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Benkő S, Dénes Á. Microglial Inflammatory Mechanisms in Stroke: The Jury Is Still Out. Neuroscience 2024; 550:43-52. [PMID: 38364965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia represent the main immune cell population in the CNS with unique homeostatic roles and contribution to broad neurological conditions. Stroke is associated with marked changes in microglial phenotypes and induction of inflammatory responses, which emerge as key modulators of brain injury, neurological outcome and regeneration. However, due to the limited availability of functional studies with selective targeting of microglia and microglia-related inflammatory pathways in stroke, the vast majority of observations remain correlative and controversial. Because extensive review articles discussing the role of inflammatory mechanisms in different forms of acute brain injury are available, here we focus on some specific pathways that appear to be important for stroke pathophysiology with assumed contribution by microglia. While the growing toolkit for microglia manipulation increasingly allows targeting inflammatory pathways in a cell-specific manner, reconsideration of some effects devoted to microglia may also be required. This may particularly concern the interpretation of inflammatory mechanisms that emerge in response to stroke as a form of sterile injury and change markedly in chronic inflammation and common stroke comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Benkő
- Laboratory of Inflammation-Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest H-1083, Hungary.
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Yang R, Li J, Zhao L, Zhang M, Qin Y, Tong X, Wang S, Yang F, Jiang G. Edaravone dexborneol regulates γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase in rats with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107738. [PMID: 38701940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Edaravone dexborneol is neuroprotective against ischemic stroke, with free radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects, but its effects in hemorrhagic stroke remain unclear. We evaluated whether edaravone dexborneol has a neuroprotective effect in intracerebral hemorrhage, and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatics were used to predict the pathway of action of edaravone dexborneol. An intracerebral hemorrhage model was established using type IV collagenase in edaravone dexborneol, intracerebral hemorrhage, Sham, adeno-associated virus + edaravone dexborneol, and adeno-associated virus + intracerebral hemorrhage groups. The modified Neurological Severity Score was used to evaluate neurological function in rats. Brain water content was measured using the dry-wet weight method. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and γ-aminobutyric acid levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of neurofilament light chain and γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase were determined by western blot. Nissl staining was used to examine neuronal morphology. Cognitive behavior was evaluated using a small-animal treadmill. RESULTS Edaravone dexborneol alleviated neurological defects, improved cognitive function, and reduced cerebral edema, neuronal degeneration, and necrosis in rats with cerebral hemorrhage. The expression levels of neurofilament light chain, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and γ-aminobutyric acid were decreased, while γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase expression was up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Edaravone dexborneol regulates γ-aminobutyric acid content by acting on the γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase signaling pathway, thus alleviating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal degeneration, and death caused by excitatory toxic injury of neurons after intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Xichang People's Hospital, Xichang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaya Qin
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Tong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenglin Wang
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanhui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Guohui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Noll JM, Sherafat AA, Ford GD, Ford BD. The case for neuregulin-1 as a clinical treatment for stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1325630. [PMID: 38638304 PMCID: PMC11024452 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1325630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of serious long-term disability and the 5th leading cause of death in the United States. Revascularization of the occluded cerebral artery, either by thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy, is the only effective, clinically-approved stroke therapy. Several potentially neuroprotective agents, including glutamate antagonists, anti-inflammatory compounds and free radical scavenging agents were shown to be effective neuroprotectants in preclinical animal models of brain ischemia. However, these compounds did not demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials with human patients following stroke. Proposed reasons for the translational failure include an insufficient understanding on the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, lack of alignment between preclinical and clinical studies and inappropriate design of clinical trials based on the preclinical findings. Therefore, novel neuroprotective treatments must be developed based on a clearer understanding of the complex spatiotemporal mechanisms of ischemic stroke and with proper clinical trial design based on the preclinical findings from specific animal models of stroke. We and others have demonstrated the clinical potential for neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) in preclinical stroke studies. NRG-1 significantly reduced ischemia-induced neuronal death, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rodent stroke models with a therapeutic window of >13 h. Clinically, NRG-1 was shown to be safe in human patients and improved cardiac function in multisite phase II studies for heart failure. This review summarizes previous stroke clinical candidates and provides evidence that NRG-1 represents a novel, safe, neuroprotective strategy that has potential therapeutic value in treating individuals after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Noll
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, United States
- Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Arya A. Sherafat
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Gregory D. Ford
- Southern University-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Byron D. Ford
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Fan W, Chen H, Li M, Fan X, Jiang F, Xu C, Wang Y, Wei W, Song J, Zhong D, Li G. NRF2 activation ameliorates blood-brain barrier injury after cerebral ischemic stroke by regulating ferroptosis and inflammation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5300. [PMID: 38438409 PMCID: PMC10912757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusion-induced ischemic stroke (IS) is a highly frequent stroke subtype. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that modulates antioxidant genes. Its role in IS is still unelucidated. The current study focused on constructing a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model for investigating the NRF2-related mechanism underlying cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Each male C57BL/6 mouse was injected with/with no specific NRF2 activator post-tMCAO. Changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB)-associated molecule levels were analyzed using western-blotting, PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analysis. NRF2 levels within cerebral I/R model decreased at 24-h post-ischemia. NRF2 activation improved brain edema, infarct volume, and neurological deficits after MCAO/R. Similarly, sulforaphane (SFN) prevented the down-regulated tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and reduced the up-regulated aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) after tMCAO. Collectively, NRF2 exerted a critical effect on preserving BBB integrity modulating ferroptosis and inflammation. Because NRF2 is related to BBB injury regulation following cerebral I/R, this provides a potential therapeutic target and throws light on the underlying mechanism for clinically treating IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, 82 Zhong Shan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ranjdoost F, Ghaffari ME, Azimi F, Mohammadi A, Fouladi-Fard R, Fiore M. Association between air pollution and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL): A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117392. [PMID: 37838197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that air pollution (AP) has harmful effects on hearing and ear diseases such as Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to AP on SSHL incidence. Valid electronic databases were searched to retrieve studies published until December 1, 2022, using appropriate keywords. The result of the search was 1146 studies, and after screening according to the defined criteria, in total 8 studies were obtained. The risk of bias (ROB) in the studies and their quality were assessed. Finally, the meta-analysis with a significance level of 5% was performed. The findings revealed that the mean level of SO2, CO, NO2, and PM10 in the patient group was more than that of the control group, and p-values were 0.879, 0.144, 0.077, and 0.138, respectively. There was an indirect relation between air pollutants and SSHL, and PM2.5 showed a significant effect (p < 0.05). Given the limited research and the use of different statistical methods, more research is suggested to confirm this association and to determine the mechanisms by which AP exposure may cause SSHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ranjdoost
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Ebrahim Ghaffari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Reza Fouladi-Fard
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Maria Fiore
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 87-95123, Catania, Italy.
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Furman M, Sihotsky V, Virag M, Kopolovets I, Nemethova M, Mucha R. Quantitative analysis of selected genetic markers of induced brain stroke ischemic tolerance detected in human blood. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148590. [PMID: 37739332 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A brain stroke is a serious disease and the second leading cause of death in the European Union. Carotid stenosis accounts for 15% of all ischemic cerebral strokes. However, there is currently no effective screening for carotid disease. Analysis of the DNA from peripheral blood is increasingly being used for several disease diagnoses. The potentially beneficial therapeutic method of inducing tissue tolerance to ischemia has so far been studied mainly in animal models. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in the gene expression of selected markers of brain ischemia during carotid endarterectomy, considered in this study as an activator of ischemic tolerance. During the carotid endarterectomy, there is a short-term occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Using the RT-qPCR method, we detected changes in the early identified gene markers of brain ischemia (ADM, CDKN1A, GADD45G, IL6, TM4SF1) in peripheral blood during sub lethal cerebral ischemia caused by carotid endarterectomy. Patients underwenting surgical procedure were divided into three groups: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and those who underwent carotid endarterectomy after an acute stroke. The results were compared to a negative/control group. Carotid endarterectomy had an impact on the expression of all monitored biomarkers. We observed statistically significant changes (p value 0.05-0.001) when comparing the groups among themselves, as well as the presence of ischemic tolerance of brain tissue to ischemic attacks. In conclusion, ADM, GADD45G, and TM4SF1 were affected in symptomatic patients, GADD45G and IL6 in acute patients, and CDKN1A and ADM in asymptomatic group after application of carotid endarterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Furman
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Sihotsky
- Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Virag
- Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Kopolovets
- Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Nemethova
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Mucha
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Wei J, Zhang Y, Li H, Wang F, Yao S. Toll-like receptor 4: A potential therapeutic target for multiple human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115338. [PMID: 37595428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as an intrinsic immune receptor, exhibits widespread in vivo expression and its dysregulation significantly contributes to the onset of various diseases, encompassing cardiovascular disorders, neoplastic conditions, and inflammatory ailments. This comprehensive review centers on elucidating the architectural and distributive characteristics of TLR4, its conventional signaling pathways, and its mode of action in diverse disease contexts. Ultimately, this review aims to propose novel avenues and therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Fuquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China.
