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Yadav K, Yadav A, Vashistha P, Pandey VP, Dwivedi UN. Protein Misfolding Diseases and Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1226-1245. [PMID: 31187709 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190610092840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional, native 3D structure. Protein misfolding, on the other hand, is a process in which protein fails to fold into its native functional conformation. This misfolding of proteins may lead to precipitation of a number of serious diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) etc. Protein Quality-control (PQC) systems, consisting of molecular chaperones, proteases and regulatory factors, help in protein folding and prevent its aggregation. At the same time, PQC systems also do sorting and removal of improperly folded polypeptides. Among the major types of PQC systems involved in protein homeostasis are cytosolic, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial ones. The cytosol PQC system includes a large number of component chaperones, such as Nascent-polypeptide-associated Complex (NAC), Hsp40, Hsp70, prefoldin and T Complex Protein-1 (TCP-1) Ring Complex (TRiC). Protein misfolding diseases caused due to defective cytosolic PQC system include diseases involving keratin/collagen proteins, cardiomyopathies, phenylketonuria, PD and ALS. The components of PQC system of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) include Binding immunoglobulin Protein (BiP), Calnexin (CNX), Calreticulin (CRT), Glucose-regulated Protein GRP94, the thiol-disulphide oxidoreductases, Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI) and ERp57. ER-linked misfolding diseases include CF and Familial Neurohypophyseal Diabetes Insipidus (FNDI). The components of mitochondrial PQC system include mitochondrial chaperones such as the Hsp70, the Hsp60/Hsp10 and a set of proteases having AAA+ domains similar to the proteasome that are situated in the matrix or the inner membrane. Protein misfolding diseases caused due to defective mitochondrial PQC system include medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)/Short-chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency diseases, hereditary spastic paraplegia. Among therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of various protein misfolding diseases, chaperones have been suggested as potential therapeutic molecules for target based treatment. Chaperones have been advantageous because of their efficient entry and distribution inside the cells, including specific cellular compartments, in therapeutic concentrations. Based on the chemical nature of the chaperones used for therapeutic purposes, molecular, chemical and pharmacological classes of chaperones have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Anurag Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Banaskantha, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Veda P Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Upendra N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P, India.,Institute for Development of Advanced Computing, ONGC Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P., India
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Assunção M, Santos-Marques MJ, Carvalho F, Lukoyanov NV, Andrade JP. Chronic green tea consumption prevents age-related changes in rat hippocampal formation. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:707-17. [PMID: 19411127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
An emerging theme in neurodegenerative diseases is the aggregation of proteins as inclusions in neural cells. Their presence is a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of the particular illness, although in no instance is the specific role of the inclusions in disease pathogenesis understood at present. However, apart from their role in the disease mechanism, the inclusions themselves may contain important molecular clues as to the mechanism(s) behind the specific inclusion-associated disease. Thus, isolation and analysis of the composition of the inclusions is likely to yield biochemical evidence of the cellular pathways that are involved in the disease process.
