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Carvalho CS, de Aquino VMS, Meyer R, Seyffert N, Castro TLP. Diagnosis of bacteria from the CMNR group in farm animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 113:102230. [PMID: 39236397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The CMNR group comprises bacteria of the genera Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus and share cell wall and DNA content characteristics. Many pathogenic CMNR bacteria cause diseases such as mastitis, lymphadenitis, and pneumonia in farmed animals, which cause economic losses for breeders and represent a threat to public health. Traditional diagnosis in CMNR involves isolating target bacteria on general or selective media and conducting metabolic analyses with the assistance of laboratory biochemical identification systems. Advanced mass spectrometry may also support diagnosing these bacteria in the clinic's daily routine despite some challenges, such as the need for isolated bacteria. In difficult identification among some CMNR members, molecular methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) emerge as reliable options for correct specification that is sometimes achieved directly from clinical samples such as tracheobronchial aspirates and feces. On the other hand, immunological diagnostics such as the skin test or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis yield promising results in subclinical infections with no bacterial growth involved. In this review, we present the methods most commonly used to diagnose pathogenic CMNR bacteria and discuss their advantages and limitations, as well as challenges and perspectives on adopting new technologies in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Sena Carvalho
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vitória M S de Aquino
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Núbia Seyffert
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago L P Castro
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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Assessment of tuberculosis biomarkers in paratuberculosis-infected cattle. J Vet Res 2023; 67:55-60. [PMID: 37008763 PMCID: PMC10062049 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, respectively the causative agents of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and bovine paratuberculosis (PTB), share a high number of antigenic proteins. This characteristics makes the differential diagnosis of the diseases difficult. The interferon gamma (IFN-γ), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), interleukin 22 (IL-22) and thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) bovine genes have already been shown to be accurate transcriptional biomarkers of bTB. In order to improve the diagnosis of bTB and PTB, in the present study we evaluated the risk of false positivity of these bTB biomarkers in cattle with PTB.
Material and Methods
The transcription of these genes was studied in 13 PTB-infected cattle, using Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
Results
Overall, the levels of IFN-γ, CXCL10, MMP9 and IL-22 transcripts in MAP-stimulated PBMC failed to differentiate animals with PTB from healthy animals. However, as bTB-afflicted cattle do, the MAP-infected group also displayed a lower level of THBS1 transcription than the non-infected animals.
Conclusion
The results of this study add new specificity attributes to the levels of transcription of IFN-γ, CXCL10, MMP9 and IL-22 as biomarkers for bTB.
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3
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Milián-Suazo F, González-Ruiz S, Contreras-Magallanes YG, Sosa-Gallegos SL, Bárcenas-Reyes I, Cantó-Alarcón GJ, Rodríguez-Hernández E. Vaccination Strategies in a Potential Use of the Vaccine against Bovine Tuberculosis in Infected Herds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233377. [PMID: 36496897 PMCID: PMC9735741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of cattle that represents a risk to public health and causes severe economic losses to the livestock industry. Recently, one of the strategies recommended for reducing the prevalence of the disease in animals is the use of the BCG vaccine, alone or in combination with proteins. It has been shown that the vaccine elicits a strong immune response, downsizes the number of animals with visible lesions, and reduces the rate of infection as well as the bacillary count. This paper, based on scientific evidence, makes suggestions about some practical vaccination alternatives that can be used in infected herds to reduce bTB prevalence, considering BCG strains, vaccine doses, routes of application, and age of the animals. Our conclusion is that vaccination is a promising alternative to be included in current control programs in underdeveloped countries to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliciano Milián-Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Sara González-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | | | - Elba Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Ajuchitlán 76280, Mexico