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Kim JY, Hwang M, Choi NY, Koh SH. Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation/Assembly through the Activation of the PI3K Pathway by Naloxone Protects Neural Stem Cells from Ischemic Condition. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5330-5342. [PMID: 37300646 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Naloxone is a well-known opioid antagonist and has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. We investigated whether naloxone exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in neural stem cells (NSCs) injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), whether it affects the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation/assembly, and whether the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is important in the control of NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly by naloxone. Primary cultured NSCs were subjected to OGD and treated with different concentrations of naloxone. Cell viability, proliferation, and the intracellular signaling proteins associated with the PI3K pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly were evaluated in OGD-injured NSCs. OGD significantly reduced survival, proliferation, and migration and increased apoptosis of NSCs. However, treatment with naloxone significantly restored survival, proliferation, and migration and decreased apoptosis of NSCs. Moreover, OGD markedly increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly and cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1β levels in NSCs, but naloxone significantly attenuated these effects. These neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of naloxone were eliminated when cells were treated with PI3K inhibitors. Our results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic target and that naloxone reduces ischemic injury in NSCs by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly mediated by the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu LJ, Li F, Zhu DY. nNOS and Neurological, Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A 20-Year Story. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1439-1453. [PMID: 37074530 PMCID: PMC10113738 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, nitric oxide (NO), a free gas with multitudinous bioactivities, is mainly produced from the oxidation of L-arginine by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In the past 20 years, the studies in our group and other laboratories have suggested a significant involvement of nNOS in a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, the interactions between the PDZ domain of nNOS and its adaptor proteins, including post-synaptic density 95, the carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS, and the serotonin transporter, significantly influence the subcellular localization and functions of nNOS in the brain. The nNOS-mediated protein-protein interactions provide new attractive targets and guide the discovery of therapeutic drugs for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we summarize the work on the roles of nNOS and its association with multiple adaptor proteins on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Pereira JF, de Sousa Neves JC, Fonteles AA, Bezerra JR, Pires RC, da Silva ATA, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Oriá RB, de Barros Viana GS, Tavares J, de Sousa Nascimento T, Oliveira AV, Parente ACB, Gomes JMP, de Andrade GM. Palmatine, a natural alkaloid, attenuates memory deficits and neuroinflammation in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578131. [PMID: 37413943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves complex events, including oxidative stress and inflammation, that lead to neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. Palmatine (PAL) is a naturally occurring (Coptidis rhizome) isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the class of protoberberines and has a wide spectrum of pharmacological and biological effects. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of Palmatine on neuronal damage, memory deficits, and inflammatory response in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) occlusion. The animals were treated with Palmatine (0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg/day, orally) or vehicle (3% Tween + saline solution) 2 h after pMCAO once daily for 3 days. Cerebral ischemia was confirmed by evaluating the infarct area (TTC staining) and neurological deficit score 24 h after pMCAO. Treatment with palmatine (2 and 20 mg/kg) reduced infarct size and neurological deficits and prevented working and aversive memory deficits in ischemic mice. Palmatine, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, had a similar effect of reducing neuroinflammation 24 h after cerebral ischemia, decreasing TNF-, iNOS, COX-2, and NF- κB immunoreactivities and preventing the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, palmatine (2 mg/kg) reduced COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1β immunoreactivity 96 h after pMCAO. The neuroprotective properties of palmatine make it an excellent adjuvant treatment for strokes due to its inhibition of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fernandes Pereira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Catharina de Sousa Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rabelo Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Costa Pires
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Thais Araújo da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arnaldo Viana Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Barreto Oriá
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliete Tavares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Sousa Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alfaete Vieira Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Barros Parente
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jessica Maria Pessoa Gomes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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12
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Rashed ER, El-Hamoly T, El-Sheikh MM, El-Ghazaly MA. Pelargonidin ameliorates reserpine-induced neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cascade: a comparative in vivo study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:462-471. [PMID: 35289247 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting the neuronal mitochondria as a possible intervention to guard against neurodegenerative disorder progression has been investigated in the current work via the administration of pelargonidin (PEL) to rats intoxicated by the mitochondrial toxin reserpine. The main criteria for choosing PEL were its reported antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS Male albino Wistar rats were randomized into five experimental groups; normal control, reserpinized to induce mitochondrial failure, standard PARP-1-inhibitor 1,5-isoquinolinediol (DIQ)-treated reserpinized, PEL-treated reserpinized, and GSK-3β inhibitor (AR-A 014418) -treated reserpinized. RESULTS PEL administration reversed the reserpine-induced abnormal behaviors marked by decreased catalepsy time. In addition, PEL restored brain glutathione with a reduction in nitric oxide content as compared to the reserpine-challenged group. Meanwhile, it improved neuronal mitochondrial function by the elevation of complex I activity associated with a low ADP/ATP ratio. Likely through its anti-inflammatory effect, PEL reduced the elevation of serum interleukin-1ß level and inhibited serum lactate dehydrogenase activity. These findings are aligned with the reduced expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 proteins, indicating PEL's suppressive effect on the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Those biochemical findings were confirmed through comparable histopathological tissue examination among the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, PEL is a promising candidate for future use in the management of mitochondria-associated neuronal complications via controlling the ongoing inflammatory and degeneration cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy R Rashed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Tarek El-Hamoly
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Marwa M El-Sheikh
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Ghazaly
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
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Siransy LK, Dasse RS, Adou H, Kouacou P, Kouamenan S, Sekongo Y, Yeboah R, Memel C, Assi-Sahoin A, Moussa SY, Oura D, Seri J. Are IL-1 family cytokines important in management of sickle cell disease in Sub-Saharan Africa patients? Front Immunol 2023; 14:954054. [PMID: 36969226 PMCID: PMC10034065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.954054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disease found in Africa and throughout the world. It is responsible for a high rate of hemolysis, systemic inflammation, and modulation of the immune system with the involvement of immunological molecules, such as cytokines. IL-1β is a major inflammatory cytokine. IL-18 and IL-33, members of IL-1 family, also exhibit characteristics of inflammation-related cytokines. Thus, in order to contribute to the evaluation of the severity and prognosis of SCD in Africa, this study aimed to estimate the cytokine response, in particular the levels of cytokines of the IL-1 family, in sickle cell patients living in a Sub-Saharan country. Methods Ninety patients with a diagnosis of SCD were recruited with different hemoglobin types. Samples were assessed for cytokine levels using the Human Inflammation Panel assay from BioLegend. The assay allows the simultaneous quantification of 13 human inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, i.e., IL-1β, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, TNFα, MCP-1 (CCL2), IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-23, and IL-33. Results and discussion the assessment of plasma cytokines in SCD patients revealed significantly increased levels of IL-1 family cytokines in crisis compared to steady state, suggesting a substantial involvement of these cytokines in clinical exacerbation. This suggests the possibility of a causal effect in the SCD pathology and can open the way to define better care, pointing toward new therapeutic avenues for sickle disease in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane K. Siransy
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Transfusional therapeutic department, National Blood Transfusion Center, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- *Correspondence: Liliane K. Siransy, ,
| | - Romuald S. Dasse
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Honoré Adou
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Patricia Kouacou
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sidonie Kouamenan
- Transfusional therapeutic department, National Blood Transfusion Center, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Yassongui Sekongo
- Transfusional therapeutic department, National Blood Transfusion Center, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Richard Yeboah
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Charlene Memel
- Immunology Department, CHU Bouake, Alassane Ouattara University, Bouake, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Aniella Assi-Sahoin
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Salimata Y. Moussa
- Transfusional therapeutic department, National Blood Transfusion Center, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Doris Oura
- Transfusional therapeutic department, National Blood Transfusion Center, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jocelyne Seri