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Takeda A, Hasegawa T, Matsuzaki-Kobayashi M, Sugeno N, Kikuchi A, Itoyama Y, Furukawa K. Mechanisms of neuronal death in synucleinopathy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:19365. [PMID: 17047300 PMCID: PMC1510951 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/19365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of
synucleinopathy including Parkinson's disease and multiple system
atrophy. In this mini-review, we mainly focus on recent data
obtained from cellular models of synucleinopathy and discuss the
possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Recent progress suggests
that the aggregate formation of α-synuclein is cytoprotective and that its precursor oligomer (protofibril) may
be cytotoxic. The catechol-derived quinones are the candidate
molecules that facilitate the oligomer formation of α-synuclein. Furthermore, the cellular membranes are shown to be
the primary targets injured by mutant α-synucleins, and
the mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be an initial step in the neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Center for Asian Traditional
Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
- *Atsushi Takeda:
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Center for Asian Traditional
Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsuzaki-Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Asian Traditional
Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Department of Neurology, Center for Asian Traditional
Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Department of Neurology, Center for Asian Traditional
Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yasuto Itoyama
- Department of Neurology, Center for Asian Traditional
Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Furukawa
- Department of Geriatric and Complementary Medicine, Center for Asian Traditional Medicine Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Nobusawa S, Lachuer J, Wierinckx A, Kim YH, Huang J, Legras C, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Intratumoral patterns of genomic imbalance in glioblastomas. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:936-44. [PMID: 20406234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are morphologically and genetically heterogeneous, but little is known about the regional patterns of genomic imbalance within glioblastomas. We recently established a reliable whole genome amplification (WGA) method to randomly amplify DNA from paraffin-embedded histological sections with minimum amplification bias [Huang et al (J Mol Diagn 11: 109-116, 2009)]. In this study, chromosomal imbalance was assessed by array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH; Agilent 105K, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), using WGA-DNA from two to five separate tumor areas of 14 primary glioblastomas (total, 41 tumor areas). Chromosomal imbalances significantly differed among glioblastomas; the only alterations that were observed in > or =6 cases were loss of chromosome 10q, gain at 7p and loss of 10p. Genetic alterations common to all areas analyzed within a single tumor included gains at 1q32.1 (PIK3C2B, MDM4), 4q11-q12 (KIT, PDGFRA), 7p12.1-11.2 (EGFR), 12q13.3-12q14.1 (GLI1, CDK4) and 12q15 (MDM2), and loss at 9p21.1-24.3 (p16(INK4a)/p14(ARF)), 10p15.3-q26.3 (PTEN, etc.) and 13q12.11-q34 (SPRY2, RB1). These are likely to be causative in the pathogenesis of glioblastomas (driver mutations). In addition, there were numerous tumor area-specific genomic imbalances, which may be either nonfunctional (passenger mutations) or functional, but constitute secondary events reflecting progressive genomic instability, a hallmark of glioblastomas.
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Siedlak SL, Casadesus G, Webber KM, Pappolla MA, Atwood CS, Smith MA, Perry G. Chronic antioxidant therapy reduces oxidative stress in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:156-64. [PMID: 19160110 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802644694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications are a hallmark of oxidative imbalance in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases and their respective animal models. While the causes of oxidative stress are relatively well-documented, the effects of chronically reducing oxidative stress on cognition, pathology and biochemistry require further clarification. To address this, young and aged control and amyloid-beta protein precursor-over-expressing mice were fed a diet with added R-alpha lipoic acid for 10 months to determine the effect of chronic antioxidant administration on the cognition and neuropathology and biochemistry of the brain. Both wild type and transgenic mice treated with R-alpha lipoic acid displayed significant reductions in markers of oxidative modifications. On the other hand, R-alpha lipoic acid had little effect on Y-maze performance throughout the study and did not decrease end-point amyloid-beta load. These results suggest that, despite the clear role of oxidative stress in mediating amyloid pathology and cognitive decline in ageing and AbetaPP-transgenic mice, long-term antioxidant therapy, at levels within tolerable nutritional guidelines and which reduce oxidative modifications, have limited benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Seo H, Sonntag KC, Kim W, Cattaneo E, Isacson O. Proteasome activator enhances survival of Huntington's disease neuronal model cells. PLoS One 2007; 2:e238. [PMID: 17327906 PMCID: PMC1800909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with