1
|
Nunno VD, Aprile M, Gatto L, Tosoni A, Ranieri L, Bartolini S, Franceschi E. Novel insights toward diagnosis and treatment of glioneuronal and neuronal tumors in young adults. CNS Oncol 2024; 13:2357532. [PMID: 38873961 PMCID: PMC11181933 DOI: 10.1080/20450907.2024.2357532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors are rare primary central nervous system malignancies with heterogeneous features. Due to the rarity of these malignancies diagnosis and treatment remains a clinical challenge. Methods: Here we performed a narrative review aimed to investigate the principal issues concerning the diagnosis, pathology, and clinical management of glioneuronal tumors. Results: Diagnostic criteria have been recently overturned thanks to a better characterization on a histological and molecular biology level. The study of genomic alterations occurring within these tumors has allowed us to identify potential therapeutic targets including BRAF, FGFR, and PDGFRA. Conclusion: Techniques allowing molecular sequencing DNA methylation assessment of the disease are essential diagnostic tools. Targeting agents should be included in the therapeutic armamentarium after loco-regional treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Nunno
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Aprile
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lidia Gatto
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alicia Tosoni
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Ranieri
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Bartolini
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de la Fouchardière A, Pissaloux D, Houlier A, Paindavoine S, Tirode F, LeBoit PE, Bastian BC, Yeh I. Histologic and Genetic Features of 51 Melanocytic Neoplasms With Protein Kinase C Fusion Genes. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100286. [PMID: 37474004 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusion genes involving homologs of protein kinase C (PKC) have been identified in a variety of tumors. We report the clinical and histologic presentation of 51 cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms with a PKC fusion gene (involving PRKCA in 35 cases, PRKCB in 15 cases, and PRKCG in a single case). Most tumors were in young adults (median age, 29.5 years; range, 1-73 years) but some presented in newborns. Histologically, 42 tumors were classified as benign, presenting predominantly as biphasic dermal proliferation (88%) with nests of small melanocytes surrounded by fibrosis with haphazardly arranged spindled and dendritic melanocytes, resembling those reported as "combined blue nevi." Most tumors (60%) were heavily pigmented and in 15%, hyperpigmented epithelioid melanocytes were present at the dermoepidermal junction. Two lesions were paucicellular and showed marked sclerosis. Three tumors, including 2 proliferating nodules, were considered intermediate grade. Six tumors had sheets of atypical melanocytes infiltrating the dermis and were classified as melanomas. Two of the melanomas displayed loss of BAP1 nuclear expression. The median follow-up time was 12 months, with 1 patient alive with metastatic disease and 1 dying of their melanoma. These results suggest that melanocytic tumors with PKC fusion genes have characteristic histopathologic features, which are more similar to blue nevi than to pigmented epithelioid melanocytomas. As is the case with GNA-mutated blue nevi, they can progress to melanomas via BAP1 inactivation and metastasize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud de la Fouchardière
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Department of Research, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Daniel Pissaloux
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Department of Research, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Houlier
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Franck Tirode
- Department of Research, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philip E LeBoit
- Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shintaku M, Ohta M, Chihara H, Yokoo H, Noda Y, Tsuta K. Adult cerebral high-grade glioneuronal tumor with perivascular or pseudopapillary growth co-existing with low-grade tumor: a case report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2023; 16:294-302. [PMID: 37970335 PMCID: PMC10641370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
An unusual, small cell-predominant, high-grade glioneuronal tumor in the occipital lobe of a 49-year-old man that co-existed with a low-grade tumor is reported. The tumor consisted of two distinct components: the major component was a dense proliferation of primitive small cells showing bidirectional neuronal and glial differentiation; and the minor component consisted of a proliferation of well-differentiated astrocytes intermingled with mature neuronal cells. In the former component, perivascular pseudorosette-like or pseudopapillary growth reminiscent of ependymoma or papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT), respectively, was prominent, and hypertrophic astrocytic cells were located just outside the central blood vessels. Small cells were immunoreactive for Olig2, synaptophysin, and, less frequently, for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The low-grade component included Rosenthal fibers, hemosiderin deposition, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, thus closely resembling ganglioglioma. Cytogenetic studies did not demonstrate any mutations or rearrangements of the genes IDH1, IDH2, H3F3A, BRAF, FGFR1, or TERT promoter. The tumor recurred and spread along the ventricular surface three years after total removal. The small cell-predominant, high-grade component was considered to have evolved from the ganglioglioma-like, low-grade component. The histopathologic resemblance of the high-grade component to PGNT was a special feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shintaku
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical UniversityHirakata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Hikone Municipal HospitalHikone, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohta
- Department of Pathology, Hikone Municipal HospitalHikone, Japan
| | - Hideo Chihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hikone Municipal HospitalHikone, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of MedicineMaebashi, Japan
| | - Yuri Noda
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical UniversityHirakata, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical UniversityHirakata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aquino A, Bianchi N, Terrazzan A, Franzese O. Protein Kinase C at the Crossroad of Mutations, Cancer, Targeted Therapy and Immune Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1047. [PMID: 37626933 PMCID: PMC10451643 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequent PKC dysregulations observed in many tumors have made these enzymes natural targets for anticancer applications. Nevertheless, this considerable interest in the development of PKC modulators has not led to the expected therapeutic benefits, likely due to the complex biological activities regulated by PKC isoenzymes, often playing ambiguous and protective functions, further driven by the occurrence of mutations. The structure, regulation and functions of PKCs have been extensively covered in other publications. Herein, we focused on PKC alterations mostly associated with complete functional loss. We also addressed the modest yet encouraging results obtained targeting PKC in selected malignancies and the more frequent negative clinical outcomes. The reported observations advocate the need for more selective molecules and a better understanding of the involved pathways. Furthermore, we underlined the most relevant immune mechanisms controlled by PKC isoforms potentially impacting the immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade-mediated immune recovery. We believe that a comprehensive examination of the molecular features of the tumor microenvironment might improve clinical outcomes by tailoring PKC modulation. This approach can be further supported by the identification of potential response biomarkers, which may indicate patients who may benefit from the manipulation of distinctive PKC isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Aquino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Terrazzan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.)