- Immunology–Allergology Department, Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Hao T, Chen C, Yang S, Zhang Y, Liang F. Mangiferin exerts neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:383-391. [PMID: 36322276 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mangiferin is a natural free radical scavenging antioxidant that induces excitation of the central nervous system. However, the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of mangiferin on focal cerebral ischemia has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of mangiferin on focal cerebral ischemia in mice. METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to investigate the effect of mangiferin on focal cerebral ischemia. Mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham, MCAO, MCAO + 5 mg/kg mangiferin, MCAO + 20 mg/kg mangiferin and MCAO + 5 mg/kg nimodipine. Neurobehavioral scores, brain edema, brain injury scores, relative infarct size and expression of some inflammatory factors in the brain were evaluated. NF-κB pathway was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The results showed that mangiferin effectively attenuated MCAO-induced brain injury, including improvement of neurological impairment, reduction of brain edema, and reduction of infarct size. Compared with the MCAO group, mangiferin significantly inhibited MCAO-induced neuroinflammation, which can be proved by reduced expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2. In addition, we found that phosphorylation of IκBα was inhibited and the expression of NF-κB p65 in the nucleus was reduced after the addition of mangiferin. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that mangiferin exerts neuroprotective effects on focal cerebral ischemia in mice by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Mangiferin may be an effective treatment for cerebral ischemia and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpao Hao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Southern white elephant town, Ouhai district, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shen Yang
- Departments of Neurology, Wuhu NO.1 People's Hospital, 241000, Wuhu, NO, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feiyu Liang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Southern white elephant town, Ouhai district, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
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Sakyi SA, Opoku AS, Amoani B, Afranie BO, Kwarteng A, Ephriam RD, Opoku S, Senu E, Aidoo E, Sarfo FS. Assessing the variability and the role of inflammatory cytokines and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in predicting stroke among hypertensives: A case-control study. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2022; 1:100086. [PMID: 38515909 PMCID: PMC10953871 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a complex lipid-driven inflammatory disease in which numerous cell types and inflammatory mediators are involved in the progression of hypertension to stroke. Mediators' markers that could predict the progression of hypertension to stroke are of research importance. We assessed the predictive value of individual and combined cytokines and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) among hypertensives with or without stroke. Methods In a case-control study, we enrolled 63 cases with stroke and hypertension (HPT-S), 59 stroke-free hypertensives (HPT), and 53 stroke free normotensives as controls (CS). Sociodemographic data and blood samples were collected for the estimation of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) using commercially available ELISA kits from Biobase Biotech, Shanghai, China. The Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to calculate diagnostic accuracy for cytokines in predicting stroke among hypertensives. A combined bioscore model of IL-10 and MCP-1 was generated to predict stroke among hypertensives. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the chances of IL-10 and MCP-1 in predicting stroke among hypertensives. Statistical analyses were performed using R-language. Results The HPT-S group had significantly higher levels of MCP-1 and IL-10 compared to the HPT and CS groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6 amongst the three study groups. MCP-1 and IL-10 were predictive of stroke occurrence among hypertensives and were used to develop a bioscore model. An elevated MCP-1 and IL-10 with a bioscore 2 had a predictive accuracy of 0.81, a sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.84. At a bioscore of 1, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting stroke among hypertensives was 97.0% and 61.0% respectively. In a binary logistic regression, having a bioscore of 1 [aOR = 20.43, 95% CI (2.17-192.62), p = 0.008] or 2 [aOR = 26.00, 95% CI (2.92-231.31), p = 0.003] were significantly associated with stroke occurrence among hypertensives. Conclusion Higher levels of IL-10 with a concomitant level of MCP-1 could serve as a good predictor of stroke among hypertensives. Subsequently, MCP-1 may prove useful as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis in hypertensives. Combined bioscore of MCP-1 and IL-10 could serve as a good predictor of stroke among hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asamoah Sakyi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Afia Serwaa Opoku
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Amoani
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Bright Oppong Afranie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Dadzie Ephriam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Stephen Opoku
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Senu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Aidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Accra Technical University, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fred Stephen Sarfo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
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Ali M, Mahmood IH. Commercial Hormone Replacement Therapy Jeopardized Proinflammatory Factors in Experimental Rat Models. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hormonal contraceptive therapy is considered the easiest and most convenient contraceptive method. Commercially, available contraceptive combination differs in their composition and concentration of combined constituents. These variations make some of these products preferred over others by consumers based on their side effects profile.
AIM: The objective of the current research was to ascertain the proinflammatory influences of commercially available products.
METHODS: To do so, five groups of rats (ten rats in each group) were exposed to Microgynon, Depo-Provera, marvel on, and Yasmin compared to the control non-treated group. We measured proinflammatory markers including d-dimer, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL (interleukin)-6, IL (interleukin)-1B, and c-reactive protein.
RESULTS: The results confirmed that Yasmin has induced the most deleterious effects on proinflammatory markers indicated by significant elevation of IL1B.
CONCLUSION: Hormone replacement therapy should be critically indicated and precautions raised inpatient with subclinical diseases, especially cardiovascular ones.
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Cheng CG, Chen YH, Yen SY, Lin HC, Lin HC, Chou KR, Cheng CA. Air Pollution Exposure and the Relative Risk of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Taipei. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6144. [PMID: 35627680 PMCID: PMC9141287 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The etiologies of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) remain unclear. The level of mean particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) was not associated with SSHL, but the maximum PM2.5 level exhibited a negative association with SSHL in Korea. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 2 weeks increased the risk of SSHL. The lag effects of SSHL after air pollution exposure were limited. We aimed to evaluate the association of SSHL with air pollution exposure to determine whether air pollution exposure caused delayed effects. (2) Methods: This observational study used inpatient data obtained from electronic health records at the Tri-Service General Hospital from 2011 to 2019. The data of all SSHL patients were retrieved. The air quality dataset from Songshan station from 2011 to 2019 was used. The main outcomes were the relative risks (RRs) of SSHL associated with PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures within 1 month. The relationships between these factors were examined using distributed lag nonlinear time series models. (3) Results: The RR of SSHL associated with PM2.5 exposure was 1.195 (95% confidence interval (C.I.: 1.047-1.363) for a 10 unit increase at a lag of 7 days. The RR of SSHL associated with O3 exposure was 1.14 (95% C.I.: 1.003-1.3) for a 10 unit increase at a lag of 9 days. The RR of SSHL associated with NO2 exposure was 1.284 (95% C.I.: 1.05-1.57) for a 10 unit increase at a lag of 23 days. (4) Conclusions: In our study, SSHL was confirmed to be associated with air pollution exposure with a lag effect. We discussed possible mechanisms to explore possible biological hypotheses and support further research. Large-scale studies including participants with other ethnicities and causal relationships are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gu Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32549, Taiwan;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Emergency Department, Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Shang-Yih Yen
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Chen Lin
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (K.-R.C.)
| | - Hung-Che Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Kuei-Ru Chou
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (K.-R.C.)
- Center for Nursing and Healthcare Research in Clinical Practice Application, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei 23561, Taiwan
- Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-An Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
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Zhong Y, Gu L, Ye Y, Zhu H, Pu B, Wang J, Li Y, Qiu S, Xiong X, Jian Z. JAK2/STAT3 axis intermediates microglia/macrophage polarization during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neuroscience 2022; 496:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Qu W, Cheng Y, Peng W, Wu Y, Rui T, Luo C, Zhang J. Targeting iNOS Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via Promoting Ferroptosis of M1 Microglia and Reducing Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3124-3139. [PMID: 35262869 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of neuroinflammation in mediating acute pathophysiological events of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, it is not clear how to target this inflammatory cascade after SAH. M1 activation of microglia is an important pathological mechanism driving neuroinflammation in SAH, which is considered aggressive, leading to cytotoxicity and robust inflammation related to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines after SAH. Thus, reducing the number of M1 microglia represents a potential target for therapies to improve outcomes after SAH. Previous studies have found that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NO•) plays an essential role in promoting the survival of M1 microglia by blocking ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a new type of iron-dependent cellular procedural death associated with pathological cell death related to mammalian degenerative diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we investigated the effect of L-NIL, an inhibitor of iNOS, on M1 microglia, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, brain edema, and neurological function in an experimental SAH model in vivo and in vitro. We found that L-NIL reduced the number of M1 microglia and alleviated neuroinflammation following SAH. Notably, treatment with L-NIL relieves brain edema and neuronal injury and improves outcomes of neurological function after SAH in rats. Mechanistically, we found that L-NIL inhibited the expression of iNOS and promoted ferroptosis of M1 microglia by increasing the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins and lipid peroxidation in an in vitro model of SAH, which was reversed by a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. In addition, inhibiting iNOS had no significant effect on ferroptosis of neurons after oxyhemoglobin stimulation in vitro. Thus, our research demonstrated that inhibition of iNOS might represent a potential therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes after SAH by promoting ferroptosis of M1 microglia and reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu Province, China.
