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Sun Y, Feng J, Hou W, Qi H, Liu Y. Comprehensive insights into areca nut: active components and omics technologies for bioactivity evaluation and quality control. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407212. [PMID: 38873426 PMCID: PMC11169615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Areca nut (AN), the fruit or seed of Areca catechu Linn, has many uses, including chewing and medicinal purposes. It has sparked worries about health due to the presence of alkaloids. Chewing AN may have a variety of negative consequences; however, the medicinal use of AN has no notable adverse effects. To completely understand and effectively use AN, researchers have investigated its chemical makeup or biological activity, analyzed the variations between different AN species and different periods, and improved extraction and processing procedures. Today, an increasing number of researchers are exploring the underlying reasons for AN variations, as well as the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of chemical components, to comprehend and change AN at the genetic level. This review presents an overview of the clinical study, pharmacology, and detection of the main bioactive components in AN, and the main factors influencing their content, delving into the omics applications in AN research. On the basis of the discussions and summaries, this review identifies current research gaps and proposes future directions for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Wencheng Hou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Huasha Qi
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
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Sun J, Zhang K, Yin Y, Qi Y, Li S, Sun H, Luo M, Sun Y, Yu Z, Yang J, Wu J, Chen L, Xu W, Dong L. Arecoline-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Screening of Abnormal Metabolic Markers and Potential Mechanisms. TOXICS 2023; 11:984. [PMID: 38133385 PMCID: PMC10748282 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Arecoline is a pyridine alkaloid derived from areca nut in the Arecaceae family. It has extensive medicinal activity, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic. However, the toxicity of Arecoline limits its application. Most current studies on its toxicity mainly focus on immunotoxicity, carcinogenesis, and cancer promotion. However, there are few systematic studies on its hepatotoxicity and mechanisms. Therefore, this research explored the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by Arecoline in rats and analyzed endogenous metabolite changes in rat plasma by combining network toxicology with metabolomics. The differential metabolites after Arecoline exposure, such as D-Lysine, N4-Acetylaminobutanal, and L-Arginine, were obtained by metabolomics study, and these differential metabolites were involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and vitamin metabolism. Based on the strategy of network toxicology, Arecoline can affect the HIF-1 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and other concerning pathways by regulating critical targets, such as ALB, CASP3, EGFR, and MMP9. Integration of metabolomics and network toxicology results were further analyzed, and it was concluded that Arecoline may induce hepatotoxicity by mediating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, energy and lipid metabolism, and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (M.L.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Yihui Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Siyuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Haonan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Min Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (M.L.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yixuan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Zhiying Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (M.L.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingjing Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (M.L.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (J.S.); (K.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.)
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Yang C, Wang Y, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhou Y, Yan X, Zhang M, Qiu X, Luo L, Gong G, Chen H. Research on the molluscicidal activity and molecular mechanisms of arecoline against Pomacea canaliculata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114198. [PMID: 36272173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive snail in China, can adversely affect agricultural crop yields, ecological environment, and human health. In this paper, we studied the molluscicidal activity and mechanisms of arecoline against P. canaliculata. The molluscicidal activity tests showed that arecoline exhibits strong toxicity against P. canaliculata, and the LC50 value (72 h) was 1.05 mg/L (15 ± 2 mm shell diameter). Additionally, Molluscicidal toxicity were negatively correlated with the size of snails. Snails (25 ± 2 mm shell diameter) were choosed for mechanisms research and the result of microstructure and biochemistry showed that arecoline (4 mg/L, 20 ℃) had strong toxic effect on the gill, and the main signs were the loss of cilia in the gill filaments. Moreover, arecoline significantly decreased the oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate and inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Then, the changes in protein expression were studied by iTRAQ, and 526 downregulated proteins were found. Among these, cilia and flagella-associated 157-like (PcCFP) and rootletin-like (PcRoo) were selected as candidate target proteins through bioinformatics analysis, and then RNA interference (RNAi) was adopted to verify the function of PcCFP and PcRoo. The results showed that after arecoline treated, the mortality and the cilia shedding rate of PcRoo RNAi treated group was significantly lower than control group. The above results indicate that arecoline can bind well with protein PcRoo, and then leads to the drop of gill cilia, affect respiratory metabolism, accelerate its entry into hemolymph, inhibit AChE and finally leads to the death of P. canaliculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingxiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liya Luo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huabao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Patra B, Deep SK, Rosalin R, Pradhan SN. Flavored Food Additives on the Leaves of Piper betle L.: A Human Health Perspective. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4439-4461. [PMID: 35386064 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products and traditional ethnomedicines are of great effect in therapeutics. Such types of medicine have been practiced in certain areas of the world to treat different health conditions. This pilot investigation aims to review the cumulative health effect of addendums used in betel quid such as areca nut, lime, and tobacco-associated betel quid chewing and without tobacco-associated chewing. This review shows that betel leaf extract and its essential oil could inhibit growth of microbes and damage different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as various fungus species. Some studies concluded that the combination of Piper leaves essential oil with antibiotics have potential effect on oral microorganisms. Long-term consumption of betel quid with tobacco is known to cause cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and pharynx tumors. However, consumption of betel leaf without tobacco has health benefits because of ethnomedicinal properties. Its essential is oil utilized as raw material for perfumes and mouth fresheners manufacturing. Scientific researches on this plant revealed that it possesses many beneficial activities to be used for developing novel drugs. However, compounds of betel leaves have beneficial natural antioxidant. Chewing and intake of leaves have effect on moving parts of salivary gland which is the main step of digestion. Its components also act as heartbeat regulators in relaxing the blood vessels to reduce hypertension. So this review discussed the natural compounds of betel leaves which is used as traditional medicine to further develop drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Patra
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Deep
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Rosina Rosalin
- Department of Botany, Baruneswar Mohavidyalaya, Jajpur, Odisha, India
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Chen X, He Y, Deng Y. Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:1808081. [PMID: 34457017 PMCID: PMC8387188 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1808081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Betel nut, the fruit of Areca catechu L, has a long medical history in Southeast Asia. It is native to Malaysia and is cultivated and processed extensively in subtropical regions, such as South China and India. Betel nut almost appears as a "snack" in various occasions in most parts of China. Clinically, betel nut can play a certain pharmacology role and was used in malaria, ascariasis, arthritis, enterozoic abdominalgia, stagnation of food, diarrhea, edema, and beriberi. The nervous excitement of betel nut chewing has made it gradually become popular. However, chewing betel nut can induce oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer (OC). At the same time, long-term chewing of betel nut also causes inhaled asthma, sperm reducing, betel quid dependence (BQD), and uterine and esophageal cancers. The main components of processed betel nut are the goal of this review. This study will mainly start from the pharmacological activity and toxicology study of betel nut in recent years, aiming to seek its advantages and disadvantages. In the meantime, this study will analyze and emphasize that betel nut and arecoline are the high-risk factors for oral cancer, which should arouse attention and vigilance of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yongzhi He
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanru Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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6
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Luo Z, Yu G, Han X, Liu Y, Wang G, Li X, Yang H, Sun W. Exploring the Active Components of Simotang Oral Liquid and Their Potential Mechanism of Action on Gastrointestinal Disorders by Integrating Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Linear Ion Trap-Orbitrap Analysis and Network Pharmacology. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2354-2366. [PMID: 33521474 PMCID: PMC7841926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Simotang oral liquid (SMT), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula composed of four medicinal and edible plants, has been extensively used for treating gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) since ancient times. However, the major active constituents and the underlying molecular mechanism of SMT on GIDs are still partially understood. Herein, the preliminary chemical profile of SMT was first identified by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap). In total, 70 components were identified. Then, a network pharmacology approach integrating target prediction, pathway enrichment analysis, and network construction was adopted to explore the therapeutic mechanism of SMT. As a result, 170 main targets were screened out and considered as effective players in ameliorating GIDs. More importantly, the major hubs were found to be highly enriched in a calcium signaling pathway. Furthermore, 26 core SMT-related genes were identified, which may play key roles in ameliorating gastrointestinal motility. In conclusion, this work would provide valuable information for further development and clinical application of SMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Luo
- School
of Life Sciences, Beijing University of
Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School
of Life Sciences, Beijing University of
Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xing Han
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
