expression of c-Jun and Sox-2 was seen in schwannoma. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated increased expression of c-Jun and Sox-2 in schwannoma compared to traumatic neuroma. There was no expression of c-Jun and Sox-2 in a histologically normal peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Shivane
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
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Procacci P, Ballabio M, Castelnovo LF, Mantovani C, Magnaghi V. GABA-B receptors in the PNS have a role in Schwann cells differentiation? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 6:68. [PMID: 23335881 PMCID: PMC3541506 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA-B) receptor mediates the inhibitory transmission of γ-aminobutyric acid in the mammalian nervous system, being present in neurons and also in glial cells. Recently the presence of GABA-B has been demonstrated in Schwann cells (SC) suggesting its contribution in regulating the cell fate, maturation, and plasticity. Here, we further support the functional presence of GABA-B receptor in SC plasma membrane. By confocal microscopy immunofluorescence we provide evidences that GABA-B localization on the cell elongated processes correlates with the morphological changes occurring in the differentiated SC. In vivo most of the GABA-B receptors seem to be present in non-myelinating SC, which are committed to ensheath the nociceptive fibers. Therefore, we argue that GABA-B receptors do not control exclusively the in vivo differentiation yielding the myelinating SC, but are also fundamental in regulating the SC plasticity versus the non-myelinating state. Data from the literature and our recent findings corroborate the role of the GABAergic system and GABA-B receptors in the peripheral nervous system, opening new perspectives on the mechanisms controlling the differentiation of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Procacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Dystonin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:85-120. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Jiongjiong H, Liang Z, Zhaoxing M. The Feasibility of Delayed Repair of Facial Nerve Trauma-electrophysiological Studies and Research of Neurons and Specificity of Regeneration. INT J PHARMACOL 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2013.58.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Houlden H, Reilly MM. Molecular genetics of autosomal-dominant demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 8:43-62. [PMID: 16775366 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders and is the most common inherited neuromuscular disorder, with an estimated overall prevalence of 17-40/10,000. Although there has been major advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of CMT in recent years, the most useful classification is still a neurophysiological classification that divides CMT into type 1 (demyelinating; median motor conduction velocity < 38 m/s) and type 2 (axonal; median motor conduction velocity > 38 m/s). An intermediate type is also increasingly being described. Inheritance can be autosomal-dominant (AD), X-linked, or autosomal-recessive (AR). AD CMT1 is the most common type of CMT and was the first form of CMT in which a causative gene was described. This review provides an up-to-date overview of AD CMT1 concentrating on the molecular genetics as the clinical, neurophysiological, and pathological features have been covered elsewhere. Four genes (PMP22, MPZ, LITAF, and EGR2) have been described in the last 15 yr associated with AD CMTI and a further gene (NEFL), originally described as causing AD CMT2 can also cause AD CMT1 (by neurophysiological criteria). Studies have shown many of these genes, when mutated, can cause a wide range of CMT phenotypes from the relatively mild CMT1 to the more severe Dejerine-Sottas disease and congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, and even in some cases axonal CMT2. This review discusses what is known about these genes and in particular how they cause a peripheral neuropathy, when mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Houlden
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease and Department of Molecular Neurosciences, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Neural and molecular features on Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease plasticity and therapy. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:171636. [PMID: 22745917 PMCID: PMC3382403 DOI: 10.1155/2012/171636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system disorders plasticity is related to changes on the axon and Schwann cell biology, and the synaptic formations and connections, which could be also a focus for therapeutic research. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) represents a large group of inherited peripheral neuropathies that involve mainly both motor and sensory nerves and induce muscular atrophy and weakness. Genetic analysis has identified several pathways and molecular mechanisms involving myelin structure and proper nerve myelination, transcriptional regulation, protein turnover, vesicle trafficking, axonal transport and mitochondrial dynamics. These pathogenic mechanisms affect the continuous signaling and dialogue between the Schwann cell and the axon, having as final result the loss of myelin and nerve maintenance; however, some late onset axonal CMT neuropathies are a consequence of Schwann cell specific changes not affecting myelin. Comprehension of molecular pathways involved in Schwann cell-axonal interactions is likely not only to increase the understanding of nerve biology but also to identify the molecular targets and cell pathways to design novel therapeutic approaches for inherited neuropathies but also for most common peripheral neuropathies. These approaches should improve the plasticity of the synaptic connections at the neuromuscular junction and regenerate cell viability based on improving myelin and axon interaction.