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Hashem Z, Soliman R, Aziz MAE, Badr Y, Aboul-ella H. Development of a monoclonal antibodies-based interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1918522/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious and chronic disease affecting cattle, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The zoonotic nature of the disease has a serious worldwide impact on human health. Also, the significant economic costs caused by such disease in addition to the deficiency of precise estimate of the actual disease prevalence necessitate more efficient detection and control measures, particularly in developing countries. The main target of the present work was to develop a local, less expensive bovine tuberculosis interferon-gamma ELISA (Bo-IFN-γ ELISA) kit for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. In the current study, three murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against bovine interferon-gamma (Bo-IFN-γ) were developed and their monoclonal antibodies were characterized. The produced mAbs were of IgM isotype and its specificity was proved using the western blot technique. The prepared mAbs were used for the development of the bovine IFN- γ ELISA test that was evaluated for laboratory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA kit as compared with the standard tuberculin skin test was determined. This method is based on the measurement of IFN-γ released from sensitized bovine lymphocytes upon exposure to the mycobacterial antigens. Using checkerboard titration, the optimal coating concentration of anti- Bo-IFN-γ was 20µg/well. Blood samples from apparently healthy cattle proved negative in the tuberculin test were examined with the developed kit and the cut-off value (COV) was equal to 0.30 optical density (OD). In a preliminary study for evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA, 23 cattle were examined with both the Bo-IFN-γ ELISA and the standard tuberculin skin test. The developed Bo-IFN-γ ELISA showed high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (71.4%) in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis as compared to the standard tuberculin skin test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Hashem
- VAC-SERA company for the production of vaccines and biological preparations
| | | | - Mona Abd El Aziz
- The National Institute of Laser enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
| | - Yehia Badr
- The National Institute of Laser enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
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5
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De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, Bonaparte M, Fu B, Garg S, Gerard C, Goepfert PA, Huang Y, Larocque D, McElrath MJ, Morris D, Van der Most R, de Bruyn G, Pagnon A. Whole-blood cytokine secretion assay as a high-throughput alternative for assessing the cell-mediated immunity profile after two doses of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine candidate. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1360. [PMID: 35035955 PMCID: PMC8752373 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously described the Phase I-II evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein candidate vaccine, CoV2-PreS-dTM, with AF03- or AS03-adjuvant systems (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04537208). Here, we further characterise the cellular immunogenicity profile of this vaccine candidate using a whole-blood secretion assay in parallel to intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS A randomly allocated subset of 90 healthy, SARS-CoV-2-seronegative adults aged ≥ 18 years who had received (random allocation) one or two separate injections (on study day [D]1 and D22) of saline placebo or CoV2-PreS-dTM formulated with AS03 or AF03 were included. Cytokine secretion was assessed using a TruCulture® whole-blood stimulation system in combination with multiplex bead array, and intracellular cytokine profiles were evaluated on thawed PBMCs following ex vivo stimulation with recombinant S protein at pre-vaccination (D1), post-dose 1 (D22) and post-dose 2 (D36). RESULTS Both methods detected similar vaccine-induced responses after the first and second doses. We observed a Th1 bias (Th1/Th2 ratio > 1.0) for most treatment groups when analysed in whole blood, mainly characterised by increased IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α secretion. Among participants aged ≥ 50 years, the Th1/Th2 ratio was higher for those who received vaccine candidate with AS03 versus AF03 adjuvant. ICS revealed that this higher Th1/Th2 ratio resulted from higher levels of IFN-γ expression and that the vaccine induced polyfunctional CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS The whole-blood cytokine secretion assay is a high-throughput alternative for assessing the quantity and character of vaccine-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Bo Fu
- BiostaticsSanofi PasteurSwiftwaterPAUSA
| | | | | | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Guy de Bruyn
- Global Clinical DevelopmentSanofi PasteurSwiftwaterPAUSA
| | - Anke Pagnon
- Research DepartmentSanofi PasteurMarcy l’ÉtoileFrance
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Abstract
The leishmanin skin test (LST) has been used for decades to detect exposure and immunity to the parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. In the LST, Leishmania antigen (leishmanin) is intradermally injected into the forearm. In an individual who has been previously infected, a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction results in a measurable induration at the site of the injection, indicating that previous exposure to Leishmania has resulted in the development of cell-mediated immunity. LST positivity is associated with long-lasting protective immunity against reinfection, most notably as reported for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite efforts over the past few decades, leishmanin antigen is no longer produced under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions anywhere in the world. Consequently, the use of the LST in epidemiological studies has declined in favor of serological and molecular tests. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the LST and justification for the reintroduction of leishmanin. A GMP-grade leishmanin can be used to detect immunity in vivo by the LST and can be investigated for use in an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), which may serve as an in vitro version of the LST. The LST will be a valuable tool for surveillance and epidemiological studies in support of the VL elimination programs and as a surrogate marker of immunity in vaccine clinical trials.