- Laboratory for Advanced Therapy Technologies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Metodiev D, Minkin K, Ruseva M, Ganeva R, Parvanov D, Nachev S. Pathomorphological Diagnostic Criteria for Focal Cortical Dysplasias and Other Common Epileptogenic Lesions—Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071311. [PMID: 37046529 PMCID: PMC10092959 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) represents a heterogeneous group of morphological changes in the brain tissue that can predispose the development of pharmacoresistant epilepsy (recurring, unprovoked seizures which cannot be managed with medications). This group of neurological disorders affects not only the cerebral cortex but also the subjacent white matter. This work reviews the literature describing the morphological substrate of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. All illustrations presented in this study are obtained from brain biopsies from refractory epilepsy patients investigated by the authors. Regarding classification, there are three main FCD types, all of which involve cortical dyslamination. The 2022 revision of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) FCD classification includes new histologically defined pathological entities: mild malformation of cortical development (mMCD), mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in frontal lobe epilepsy (MOGHE), and “no FCD on histopathology”. Although the pathomorphological characteristics of the various forms of focal cortical dysplasias are well known, their aetiologic and pathogenetic features remain elusive. The identification of genetic variants in FCD opens an avenue for novel treatment strategies, which are of particular utility in cases where total resection of the epileptogenic area is impossible.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie M, Wang X, Duan Z, Luan G. Low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors: Tumor spectrum and diagnosis based on genetic alterations. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1071314. [PMID: 36699536 PMCID: PMC9868944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors can always result in seizures when involving the cortical neurons or their circuits, and they were found to be one of the most common etiologies of intractable focal seizures. The low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors (LEAT), as a special group of brain tumors associated with seizures, share common clinicopathological features, such as seizure onsets at a young age, a predilection for involving the temporal lobe, and an almost benign course, including a rather slow growth pattern and thus a long-term history of seizures. Ganglioglioma (GG) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) are the typical representatives of LEATs. Surgical treatments with complete resection of tumors and related epileptogenic zones are deemed the optimal way to achieve postoperative seizure control and lifetime recurrence-free survival in patients with LEATs. Although the term LEAT was originally introduced in 2003, debates on the tumor spectrum and the diagnosis or classification of LEAT entities are still confusing among epileptologists and neuropathologists. In this review, we would further discuss these questions, especially based on the updated classification of central nervous system tumors in the WHO fifth edition and the latest molecular genetic findings of tumor entities in LEAT entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingguo Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Guoming Luan,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jesus-Ribeiro J, Rebelo O, Ribeiro IP, Pires LM, Melo JD, Sales F, Santana I, Freire A, Melo JB. The landscape of common genetic drivers and DNA methylation in low-grade (epilepsy-associated) neuroepithelial tumors: A review. Neuropathology 2022; 42:467-482. [PMID: 35844095 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (LNETs) represent an important group of central nervous system neoplasms, some of which may be associated to epilepsy. The concept of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) includes a heterogenous group of low-grade, cortically based tumors, associated to drug-resistant epilepsy, often requiring surgical treatment. LEATs entities can sometimes be poorly discriminated by histological features, precluding a confident classification in the absence of additional diagnostic tools. This study aimed to provide an updated review on the genomic findings and DNA methylation profiling advances in LNETs, including histological entities of LEATs. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection. High-quality peer-reviewed original manuscripts and review articles with full-text in English, published between 2003 and 2022, were included. Results were screened based on titles and abstracts to determine suitability for inclusion, and when addressed the topic of the review was screened by full-text reading. Data extraction was performed through a qualitative content analysis approach. Most LNETs appear to be driven mainly by a single genomic abnormality and respective affected signaling pathway, including BRAF p.V600E mutations in ganglioglioma, FGFR1 abnormalities in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, MYB alterations in angiocentric glioma, BRAF fusions in pilocytic astrocytoma, PRKCA fusions in papillary glioneuronal tumor, between others. However, these molecular alterations are not exclusive, with some overlap amongst different tumor histologies. Also, clustering analysis of DNA methylation profiles allowed the identification of biologically similar molecular groups that sometimes transcend conventional histopathological classification. The exciting developments on the molecular basis of these tumors reinforce the importance of an integrative histopathological and (epi)genetic classification, which can be translated into precision medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Jesus-Ribeiro
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olinda Rebelo
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Pires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Daniel Melo
- Internal Medicine Department, CUF Coimbra Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sales
- Epilepsy and Sleep Monitoring Unit, Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Freire
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neurology Department, Coimbra Luz Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Barbosa Melo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nomogram Models Based on the Gene Expression in Prediction of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:8431946. [PMID: 36046013 PMCID: PMC9424032 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8431946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to design a weighted co-expression network and build gene expression signature-based nomogram (GESBN) models for predicting the likelihood of bone metastasis in breast cancer (BC) patients. Methods Dataset GSE124647 was used as a training set, while GSE16446, GSE45255, and GSE14020 were taken as validation sets. In the training cohort, the limma package in R was adopted to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BC nonbone metastasis and bone metastasis patients, which were used for functional enrichment analysis. After weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), univariate Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier plotter analyses were performed to screen potential prognosis-related genes. Then, GESBN models were constructed and evaluated. The prognostic value of the GESBN models was investigated in the GSE124647 dataset, which was validated in GSE16446 and GSE45255 datasets. Further, the expression levels of genes in the models were explored in the training set, which was validated in GSE14020. Finally, the expression and prognostic value of hub genes in BC were explored. Results A total of 1858 DEGs were obtained. The WGCNA result showed that the blue module was most significantly related to bone metastasis and prognosis. After survival analyses, GAJ1, SLC24A3, ITGBL1, and SLC44A1 were subjected to construct a GESBN model for overall survival (OS). While GJA1, IGFBP6, MDFI, TGFBI, ANXA2, and SLC24A3 were subjected to build a GESBN model for progression-free survival (PFS). Kaplan–Meier plotter and receiver operating characteristic analyses presented the reliable prediction ability of the models. Cox regression analysis further revealed that GESBN models were independent prognostic predictors for OS and PFS in BC patients. Besides, GJA1, IGFBP6, ITGBL1, SLC44A1, and TGFBI expressions were significantly different between the two groups in GSE124647 and GSE14020. The hub genes had a significant impact on patient prognosis. Conclusion Both the four-gene signature and six-gene signature could accurately predict patient prognosis, which may provide novel treatment insights for BC bone metastasis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vaz A, Cavalcanti MS, da Silva Junior EB, Ramina R, de Almeida Teixeira BC. Uncommon Glioneuronal Tumors: A Radiologic and Pathologic Synopsis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:1080-1089. [PMID: 35512827 PMCID: PMC9575428 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumors are characterized exclusively by neurocytic elements (neuronal tumors) or a combination of neuronal and glial features (mixed neuronal-glial tumors). Most of these tumors occur in young patients and are related to epilepsy. While ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, and desmoplastic infantile tumor are common glioneuronal tumors, anaplastic ganglioglioma, papillary glioneuronal tumor, rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor, gangliocytoma, and central neurocytoma are less frequent. Advances in immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostics have improved the characterization of these tumors and favored the description of variants and new subtypes, some not yet classified by the World Health Organization. Not infrequently, the histologic findings of biopsies of glioneuronal tumors simulate low-grade glial neoplasms; however, some imaging findings favor the correct diagnosis, making neuroimaging essential for proper management. Therefore, the aim of this review was to present key imaging, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular findings of glioneuronal tumors and their variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vaz
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology (A.V., B.C.d.A.T.), Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil .,Department of Internal Medicine (A.V., B.C.d.A.T.), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M S Cavalcanti
- Department of Pathology (M.S.C.), Neopath Diagnostics & Research Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - R Ramina
- Departments of Neurosurgery (E.B.d.S.J., R.R.)