Huntington's disease (HD), the proteolytic activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is reduced in the brain and other tissues. The pathological hallmark of HD is the intraneuronal nuclear protein aggregates of mutant huntingtin. We determined how to enhance UPS function and influence catalytic protein degradation and cell survival in HD. Proteasome activators involved in either the ubiquitinated or the non-ubiquitinated proteolysis were overexpressed in HD patients' skin fibroblasts or mutant huntingtin-expressing striatal neurons. Following compromise of the UPS, overexpression of the proteasome activator subunit PA28γ, but not subunit S5a, recovered proteasome function in the HD cells. PA28γ also improved cell viability in mutant huntingtin-expressing striatal neurons exposed to pathological stressors, such as the excitotoxin quinolinic acid and the reversible proteasome inhibitor MG132. These results demonstrate the specific functional enhancements of the UPS that can provide neuroprotection in HD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemyung Seo
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HS); (OI)
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Woori Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HS); (OI)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart disease and stroke are two of the major leading causes of death and disability in the world. Mainly affecting the elderly population, heart disease and stroke are important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This review examines the evidence linking chronic brain hypoperfusion (CBH) produced by several types of heart disease and stroke on the development of AD. RESULTS The evidence indicates a strong association between such risk factors as coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), atrial fibrillation, aortic/mitral valve damage, hypertension, hypotension, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular-carotid atherosclerosis, and transient ischemic attacks in producing CBH. In people whose cerebral perfusion is already diminished by their advanced age, further cerebral blood flow reductions from heart-brain vascular-related risk factors, seemingly increases the probability of AD. The evidence also suggests that a neuronal energy crisis brought on by a relentless CBH is responsible for protein synthesis defects that later result in the classic AD neurodegenerative lesions such as the formation of excess beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of how heart disease and stroke can progress to AD should provide a better understanding of the physiopathology characteristic of AD and also target more precise therapy in preventing, controlling or reversing this dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C de la Torre
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Gig Harbor, WA, USA.
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Furukawa K, Matsuzaki-Kobayashi M, Hasegawa T, Kikuchi A, Sugeno N, Itoyama Y, Wang Y, Yao PJ, Bushlin I, Takeda A. Plasma membrane ion permeability induced by mutant alpha-synuclein contributes to the degeneration of neural cells. J Neurochem 2006; 97:1071-7. [PMID: 16606366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in alpha-synuclein cause some cases of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), but the mechanism by which alpha-synuclein promotes degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons is unknown. We report that human neural cells expressing mutant alpha-synuclein (A30P and A53T) have higher plasma membrane ion permeability. The higher ion permeability caused by mutant alpha-synuclein would be because of relatively large pores through which most cations can pass non-selectively. Both the basal level of [Ca2+]i and the Ca2+ response to membrane depolarization are greater in cells expressing mutant alpha-synuclein. The membrane permeable Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM significantly protected the cells against oxidative stress, whereas neither L-type (nifedipine) nor N-type (omega-conotoxin-GVIA) Ca2+ channel blockers protected the cells. These findings suggest that the high membrane ion permeability caused by mutant alpha-synuclein may contribute to the degeneration of neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Zhu X, Lee HG, Casadesus G, Avila J, Drew K, Perry G, Smith MA. Oxidative imbalance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2006; 31:205-17. [PMID: 15953822 DOI: 10.1385/mn:31:1-3:205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a striking feature of susceptible neurons in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Importantly, because oxidative stress is an early event in Alzheimer's disease, proximal to the development of hallmark pathologies, it likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Investigations into the cause of such oxidative stress show that interactions between abnormal mitochondria and disturbed metal metabolism are, at least in part, responsible for cytoplasmic oxidative damage observed in these susceptible neurons, which could ultimately lead to their demise. Oxidative stress not only temporally precedes the pathological lesions of the disease but could also contribute to their formation, which, in turn, could provide some protective mechanism to reduce oxidative stress and ensure that neurons do not rapidly succumb to oxidative insults. In this review, we present the evidence for oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease and its likely sources and consequence in relation to other pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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McKinney M, Jacksonville MC. Brain cholinergic vulnerability: Relevance to behavior and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1115-24. [PMID: 15975560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The major populations of cholinergic neurons in the brain include two "projection" systems, located in the pontine reticular formation and in the basal forebrain. These two complexes comprise, in part, the anatomical substrates for the "ascending reticular activating system" (ARAS). The pontine cholinergic system relays its rostral influences mainly through thalamic intralaminar nuclei, but it also connects to the basal forebrain and provides a minor innervation of cortex. The basal forebrain cholinergic complex (BFCC) projects directly to cortex and hippocampus, and has a minor connection with the thalamus. Recent data reveal that a parallel system of basal forebrain GABAergic projection neurons innervates cortex/hippocampus in a way that seems to complement the BFCC. Generally, the picture developed from more than 50 years of research is consistent with a "global" influence of these two ascending cholinergic projections on cortical and hippocampal regions. Seemingly, the BFCC acts in tandem or in parallel with the pontine cholinergic projection to activate the electro-encephalogram, increase cerebral blood flow, regulate sleep-wake cycling, and modulate cognitive function. There are quite a number and variety of human brain conditions, notably including Alzheimer's disease, in which degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons has been documented. Whether the corticopetal GABA system is affected by disease has not been established. Studies of degeneration of the pontine projection are limited, but the available data suggest that it is relatively preserved in Alzheimer's disease. Hypotheses of BFCC degeneration include growth factor deprivation, intracellular calcium dysfunction, amyloid excess, inflammation, and mitochondrial abnormalities/oxidative stress. But, despite considerable research conducted over several decades, the exact mechanisms underlying brain cholinergic vulnerability in human disease remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McKinney
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Pharmacology, Jacksonville, FL 32224-3899, USA. mckinney@
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Ventura S. Sequence determinants of protein aggregation: tools to increase protein solubility. Microb Cell Fact 2005; 4:11. [PMID: 15847694 PMCID: PMC1087874 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used hosts for the production of recombinant proteins. However, very often the target protein accumulates into insoluble aggregates in a misfolded and biologically inactive form. Bacterial inclusion bodies are major bottlenecks in protein production and are hampering the development of top priority research areas such structural genomics. Inclusion body formation was formerly considered to occur via non-specific association of hydrophobic surfaces in folding intermediates. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that protein aggregation in bacteria resembles to the well-studied process of amyloid fibril formation. Both processes appear to rely on the formation of specific, sequence-dependent, intermolecular interactions driving the formation of structured protein aggregates. This similarity in the mechanisms of aggregation will probably allow applying anti-aggregational strategies already tested in the amyloid context to the less explored area of protein aggregation inside bacteria. Specifically, new sequence-based approaches appear as promising tools to tune protein aggregation in biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
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Keller JN, Dimayuga E, Chen Q, Thorpe J, Gee J, Ding Q. Autophagy, proteasomes, lipofuscin, and oxidative stress in the aging brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:2376-91. [PMID: 15325579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to successfully respond to stress all cells rely on the ability of the proteasomal and lysosomal proteolytic pathways to continually maintain protein turnover. Increasing evidence suggests that as part of normal aging there are age-related impairments in protein turnover by the proteasomal proteolytic pathway, and perturbations of the lysosomal proteolytic pathway. Furthermore, with numerous studies suggest an elevated level of a specialized form of lysosomal proteolysis (autophagy or macroautophagy) occurs during the aging of multiple cell types. Age-related alterations in proteolysis are believed to contribute to a wide variety of neuropathological manifestations including elevations in protein oxidation, protein aggregation, and cytotoxicity. Within the brain altered protein turnover is believed to contribute to elevations in multiple forms of protein aggregation ranging from tangle and Lewy body formation, to lipofuscin-ceroid accumulation. In this review we discuss and summarize evidence for proteolytic alterations occurring in the aging brain, the contribution of oxidative stress to disruption of protein turnover during normal aging, the evidence for cross-talk between the proteasome and lysosomal proteolytic pathways in the brain, and explore the contribution of altered proteolysis as a mediator of oxidative stress, neuropathology, and neurotoxicity in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Keller
- 203 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
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