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Ghielmetti G, Landolt P, Friedel U, Morach M, Hartnack S, Stephan R, Schmitt S. Evaluation of Three Commercial Interferon-γ Assays in a Bovine Tuberculosis Free Population. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:682466. [PMID: 34179172 PMCID: PMC8222658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.682466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-γ assay has been used worldwide as an ancillary test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). This study aimed to describe, based on the bTB-free status in Switzerland, the difference of applying a more stringent cutoff point of 0.05 compared with 0.1 for bTB surveillance. Moreover, the effect of time between blood collection and stimulation, culture results, optical density values, and the influence of testing different breeds were evaluated. Blood samples from a total of 118 healthy cows older than 6 months were tested with three commercial interferon-gamma assays. To confirm the bTB-free status of the tested animals and to investigate potential cross-reactions with nontuberculous mycobacteria, pulmonary and abdominal lymph nodes in addition to ileal mucosa from each cattle were used for the detection of viable Mycobacteria spp. by specific culture. Significant differences regarding the proportion of false-positive results between the two Bovigam tests and between Bovigam 2G and ID Screen were found. Samples analyzed with Bovigam 2G were 2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–3.9] times more likely to yield a false-positive test result than samples analyzed with Bovigam TB. Similarly, the odds ratio (OR) for testing samples false-positive with ID Screen compared with Bovigam TB was 1.9 (95% CI 1.21–2.9). The OR for testing false-positive with ID Screen compared with Bovigam 2G was less to equally likely with an OR of 0.75 (95% CI 0.5–1.1). When using a cutoff of 0.05 instead of 0.1, the OR for a false-positive test result was 2.2 (95% CI 1.6–3.1). Samples tested after 6 h compared with a delayed stimulation time of 22–24 h were more likely to yield a false-positive test result with an OR of 3.9 (95% CI 2.7–5.6). In conclusion, applying a more stringent cutoff of 0.05 with the Bovigam 2G kit generates a questionable high number of false-positive results of one of three tested animals. Furthermore, specific breeds might show an increased risk to result false-positive in the Bovigam 2G and the ID Screen assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Landolt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Friedel
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Morach
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Matsuura Y, Takano T, Matsuyama T, Sakai T, Terashima S, Nakayasu C. Development of a method to quantify endogenous IFNγ protein in amberjack species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:251-259. [PMID: 33045332 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)γ is a pivotal cytokine that promotes and orchestrates innate cellular and adaptive cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens. The capacity of T cells in mammals to produce IFNγ has been measured using specific antibodies in order to analyze cell-mediated immune responses against infection or immuno-stimulants. In fish, however, measurement of IFNγ protein levels has not been possible due to a lack of research tools. In the present study, therefore, we established antibodies that react with endogenous amberjack IFNγ. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IFNγ in amberjack species was developed using these antibodies. The ELISA could detect endogenous IFNγ at concentrations less than 100 pg/mL in PMA/ionomycin-stimulated leukocytes culture supernatant. IFNγ production was enhanced and lasted a long time following intracellular bacterial infection with Nocardia seriolae, which is thought to be targeted by cell-mediated immunity. These results demonstrate that quantification of IFNγ using the reported ELISA can be used to estimate the status of cell-mediated immunity in amberjack species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Takano
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Matsuyama
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sakai
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Sachiko Terashima
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
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Roy A, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, de la Cruz ML, Domínguez L, Álvarez J, Bezos J. Accuracy of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in small ruminants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105102. [PMID: 32739695 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in small ruminants is a neglected disease despite its major impact on goat and sheep production and the global public health. The awareness of the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of animal TB has increased in the last two decades, however, there is a lack of standardization of procedures and robust quantitative estimates on the accuracy of diagnostic TB tests in the scientific literature. To address this knowledge gap, all the available information regarding the use of ante-mortem diagnostic techniques in small ruminants was collected and summarized through a systematic review process. Furthermore, a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to separately estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of cell-based tests among the retrieved studies in goats. Studies included in the meta-analysis were also evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies included in systematic reviews adapted for animal diagnostic tests (VETQUADAS). Median pooled Se