| | - B C de Almeida Teixeira
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology (A.V., B.C.d.A.T.), Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine (A.V., B.C.d.A.T.), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Neuroradiology (B.C.d.A.T.), Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cooke M, Kazanietz MG. Overarching roles of diacylglycerol signaling in cancer development and antitumor immunity. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo0264. [PMID: 35412850 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a lipid second messenger that is generated in response to extracellular stimuli and channels intracellular signals that affect mammalian cell proliferation, survival, and motility. DAG exerts a myriad of biological functions through protein kinase C (PKC) and other effectors, such as protein kinase D (PKD) isozymes and small GTPase-regulating proteins (such as RasGRPs). Imbalances in the fine-tuned homeostasis between DAG generation by phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes and termination by DAG kinases (DGKs), as well as dysregulation in the activity or abundance of DAG effectors, have been widely associated with tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. DAG is also a key orchestrator of T cell function and thus plays a major role in tumor immunosurveillance. In addition, DAG pathways shape the tumor ecosystem by arbitrating the complex, dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the immune landscape, hence representing powerful modifiers of immune checkpoint and adoptive T cell-directed immunotherapy. Exploiting the wide spectrum of DAG signals from an integrated perspective could underscore meaningful advances in targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roosen M, Odé Z, Bunt J, Kool M. The oncogenic fusion landscape in pediatric CNS neoplasms. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:427-451. [PMID: 35169893 PMCID: PMC8960661 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS) are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Recent developments in molecular analyses have greatly contributed to a more accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of CNS tumors. Additionally, sequencing studies have identified various, often entity specific, tumor-driving events. In contrast to adult tumors, which often harbor multiple mutated oncogenic drivers, the number of mutated genes in pediatric cancers is much lower and many tumors can have a single oncogenic driver. Moreover, in children, much more than in adults, fusion proteins play an important role in driving tumorigenesis, and many different fusions have been identified as potential driver events in pediatric CNS neoplasms. However, a comprehensive overview of all the different reported oncogenic fusion proteins in pediatric CNS neoplasms is still lacking. A better understanding of the fusion proteins detected in these tumors and of the molecular mechanisms how these proteins drive tumorigenesis, could improve diagnosis and further benefit translational research into targeted therapies necessary to treat these distinct entities. In this review, we discuss the different oncogenic fusions reported in pediatric CNS neoplasms and their structure to create an overview of the variety of oncogenic fusion proteins to date, the tumor entities they occur in and their proposed mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Roosen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zelda Odé
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Bunt
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Kool
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ and German Cancer Consortium DKTK, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Targeting Protein Kinase C for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051104. [PMID: 35267413 PMCID: PMC8909172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein kinase C (PKC) family belongs to serine-threonine kinases and consists of several subtypes. Increasing evidence suggests that PKCs are critical players in carcinogenesis. Interestingly, PKCs exert both promotive and suppressive effects on tumor cell growth and metastasis, which have attracted immense attention. Herein, we systematically review the current advances in the structure, regulation and biological functions of PKCs, especially the relationship of PKCs with anti-cancer therapy-induced cell death, including the current knowledge of PKCs function in tumor metabolism and microenvironment. Moreover, we discuss the potential role of PKCs as a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer from basic research and clinical trials. Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, a group of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators in carcinogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that PKC isoforms exert both positive and negative effects on cancer cell demise. In this review, we systematically summarize the current findings on the architecture, activity regulation and biological functions of PKCs, especially their relationship with anti-cancer therapy-induced cell death. Additionally, we elaborate on current knowledge of the effects of PKCs on tumor metabolism and microenvironment, which have gained increasing attention in oncology-related areas. Furthermore, we underscore the basic experimental and clinical implications of PKCs as a target for cancer therapy to evaluate their therapeutic benefits and potential applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
Genetic and epigenetic characterization of posterior pituitary tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:1025-1043. [PMID: 34661724 PMCID: PMC8568760 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituicytoma (PITUI), granular cell tumor (GCT), and spindle cell oncocytoma (SCO) are rare tumors of the posterior pituitary. Histologically, they may be challenging to distinguish and have been proposed to represent a histological spectrum of a single entity. We performed targeted next-generation sequencing, DNA methylation profiling, and copy number analysis on 47 tumors (14 PITUI; 12 GCT; 21 SCO) to investigate molecular features and explore possibilities of clinically meaningful tumor subclassification. We detected two main epigenomic subgroups by unsupervised clustering of DNA methylation data, though the overall methylation differences were subtle. The largest group (n = 23) contained most PITUIs and a subset of SCOs and was enriched for pathogenic mutations within genes in the MAPK/PI3K pathways (12/17 [71%] of sequenced tumors: FGFR1 (3), HRAS (3), BRAF (2), NF1 (2), CBL (1), MAP2K2 (1), PTEN (1)) and two with accompanying TERT promoter mutation. The second group (n = 16) contained most GCTs and a subset of SCOs, all of which mostly lacked identifiable genetic drivers. Outcome analysis demonstrated that the presence of chromosomal imbalances was significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival especially within the combined PITUI and SCO group (p = 0.031). In summary, we observed only subtle DNA methylation differences between posterior pituitary tumors, indicating that these tumors may be best classified as subtypes of a single entity. Nevertheless, our data indicate differences in mutation patterns and clinical outcome. For a clinically meaningful subclassification, we propose a combined histo-molecular approach into three subtypes: one subtype is defined by granular cell histology, scarcity of identifiable oncogenic mutations, and favorable outcome. The other two subtypes have either SCO or PITUI histology but are segregated by chromosomal copy number profile into a favorable group (no copy number changes) and a less favorable group (copy number imbalances present). Both of the latter groups have recurrent MAPK/PI3K genetic alterations that represent potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Oon ML, Low SYY, Kuick CH, Goh JY, Chang KTE, McLendon RE, Tan CL. An Unusual Ganglioglioma with Pseudopapillary Features and PRKAR2B-BRAF Fusion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:1000-1003. [PMID: 34599823 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang Oon
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Y Y Low
- Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chik Hong Kuick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Yuan Goh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth T E Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Char Loo Tan
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahn JS, Ervin J, Cummings TJ, López GY, Wang SHJ. Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor With a Novel GPR37L1-PRKCA Fusion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:1004-1006. [PMID: 34283222 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janice S Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Ervin
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas J Cummings
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giselle Y López
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shih-Hsiu J Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thomas C, Soschinski P, Zwaig M, Oikonomopoulos S, Okonechnikov K, Pajtler KW, Sill M, Schweizer L, Koch A, Neumann J, Schüller U, Sahm F, Rauschenbach L, Keyvani K, Proescholdt M, Riemenschneider MJ, Segewiß J, Ruckert C, Grauer O, Monoranu CM, Lamszus K, Patrizi A, Kordes U, Siebert R, Kool M, Ragoussis J, Foulkes WD, Paulus W, Rivera B, Hasselblatt M. The genetic landscape of choroid plexus tumors in children and adults. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:650-660. [PMID: 33249490 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular brain tumors predominantly arising in children but also affecting adults. In most cases, driver mutations have not been identified, although there are reports of frequent chromosome-wide copy-number alterations and TP53 mutations, especially in choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs). METHODS DNA methylation profiling and RNA-sequencing was performed in a series of 47 CPTs. Samples comprised 35 choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs), 6 atypical choroid plexus papillomas (aCPPs) and 6 CPCs plus three recurrences thereof. Targeted TP53 and TERT promotor sequencing was performed in all samples. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and linked-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in 25 and 4 samples, respectively. RESULTS Tumors comprised the molecular subgroups "pediatric A" (N=11), "pediatric B" (N=12) and "adult" (N=27). Copy-number alterations mainly represented whole-chromosomal alterations with subgroup-specific enrichments (gains of Chr1, 2 and 21q in "pediatric B" and gains of Chr5 and 9 and loss of Chr21q in "adult"). RNA sequencing yielded a novel CCDC47-PRKCA fusion transcript in one adult choroid plexus papilloma patient with aggressive clinical course; an underlying Chr17 inversion was demonstrated by linked-read WGS. WES and targeted sequencing showed TP53 mutations in 7/47 CPTs (15%), five of which were children. On the contrary, TERT promoter mutations were encountered in 7/28 adult patients (25%) and associated with shorter progression-free survival (log-rank test, p=0.015). CONCLUSION Pediatric CPTs lack recurrent driver alterations except for TP53, whereas CPTs in adults show TERT promoter mutations or a novel CCDC47-PRKCA gene fusion, being associated with a more unfavorable clinical course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thomas
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Soschinski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Zwaig
- McGill University Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Spyridon Oikonomopoulos