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20
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Li T, Xu T, Zhao J, Gao H, Xie W. Depletion of iNOS-positive inflammatory cells decelerates neuronal degeneration and alleviates cerebral ischemic damage by suppressing the inflammatory response. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:209-220. [PMID: 35150825 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke leads to neuronal damage and severe inflammation that activate iNOS expression in different cell types, especially inflammatory cells in the brain. It is shown that NO released from iNOS contributes to the pathological development of cerebral ischemia. However, the role of these iNOS-expressing inflammatory cells in ischemic stroke has not been fully elucidated. Our purpose is to test if ischemia-induced iNOS+ inflammatory cells may exaggerate cerebral inflammation to exacerbate neuronal deficit. We studied the dynamics of iNOS+ cells after stroke and found an early and sustained iNOS expression at lesion site. Since iNOS is highly expressed in inflammatory cells after injury, we depleted the iNOS + inflammatory cells via the selective scavenger GdCl3, and investigated its effect on stroke outcome, neuronal and vascular deficit, and inflammatory response. After GdCl3 treatment, half of iNOS+ inflammatory cells were depleted, including mainly activated microglia/macrophages and some astrocytes. Selective depletion of iNOS+ inflammatory cells resulted in a pronounced reduction in brain damage, resulting in improvement of motor ability. Histologic studies and in vivo two-photon imaging data revealed a slowdown of neuronal degeneration after the depletion of iNOS+ inflammatory cells. In contrast to iNOS inhibition alone, depletion of iNOS+ inflammatory cells profoundly altered the immune microenvironment profile, in addition to reducing NO production. qRT-PCR analysis showed that depletion of iNOS+ inflammatory cells significantly restrained the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which moderated the immune microenvironment at the lesion site. Taken together, our data demonstrate that depleting iNOS+ inflammatory cells prevents neuronal damage not only by inhibiting NO, but also importantly by suppressing the inflammatory response, which is beneficial to ischemic injury. These results provide evidence that iNOS+ inflammatory cells, as a vital source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contribute to the development of ischemic damage and could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
| | - Wenguang Xie
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China
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21
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Exploring the Mechanism of Edaravone for Oxidative Stress in Rats with Cerebral Infarction Based on Quantitative Proteomics Technology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8653697. [PMID: 35027937 PMCID: PMC8752268 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8653697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective To explore the mechanism of edaravone in the treatment of oxidative stress in rats with cerebral infarction based on quantitative proteomics technology. Method The modified Zea Longa intracavitary suture blocking method was utilized to make rat CI model. After modeling, the rat was intragastrically given edaravone for 7 days, once a day. After the 7-day intervention, the total proteins of serum were extracted. After proteomics analysis, the differentially expressed proteins are analyzed by bioinformatics. Then chemoinformatics methods were used to explore the biomolecular network of edaravone intervention in CI. Result The neurological scores and pathological changes of rats were improved after the intervention of edaravone. Proteomics analysis showed that in the model/sham operation group, 90 proteins in comparison group were upregulated, and 26 proteins were downregulated. In the edaravone/model group, 21 proteins were upregulated, and 41 proteins were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis and chemoinformatics analysis also show that edaravone is related to platelet activation and aggregation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, iron metabolism, hypoxia, inflammatory chemokines, their mediated signal transduction, and so on. Conclusion The therapeutic mechanism of edaravone in the treatment of CI may involve platelet activation and aggregation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, iron metabolism, hypoxia, and so on. This study revealed the serum protein profile of edaravone in the treatment of cerebral infarction rats through serum TMT proteomics and discovered the relevant mechanism of edaravone regulating iron metabolism in cerebral infarction, which provides new ideas for the study of edaravone intervention in cerebral infarction and also provides reference information for future research on the mechanism of edaravone intervention in iron metabolism-related diseases.
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22
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Niu M, Li H, Li X, Yan X, Ma A, Pan X, Zhu X. Circulating Exosomal miRNAs as Novel Biomarkers Perform Superior Diagnostic Efficiency Compared With Plasma miRNAs for Large-Artery Atherosclerosis Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:791644. [PMID: 34899352 PMCID: PMC8661454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.791644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, exosomal miRNAs have been reported to be associated with some diseases, and these miRNAs can be used for diagnosis and treatment. However, diagnostic biomarkers of exosomal miRNAs for ischemic stroke have rarely been studied. In the present study, we aimed to identify exosomal miRNAs that are associated with large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) stroke, the most common subtype of ischemic stroke; to further verify their diagnostic efficiency; and to obtain promising biomarkers. High-throughput sequencing was performed on samples from 10 subjects. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on exosomes and plasma in the discovery phase (66 subjects in total) and the validation phase (520 subjects in total). We identified 5 candidate differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-369-3p, miR-493-3p, miR-379-5p, miR-1296-5p, and miR-1277-5p) in the discovery phase according to their biological functions, 4 of which (miR-369-3p, miR-493-3p, miR-379-5p, and miR-1296-5p) were confirmed in the validation phase. These four exosomal miRNAs could be used to distinguish LAA samples from small artery occlusion (SAO) samples, LAA samples from atherosclerosis (AS) samples, and LAA samples from control samples and were superior to plasma miRNAs. In addition, composite biomarkers achieved higher area under the curve (AUC) values than single biomarkers. According to our analysis, the expression levels of exosomal miR-493-3p and miR-1296-5p were negatively correlated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. The four identified exosomal miRNAs are promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of LAA stroke, and their diagnostic efficiency is superior to that of their counterparts in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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23
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Deep Sequencing of the Rat MCAO Cortexes Reveals Crucial circRNAs Involved in Early Stroke Events and Their Regulatory Networks. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9942537. [PMID: 34868302 PMCID: PMC8635952 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9942537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly enriched in the central nervous system and significantly involved in a range of brain-related physiological and pathological processes. Ischemic stroke is a complex disorder caused by multiple factors; however, whether brain-derived circRNAs participate in the complex regulatory networks involved in stroke pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we successfully constructed a cerebral ischemia-injury model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of poststroke cortical circRNAs were performed through deep sequencing, and RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were used for validation. Of the 24,858 circRNAs expressed in the rat cerebral cortex, 294 circRNAs were differentially expressed in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex between the MCAO and sham rat groups. Cluster, GO, and KEGG analyses showed enrichments of these circRNAs and their host genes in numerous biological processes and pathways closely related to stroke. We selected 106 of the 294 circRNAs and constructed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network comprising 577 sponge miRNAs and 696 target mRNAs. In total, 15 key potential circRNAs were predicted to be involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of a series of downstream target genes, which are widely implicated in poststroke processes, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and nerve regeneration, through the competing endogenous RNA mechanism. Thus, circRNAs appear to be involved in multilevel actions that regulate the vast network of multiple mechanisms and events that occur after a stroke. These results provide novel insights into the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke.