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Lopez-Verrilli MA, Court FA. Transfer of vesicles from schwann cells to axons: a novel mechanism of communication in the peripheral nervous system. Front Physiol 2012; 3:205. [PMID: 22707941 PMCID: PMC3374349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are the glial component of the peripheral nervous system, with essential roles during development and maintenance of axons, as well as during regenerative processes after nerve injury. SCs increase conduction velocities by myelinating axons, regulate synaptic activity at presynaptic nerve terminals and are a source of trophic factors to neurons. Thus, development and maintenance of peripheral nerves are crucially dependent on local signaling between SCs and axons. In addition to the classic mechanisms of intercellular signaling, the possibility of communication through secreted vesicles has been poorly explored to date. Interesting recent findings suggest the occurrence of lateral transfer mediated by vesicles from glial cells to axons that could have important roles in axonal growth and axonal regeneration. Here, we review the role of vesicular transfer from SCs to axons and propose the advantages of this means in supporting neuronal and axonal maintenance and regeneration after nerve damage.
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O'Hara WA, Azar WJ, Behringer RR, Renfree MB, Pask AJ. Desert hedgehog is a mammal-specific gene expressed during testicular and ovarian development in a marsupial. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:72. [PMID: 22132805 PMCID: PMC3293750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desert hedgehog (DHH) belongs to the hedgehog gene family that act as secreted intercellular signal transducers. DHH is an essential morphogen for normal testicular development and function in both mice and humans but is not present in the avian lineage. Like other hedgehog proteins, DHH signals through the patched (PTCH) receptors 1 and 2. Here we examine the expression and protein distribution of DHH, PTCH1 and PTCH2 in the developing testes of a marsupial mammal (the tammar wallaby) to determine whether DHH signalling is a conserved factor in gonadal development in all therian mammals. RESULTS DHH, PTCH1 and PTCH2 were present in the marsupial genome and highly conserved with their eutherian orthologues. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that DHH has recently evolved and is a mammal-specific hedgehog orthologue. The marsupial PTCH2 receptor had an additional exon (exon 21a) not annotated in eutherian PTCH2 proteins. Interestingly we found evidence of this exon in humans and show that its translation would result in a truncated protein with functions similar to PTCH1. We also show that DHH expression was not restricted to the testes during gonadal development (as in mice), but was also expressed in the developing ovary. Expression of DHH, PTCH1 and PTCH2 in the adult tammar testis and ovary was consistent with findings in the adult mouse. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that there is a highly conserved role for DHH signalling in the differentiation and function of the mammalian testis and that DHH may be necessary for marsupial ovarian development. The receptors PTCH1 and PTCH2 are highly conserved mediators of hedgehog signalling in both the developing and adult marsupial gonads. Together these findings indicate DHH is an essential therian mammal-specific morphogen in gonadal development and gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A O'Hara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Cohen-Kupiec R, Weinstein S, Kantor G, Peer D, Weil M. IKAP/hELP1 down-regulation in neuroblastoma cells causes enhanced cell adhesion mediated by contactin overexpression. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 4:541-50. [PMID: 20671422 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A splicing mutation in the IKBKAP gene encoding the IKAP/hELP1 (IKAP) protein was found to be the major cause of Familial Dysautonomia (FD). This mutation affects both the normal development and survival of sensory and sympathetic neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). To understand the FD phenotype it is important to study the specific role played by IKAP in developing and mature PNS neurons. We used the neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cell line, originated from neural crest adrenal tumor, and simulated the FD phenotype by reducing IKAP expression with retroviral constructs. We observed that IKAP – down - regulated cells formed cell clusters compared to control cells under regular culture conditions. We examined the ability of these cells to differentiate into mature neurons in the presence of laminin, an essential extracellular matrix for developing PNS neurons. We found that the cells showed reduced attachment to laminin, morphological changes and increased cell-to-cell adhesion resulting in cell aggregates. We identified Contactin as the adhesion molecule responsible for this phenotype. We show that Contactin expression is related to IKAP expression, suggesting that IKAP regulates Contactin levels for appropriate cell-cell adhesion that could modulate neuronal growth of PNS neurons during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cohen-Kupiec
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
Silk fibroin conduits were designed with appropriate porosity for peripheral nerve repair. The aim of this work was to use these conduits to examine cell inflammatory responses and functional recovery in a sciatic nerve defect model. A total of 45 randomized Lewis rats were used to create an 8-mm defect bridged by a silk guide, commercial collagen guide, or an autograft. After 1, 4, and 8 weeks, macrophage recruitment, percentage of newly formed collagen, number of myelinated axons, and gastrocnemius muscle mass were evaluated. Following 8 weeks, ED1+ cells in autograft and silk conduits decreased to <1% and 17% of week 1 values, respectively. Collagen formation revealed no difference for all measured time points, suggesting a similar foreign body response. Myelinated axon counts within the silk guide revealed a greater number of proximal spouts and distal connections than collagen guides. Gastrocnemius weights demonstrated a 27% decrease between silk and autografts after 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that, in addition to tailorable degradation rates, our silk conduits possess a favorable immunogenicity and remyelination capacity for nerve repair.