- McGill University Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonille Schweizer
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, Partner Site Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arend Koch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, Partner Site Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Neumann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,DKFZ Division Translational Neurooncology, DKTK partner site, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Segewiß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Ruckert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Grauer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annarita Patrizi
- Schaller Research Group Leader at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Kordes
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill University Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Rivera
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Van AAN, Kunkel MT, Baffi TR, Lordén G, Antal CE, Banerjee S, Newton AC. Protein kinase C fusion proteins are paradoxically loss of function in cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100445. [PMID: 33617877 PMCID: PMC8008189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the AGC kinase superfamily, gene fusions resulting from chromosomal rearrangements have been most frequently described for protein kinase C (PKC), with gene fragments encoding either the C-terminal catalytic domain or the N-terminal regulatory moiety fused to other genes. Kinase fusions that eliminate regulatory domains are typically gain of function and often oncogenic. However, several quality control pathways prevent accumulation of aberrant PKC, suggesting that PKC fusions may paradoxically be loss of function. To explore this topic, we used biochemical, cellular, and genome editing approaches to investigate the function of fusions that retain the portion of the gene encoding either the catalytic domain or regulatory domain of PKC. Overexpression studies revealed that PKC catalytic domain fusions were constitutively active but vulnerable to degradation. Genome editing of endogenous genes to generate a cancer-associated PKC fusion resulted in cells with detectable levels of fusion transcript but no detectable protein. Hence, PKC catalytic domain fusions are paradoxically loss of function as a result of their instability, preventing appreciable accumulation of protein in cells. Overexpression of a PKC regulatory domain fusion suppressed both basal and agonist-induced endogenous PKC activity, acting in a dominant-negative manner by competing for diacylglycerol. For both catalytic and regulatory domain fusions, the PKC component of the fusion proteins mediated the effects of the full-length fusions on the parameters examined, suggesting that the partner protein is dispensable in these contexts. Taken together, our findings reveal that PKC gene fusions are distinct from oncogenic fusions and present a mechanism by which loss of PKC function occurs in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pettus JR, Kerr DA, Stan RV, Tse JY, Sverrisson EF, Bridge JA, Linos K. Primary myxoid and epithelioid mesenchymal tumor of the kidney with a novel GLI1-FOXO4 fusion. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 60:116-122. [PMID: 33159395 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To our knowledge, we describe the first mesenchymal tumor with a novel GLI1-FOXO4 fusion gene. This well-circumscribed kidney tumor displayed variably myxoid and epithelioid histologic features with a focally nodular growth pattern. The tumor cells showed bland, round to ovoid nuclei, with no overt high-grade features. The tumor showed focal immunopositivity for smooth muscle actin and Melan-A, which raised the possibility of a relationship with a perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. The clinical and morphologic features appear distinct from other reported neoplasms harboring GLI1 or FOXO4 gene rearrangements. The patient underwent radical nephrectomy and is without evidence of disease during a relatively short clinical follow-up period. However, the features of this tumor likely warrant long-term follow-up to monitor for the possibility of a late recurrence or metastasis. In addition to reporting this novel fusion-positive tumor, we also provide a brief review of GLI1 and FOXO4 gene functions in both normal and neoplastic contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pettus
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Darcy A Kerr
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Radu V Stan
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julie Y Tse
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Einar F Sverrisson
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julia A Bridge
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Division of Molecular Pathology, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Konstantinos Linos
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The PKC universe keeps expanding: From cancer initiation to metastasis. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100755. [PMID: 33017725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Classical and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes (c/nPKCs), members of the PKC family that become activated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and phorbol esters, exert a myriad of cellular effects that impact proliferative and motile cellular responses. While c/nPKCs have been indisputably associated with tumor promotion, their roles exceed by far their sole involvement as promoter kinases. Indeed, this original dogma has been subsequently redefined by the introduction of several new concepts: the identification of tumor suppressing roles for c/nPKCs, and their participation in early and late stages of carcinogenesis. This review dives deep into the intricate roles of c/nPKCs in cancer initiation as well as in the different stages of the metastatic cascade, with great emphasis in their involvement in cancer cell motility via regulation of small Rho GTPases, the production of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program required for the acquisition of highly invasive traits. Here, we highlight functional interplays between either PKCα or PKCε and mesenchymal features that may ultimately contribute to anticancer drug resistance in cellular and animal models. We also introduce the novel hypothesis that c/nPKCs may be implicated in the control of immune evasion through the regulation of immune checkpoint protein expression. In summary, dissecting the colossal complexity of c/nPKC signaling in the wide spectrum of cancer progression may bring new opportunities for the development of meaningful tools aiding for cancer prognosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tavallaii A, Keykhosravi E, Rezaee H. Acute presentation of papillary glioneuronal tumor due to intra-tumoral hemorrhage in a toddler: an odd presentation of a rare pathology. Br J Neurosurg 2020:1-6. [PMID: 32781841 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1800588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Papillary glioneuronal tumor is a recently known entity in central nervous system tumors. These benign WHO grade I tumors are mostly seen in young adults. Pediatric PGNT is rare and there is no report of these tumors in toddlers. Headache, nausea/vomiting and seizure are most common clinical symptoms. Acute presentation with focal neurological deficits or loss of consciousness are not amongst the expected presentations. These tumors are typically cystic with enhancing mural nodule. Although case with chronic intermittent microhemorrhages are reported in the literature but overt intra-tumoral hemorrhage is an odd radiological presentation with just one reported case in the literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION We present an extremely rare case of PGNT presenting with sudden onset hemiparesis and impaired consciousness due to acute intra-tumoral hemorrhage in a toddler which was surgically treated with favorable outcome. CONCLUSION PGNTs can also be seen in very young children even in toddlers. Also, it should be kept in mind that these tumors have potential for overt intra-tumoral hemorrhage and acute presentation with focal neurological deficits mimicking more common pathologies which should be considered to plan optimal patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tavallaii
- Akbar Children Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Keykhosravi
- Akbar Children Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Rezaee
- Neurosurgery Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gatto L, Franceschi E, Nunno VD, Tomasello C, Bartolini S, Brandes AA. Glioneuronal tumors: clinicopathological findings and treatment options. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumors are very rare CNS neoplasms that demonstrate neuronal differentiation, composed of mixed glial and neuronal cells. The majority of these lesions are low grade and their correct classification is crucial in order to avoid misidentification as ‘ordinary’ gliomas and prevent inappropriate aggressive treatment; nevertheless, precise diagnosis is a challenge due to phenotypic overlap across different histologic subtype. Surgery is the standard of therapeutic approach; literature concerning the benefit of adjuvant treatments is inconclusive and a globally accepted treatment of recurrence does not exist. Targetable mutations in the genes BRAF and FGFR1/2 are recurrently found in these tumors and could take a promising role in future treatment management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gatto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL/IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL/IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Nunno
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL/IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Tomasello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Bartolini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL/IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Ariela Brandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL/IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tamase A, Tachibana O, Nakada S, Yamada S, Iizuka H. A Case of Suprasellar Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor Mimicking Craniopharyngioma. NMC Case Rep J 2020; 7:85-88. [PMID: 32695553 PMCID: PMC7363644 DOI: 10.2176/nmccrj.cr.2019-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT) is a low-grade biphasic neoplasm with astrocytic and neuronal differentiation. This tumor occurs most commonly in the frontal and temporal lobes, close to the ventricles, and rarely in the cerebellum, brainstem, and pineal gland. However, there has been no report of this tumor in the suprasellar region to date. In this paper, we report a case of PGNT in the suprasellar region in a 16-year-old girl. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cystic tumor with calcification that progressed from the anterior skull base to the suprasellar and temporal regions. Preoperatively distinguishing this tumor from craniopharyngioma was difficult because of the patient’s age, localization of the tumor, and neuroimaging results. This case showed a backward shift of the chiasma, which is observed in only 4.7% of craniopharyngioma, as well as normal endocrine findings. Endocrinological examination and an MRI evaluation of the chiasmal shift may be useful for discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tamase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Tachibana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Nakada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Iizuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chowdhury T, Lee Y, Kim S, Yu HJ, Ji SY, Bae JM, Won JK, Shin JH, Weinberger DR, Choi SH, Park CK, Kim JI, Park SH. A glioneuronal tumor with CLIP2-MET fusion. NPJ Genom Med 2020; 5:24. [PMID: 32550005 PMCID: PMC7270112 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-020-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of glioneuronal tumor (GNT) with a discovery of novel gene fusion of CLIP2-MET resulting from aberrant chromosome 7 abnormalities. We executed an elaborate genomic study on this case including whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing. Genomic analysis of the tumor revealed aberrations in chromosomes 1 and 7 and a CLIP2-MET fusion. Further analysis of the upregulated genes revealed substantial connections with MAPK pathway activation. We concluded that the chromosome 7 abnormalities prompted CLIP2-MET gene fusion which successively leads to MAPK pathway activation. We deliberated that MAPK pathway activation is one of the driver pathways responsible for the oncogenesis of GNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamrin Chowdhury