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24
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Kang EJ, Cho S, Lim C, Lee B, Kim YK, Kim KM. Effects of the methanol fraction of modified Seonghyangjeongki-san water extract on transient ischaemic brain injury in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:840-853. [PMID: 34184969 PMCID: PMC8245089 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1941130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recently in Korean medicine, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Seonghyangjeongki-san (SHJKS) were reported. However, studies on the specific mechanisms of action of SHJKS for the treatment of ischaemic stroke are still lacking. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the mechanism of action of the water extract methanol fraction of modified SHJKS (SHJKSmex) on cerebral ischaemic injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered SHJKSmex (30, 100, or 300 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days (2 days, 1 day, and 1 h, respectively) before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Twenty-four hours after MCAO, the infarct volumes were measured, brain edoema indices were calculated, and neurological deficit scores were determined. Inflammation-related substances in the ipsilateral hemisphere were determined by western blotting, dichlorofluorescin diacetate, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS SHJKSmex pre-treatment at 300 mg/kg decreased infarct volume by 87% and mean brain water content by 90% of the MCAO control group. Moreover, SHJKSmex effectively suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, reactive oxygen species, interleukin 1, and caspases-8 and -9 and increased the B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein ratio (Bcl-2/Bax) in ischaemic mouse brain. The hippocampal pyramidal cell densities were significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg SHJKSmex-administered group compared to the MCAO control group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS SHJKSmex protected the brain from ischaemic stroke in mice through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Our findings suggest that SHJKSmex is a promising therapeutic candidate for the development of a new formulation for ischaemia-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Inju Hospital of Korean Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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25
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Zhou C, Su M, Sun P, Tang X, Yin KJ. Nitro-oleic acid-mediated blood-brain barrier protection reduces ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113861. [PMID: 34499902 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2), a nitroalkene formed in nitric oxide-dependent oxidative reactions, has been found in human plasma and is thought to regulate pathophysiological functions. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that OA-NO2 may function as an anti-inflammatory mediator, and ameliorate the progression of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of OA-NO2 in ischemic brain injury remains unexplored. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and followed by 1- 7 days of reperfusion. These mice were treated with vehicle, OA, or OA-NO2 (10 mg/kg) via tail vein injection at 2 h after the onset of MCAO. Our results show that intravenous administration of OA-NO2 led to reduced BBB leakage in ischemic brains, reduced brain infarct, and improved sensorimotor functions in response to ischemic insults when compared to OA and vehicle controls. Also, OA-NO2 significantly reduced BBB leakage-triggered infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the ischemic brains. Moreover, OA-NO2 treatment reduced the M1-type microglia and increased M2-type microglia. Mechanistically, OA-NO2 alleviated the decline of mRNA and protein level of major endothelial TJs including ZO-1 in stroke mice. Treatment of OA-NO2 also significantly inhibited stroke-induced inflammatory mediators, iNOS, E-selectin, P-selectin, and ICAM1, in mouse brains. In conclusion, OA-NO2 preserves BBB integrity and confers neurovascular protection in ischemic brain damage. OA-NO2-mediated brain protection may help us to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Moxi Su
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xuelian Tang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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26
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Caba E, Sherman MD, Farizatto KLG, Alcira B, Wang HW, Giardina C, Shin DG, Sandefur CI, Bahr BA. Excitotoxic stimulation activates distinct pathogenic and protective expression signatures in the hippocampus. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9011-9027. [PMID: 34414662 PMCID: PMC8435451 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxic events underlying ischaemic and traumatic brain injuries activate degenerative and protective pathways, particularly in the hippocampus. To understand opposing pathways that determine the brain's response to excitotoxicity, we used hippocampal explants, thereby eliminating systemic variables during a precise protocol of excitatory stimulation. N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) was applied for 20 min and total RNA isolated one and 24 h later for neurobiology‐specific microarrays. Distinct groups of genes exhibited early vs. delayed induction, with 63 genes exclusively reduced 24‐h post‐insult. Egr‐1 and NOR‐1 displayed biphasic transcriptional modulation: early induction followed by delayed suppression. Opposing events of NMDA‐induced genes linked to pathogenesis and cell survival constituted the early expression signature. Delayed degenerative indicators (up‐regulated pathogenic genes, down‐regulated pro‐survival genes) and opposing compensatory responses (down‐regulated pathogenic genes, up‐regulated pro‐survival genes) generated networks with temporal gene profiles mirroring coexpression network clustering. We then used the expression profiles to test whether NF‐κB, a potent transcription factor implicated in both degenerative and protective pathways, is involved in the opposing responses. The NF‐κB inhibitor MG‐132 indeed altered NMDA‐mediated transcriptional changes, revealing components of opposing expression signatures that converge on the single response element. Overall, this study identified counteracting avenues among the distinct responses to excitotoxicity, thereby suggesting multi‐target treatment strategies and implications for predictive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Caba
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Neurosciences Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Marcus D Sherman
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Karen L G Farizatto
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Britney Alcira
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Hsin-Wei Wang
- Bioinformatics and Biocomputing Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Dong-Guk Shin
- Bioinformatics and Biocomputing Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Conner I Sandefur
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and the Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Diseases Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Sandefur Modeling, Pittsboro, NC, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Neurosciences Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA
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27
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma: a novel therapeutic target for cognitive impairment and mood disorders that functions via the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:553-563. [PMID: 34138417 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural precursor cells occur not only during embryonic development but also within distinct regions of the adult brain through the process of adult neurogenesis. As neurogenesis can potentially regulate brain cognition and neuronal plasticity, the factors that enhance neurogenesis can be attractive therapeutic targets for improving cognitive function and regulating neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including affective and mood disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ is a target for insulin sensitizers and plays an essential role in regulating various metabolic processes, including adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, evidence demonstrates the role of PPARγ activation in regulating neurogenesis. The pharmacological activation of PPARγ using specific ligands increases the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, and prevents neurodegeneration and improves cognition and anxiety/depression-like behaviors in animal models. We summarize here recent reports on the role of PPARγ in adult neurogenesis, as well as the mechanisms involved, and suggest that PPARγ can serve as a potential therapeutic target for neurological and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
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28
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Phytochemicals as regulators of microglia/macrophages activation in cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Dong X, Wang L, Song G, Cai X, Wang W, Chen J, Wang G. Physcion Protects Rats Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Inhibition of TLR4/NF-kB Signaling Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:277-287. [PMID: 33536742 PMCID: PMC7847770 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s267856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by the rapid loss of brain function due to ischemia. Physcion has been found to have a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanism by which physcion regulates cerebral I/R injury remains largely unknown. Methods An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in SH-SY5Y cells and a rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model were established, respectively. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to detect the viability and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in the supernatant of SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, Western blot assay was used to detect the expressions of TLR4, p-p65 and p-IκB in SH-SY5Y cells and I/R rats. Results In this study, physcion treatment significantly rescued OGD/R-induced neuronal injury. In addition, physcion decreased inflammatory response in SH-SY5Y cells after OGD/R insult, as shown by the decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. Moreover, physcion attenuated the oxidative stress in OGD/R-treated SY-SY5Y cells, as evidenced by the increased SOD and GSH levels and the decreased ROS and MDA levels. Meanwhile, physcion significantly reduced cerebral infarction, attenuated neuronal injury and apoptosis in I/R rats. Furthermore, physcion markedly decreased the expressions of TLR4, p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκB in the brain tissues of rats subjected to I/R and in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to OGD/R. Conclusion In conclusion, our study indicated that physcion protected neuron cells against I/R injury in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of the TLR4/NF-kB pathway; thus, physcion might serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Dong
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrong Song
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cai
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
| | - Gesheng Wang
- The Third Department of Encephalopathy, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
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30
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Shabani S. A mechanistic view on the neurotoxic effects of air pollution on central nervous system: risk for autism and neurodegenerative diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6349-6373. [PMID: 33398761 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many reports have shown a strong association between exposure to neurotoxic air pollutants like heavy metal and particulate matter (PM) as an active participant and neurological disorders. While the effects of these toxic pollutants on cardiopulmonary morbidity have principally been studied, growing evidence has shown that exposure to polluted air is associated with memory impairment, communication deficits, and anxiety/depression among all ages. So, these toxic pollutants in the environment increase the risk of neurodegenerative disease, ischemia, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The precise mechanisms in which air pollutants lead to communicative inability, social inability, and declined cognition have remained unknown. Various animal model studies show that amyloid precursor protein (APP), processing, oxidant/antioxidant balance, and inflammation pathways change following the exposure to constituents of polluted air. In the present review study, we collect the probable molecular mechanisms of deleterious CNS effects in response to various air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreh Shabani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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31
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Chen H, Yang H, Zhang C, Chen S, Zhao X, Zhu M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wo HT, Li K, Cheng Z. Differential Responses of Transplanted Stem Cells to Diseased Environment Unveiled by a Molecular NIR-II Cell Tracker. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9798580. [PMID: 34250496 PMCID: PMC8237598 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9798580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds high promises in regenerative medicine. The major challenge of clinical translation is to precisely and quantitatively evaluate the in vivo cell distribution, migration, and engraftment, which cannot be easily achieved by current techniques. To address this issue, for the first time, we have developed a molecular cell tracker with a strong fluorescence signal in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window (1,000-1,700 nm) for real-time monitoring of in vivo cell behaviors in both healthy and diseased animal models. The NIR-II tracker (CelTrac1000) has shown complete cell labeling with low cytotoxicity and profound long-term tracking ability for 30 days in high spatiotemporal resolution for semiquantification of the biodistribution of transplanted stem cells. Taking advantage of the unique merits of CelTrac1000, the responses of transplanted stem cells to different diseased environments have been discriminated and unveiled. Furthermore, we also demonstrate CelTrac1000 as a universal and effective technique for ultrafast real-time tracking of the cellular migration and distribution in a 100 μm single-cell cluster spatial resolution, along with the lung contraction and heart beating. As such, this NIR-II tracker will shift the optical cell tracking into a single-cell cluster and millisecond temporal resolution for better evaluating and understanding stem cell therapy, affording optimal doses and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, USA