- . Fax: +86 1084738611. Tel: +86 13810283092
| | - Guopeng Wang
- Zhongcai
Health (Beijing) Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 101500, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Haiyang Yang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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Wu N, Fu A, Zhang Z, He W, Yao T, Sun X, Liao Z, Hou G. Relationship between relative deprivation and health of Hainan Island residents: mediating effect of negative health behaviors. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8728. [PMID: 32231874 PMCID: PMC7100593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive evidence of the direct impact of relative deprivation on health, the mediating role of tobacco, alcohol and betel nuts in this impact has been largely ignored. This study aimed to verify whether these negative health behaviors are mediating factors for relative deprivation and health according to the mediating effect concept. Data from the Hainan Island Residents Health Interview Survey in 2017 were used. Variables including age, marital status, educational level, chronic diseases and area of residence were controlled for in multivariate analysis with separate sex analyses. Mediating effects of smoking, alcohol drinking and betel nut chewing, and whether the effects were complete or partial, were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Smoking, alcohol drinking and betel nut chewing had a significant mediating effect in men, but not in women; however, alcohol drinking and betel nut chewing had similar, significant complete mediation in both sexes. Dissatisfaction following relative deprivation due to uneven income distribution may be relieved through these negative health behaviors. Therefore, better medical resources should be provided to improve residents’ health and the impact of income inequality on health, particularly the growing gap between the rich and poor, should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- School of Management, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Department of Tourism Management, Hainan College of Economics and Business, Haikou, China
| | - Anguo Fu
- School of Management, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zaisheng Zhang
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wuming He
- Lingnan Normal University, Department of Psychology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Development and Education for Special Needs Children, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianzeng Yao
- School of Management, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuesong Sun
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiming Liao
- College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Chemistry, metabolism and pharmacology of carcinogenic alkaloids present in areca nut and factors affecting their concentration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 110:104548. [PMID: 31805361 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Areca Nut (AN), the seed of tropical palm tree Areca catechu, is a widely chewed natural product with estimated 600 million users across the world. Various AN products, thriving in the market, portray 'Areca nut' or 'Supari' as mouth freshener and safe alternative to smokeless tobacco. Unfortunately, AN is identified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Wide variation in the level of alkaloids, broadly ranging from 2 to 10 mg/gm dry weight, is observed in diverse variety of AN sold worldwide. For the first time, various factors influencing the formation of carcinogenic alkaloids in AN at various stages, including during the growth, processing, and storage of the nut, are discussed. Current review illustrates the mechanism of cancer induction by areca alkaloids in humans and also compiles dose-dependent pharmacology and toxicology data of arecoline, the most potent carcinogenic alkaloid in AN. Careful monitoring of the arecoline content in AN can potentially be used as a tool in product surveillance studies to identify the variations in characteristics of various AN sample sold worldwide. The article will help to generate public awareness and sensitize the government bodies to initiate campaigns against AN use and addiction.
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Franke AA, Mendez AJ, Lai JF, Arat-Cabading C, Li X, Custer LJ. Composition of betel specific chemicals in saliva during betel chewing for the identification of biomarkers. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:241-246. [PMID: 25797484 PMCID: PMC4454402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Betel nut chewing causes cancer in humans, including strong associations with head and neck cancer in Guam. In the search for biomarkers of betel chewing we sought to identify chemicals specific for the 3 most commonly consumed betel preparations in Guam: nut ('BN'), nut + Piper betle leaf ('BL'), and betel quid ('BQ') consisting of nut + lime + tobacco + Piper betle leaf. Chemicals were extracted from the chewing material and saliva of subjects chewing these betel preparations. Saliva analysis involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile, dilution with formic acid followed by LCMS analysis. Baseline and chewing saliva levels were compared using t-tests and differences between groups were compared by ANOVA; p < 0.05 indicated significance. Predominant compounds in chewing material were guvacine, arecoline, guvacoline, arecaidine, chavibetol, and nicotine. In chewing saliva we found significant increases from baseline for guvacine (BN, BQ), arecoline (all groups), guvacoline (BN), arecaidine (all groups), nicotine (BQ), and chavibetol (BL, BQ), and significant differences between all groups for total areca-specific alkaloids, total tobacco-specific alkaloids and chavibetol. From this pilot study, we propose the following chemical patterns as biomarkers: areca alkaloids for BN use, areca alkaloids and chavibetol for BL use, and areca alkaloids plus chavibetol and tobacco-specific alkaloids for BQ use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer F Lai
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Xingnan Li
