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Kitts DD, Pratap-Singh A, Singh A, Chen X, Wang S. A Risk-Benefit Analysis of First Nation's Traditional Smoked Fish Processing. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010111. [PMID: 36613327 PMCID: PMC9818569 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
First Nations (FN) communities have traditionally used smoke to preserve fish for food security purposes. In this study, an assessment of chemical and microbiological food safety, together with nutritional quality, was conducted on fish preserved using traditional smoke processing. High-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) residues accounted for only 0.6% of the total PAH in traditionally fully smoked salmon, and Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) was not detected in the FN smoked or commercial smoked fish, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the solvent extracts derived from smoked fish towards Listeria innocua was very low but detectable. The practice of using full and half-smoked processing for fish reduced all of the fatty acid concentrations and also minimized the further loss of essential omega-3 fatty acids to a greater extent than non-smoked fish during storage (p < 0.05). This finding corresponded to lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation in smoked fish. We conclude that the benefits of reducing lipid oxidation and retaining essential fatty acids during storage, together with a potentially significant reduction in Listeria contamination, are notable benefits of traditional smoke processing. Although B(a)P was not detected in FN smoked fish, attention should be given to controlling the temperature and smoking period applied during this processing to minimize potential long-term risks associated with PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Kitts
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(604)-822-5560
| | - Anubhav Pratap-Singh
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anika Singh
- NHP Research Group, Centre for Applied Research and Innovation (CARI), British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC V5G 458, Canada
| | - Xiumin Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Chan SS, Feyissa AH, Jessen F, Roth B, Jakobsen AN, Lerfall J. Modelling water and salt diffusion of cold-smoked Atlantic salmon initially immersed in refrigerated seawater versus on ice. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abel N, Rotabakk BT, Lerfall J. Mild processing of seafood-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:340-370. [PMID: 34913247 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have shown a tremendous increase in consumer demands for healthy, natural, high-quality convenience foods, especially within the fish and seafood sector. Traditional processing technologies such as drying or extensive heating can cause deterioration of nutrients and sensory quality uncompilable with these demands. This has led to development of many novel processing technologies, which include several mild technologies. The present review highlights the potential of mild thermal, and nonthermal physical, and chemical technologies, either used alone or in combination, to obtain safe seafood products with good shelf life and preference among consumers. Moreover, applications and limitations are discussed to provide a clear view of the potential for future development and applications. Some of the reviewed technologies, or combinations thereof, have shown great potential for non-seafood products, yet data are missing for fish and seafood in general. The present paper visualizes these knowledge gaps and the potential for new technology developments in the seafood sector. Among identified gaps, the combination of mild heating (e.g., sous vide or microwave) with more novel technologies such as pulsed electric field, pulsed light, soluble gas stabilization, cold plasma, or Ohmic heat must be highlighted. However, before industrial applications are available, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Abel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jørgen Lerfall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Chan SS, Roth B, Jessen F, Jakobsen AN, Lerfall J. Water holding properties of Atlantic salmon. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:477-498. [PMID: 34873820 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With global seafood production increasing to feed the rising population, there is a need to produce fish and fishery products of high quality and freshness. Water holding properties, including drip loss (DL) and water holding capacity (WHC), are important parameters in determining fish quality as they affect functional properties of muscles such as juiciness and texture. This review focuses on the water holding properties of Atlantic salmon and evaluates the methods used to measure them. The pre- and postmortem factors and how processing and preservation methods influence water holding properties and their correlations to other quality parameters are reviewed. In addition, the possibility of using modelling is explained. Several methods are available to measure WHC. The most prevalent method is the centrifugation method, but other non-invasive and cost-effective approaches are increasingly preferred. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods and future trends are evaluated. Due to the diversity of methods, results from previous research are relative and cannot be directly compared unless the same method is used with the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Stephanie Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Roth