| | - Huaxiao Yang
- University of North Texas, Biomedical Engineering, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Si Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 88, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark Zhu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, USA
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuebing Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, USA
| | - Hung-Ta Wo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, 33305, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5344, USA
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Dasdelen D, Solmaz M, Menevse E, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK, Erdogan E. Increased apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor-α, and DNA damage attenuated by 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonol in rats with brain İschemia-reperfusion. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53:39-49. [PMID: 33975998 PMCID: PMC8216126 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_727_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This research was aimed to find out the effects of 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) on apoptosis, DNA damage, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the frontal cortex of rats with induced experimental brain ischemi reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 38 Wistar albino male rats were used. Groups were created as 1-Sham; 2-Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R); 3-I/R + DiOHF (10 mg/kg); 4-Ischemia + DiOHF + reperfusion; 5-DiOHF + I/R. I/R was performed by carotid artery ligation for 30 min in anesthesized animals. Following experimental applications, blood samples were taken from anesthetized rats to obtain erythrocyte and plasma. Later, the rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and frontal cortex samples were taken and stored at − 80° C for the analysis. RESULTS: In the ischemic frontal cortex tissue sections degenerate neuron numbers, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cell ratio and caspase-3 positive cell ratio increased. Malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and 8-OHdG levels were increased in both plasma and tissue in ischemia group, whereas tissue and erythrocyte glutathione levels were significantly suppressed. However, these values were significantly reversed by DiOHF treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that I/R significantly increased apoptosis, TNF-α, and DNA damage in rats with brain I/R. However, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal DiOHF treatment improved deterioted parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Dasdelen
- Deparment of Physiology, Selcuk University, Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Merve Solmaz
- Deparment of Histology, Selcuk University, Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Esma Menevse
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Deparment of Physiology, Selcuk University, Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ender Erdogan
- Deparment of Histology, Selcuk University, Medical School, Konya, Turkey
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Kaminski N, Köster C, Mouloud Y, Börger V, Felderhoff-Müser U, Bendix I, Giebel B, Herz J. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce Neuroinflammation, Promote Neural Cell Proliferation and Improve Oligodendrocyte Maturation in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:601176. [PMID: 33362471 PMCID: PMC7758466 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.601176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonatal encephalopathy caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of childhood mortality and disability. Stem cell-based regenerative therapies seem promising to prevent long-term neurological deficits. Our previous work in neonatal HI revealed an unexpected interaction between mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and the brains' microenvironment leading to an altered therapeutic efficiency. MSCs are supposed to mediate most of their therapeutic effects in a paracrine mode via extracellular vesicles (EVs), which might be an alternative to cell therapy. In the present study, we investigated the impact of MSC-EVs on neonatal HI-induced brain injury. Methods: Nine-day-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to HI through ligation of the right common carotid artery followed by 1 h hypoxia (10% oxygen). MSC-EVs were injected intraperitoneally 1, 3, and 5 days after HI. One week after HI, brain injury was evaluated by regional neuropathological scoring, atrophy measurements and immunohistochemistry to assess effects on neuronal, oligodendrocyte and vessel densities, proliferation, oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination, astro-, and microglia activation. Immunohistochemistry analyses were complemented by mRNA expression analyses for a broad set of M1/M2- and A1/A2-associated molecules and neural growth factors. Results: While total neuropathological scores and tissue atrophy were not changed, MSC-EVs significantly protected from HI-induced striatal tissue loss and decreased micro- and astroglia activation. MSC-EVs lead to a significant downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFa, accompanied by a significant upregulation of the M2 marker YM-1 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFb. MSC-EVs significantly decreased astrocytic expression of the A1 marker C3, concomitant with an increased expression of neural growth factors (i.e., BDNF, VEGF, and EGF). These alterations were associated with an increased neuronal and vessel density, coinciding with a significant increase of proliferating cells in the neurogenic sub-ventricular zone juxtaposed to the striatum. MSC-EV-mediated neuroprotection went along with a significant improvement of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that MSC-EVs mediate anti-inflammatory effects, promote regenerative responses and improve key developmental processes in the injured neonatal brain. The present results suggest different cellular target mechanisms of MSC-EVs, preventing secondary HI-induced brain injury. MSC-EV treatment may be a promising alternative to risk-associated cell therapies in neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kaminski
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Köster
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yanis Mouloud
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Börger
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Bendix
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Josephine Herz
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Choi DW. Excitotoxicity: Still Hammering the Ischemic Brain in 2020. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:579953. [PMID: 33192266 PMCID: PMC7649323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.579953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in excitotoxicity expanded following its implication in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury in the 1980s, but waned subsequent to the failure of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in high profile clinical stroke trials. Nonetheless there has been steady progress in elucidating underlying mechanisms. This review will outline the historical path to current understandings of excitotoxicity in the ischemic brain, and suggest that this knowledge should be leveraged now to develop neuroprotective treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Choi
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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35
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Verapamil Inhibits Mitochondria-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Dependent Apoptosis Pathways in Cerebral Transient Global Ischemia/Reperfusion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5872645. [PMID: 33133347 PMCID: PMC7591985 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5872645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is the largest lobe of the brain and is consequently involved in stroke. There is no comprehensive practical pharmacological strategy for ameliorating prefrontal cortex injury induced by cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we studied the neuroprotective properties of verapamil (Ver) on mitochondrial dysfunction and morphological features of apoptosis in transient global ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Ninety-six Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: control, I/R, I/R+Ver (10 mg/kg twice 1 hour prior to ischemia and 1 hour after reperfusion phase), and I/R+NaCl (vehicle). Animals were sacrificed, and mitochondrial dysfunction parameters (i.e., mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP concentration, ROS production, and cytochrome c release), antioxidant defense (i.e., superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and caspase-3 activation), and morphological features of apoptosis were determined. The results showed that mitochondrial damage, impairment of antioxidant defense system, and apoptosis were significantly more prevalent in the I/R group in comparison with the other groups. Ver decreased mitochondrial damage by reducing oxidative stress, augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain, and decreased apoptosis in the I/R neurons. The current study confirmed the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in I/R progression and indicated the possible antioxidative mechanism of the neuroprotective activities of Ver.
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36
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Putzer AS, Worthmann H, Grosse GM, Goetz F, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Dirks M, Kielstein JT, Lichtinghagen R, Budde U, Bode-Böger SM, Weissenborn K, Schuppner R. ADAMTS13 activity is associated with early neurological improvement in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 49:67-74. [PMID: 31482326 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-019-01941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with recombinant tissue-plasminogen-activator represents a highly effective treatment in acute ischemic stroke patients, not every patient benefits. We hypothesized that pretreatment levels of mediators of hemostasis (VWF and ADAMTS13) and dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) are associated with early neurological improvement and outcome after IVT in ischemic stroke. Moreover we aimed to investigate the link between ADAMTS13 and markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6, MMP-9 and MCP-1). In 43 patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with IVT blood samples for determination of the different markers were strictly taken before treatment, as well as at 24 h, 3, 7 and 90 days after symptom onset. Early neurological improvement was assessed using the shift between National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at baseline and at 24 h. Outcome at 90 days was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale. The lowest quartile of ADAMTS13 activity was independently associated with less improvement in NIHSS (baseline-24 h) (OR 1.298, p = 0.050). No independent association of ADMA or SDMA levels at baseline with outcome could be shown. Furthermore, IL-6, MCP-1 and CRP levels at 90 days significantly differed between patients with low and high ADAMTS13 activity. Thus, ADAMTS13 might indicate or even influence efficacy of IVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Putzer
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Worthmann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerrit M Grosse
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedrich Goetz
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Otto-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, University Hospital, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Meike Dirks
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan T Kielstein
- Medical Clinic V, Academic Teaching Hospital Braunschweig, 38118, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Budde
- Medilys Laboratory, Asklepios Klinik Altona, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Bode-Böger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Otto-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, University Hospital, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramona Schuppner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Saft M, Gonzales-Portillo B, Park YJ, Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Cho J, Garbuzova-Davis S, Borlongan CV. Stem Cell Repair of the Microvascular Damage in Stroke. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092075. [PMID: 32932814 PMCID: PMC7563611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening disease that leads to mortality, with survivors subjected to long-term disability. Microvascular damage is implicated as a key pathological feature, as well as a therapeutic target for stroke. In this review, we present evidence detailing subacute diaschisis in a focal ischemic stroke rat model with a focus on blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and related pathogenic processes in contralateral brain areas. Additionally, we discuss BBB competence in chronic diaschisis in a similar rat stroke model, highlighting the pathological changes in contralateral brain areas that indicate progressive morphological brain disturbances overtime after stroke onset. With diaschisis closely approximating stroke onset and progression, it stands as a treatment of interest for stroke. Indeed, the use of stem cell transplantation for the repair of microvascular damage has been investigated, demonstrating that bone marrow stem cells intravenously transplanted into rats 48 h post-stroke survive and integrate into the microvasculature. Ultrastructural analysis of transplanted stroke brains reveals that microvessels display a near-normal morphology of endothelial cells and their mitochondria. Cell-based therapeutics represent a new mechanism in BBB and microvascular repair for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - You Jeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