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Yeajina Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Sojin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Hyeon Jong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - So Young Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Centre, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Slegers RJ, Blumcke I. Low-grade developmental and epilepsy associated brain tumors: a critical update 2020. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:27. [PMID: 32151273 PMCID: PMC7063704 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors represent the second most frequent etiology in patients with focal seizure onset before 18 years of age and submitted to epilepsy surgery. Hence, this category of brain tumors, herein defined as low-grade, developmental, epilepsy-associated brain tumors (LEAT) is different from those frequently encountered in adults as (A): 77% of LEAT occur in the temporal lobe; (B): the vast majority of LEAT are of low malignancy and classified as WHO I°; (C): LEAT are often composed of mixed glial and neuronal cell components and present with variable growth patterns including small cysts or nodules; (D): LEAT do not share common gene driving mutations, such as IDH1 or 1p/19q co-deletions. Characteristic entities comprise the ganglioglioma (GG), the dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), the angiocentric glioma (AG), the isomorphic diffuse glioma (IDG) and the papillary glio-neuronal tumor (PGNT), representing 73.2% of 1680 tumors collected in a large German series of 6747 patients submitted to epilepsy surgery. In the realm of exciting discoveries of genetic drivers of brain tumors new genes have been also reported for LEAT. BRAF V600E mutations were linked to GG with CD34 expression, FGFR1 mutations to DNT, MYB alterations to AG and also IDG and PRKCA fusions to PGNT, suggesting the possibility to also develop a genetically driven tumor classification scheme for LEAT. Rare availability of LEAT in a single center is a challenging obstacle, however, to systematically unravel the neurobiological nature and clinical behavior of LEAT. Other challenges in need of clarification include malignant tumor progression of LEAT entities, seizure relapse in patients following bulk tumor resection and the controversial issue of associated focal cortical dysplasia as additional pathomechanism. In order to advance our understanding and promote reliable diagnostic work-up of LEAT, we recommend, therefore, international collaboration to achieve our goals.
Collapse
|
26
|
Jones DT, Bandopadhayay P, Jabado N. The Power of Human Cancer Genetics as Revealed by Low-Grade Gliomas. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:483-503. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human brain contains a vast number of cells and shows extraordinary cellular diversity to facilitate the many cognitive and automatic commands governing our bodily functions. This complexity arises partly from large-scale structural variations in the genome, evolutionary processes to increase brain size, function, and cognition. Not surprisingly given recent technical advances, low-grade gliomas (LGGs), which arise from the glia (the most abundant cell type in the brain), have undergone a recent revolution in their classification and therapy, especially in the pediatric setting. Next-generation sequencing has uncovered previously unappreciated diverse LGG entities, unraveling genetic subgroups and multiple molecular alterations and altered pathways, including many amenable to therapeutic targeting. In this article we review these novel entities, in which oncogenic processes show striking age-related neuroanatomical specificity (highlighting their close interplay with development); the opportunities they provide for targeted therapies, some of which are already practiced at the bedside; and the challenges of implementing molecular pathology in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T.W. Jones
- Pediatric Glioma Research Group, Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatric and Human Genetics, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Routine RNA sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens in neuropathology diagnostics identifies diagnostically and therapeutically relevant gene fusions. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:827-835. [PMID: 31278449 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular markers have become pivotal in brain tumor diagnostics. Mutational analyses by targeted next-generation sequencing of DNA and array-based DNA methylation assessment with copy number analyses are increasingly being used in routine diagnostics. However, the broad variety of gene fusions occurring in brain tumors is marginally covered by these technologies and often only assessed by targeted assays. Here, we assessed the feasibility and clinical value of investigating gene fusions in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues by next-generation mRNA sequencing in a routine diagnostic setting. After establishment and optimization of a workflow applicable in a routine setting, prospective diagnostic application in a neuropathology department for 26 months yielded relevant fusions in 66 out of 101 (65%) analyzed cases. In 43 (43%) cases, the fusions were of decisive diagnostic relevance and in 40 (40%) cases the fusion genes rendered a druggable target. A major strength of this approach was its ability to detect fusions beyond the canonical alterations for a given entity, and the unbiased search for any fusion event in cases with uncertain diagnosis and, thus, uncertain spectrum of expected fusions. This included both rare variants of established fusions which had evaded prior targeted analyses as well as the detection of previously unreported fusion events. While the impact of fusion detection on diagnostics is highly relevant, it is especially the detection of "druggable" fusions which will most likely provide direct benefit to the patients. The wider application of this approach for unbiased fusion identification therefore promises to be a major advance in identifying alterations with immediate impact on patient care.
Collapse
|
28
|
Dupain C, Gracia C, Harttrampf AC, Rivière J, Geoerger B, Massaad-Massade L. Newly identified LMO3-BORCS5 fusion oncogene in Ewing sarcoma at relapse is a driver of tumor progression. Oncogene 2019; 38:7200-7215. [PMID: 31488873 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we detected a new fusion transcript LMO3-BORCS5 in a patient with Ewing sarcoma within a cohort of relapsed pediatric cancers. LMO3-BORCS5 was as highly expressed as the characteristic fusion oncogene EWS/FLI1. However, the expression level of LMO3-BORCS5 at diagnosis was very low. Sanger sequencing depicted two LMO3-BORCS5 variants leading to loss of the functional domain LIM2 in LMO3 gene, and disruption of BORCS5. In vitro studies showed that LMO3-BORCS5 (i) increases proliferation, (ii) decreases expression of apoptosis-related genes and treatment sensitivity, and (iii) downregulates genes involved in differentiation and upregulates proliferative and extracellular matrix-related pathways. Remarkably, in vivo LMO3-BORCS5 demonstrated its high oncogenic potential by inducing tumors in mouse fibroblastic NIH-3T3 cell line. Moreover, BORCS5 probably acts, in vivo, as a tumor-suppressor gene. In conclusion, functional studies of fusion oncogenes at relapse are of great importance to define mechanisms involved in tumor progression and resistance to conventional treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Dupain
- Laboratoire de Vectorologie et Thérapeutiques Anticancéreuses, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Gracia
- Laboratoire de Vectorologie et Thérapeutiques Anticancéreuses, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne C Harttrampf
- Laboratoire de Vectorologie et Thérapeutiques Anticancéreuses, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Laboratoire de Vectorologie et Thérapeutiques Anticancéreuses, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Villejuif, France
| | - Liliane Massaad-Massade
- Laboratoire de Vectorologie et Thérapeutiques Anticancéreuses, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805, Villejuif, France. .,U1195 INSERM, 20 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goethe EA, Youssef M, Patel AJ, Jalali A, Goodman JC, Mandel JJ. Recurrent Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor. World Neurosurg 2019; 128:127-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
30
|
Papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT) exhibits a characteristic methylation profile and fusions involving PRKCA. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:837-846. [PMID: 30759284 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT) is a WHO-defined brain tumor entity that poses a major diagnostic challenge. Recently, SLC44A1-PRKCA fusions have been described in PGNT. We subjected 28 brain tumors from different institutions histologically diagnosed as PGNT to molecular and morphological analysis. Array-based methylation analysis revealed that 17/28 tumors exhibited methylation profiles typical for other tumor entities, mostly dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and hemispheric pilocytic astrocytoma. Conversely, 11/28 tumors exhibited a unique profile, thus constituting a distinct methylation class PGNT. By screening the extended Heidelberg cohort containing over 25,000 CNS tumors, we identified three additional tumors belonging to this methylation cluster but originally histologically diagnosed otherwise. RNA sequencing for the detection of SLC44A1-PRKCA fusions could be performed on 19 of the tumors, 10 of them belonging to the methylation class PGNT. In two additional cases, SLC44A1-PRKCA fusions were confirmed by FISH. We detected fusions involving PRKCA in all cases of this methylation class with material available for analyses: the canonical SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion was observed in 11/12 tumors, while the remaining case exhibited a NOTCH1-PRKCA fusion. Neither of the fusions was found in the tumors belonging to other methylation classes. Our results point towards a high misclassification rate of the morphological diagnosis PGNT and clearly demonstrate the necessity of molecular analyses. PRKCA fusions are highly diagnostic for PGNT, and detection by RNA sequencing enables the identification of rare fusion partners. Methylation analysis recognizes a unique methylation class PGNT irrespective of the nature of the PRKCA fusion.