- Department of Processing Technology, Nofima AS, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Flemming Jessen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anita Nordeng Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Lerfall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Chan SS, Roth B, Jessen F, Løvdal T, Jakobsen AN, Lerfall J. A comparative study of Atlantic salmon chilled in refrigerated seawater versus on ice: from whole fish to cold-smoked fillets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17160. [PMID: 33051493 PMCID: PMC7555898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Water and salt uptake, and water holding capacity (WHC) of whole gutted Atlantic salmon superchilled at sub-zero temperatures in refrigerated seawater (RSW) were compared to traditional ice storage. Following the entire value chain, the whole salmon was further processed, and fillets were either chilled on ice or dry salted and cold-smoked. Changes in quality parameters including colour, texture, enzyme activity and microbial counts were also analyzed for 3 weeks. Our results showed that when fish were removed from the RSW tank after 4 days and further chilled for 3 days, an overall weight gain of 0.7%, salt uptake of 0.3% and higher WHC were observed. In contrast, ice-stored fish had a total weight loss of 1% and steady salt uptake of 0.1%. After filleting, raw fillets from whole fish initially immersed in RSW had better gaping occurrence, softer texture, lower cathepsin B + L activity but higher microbiological growth. Otherwise, there were no differences in drip loss nor colour (L*a*b*) on both raw and smoked fillets from RSW and iced fish. Storage duration significantly affected quality parameters including drip loss, colour, texture, enzyme activity and microbial counts in raw fillets and drip loss, WHC, redness and yellowness in smoked fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Stephanie Chan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Roth
- Department of Process Technology, Nofima AS, P.O. Box 327, 4002, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Flemming Jessen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trond Løvdal
- Department of Process Technology, Nofima AS, P.O. Box 327, 4002, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anita Nordeng Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Lerfall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Chen Y, Cai K, Tu Z, Nie W, Ji T, Hu B, Chen C, Jiang S. Prediction of benzo[a]pyrene content of smoked sausage using back-propagation artificial neural network. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3022-3030. [PMID: 29193124 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a potent mutagen and carcinogen, is reported to be present in processed meat products and, in particular, in smoked meat. However, few methods exist for predictive determination of the BaP content of smoked meats such as sausage. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on the back-propagation (BP) algorithm was used to predict the BaP content of smoked sausage. RESULTS The results showed that the BP network based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was the best suited for creating a nonlinear map between the input and output parameters. The optimal network structure was 3-7-1 and the learning rate was 0.6. This BP-ANN model allowed for accurate predictions, with the correlation coefficients (R) for the experimentally determined training, validation, test and global data sets being 0.94, 0.96, 0.95 and 0.95 respectively. The validation performance was 0.013, suggesting that the proposed BP-ANN may be used to predictively detect the BaP content of smoked meat products. CONCLUSION An effective predictive model was constructed for estimation of the BaP content of smoked sausage using ANN modeling techniques, which shows potential to predict the BaP content in smoked sausage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kezhou Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zehui Tu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Nie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Anhui Grain & Oil Quality Inspection Station, China National Supervision and Examination Center For Foodstuff Quality, Hefei, China
| | - Conggui Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Kong KJW, Alçiçek Z, Balaban MO. Effects of dry brining, liquid smoking and high-pressure treatment on the physical properties of aquacultured King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during refrigerated storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:708-714. [PMID: 24862325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquacultured King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) pieces were dry brined with a salt/brown sugar mix, dipped in liquid smoke for 3 min, vacuum packed, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treated at 600 or 200 MPa for 5 min and stored at 4 °C for up to 40 days. RESULTS The surface redness (average a*) of the samples increased after dry brining, then decreased after liquid smoke treatment. HHP did not change the outside color of liquid-smoked samples. However, the inside color changed depending on pressure. HHP-treated control samples without dry brining and liquid smoking changed to a pale pink color. HHP at 600 MPa resulted in a significant increase in hardness. Compared with fresh samples, dry-brined samples had reduced water activity, while samples dipped in liquid smoke had lower pH values. CONCLUSION Dry brining and liquid smoking protect the outside color of salmon against changes caused by HHP. The increase in hardness may counteract the softening of the smoked salmon tissue over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Jia Wey Kong