| | | | | | - Justin Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.J.P.); (J.C.); (S.G.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +813-974-3988
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Wu C, Huang C. ICAM-1 and MKL-1 polymorphisms impose considerable impacts on coronary heart disease occurrence. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10338-10342. [PMID: 32770617 PMCID: PMC7521307 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the correlation of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) K469E and megakaryoblastic leukaemia factor‐1 (MKL‐1) −184C/T polymorphisms with the susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) in the Chinese Han population. 100 CHD patients and 91 healthy people that had no blood connection with each other were enrolled in this case‐control study. ICAM‐1 and MKL‐1 polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) approach. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyse the correlation between polymorphisms of ICAM‐1 and MKL‐1 and CHD susceptibility. Differences of genotype and allele frequencies of the two SNPs between case and control groups were analysed by chi‐square test. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were indicated relative susceptibility of CHD. The distributions of ICAM‐1 and MKL‐1 polymorphisms in each group conformed to Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, the TT genotype frequency of MKL‐1 −184C/T polymorphism was found significantly higher in case group than in control group (P < .05). Meanwhile, T allele frequency increased in case group compared with control group, and the differences had statistical significance (P = .04, OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.34‐5.26). Logistic regression analysis in this study proved that smoking, hypertension, diabetes and triglyceride (TG) were all risk factors for CHD ICAM‐1 K469E polymorphism has no association with the onset of CHD. But MKL‐1 −184C/T polymorphism is associated with the risk of CHD and T allele might be a susceptibility factor for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cungang Wu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Zeng Q, Lian W, Wang G, Qiu M, Lin L, Zeng R. Pterostilbene induces Nrf2/HO-1 and potentially regulates NF-κB and JNK-Akt/mTOR signaling in ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:192. [PMID: 32269897 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury has a high occurrence rate of 1-4 per 1000 live births and is the leading cause of neurological disabilities. Despite the improvement in neonatal care, the effectiveness of current therapeutic strategies is limited, and thus, additional therapies with better results are of much needed. Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid possessing numerous preventive and therapeutic properties. The current study aimed to assess whether pterostilbene exerted protective effects in neonatal rats against experimentally induced ischemic brain injury. Pterostilbene was administered via oral gavage from postnatal day 3 to day 8. Rat pups that were seven-day-old were exposed to hypoxic-ischemic insult via ligation of the common carotid artery and hypoxic environment exposure. Pterostilbene treatment reduced neuronal loss and infarct volume. Pterostilbene administration regulated the NF-κB pathway, and the levels of inflammatory mediators (Nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were reduced. HI-induced oxidative stress was significantly reduced by pterostilbene, as presented by decreased production of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Levels of glutathione were enhanced by pterostilbene. Pterostilbene regulated Nrf2/HO-1 and JNK expression and activated the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signals. These findings suggest that pterostilbene is a candidate compound for the treatment of neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghuang Zeng
- 1Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
- Department of Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation, Putian Children's Hospital, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
| | - Wenchang Lian
- 1Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
- Department of Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation, Putian Children's Hospital, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- 1Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
- Department of Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation, Putian Children's Hospital, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
| | - Manping Qiu
- 1Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
- Department of Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation, Putian Children's Hospital, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
| | - Lingmu Lin
- 1Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
- Department of Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation, Putian Children's Hospital, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
| | - Renhe Zeng
- 1Department of Paediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
- Department of Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation, Putian Children's Hospital, Putian, 351100 Fujian China
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40
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Liang Q, Yang J, He J, Chen X, Zhang H, Jia M, Liu K, Jia C, Pan Y, Wei J. Stigmasterol alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammation and improving antioxidant defenses in rats. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20192133. [PMID: 32149332 PMCID: PMC7160377 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The paper aimed to investigate the effects of Stigmasterol on inflammatory factors, antioxidant capacity, and apoptotic signaling pathways in brain tissue of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS The neurological deficits of the rats were analyzed and HE staining was performed. The cerebral infarct volume was calculated by means of TTC staining, and neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. At the same time, the contents of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde in brain tissue were measured. The expression of the relevant protein was detected by means of Western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that the neurological deficit score and infarct area of the I/R rats in the soy sterol treatment group were significantly lower than those in the I/R group. Moreover, the levels of carbon monoxide and malondialdehyde in the soysterol group were significantly lower than those in the I/R group, and the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and NF-κB (p65) in the soysterol group were also significantly lower than those in the I/R group. The expression of Nrf2 (nucleus) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) increased significantly, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and SOD were increased. In addition, the stigmasterol treatment can inhibit apoptosis, down-regulate Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and up-regulate Bcl-Xl expression. CONCLUSION Stigmasterol protects the brain from brain I/R damage by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiaji He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Maolin Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Chuangchuang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jinwang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou City 730046, Gansu Province, P.R. China
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41
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Neurovascular protection by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113323. [PMID: 32320699 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Currently, the only pharmacological therapy for ischemic stroke is thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator that has a narrow therapeutic window and increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. New pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke are desperately needed, but no neuroprotective drugs have successfully made it through clinical trials. Beneficial effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation on vascular integrity and function have been reported, and PPARα agonists have clinically been used for many years to manage cardiovascular disease. Thus, PPARα has gained interest in recent years as a target for neurovascular disease such as ischemic stroke. Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that PPARα activation modulates several pathophysiological hallmarks of stroke such as oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neuroinflammation to improve functional recovery. Therefore, this review summarizes the various actions PPARα exerts in neurovascular health and disease and the potential of employing exogenous PPARα agonists for future pharmacological treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Atone J, Wagner K, Hashimoto K, Hammock BD. Cytochrome P450 derived epoxidized fatty acids as a therapeutic tool against neuroinflammatory diseases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 147:106385. [PMID: 31698143 PMCID: PMC7067627 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA) produces epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that are known to exert protective effects in inflammatory disorders. Endogenous EpFAs are further metabolized into corresponding diols by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Through inhibition of sEH, many studies have demonstrated the cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of EpFAs; however, the role of sEH inhibition in modulating the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders is less well described. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge surrounding the effects of sEH inhibition and EpFA action in neuroinflammatory disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), stroke, depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), as well as the potential mechanisms that underlie the therapeutic effects of sEH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogen Atone
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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Gorick CM, Mathew AS, Garrison WJ, Thim EA, Fisher DG, Copeland CA, Song J, Klibanov AL, Miller GW, Price RJ. Sonoselective transfection of cerebral vasculature without blood-brain barrier disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5644-5654. [PMID: 32123081 PMCID: PMC7084076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914595117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of many pathologies of the brain could be improved markedly by the development of noninvasive therapeutic approaches that elicit robust, endothelial cell-selective gene expression in specific brain regions that are targeted under MR image guidance. While focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with gas-filled microbubbles (MBs) has emerged as a noninvasive modality for MR image-guided gene delivery to the brain, it has been used exclusively to transiently disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may induce a sterile inflammation response. Here, we introduce an MR image-guided FUS method that elicits endothelial-selective transfection of the cerebral vasculature (i.e., "sonoselective" transfection), without opening the BBB. We first determined that activating circulating, cationic plasmid-bearing MBs with pulsed low-pressure (0.1 MPa) 1.1-MHz FUS facilitates sonoselective gene delivery to the endothelium without MRI-detectable disruption of the BBB. The degree of endothelial selectivity varied inversely with the FUS pressure, with higher pressures (i.e., 0.3-MPa and 0.4-MPa FUS) consistently inducing BBB opening and extravascular transfection. Bulk RNA sequencing analyses revealed that the sonoselective low-pressure regimen does not up-regulate inflammatory or immune responses. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicated that the transcriptome of sonoselectively transfected brain endothelium was unaffected by the treatment. The approach developed here permits targeted gene delivery to blood vessels and could be used to promote angiogenesis, release endothelial cell-secreted factors to stimulate nerve regrowth, or recruit neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Gorick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Alexander S Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - William J Garrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - E Andrew Thim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Delaney G Fisher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Caitleen A Copeland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Alexander L Klibanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - G Wilson Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Richard J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Nor Arfuzir NN, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Ismail NM. Magnesium acetyltaurate protects against endothelin-1 induced RGC loss by reducing neuroinflammation in Sprague dawley rats. Exp Eye Res 2020; 194:107996. [PMID: 32156652 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of ocular conditions like glaucoma. Glaucoma is characterized by apoptotic loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and loss of visual fields and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. In glaucomatous eyes, retinal ischemia causes release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and promotes activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) and c-Jun. Magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) has previously been shown to protect against ET-1 induced retinal and optic nerve damage. Current study investigated the mechanisms underlying these effects of MgAT, which so far remain unknown. Sprague dawley rats were intravitreally injected with ET-1 with or without pretreatment with MgAT. Seven days post-injection, retinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NFKB and c-Jun protein and genes was determined using multiplex assay, Western blot and PCR. Animals were subjected to retrograde labeling of RGCs to determine the extent of RGC survival. RGC survival was also examined using Brn3A staining. Furthermore, visual functions of rats were determined using Morris water maze. It was observed that pre-treatment with MgAT protects against ET-1 induced increase in the retinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α proteins and genes. It also protected against ET-1 induced activation of NFKB and c-Jun. These effects of MgAT were associated with greater RGC survival and preservation of visual functions in rats. In conclusion, MgAT prevents ET-1 induced RGC loss and loss of visual functions by suppressing neuroinflammatory reaction in rat retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Najwa Nor Arfuzir