Collapse
|
31
|
Scheie D, Kufaishi HHA, Broholm H, Lund EL, de Stricker K, Melchior LC, Grauslund M. Biomarkers in tumors of the central nervous system - a review. APMIS 2019; 127:265-287. [PMID: 30740783 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, diagnostics of brain tumors were almost solely based on morphology and immunohistochemical stainings for relatively unspecific lineage markers. Although certain molecular markers have been known for longer than a decade (combined loss of chromosome 1p and 19q in oligodendrogliomas), molecular biomarkers were not included in the WHO scheme until 2016. Now, the classification of diffuse gliomas rests on an integration of morphology and molecular results. Also, for many other central nervous system tumor entities, specific diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers have been detected and continue to emerge. Previously, we considered brain tumors with similar histology to represent a single disease entity. We now realize that histologically identical tumors might show alterations in different molecular pathways, and often represent separate diseases with different natural history and response to treatment. Hence, knowledge about specific biomarkers is of great importance for individualized treatment and follow-up. In this paper we review the biomarkers that we currently use in the diagnostic work-up of brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Scheie
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Løbner Lund
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Morten Grauslund
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Solomon DA, Korshunov A, Sill M, Jones DTW, Kool M, Pfister SM, Fan X, Bannykh S, Hu J, Danielpour M, Li R, Johnston J, Cham E, Cooney T, Sun PP, Oberheim Bush NA, McDermott M, Van Ziffle J, Onodera C, Grenert JP, Bastian BC, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Pekmezci M, Bollen AW, Perry A. Myxoid glioneuronal tumor of the septum pellucidum and lateral ventricle is defined by a recurrent PDGFRA p.K385 mutation and DNT-like methylation profile. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:339-343. [PMID: 30006677 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
33
|
Siegfried A, Rousseau A, Maurage CA, Pericart S, Nicaise Y, Escudie F, Grand D, Delrieu A, Gomez-Brouchet A, Le Guellec S, Franchet C, Boetto S, Vinchon M, Sol JC, Roux FE, Rigau V, Bertozzi AI, Jones DTW, Figarella-Branger D, Uro-Coste E. EWSR1-PATZ1 gene fusion may define a new glioneuronal tumor entity. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:53-62. [PMID: 29679497 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the challenging diagnostic case of a ventricular cystic glioneuronal tumor with papillary features, by RNA sequencing using the Illumina TruSight RNA Fusion panel. We did not retrieve the SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion gene specific for papillary glioneuronal tumor, but an EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion transcript. RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing confirmed the EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion. It matched with canonic EWSR1 fusion oncogene, juxtaposing the entire N-terminal transcriptional activation domain of EWSR1 gene and the C-terminal DNA binding domain of a transcription factor gene, PATZ1. PATZ1 protein belongs to the BTB-ZF (broad-complex, tramtrack and bric-à-brac -zinc finger) family. It directly regulates Pou5f1 and Nanog and is essential to maintaining stemness by inhibiting neural differentiation. EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion is a rare event in tumors: it was only reported in six round cell sarcomas and in three gliomas of three exclusively molecular studies. The first reported glioma was a BRAFV600E negative ganglioglioma, the second a BRAFV600E negative glioneuronal tumor, not otherwise specified and the third, very recently reported, a high grade glioma, not otherwise specified. In our study, forty BRAFV600E negative gangliogliomas were screened by FISH using EWSR1 break-apart probes. We performed methylation profiling for the index case and for seven out of the ten FISH positive cases. The index case clustered apart from other pediatric low grade glioneuronal entities, and specifically from the well-defined ganglioglioma methylation group. An additional pediatric intraventricular ganglioglioma clustered slightly more closely with ganglioglioma, but showed differences from the main ganglioglioma group and similarities with the index case. Both cases harbored copy number variations at the PATZ1 locus. EWSR1-PATZ1 gene fusion might define a new type of glioneuronal tumors, distinct from gangliogliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Siegfried
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1037, Team 11, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Rousseau
- Department of Pathology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.,INSERM U1232, Cancer and Immunology Research Center of Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Team 17, Nantes University, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Claude-Alain Maurage
- Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,INSERM U837 UMR-S1172, Centre de Recherche Jean Pierre Aubert, Team 1, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Pericart
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Yvan Nicaise
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Fréderic Escudie
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - David Grand
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Delrieu
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Gomez-Brouchet
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR5089 Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Department of Cancer Biology, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Le Guellec
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Franchet
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Sergio Boetto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Matthieu Vinchon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR1214 Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center (TONIC), Team iDREAM, INSERM and Paul Sabatier University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR1214 Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center (TONIC), Team iDREAM, INSERM and Paul Sabatier University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- Department of Pathology, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Neuroscience of Montpellier (INM), INSERM U1051, Team 4, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Group Pediatric Glioma Research, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Department of Pathology, Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France.,UMR CNRS 7058. Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), Team GlioME, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Uro-Coste
- Department of Pathology, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1037, Team 11, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pekmezci M, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Goode B, Van Ziffle J, Onodera C, Grenert JP, Bastian BC, Chamyan G, Maher OM, Khatib Z, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Samuel D, Mueller S, Banerjee A, Clarke JL, Cooney T, Torkildson J, Gupta N, Theodosopoulos P, Chang EF, Berger M, Bollen AW, Perry A, Tihan T, Solomon DA. The genetic landscape of ganglioglioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:47. [PMID: 29880043 PMCID: PMC5992851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioglioma is the most common epilepsy-associated neoplasm that accounts for approximately 2% of all primary brain tumors. While a subset of gangliogliomas are known to harbor the activating p.V600E mutation in the BRAF oncogene, the genetic alterations responsible for the remainder are largely unknown, as is the spectrum of any additional cooperating gene mutations or copy number alterations. We performed targeted next-generation sequencing that provides comprehensive assessment of mutations, gene fusions, and copy number alterations on a cohort of 40 gangliogliomas. Thirty-six harbored mutations predicted to activate the MAP kinase signaling pathway, including 18 with BRAF p.V600E mutation, 5 with variant BRAF mutation (including 4 cases with novel in-frame insertions at p.R506 in the β3-αC loop of the kinase domain), 4 with BRAF fusion, 2 with KRAS mutation, 1 with RAF1 fusion, 1 with biallelic NF1 mutation, and 5 with FGFR1/2 alterations. Three gangliogliomas with BRAF p.V600E mutation had concurrent CDKN2A homozygous deletion and one additionally harbored a subclonal mutation in PTEN. Otherwise, no additional pathogenic mutations, fusions, amplifications, or deletions were identified in any of the other tumors. Amongst the 4 gangliogliomas without canonical MAP kinase pathway alterations identified, one epilepsy-associated tumor in the temporal lobe of a young child was found to harbor a novel ABL2-GAB2 gene fusion. The underlying genetic alterations did not show significant association with patient age or disease progression/recurrence in this cohort. Together, this study highlights that ganglioglioma is characterized by genetic alterations that activate the MAP kinase pathway, with only a small subset of cases that harbor additional pathogenic alterations such as CDKN2A deletion.