estimates of the single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test (ranged from 0.51 to 0.59), the comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIT) test (ranged from 0.30 to 0.50) and the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) (ranged from 0.66 to 0.72) were lower than that reported previously in cattle, regardless the interpretation criteria and the reporting of MAP infection or vaccination. However, the specificity was adequate for all the tests (ranged from 0.95 to 0.99), except for the SIT test in MAP vaccinated herds (ranged from 0.78 to 0.90). This study provides an overview of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for TB in goats, however, the considerable between-study heterogeneity found hampered the conclusive interpretation of the pooled Se and Sp estimates. Therefore, further studies in small ruminants are necessary to optimize the diagnostic Se, which could help to design effective control strategies, accelerate the eradication of TB in these species and harmonize test procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- CZ Vaccines, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Infantes-Lorenzo
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L de la Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Elsohaby I, Ahmed HA, El-Diasty MM, Elgedawy AA, Mahrous E, El Hofy FI. Serological and molecular evidence of Mycobacterium bovis in dairy cattle and dairy farm workers under the intensive dairy production system in Egypt. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1207-1219. [PMID: 32500542 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We employed a combination of diagnostic tests including single cervical tuberculin test (SCT), rapid lateral-flow test (RT), TB-Feron, conventional PCR and culture to investigate the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections in dairy cattle under the intensive dairy production system in Egypt. METHODS AND RESULTS In total, 2710 dairy cows from 11 herds in six Governorates were tested by SCT and 444 (16·4%) were TB reactors. Only 65 cows responded to M. bovis antigen by RT and TB-Feron. A postmortem examination showed that 49 (75·4%) of slaughtered cows have visible lesions. Testing of 215 out 444 SCT reactor cows by culture and PCR using blood and milk samples revealed that M. bovis were more frequently identified in the blood (6·1-20·5%) than milk (2·3-5·6%) samples. Additionally, in this study, we investigated the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with M. bovis infection in dairy farm workers. Overall, 100 dairy farm workers were tested using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and 35 (35%) were positive. In all, 23 (23%) of MTC positive were M. bovis positive using PCR. Mycobacterium bovis positive cases were associated with workers who had respiratory signs and did not wash or disinfect their hands after handling cows. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of M. bovis in dairy cows and dairy farm workers under the intensive dairy production system in Egypt is high. It is therefore essential to disseminate effective prevention and control measures to prevent the spread of M. bovis between dairy cows and dairy workers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study revealed that the use of RT or TB-Feron as an ancillary test of SCT reactor cows resulted in a significant reduction in the SCT false-positive slaughtered cows. A high prevalence of M. bovis infection among farm workers provides evidence of occupational risk in the intensive dairy production system in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - H A Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M M El-Diasty
- Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura Provincial Lab, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - E Mahrous
- Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - F I El Hofy
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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11
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Garbaccio SG, Garro CJ, Delgado F, Tejada GA, Eirin ME, Huertas PS, Leon EA, Zumárraga MJ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as complement of intradermal skin test for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:56-61. [PMID: 31378269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic tests based on cell-mediated immunity are used in programs for the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), which is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Additional serological assays could be performed as an ancillary method to detect an infected animal that fails to produce an immune response against the intradermal reaction (IDR), the official bTB test. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses bovine PPD as a capture antigen as a complement to the IDR in herds with confirmed cases of bTB. The study was conducted in two stages. First, a panel of 200 serum samples was analyzed by ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity obtained were 60% and 99%, respectively. The subsequent stage consisted of evaluating 7,494 bovines from 14 selected dairy farms. The number of animals yielding a IDR negative/ELISA positive result were 200. A necropsy analysis of 33 of these IDR negative/ELISA positive animals revealed that 30 (91%) presented granulomatous lesions and positive M. bovis isolation. This finding confirmed bTB in most cases. Altogether, the results obtained in the present study suggest that the combined use of IDR and ELISA is an effective strategy to improve the control of bTB in endemic herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Garbaccio
- Pathobiology Veterinary Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina.