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Centre for Innovative Medicines, Volgograd, Russian Federation; Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Park KR, Hwang CJ, Yun HM, Yeo IJ, Choi DY, Park PH, Kim HS, Lee JT, Jung YS, Han SB, Hong JT. Prevention of multiple system atrophy using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by reducing polyamine and cholesterol-induced neural damages. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 32127052 PMCID: PMC7055099 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, but is closely associated with damage to dopaminergic neurons. MSA progression is rapid. Hence, long-term drug treatments do not have any therapeutic benefits. We assessed the inhibitory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on double-toxin-induced dopaminergic neurodegenerative MSA. Results Behavioral disorder was significantly improved and neurodegeneration was prevented following MSC transplantation. Proteomics revealed lower expression of polyamine modulating factor-binding protein 1 (PMFBP1) and higher expression of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HMGCL), but these changes were reversed after MSC transplantation. In the in vitro study, the 6-OHDA-induced effects were reversed following co-culture with MSC. However, PMFBP1 knockdown inhibited the recovery effect due to the MSCs. Furthermore, HMGCL expression was decreased following co-culture with MSCs, but treatment with recombinant HMGCL protein inhibited the recovery effects due to MSCs. Conclusions These data indicate that MSCs protected against neuronal loss in MSA by reducing polyamine- and cholesterol-induced neural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ran Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sook Kim
- Corestem Inc, Pangyo-ro 255 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tae Lee
- Corestem Inc, Pangyo-ro 255 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang L, Hu XZ, Li X, Chen Z, Benedek DM, Fullerton CS, Wynn G, Ursano RJ. Potential chemokine biomarkers associated with PTSD onset, risk and resilience as well as stress responses in US military service members. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:31. [PMID: 32066664 PMCID: PMC7026448 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, including chemokines, are small secreted proteins, which specifically effect on the interactions and communications between cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. Dysregulation of cytokines is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we use both before-and-after and case-control studies to search for potential chemokine biomarkers associated with PTSD onset, risk, and resilience as well as stress responses in US military service members deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Blood samples and scores of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) were obtained from soldiers pre- and post deployment (pre, post). Forty chemokines were measured using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Chemokine Panel Assays. The before-and-after analysis showed potential markers (CCL2, CCL15, CCL22, CCL25, CXCL2, and CXCL12) are associated with PTSD onset, and CCL3, CXCL11, and CXCL16 are related to stress response. The case-control study demonstrated that CCL13, CCL20, and CXCL6 were possible PTSD risk markers, and CX3CL1 might be a resilience marker. In addition, CCL11, CCL13, CCL20, and CCL25 were correlated with the PCL scores, indicating their association with PTSD symptom severity. Our data, for the first time, suggest that these dysregulated chemokines may serve as biomarkers for PTSD onset, risk, and resilience as well as stress responses, and may benefit developing approaches not only for PTSD diagnosis but also for PTSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Xian-Zhang Hu
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Ze Chen
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - David M. Benedek
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Carol S. Fullerton
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Gary Wynn
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | | | - Robert J. Ursano
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
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Xue J, Yu Y, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Liu B, Zhang L, Wang L, Chen R, Gao X, Jiao P, Song G, Jiang XC, Qin S. Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Inhibition Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury Through Reducing the Recruitment of Toll-Like Receptor 4 to Lipid Rafts. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012885. [PMID: 31718447 PMCID: PMC6915272 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is recognized as an important contributor of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage after ischemic stroke. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2), the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of sphingomyelin, can function as a critical mediator of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of SMS2 in a mouse model of cerebral I/R. Methods and Results Cerebral I/R was induced by 60‐minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in SMS2 knockout (SMS2‐/‐) mice and wild‐type mice. Brain injury was determined by neurological deficits and infarct volume at 24 and 72 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Microglia activation and inflammatory factors were detected by immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, western blot, and RT‐PCR. SMS2 deficiency significantly improved neurological function and minimized infarct volume at 72 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neuroprotective effects of SMS2 deficiency were associated with (1) suppression of microglia activation through Toll‐like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells pathway and (2) downregulation of the level of galactin‐3 and other proinflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of SMS2 deficiency may include altering sphingomyelin components in lipid raft fractions, thus impairing the recruitment of Toll‐like receptor 4 to lipid rafts and subsequently reducing Toll‐like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex formation on the surface of microglia. Conclusions SMS2 deficiency ameliorated inflammatory injury after cerebral I/R in mice, and SMS2 may be a key modulator of Toll‐like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells activation by disturbing the membrane component homeostasis during cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Taian China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Taian China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Boyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Taian China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Taian China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Guohua Song
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Taian China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology SUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn NY
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Taian China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease and Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Shijiazhuang China
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Gaire BP, Sapkota A, Song MR, Choi JW. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA 1) plays critical roles in microglial activation and brain damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:170. [PMID: 31429777 PMCID: PMC6701099 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) is in the spotlight because its synthetic antagonist has been under clinical trials for lung fibrosis and psoriasis. Targeting LPA1 might also be a therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia because LPA1 triggers microglial activation, a core pathogenesis in cerebral ischemia. Here, we addressed this possibility using a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Methods To address the role of LPA1 in the ischemic brain damage, we used AM095, a selective LPA1 antagonist, as a pharmacological tool and lentivirus bearing a specific LPA1 shRNA as a genetic tool. Brain injury after tMCAO challenge was accessed by determining brain infarction and neurological deficit score. Role of LPA1 in tMCAO-induced microglial activation was ascertained by immunohistochemical analysis. Proinflammatory responses in the ischemic brain were determined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, which were validated in vitro using mouse primary microglia. Activation of MAPKs and PI3K/Akt was determined by Western blot analysis. Results AM095 administration immediately after reperfusion attenuated brain damage such as brain infarction and neurological deficit at 1 day after tMCAO, which was reaffirmed by LPA1 shRNA lentivirus. AM095 administration also attenuated brain infarction and neurological deficit at 3 days after tMCAO. LPA1 antagonism attenuated microglial activation; it reduced numbers and soma size of activated microglia, reversed their morphology into less toxic one, and reduced microglial proliferation. Additionally, LPA1 antagonism reduced mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and suppressed NF-κB activation, demonstrating its regulatory role of proinflammatory responses in the ischemic brain. Particularly, these LPA1-driven proinflammatory responses appeared to occur in activated microglia because NF-κB activation occurred mainly in activated microglia in the ischemic brain. Regulatory role of LPA1 in proinflammatory responses of microglia was further supported by in vitro findings using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultured microglia, showing that suppressing LPA1 activity reduced mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In the ischemic brain, LPA1 influenced PI3K/Akt and MAPKs; suppressing LPA1 activity decreased MAPK activation and increased Akt phosphorylation. Conclusion This study demonstrates that LPA1 is a new etiological factor for cerebral ischemia, strongly indicating that its modulation can be a potential strategy to reduce ischemic brain damage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1555-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjun Sapkota
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea.
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Han T, Wang Q, Lai R, Zhang D, Diao Y, Yin Y. Nicotine Induced Neurocognitive Protection and Anti-inflammation Effect by Activating α 4β 2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Ischemic Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 22:919-924. [PMID: 31403667 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The main objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of nicotine improving cognitive impairments in ischemic rats.
Methods
Twenty adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats underwent ischemic model surgery by injecting endothelin-1 into the left thalamus, which were classified into four different groups with different intervention: nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/d), dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE; 3 mg/kg/d), nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/d) + DHβE (3 mg/kg/d), or saline, after ischemic model surgery. Another five male SD rats also underwent same surgery, while not injecting endothelin-1 but saline, as the control group. Morris water maze (MWM) test was adopted to assess the cognition. All the rats underwent the MWM test, micro positron emission tomography imaging with 2-[18F]-A-85380, and messenger RNA (mRNA) test of α 4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), β 2 nAChR, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6.
Results
The MWM test showed the rats given nicotine showing better memory than ischemic rats (p < .05), whereas the rats given DHβE or both nicotine and DHβE did not show any statistical difference from the ischemic rats (p > .05). Micro positron emission tomography imaging showed higher uptake of tracer in the left thalamus and whole brain in rats given nicotine than in ischemic rats, but the rats given DHβE or both nicotine and DHβE did not. By real-time PCR test, the mRNA of α 4 nAChR and β 2 nAChR in rats given nicotine increased significantly compared with ischemic rats and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA (all ps < .05).
Conclusions
By activating α 4β 2 nAChRs, nicotine plays a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contributes to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.
Implications
It is well acknowledged that vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. Cholinergic agents have potential for the symptomatic treatment of the cognitive symptoms of dementia, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. There are potential complex associations and interactions between VCI and inflammation. This study showed that nicotine had anti-inflammatory potency, which is most likely because of the activation of the nAChRs. By activating α4β2 nAChRs, nicotine played a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contribute to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruihe Lai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yao Diao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yafu Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Stoll G, Nieswandt B. Thrombo-inflammation in acute ischaemic stroke — implications for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:473-481. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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