Collapse
|
35
|
Brandner S, Jaunmuktane Z. Neurological update: gliomas and other primary brain tumours in adults. J Neurol 2018; 265:717-727. [PMID: 29098416 PMCID: PMC5834564 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging understanding of molecular changes in a wide range of brain tumours has led to a significant shift in how these tumours are diagnosed, managed and treated. This article will provide a hands-on overview of the relevant biomarkers and their association with newly defined biological tumour entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ahmed AK, Dawood HY, Gerard J, Smith TR. Surgical Resection and Cellular Proliferation Index Predict Prognosis for Patients with Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor: Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. World Neurosurg 2017; 107:534-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
37
|
Genomic Analysis of Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytomas Reveals Recurrent Alterations in PRKAR1A, and PRKCA Genes. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:1333-1346. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
38
|
Dupain C, Harttrampf AC, Urbinati G, Geoerger B, Massaad-Massade L. Relevance of Fusion Genes in Pediatric Cancers: Toward Precision Medicine. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 6:315-326. [PMID: 28325298 PMCID: PMC5363511 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric cancers differ from adult tumors, especially by their very low mutational rate. Therefore, their etiology could be explained in part by other oncogenic mechanisms such as chromosomal rearrangements, supporting the possible implication of fusion genes in the development of pediatric cancers. Fusion genes result from chromosomal rearrangements leading to the juxtaposition of two genes. Consequently, an abnormal activation of one or both genes is observed. The detection of fusion genes has generated great interest in basic cancer research and in the clinical setting, since these genes can lead to better comprehension of the biological mechanisms of tumorigenesis and they can also be used as therapeutic targets and diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of fusion genes and their particularities in pediatric cancers, as well as their relevance in murine models and in the clinical setting. We also point out the difficulties encountered in the discovery of fusion genes. Finally, we discuss future perspectives and priorities for finding new innovative therapies in childhood cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Dupain
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Catherine Harttrampf
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Giorgia Urbinati
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Liliane Massaad-Massade
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Rapid developments in molecular genetic technology and research have swiftly advanced our understanding of neuro-oncology. As a consequence, the WHO invited their expert panels to revise the current classification system of brain tumours and to introduce, for the first time, a molecular genetic approach for selected tumour entities, thus setting a new gold standard in histopathology. The revised 5th edition of the 'blue book' was released in May 2016 and will have a major impact in stratifying diagnosis and treatment. However, low-grade neuroepithelial tumours that present with early-onset focal epilepsy and are mostly seen in children and young adults (previously designated as long-term epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumours, LEAT) lack such innovative clinicopathological and molecular genetic tools. The Neuropathology Task Force of the International League against Epilepsy will critically discuss this issue, and will offer perspectives on how to decipher and validate clinically meaningful LEAT entities using the current WHO approach that integrates clinicopathological and genetic classification systems.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bahrami A, Lee S, Wu G, Kerstetter J, Rahvar M, Li X, Easton J, Zhang J, Barnhill RL. Pigment-Synthesizing Melanocytic Neoplasm With Protein Kinase C Alpha (PRKCA) Fusion. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152:318-22. [PMID: 26676968 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Melanocytic neoplasms with prominent pigment synthesis mimicking equine melanoma represent a rare variant of biologically indeterminate or low-grade malignant melanocytic tumors in which the molecular profile and exact histologic classification are not established. Tumors with these characteristics rarely occur as congenital lesions. We performed genomic analysis of a congenital pigment synthesizing melanocytic neoplasm with indeterminate biological potential. OBSERVATIONS The patient was a 5-month-old girl presenting with a 6-cm protuberant scalp mass, which had doubled in size since birth. Histologic examination showed heavily pigmented intradermal proliferation of large, epithelioid melanocytes with mild cytologic atypia, low mitotic activity, focal necrosis, and ulceration. RNA sequencing identified a novel ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, plasma membrane 4(ATP2B4)-protein kinase C-alpha (PRKCA) fusion transcript. The fusion resulted in an in-frame linkage of the PRKCA catalytic domain with the N-terminal of ATP2B4 and high expression of the PRKCA kinase domain. Break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization showed PRKCA rearrangement, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of the fusion transcript. The patient was alive and well, with no evidence of recurrence, at the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report of PRKCA fusions in melanocytic neoplasms. Future studies need to determine the frequency of PRKCA fusions in pigment-synthesizing melanocytic neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Seungjae Lee
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Justin Kerstetter
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Maral Rahvar
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California-Los Angeles
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao RJ, Zhang XL, Chu SG, Zhang M, Kong LF, Wang Y. Clinicopathologic and neuroradiologic studies of papillary glioneuronal tumors. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:695-702. [PMID: 26899971 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-2744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT) is a rare, recently described distinct low-grade brain neoplasm. This study was performed to characterize the clinicopathologic and neuroradiologic features of PGNTs. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 16 patients with PGNT who underwent surgery, including 11 males and five females (median age 27 years). The clinical, neuroradiologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings were documented. RESULTS Headache was the principal presentation. Neuroimaging showed contrast-enhancing, cystic-solid or cystic masses with a mural nodule, mostly involved the frontal or parietal lobes. Histologically, the tumors were characterized by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive small cuboidal cells lining hyalinized vascular pseudopapillae and synaptophysin and/or NeuN-positive interpapillary neuronal elements. Other findings included small angiomatous areas in ten, small islands of neuropil and rosettes in seven, and microvascular proliferation and/or nuclear atypia in six. Mitoses or necrosis were absent. All lacked isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H protein expression. Low expression of p53 was observed in three cases. Ki67 labeling index ranged from less than 1 to 3 %. All but one was totally resected. Median follow-up was 65 months, and one patient had tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS PGNTs display distinct clinicopathologic and imaging characteristics and indicate a favorable prognosis. However, recurrences sometimes occur. Immunohistochemistry facilitates the appropriate diagnosis of these tumors. Complete resection of the tumor is important for a favorable outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jiao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 450003
| | - Xia-Ling Zhang
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, 12 Wu Lu Mu Qi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shu-Guang Chu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 200040
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 450003
| | - Ling-Fei Kong
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 450003
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, 12 Wu Lu Mu Qi Zhong Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
This chapter describes the epidemiology, pathology, molecular characteristics, clinical and neuroimaging features, treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors of the rare glial tumors. This category includes subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, astroblastoma, chordoid glioma of the third ventricle, angiocentric glioma, ganglioglioma, desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, papillary glioneuronal tumor, and rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle. Many of these tumors, in particular glioneuronal tumors, prevail in children and young adults, are characterized by pharmacoresistant seizures, and have an indolent course, and long survival following surgical resection. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are reserved for recurrent and/or aggressive forms. New molecular alterations are increasingly recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - David Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
SLC44A1 – PRKCA fusion in papillary and rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 23:73-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
44
|