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De Repentigny Y, Ferrier A, Ryan SD, Sato T, Kothary R. Motor unit abnormalities in Dystonia musculorum mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21093. [PMID: 21698255 PMCID: PMC3115977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum (dt) is a mouse inherited sensory neuropathy caused by mutations in the dystonin gene. While the primary pathology lies in the sensory neurons of dt mice, the overt movement disorder suggests motor neurons may also be affected. Here, we report on the contribution of motor neurons to the pathology in dt(27J) mice. Phenotypic dt(27J) mice display reduced alpha motor neuron cell number and eccentric alpha motor nuclei in the ventral horn of the lumbar L1 spinal cord region. A dramatic reduction in the total number of motor axons in the ventral root of postnatal day 15 dt(27J) mice was also evident. Moreover, analysis of the trigeminal nerve of the brainstem showed a 2.4 fold increase in number of degenerating neurons coupled with a decrease in motor neuron number relative to wild type. Aberrant phosphorylation of neurofilaments in the perikaryon region and axonal swellings within the pre-synaptic terminal region of motor neurons were observed. Furthermore, neuromuscular junction staining of dt(27J) mouse extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscle fibers showed immature endplates and a significant decrease in axon branching compared to wild type littermates. Muscle atrophy was also observed in dt(27J) muscle. Ultrastructure analysis revealed amyelinated motor axons in the ventral root of the spinal nerve, suggesting a possible defect in Schwann cells. Finally, behavioral analysis identified defective motor function in dt(27J) mice. This study reveals neuromuscular defects that likely contribute to the dt(27J) pathology and identifies a critical role for dystonin outside of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Ferrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott D. Ryan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Defining the morphological phenotype: 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is a novel marker for in situ detection of canine but not rat olfactory ensheathing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:391-405. [PMID: 21519895 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the non-myelinating glial cells of the olfactory nerves and bulb. The fragmentary characterization of OECs in situ during normal development may be due to their small size requiring intricate ultrastructural analysis and to the fact that available markers for in situ detection are either expressed only by OEC subpopulations or lost during development. In the present study, we searched for markers with stable expression in OECs and investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of CNPase, an early oligodendrocyte/Schwann cell marker, in comparison with the prototype marker p75(NTR). Anti-CNPase antibodies labeled canine but not rat OECs in situ, while Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes were positive in both species. CNPase immunoreactivity in the dog was confined to all OECs throughout the postnatal development and associated with the entire cell body, including its finest processes, while p75(NTR) was mainly detected in perineural cells and only in some neonatal OECs. Adult olfactory bulb slices displayed CNPase expression after 4 and 10 days, while p75(NTR) was detectable only after 10 days in vitro. Finally, treatment of purified adult canine OECs with fibroblast growth factor-2 significantly reduced CNPase expression at the protein and mRNA level. Taken together, we conclude that CNPase but not p75(NTR) is a stable marker suitable for in situ visualization of OECs that will facilitate their light-microscopic characterization and challenge our general view of OEC marker expression in situ. The fact that canine but not rat OECs expressed CNPase supports the idea that glia from large animals differs substantially from rodents.
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Actin polymerization is essential for myelin sheath fragmentation during Wallerian degeneration. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2009-15. [PMID: 21307239 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4537-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that trigger Wallerian degeneration (WD) of peripheral nerves after injury are not well understood. During the early period of WD, fragmentation of myelin into ovoid structures occurs near the Schmidt-Lantermann incisures (SLI), a noncompact region of the myelin sheath containing autotypical adherens junction. In this study, we found that new filamentous actin polymerization occurs in the SLI of mouse sciatic nerves after injury and that its inhibition prevented not only the degradation of E-cadherin in the SLI but also myelin ovoid formation. However, the inhibition of actin polymerization could not block Schwann cell dedifferentiation. The activation of Rac GTPase was observed in the distal stump of the injured nerves, and a specific Rac inhibitor, a dominant-negative Rac, and Rac1-RNA interference blocked myelin ovoid formation. Together, these findings suggest that dynamic changes in actin in the SLI are essential for initiation of demyelination after peripheral nerve injury.
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50
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Sango K, Yanagisawa H, Kawakami E, Takaku S, Ajiki K, Watabe K. Spontaneously immortalized Schwann cells from adult Fischer rat as a valuable tool for exploring neuron-Schwann cell interactions. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:898-908. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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