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Montazeri N, Himelbloom BH, Oliveira ACM, Leigh MB, Crapo CA. Refined liquid smoke: a potential antilisterial additive to cold-smoked sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). J Food Prot 2013; 76:812-9. [PMID: 23643122 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cold-smoked salmon (CSS) is a potentially hazardous ready-to-eat food product due to the high risk of contamination with Listeria monocytogenes and lack of a listericidal step. We investigated the antilisterial property of liquid smokes (LS) against Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 (surrogate to L. monocytogenes) as a potential supplement to vacuum-packaged CSS. A full-strength LS (Code 10-Poly), and three commercially refined fractions (AM-3, AM-10, and 1291) having less color and flavor (lower content of phenols and carbonyl-containing compounds) were tested. In vitro assays showed strong inhibition for all LS except for 1291. The CSS strips were surface coated with AM-3 and AM-10 at 1% LS (vol/wt) with an L-shaped glass rod and then inoculated with L. innocua at 3.5 log CFU/g, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C. The LS did not completely eliminate L. innocua but provided a 2-log reduction by day 14, with no growth up to 35 days of refrigerated storage. A simple difference sensory test by 180 untrained panelists showed the application of AM-3 did not significantly influence the overall sensorial quality of CSS. In essence, the application of the refined LS as an antilisterial additive to CSS is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Montazeri
- Kodiak Seafood and Marine Science Center, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
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Allen KJ, Chen XM, Mesak LR, Kitts DD. Antimicrobial activity of salmon extracts derived from traditional First Nations smoke processing. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1878-82. [PMID: 23043842 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Freshly caught salmon were hot smoked with the traditional smoke processing methods of the Tl'azt'en and Lheidli T'enneh First Nations communities, producing both half-smoked and fully smoked food products. To ascertain the nature of antimicrobial effects related to the smoking process, the residue content of 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and total PAHs of smoked products were determined and correlated with smoking process duration. When compared with fully smoked samples, partially smoked fish had significantly less total PAHs and were composed solely of low-molecular-weight components, with phenanthrene, acenaphthylene, and napthlalene, respectively, being the most abundant. In contrast, fully smoked products possessed significantly higher levels of low- and high-molecular-weight PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene. Sequential extractions of water, ethyl acetate, and hexane were performed to identify antimicrobial activity imparted by the traditional smoking process. No activity was observed in water or ethyl acetate extractions, whereas hexane extracts were inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus, with more inhibition observed in fully smoked samples when compared with partially smoked samples. This study provides evidence that traditional smoke processing methods used by First Nations communities can provide value toward producing food products that have extended shelf lives, and protect against a prevalent common pathogen easily transmitted by humans to processed food through direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Allen
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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KANG JIHUN, TANG SILIN, LIU RUIHAI, WIEDMANN MARTIN, BOOR KATHRYNJ, BERGHOLZ TERESAM, WANG SIYUN. Effect of Curing Method and Freeze-Thawing on Subsequent Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on Cold-Smoked Salmon. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1619-26. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked salmon is a major concern for the seafood industry. Understanding processing and postprocessing handling factors that affect the ability of this pathogen to grow on cold-smoked salmon is critical for developing effective control strategies. In this study, we investigated the effect of curing method and freeze-thawing of cold-smoked salmon on (i) physicochemical properties and (ii) subsequent growth of genetically diverse strains of L. monocytogenes (inoculated after freeze-thawing) and endogenous lactic acid bacteria. The majority of the measured physicochemical properties were unaffected by freezing and thawing. Overall, wet-cured cold-smoked salmon had higher pH, water activity, and moisture, as well as lower fat, water-phase salt, and phenolic content compared with dry-cured cold-smoked salmon. The curing