Pages M, Lacroix L, Tauziede-Espariat A, Castel D, Daudigeos-Dubus E, Ridola V, Gilles S, Fina F, Andreiuolo F, Polivka M, Lechapt-Zalcman E, Puget S, Boddaert N, Liu XQ, Bridge JA, Grill J, Chretien F, Varlet P. Papillary glioneuronal tumors: histological and molecular characteristics and diagnostic value of SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:85. [PMID: 26671581 PMCID: PMC4681033 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor (PGNT) is a grade I tumor which was classified as a separate entity in the World Health Organization Classification of the Central Nervous System 2007 in the group of mixed glioneuronal tumors. This tumor is rare and subclassifying PGNT represents a challenge. Recently, a fusion between SLC44A1 and PRKCA which encodes a protein kinase C involved in MAPK signaling pathway has been described in two studies (five cases). The current study aimed at raising the cytogenetic, histological and molecular profiles of PGNT and to determine if SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion represented a specific diagnostic marker to distinguish it from other glioneuronal tumors. RESULTS We report on four pediatric cases of PGNT, along with clinico-radiologic and immunohistological features for which SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion assessment by fluorescence in situ hybridization, BRAF V600E and FGFR1 mutation by immunohistochemistry and direct DNA sequencing and KIAA1549-BRAF fusion by RT-PCR were performed. MAPK signaling pathway activation was investigated using phospho-ERK immunohistochemistry and western blot. We analyzed fifteen cases of tumors with challenging histological or clinical differential diagnoses showing respectively a papillary architecture or periventricular location (PGNT mimics). fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed a constant SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion signal in all PGNTs. None of PGNT mimics showed the SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion signal pattern. All PGNTs were negative for BRAF V600E and FGFR1 mutation, and KIAA1549-BRAF fusion. Phospho-ERK analysis provides arguments for the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in these tumors. CONCLUSIONS Here we confirmed and extended the molecular data on PGNT. These results suggest that PGNT belong to low grade glioma with MAPK signaling pathway deregulation. SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion seems to be a specific characteristic of PGNT with a high diagnostic value and detectable by FISH.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gene fusion detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded benign fibrous histiocytomas using fluorescence in situ hybridization and RNA sequencing. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1071-6. [PMID: 26121314 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign fibrous histiocytomas (FH) can be subdivided into several morphological and clinical subgroups. Recently, gene fusions involving either one of two protein kinase C genes (PRKCB and PRKCD) or the ALK gene were described in FH. We here wanted to evaluate the frequency of PRKCB and PRKCD gene fusions in FH. Using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on sections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors, 36 cases could be analyzed. PRKCB or PRKCD rearrangements were seen in five tumors: 1/7 regular, 0/3 aneurysmal, 0/6 cellular, 2/7 epithelioid, 0/1 atypical, 2/10 deep, and 0/2 metastatic lesions. We also evaluated the status of the ALK gene in selected cases, finding rearrangements in 3/7 epithelioid and 0/1 atypical lesions. To assess the gene fusion status of FH further, deep sequencing of RNA (RNA-Seq) was performed on FFPE tissue from eight cases with unknown gene fusion status, as well as on two FH and six soft tissue sarcomas with known gene fusions; of the latter eight positive controls, the expected fusion transcript was found in all but one, while 2/8 FH with unknown genetic status showed fusion transcripts, including a novel KIRREL/PRKCA chimera. Thus, also a third member of the PRKC family is involved in FH tumorigenesis. We conclude that gene fusions involving PRKC genes occur in several morphological (regular, cellular, aneurysmal, epithelioid) and clinical (cutaneous, deep) subsets of FH, but they seem to account for only a minority of the cases. In epithelioid lesions, however, rearrangements of PRKC or ALK were seen, as mutually exclusive events, in the majority (5/7) of cases. Finally, the study also shows that RNA-Seq is a promising tool for identifying gene fusions in FFPE tissues.
Collapse
|
46
|
LAMTOR1-PRKCD and NUMA1-SFMBT1 fusion genes identified by RNA sequencing in aneurysmal benign fibrous histiocytoma with t(3;11)(p21;q13). Cancer Genet 2015; 208:545-51. [PMID: 26432191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA sequencing of an aneurysmal benign fibrous histiocytoma with the karyotype 46,XY,t(3;11)(p21;q13),del(6)(p23)[17]/46,XY[2] showed that the t(3;11) generated two fusion genes: LAMTOR1-PRKCD and NUMA1-SFMBT1. RT-PCR together with Sanger sequencing verified the presence of fusion transcripts from both fusion genes. In the LAMTOR1-PRKCD fusion, the part of the PRKCD gene coding for the catalytic domain of the serine/threonine kinase is under control of the LAMTOR1 promoter. In the NUMA1-SFMBT1 fusion, the part of the SFMBT1 gene coding for two of four malignant brain tumor domains and the sterile alpha motif domain is controlled by the NUMA1 promoter. The data support a neoplastic genesis of aneurysmal benign fibrous histiocytoma and indicate a pathogenetic role for LAMTOR1-PRKCD and NUMA1-SFMBT1.
Collapse
|
47
|
Momota H, Shimoyama Y. Recurrent papillary glioneuronal tumor presenting as a ganglioglioma with the BRAF V600E mutation. Neuropathology 2015; 35:603-5. [PMID: 26073619 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Momota
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Shimoyama
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nagaishi M, Yokoo H, Nobusawa S, Fujii Y, Sugiura Y, Suzuki R, Tanaka Y, Suzuki K, Hyodo A. Localized overexpression of alpha-internexin within nodules in multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors. Neuropathology 2015; 35:561-8. [PMID: 26073706 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors (MVNT) have been recently referred to as a distinctive neuronal tumor entity based on histopathological findings. They are characterized by multiple tumor nodules, vacuolar alteration and widespread immunolabeling for human neuronal protein HuC/HuD. Only 13 cases have been reported in the literature to date and little is known about the histopathology of these tumors. Herein, we report a case of MVNT with additional confirmation of immunohistochemical features. A 22-year-old woman presented with a continuous headache. MRI showed a subcortical white matter lesion with multiple satellite nodules in the frontal lobe appearing as T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensities. Histological examination of the resected lesion revealed well-defined multiple nodules composed of predominant vacuolating tumor cells. The tumor cells exhibited consistent immunolabeling for doublecortin, as well as HuC/HuD, both representative neuronal biomarkers associated with earlier stages of neuronal development. Immunopositivity for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) and S100 was also detected in tumor cells. Additionally, significant overexpression of alpha-internexin was observed in the background neuropil limited to tumor nodules. Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), synaptophysin and neurofilament, markers for mature neurons, were either negative or weakly positive. The expression profile of neuronal biomarkers can be distinguished from that of classic neuronal tumors and is the immunohistochemical hallmark of MVNT. In summary, we identified the characteristic tumoral expression of HuC/HuD and doublecortin and the presence of abundant neuropil localized in MVNT tumor nodules, which exhibited widespread alpha-internexin expression. These results supported the presumption that MVNT is a distinct histopathological entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Nagaishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Yoshiki Sugiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Ryotaro Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Kensuke Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Akio Hyodo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Human cancer genomes harbour a variety of alterations leading to the deregulation of key pathways in tumour cells. The genomic characterization of tumours has uncovered numerous genes recurrently mutated, deleted or amplified, but gene fusions have not been characterized as extensively. Here we develop heuristics for reliably detecting gene fusion events in RNA-seq data and apply them to nearly 7,000 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We thereby are able to discover several novel and recurrent fusions involving kinases. These findings have immediate clinical implications and expand the therapeutic options for cancer patients, as approved or exploratory drugs exist for many of these kinases. Kinases activated by gene fusions represent potentially important targets for the development of cancer drugs. Here, the authors develop a method for detecting gene fusion events in RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and identify several novel recurrent fusions involving kinases.
Collapse
|
50
|
Momota H, Fujii M, Tatematsu A, Shimoyama Y, Tsujiuchi T, Ohno M, Natsume A, Wakabayashi T. Papillary glioneuronal tumor with a high proliferative component and minigemistocytes in a child. Neuropathology 2014; 34:484-90. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Momota
- Department of Neurosurgery; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Akiko Tatematsu
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshie Shimoyama
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Takashi Tsujiuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Masasuke Ohno
- Department of Neurosurgery; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery; Nagoya University Hospital; Nagoya Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|