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Kuo TM, Luo SY, Chiang SL, Lee CP, Liu YF, Chang JG, Tsai MH, Ko YC. Arecoline induces TNF-alpha production and Zonula Occludens-1 redistribution in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:93. [PMID: 25200553 PMCID: PMC4256803 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arecoline, a major alkaloid in Areca nut has the ability to induce oxidative stress. The effect of Areca nut, arecoline on reducing sperm quality and quantity were documented previously using several animal models. Junction disruption by down-regulation of the junction-adhesive protein via oxidative stress is an important route mediating abnormal spermatogenesis. Therefore, in this present study, we investigated the functional role of arecoline on junctional proteins. Results To analyze direct effects of arecoline on testis cells, confluent mouse testicular Sertoli cell line TM4 was exposed to arecoline. Arecoline decreased insoluble zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein expression in TM4 cells, however, arecoline treatment increased TNF-alpha production in both TM4 and monocytic THP1 cells. In addition, ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 reversed arecoline effects on TNF-alpha and ZO-1. Conclusions Arecoline increases the production of TNF-alpha and induces protein redistribution of ZO-1. All these results explain the role of arecoline in male reproductive dysfunction, besides its cytotoxic induction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-014-0093-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Lee SC, Tsai CC, Yao CH, Hsu YM, Chen YS, Wu MC. Effect of Arecoline on Regeneration of Injured Peripheral Nerves. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:865-85. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides in vitro and in vivo evaluation of arecoline on peripheral nerve regeneration. In the in vitro study, we found that arecoline at 50 μg/ml could significantly promote the survival and outgrowth of cultured Schwann cells as compared to the controls treated with culture medium only. In the in vivo study, we evaluated peripheral nerve regeneration across a 10-mm gap in the sciatic nerve of the rat, using a silicone rubber nerve chamber filled with the arecoline solution. In the control group, the chambers were filled with normal saline only. At the end of the fourth week, morphometric data revealed that the arecoline-treated group at 5 μg/ml significantly increased the number and the density of myelinated axons as compared to the controls. Immunohistochemical staining in the arecoline-treated animals at 5 μg/ml also showed their neural cells in the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the injury were strongly retrograde-labeled with fluorogold and lamina I–II regions in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the injury were significantly calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunolabeled compared with the controls. In addition, we found that the number of macrophages recruited in the distal sciatic nerve was increased as the concentration of arecoline was increased. Electrophysiological measurements showed the arecoline-treated groups at 5 and 50 μg/ml had a relatively larger nerve conductive velocity of the evoked muscle action potentials compared to the controls. These results indicate that arecoline could stimulate local inflammatory conditions, improving the recovery of a severe peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chi Lee
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Pingtung Branch, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Lab of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Voigt V, Laug L, Zebisch K, Thondorf I, Markwardt F, Brandsch M. Transport of the areca nut alkaloid arecaidine by the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (hPAT1). J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:582-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The pyridine alkaloid arecaidine is an ingredient of areca nut preparations. It is responsible for many physiological effects observed during areca nut chewing. However, the mechanism underlying its oral bioavailability has not yet been studied. We investigated whether the H+-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1, SLC36A1), which is expressed in the intestinal epithelium, accepts arecaidine, arecoline, isoguvacine and other derivatives as substrates.
Methods
Inhibition of l-[3H]proline uptake by arecaidine and derivatives was determined in Caco-2 cells expressing hPAT1 constitutively and in HeLa cells transiently transfected with hPAT1-cDNA. Transmembrane transport of arecaidine and derivatives was measured electrophysiologically in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Key findings
Arecaidine, guvacine and isoguvacine but not arecoline strongly inhibited the uptake of l-[3H]proline into Caco-2 cells. Kinetic analyses revealed the competitive manner of l-proline uptake inhibition by arecaidine. In HeLa cells transfected with hPAT1-cDNA an affinity constant of 3.8 mm was obtained for arecaidine. Electrophysiological measurements at hPAT1-expressing X. laevis oocytes demonstrated that arecaidine, guvacine and isoguvacine are transported by hPAT1 in an electrogenic manner.
Conclusion
We conclude that hPAT1 transports arecaidine, guvacine and isoguvacine across the apical membrane of enterocytes and that hPAT1 might be responsible for the intestinal absorption of these drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Voigt
- Biozentrum of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Linda Laug
- Biozentrum of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Katja Zebisch
- Biozentrum of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Iris Thondorf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Fritz Markwardt
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute for Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Brandsch
- Biozentrum of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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