method and freeze-thawing did not affect growth of endogenous lactic acid bacteria. Freeze-thawing cold-smoked salmon prior to inoculation led to pronounced growth of L. monocytogenes at 7°C. The increase in cell density between days 0 and 30 was significantly (P = 0.0078) greater for cold-smoked salmon that was frozen and thawed prior to inoculation compared with nonfrozen cold-smoked salmon. On dry-cured, freeze-thawed cold-smoked salmon, L. monocytogenes had a lag phase ranging from 3.7 ± 0.1 to 11.2 ± 1.4 days compared with salmon that was wet cured and freeze-thawed, on which L. monocytogenes began to grow within 24 h. Variation in growth among L. monocytogenes strains was also observed, indicating the significance of assessing multiple strains. Further efforts to understand the impact of processing and postprocessing handling steps of cold-smoked salmon on the growth of genetically diverse L. monocytogenes will contribute to improved challenge study designs and data. This, in turn, will likely lead to more reliable and unbiased risk assessments and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIHUN KANG
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - SILIN TANG
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - RUI HAI LIU
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - MARTIN WIEDMANN
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - KATHRYN J. BOOR
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - TERESA M. BERGHOLZ
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - SIYUN WANG
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Yang JY, Moon E, Nam SH, Friedman M. Antidiabetic effects of rice hull smoke extract on glucose-regulating mechanism in type 2 diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7442-7449. [PMID: 22803686 DOI: 10.1021/jf3017749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the protective effect of a liquid rice hull smoke extract (RHSE) against type 2 diabetes (T2D) in mice induced by a high-fat diet. As compared to the control group of mice on a high-fat diet (HFD), feeding the HFD supplemented with 0.5% or 1% RHSE for 7 weeks resulted in significantly reduced blood glucose and triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, higher serum insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance, as assessed by an oral glucose tolerance assay. The hypoglycemic effect of RHSE was accompanied by changes in enzyme activities and cognate gene expression assessed using RT-PCR. Among the glucose metabolism regulating genes evaluated, hepatic glucokinase (GCK), the glucose transporters GLUT2 and GLUT4, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were up-regulated, whereas glucose-6-phosphatase (G6 Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were down-regulated in the liver of mice with RHSE-supplementation. These changes resulted in restoration of glucose-regulating activities to normal control levels. Histopathology showed that a high-fat diet intake also induced liver necrosis and damage of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas, whereas RHSE supplementation restored necrotic damage to normal levels. Immunohistochemistry showed that RHSE supplementation can restore the reduced insulin-producing β-cell population in islet of Langerhans associated with a high-fat diet intake to nondiabetic normal control levels in a dose-dependent manner. RHSE-supplemented food could protect insulin-producing islet cells against damage triggered by oxidative stress and local inflammation associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Yang
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University , Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
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12
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Martinez O, Salmerón J, Guillén MD, Pin C, Casas C. Physicochemical, sensorial and textural characteristics of liquid-smoked salmon (Salmo salar) as affected by salting treatment and sugar addition. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.02945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kitts DD, Chen XM, Broda P. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons of smoked cured muscle foods prepared by Canadian Tl'azt'en and Llheidli T'enneh First Nation communities. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1249-1252. [PMID: 23030651 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.709410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tl'azt'en and Lheidli T'enneh First Nation communities have traditionally used smoking, drying, and salting of fish and game as preservation methods to enhance food security. Our results showed that levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were significantly higher in smoked salmon samples compared to moose meats, and further, that PAH contents were also dependent on the duration of smoke processing. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was not detected in fresh or partially smoked foods, but was present in both fully smoked moose (1.4 μg/kg) and fully smoked salmon (3.6 μg/kg) meats, respectively. The total concentrations of PAH present in fully smoked meats using traditional smoke processing methods employed by Tl'azt'en and Lheidli T'enneh nations indicate that a risk assessment is required to determine the safety of these smoke-processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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