| | - C J Garro
- Pathobiology Veterinary Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
| | - F Delgado
- Pathobiology Veterinary Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
| | - G A Tejada
- Colón Diagnosis Laboratory Services, Morón, 1708, Argentina
| | - M E Eirin
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
| | - P S Huertas
- Pathobiology Veterinary Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
| | - E A Leon
- Pathobiology Veterinary Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
| | - M J Zumárraga
- Biotechnology Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Hurlingham, 1686, Argentina
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12
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Clegg TA, Doyle M, Ryan E, More SJ, Gormley E. Characteristics of Mycobacterium bovis infected herds tested with the interferon-gamma assay. Prev Vet Med 2019; 168:52-59. [PMID: 31097123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The IFN-γ (interferon gamma) assay is used in Ireland as an ancillary diagnostic test to the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) to maximise the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infected animals (bTB) in cattle herds. Understanding the relationships between herd and animal risk factors and IFN-γ test results is critical to enable the development and evaluation of policy measures on how best to use the test. In this study, we set out to characterise Irish herds with IFN-γ test positive animals in terms of herd size, number of SICTT reactors and number of IFN-γ positive tests, and to evaluate the IFN-γ test in terms of the test cut-off values. The results showed that larger herds with more SICTT reactors were likely to have more IFN-γ positives in the herd, and herds with an IFN-γ test positive animal that was also positive for bTB lesions at post-mortem had higher numbers of IFN-γ positive animals in the herd. Raising the cut-off values for the IFN-γ test only marginally decreased the combined sensitivity of the IFN-γ and the SICTT for diagnosis of bTB lesioned animals. The analysis has provided valuable information on the performance of the IFN-γ test as it is used under current bTB infection levels in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Clegg
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - M Doyle
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - E Ryan
- Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine, Backweston, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - E Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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13
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McDonnell RP, O' Doherty JV, Earley B, Clarke AM, Kenny DA. Effect of supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or β-glucans on performance, feeding behaviour and immune status of Holstein Friesian bull calves during the pre- and post-weaning periods. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30719285 PMCID: PMC6350401 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research in both calves and other species has suggested n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and β-glucans may have positive effects on immune function. This experiment measured performance, behaviour, metabolite and immunological responses to pre-weaning supplementation of dairy bull calves with n-3 PUFA in the form of fish oil and β-glucans derived from seaweed extract. 44 Holstein Friesian bull calves, aged 13.7 ± 2.5 d and weighing 48.0 ± 5.8 kg were artificially reared using an electronic feeding system. Each calf was offered 5 L (120 g/L) per day of milk replacer (MR) and assigned to one of four treatments included in the MR, (1) Control (CON); (2) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day (FO); (3) 1 g β-glucans per day (GL) and (4) 40 g n-3 PUFA per day & 1 g/d β-glucans (FOGL) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Milk replacer and concentrate was offered from d 0–62 (pre-weaning), while concentrate provision continued for a further 31 d post-weaning period. Individual daily feed intake and feeding behaviour was recorded throughout, while bodyweight and blood analyte data were collected at regular intervals. Results Overall mean concentrate DMI from d 0–93 was 1.39, 1.27, 1.00 and 0.72 kg/d for CON, FO, GL and FOGL calves, respectively (SEM = 0.037; P < 0.0001). Calves supplemented with GL were significantly lighter (P < 0.0001) at both weaning (d 62) and turnout to pasture (d 93) than un-supplemented calves, with a similar effect (P < 0.0001) evident for calves receiving FO compared to un-supplemented contemporaries. Supplementation with GL reduced the number of unrewarded visits where milk was not consumed (P < 0.0001) while supplementation with FO increased mean drinking speed (P < 0.0001). Supplementation with GL resulted in greater concentrations of haptoglobin (P = 0.034), greater serum osmolality (P = 0.021) and lower lymphocyte levels (P = 0.027). In addition, cells from GL supplemented calves exhibited a lower response than un-supplemented contemporaries to both Phytohaemagglutinin A stimulated IFN-γ (P = 0.019) and Concanavalin A stimulated IFN-γ (P = 0.012) following in vitro challenges. Conclusions Pre-weaning supplementation of bull calves with either n-3 PUFA or β-glucan resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake of concentrate and consequently poorer pre-weaning calf performance. There was no evidence for any beneficial effect of either supplementation strategy on calves’ immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruairi P McDonnell
- 1School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Present address: GippsDairy, 71 Korumburra-Warragul Road, Warragul, VIC 3820 Australia
| | - John V O' Doherty
- 1School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie Clarke
- 1School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David A Kenny
- 1School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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14
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Roos EO, Olea-Popelka F, Buss P, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Cooper D, Warren RM, van Helden PD, Parsons SDC, Miller MA. IP-10: A potential biomarker for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:43-48. [PMID: 29914681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in several areas of South Africa and has been reported in multiple species, including common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Limited diagnostic tests and disease control programs exist for African wildlife. Thus, there is a need to develop techniques for bTB detection in species such as warthogs to assess their role in disease maintenance and spread in multi-host ecosystems. In this study, we obtained blood samples from warthogs in bTB endemic areas to investigate biomarkers for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Warthog whole blood was incubated in QuantiFERON® TB Gold In-Tube tubes and pathogen specific release of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interferon gamma induced protein 10 (IP-10) was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although we were unable to measure IFN-γ, we could successfully measure IP-10. The IP-10 assay was able to distinguish between M. bovis-infected and M. bovis-culture negative warthogs, within bTB endemic areas, with an assay specific sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 84%. Of the 88 M. bovis-exposed warthogs screened, 42% were IP-10 test positive. These results indicate warthogs develop a measurable cell-mediated immune response after antigen stimulation of whole blood, which can distinguish between M. bovis-infected and M. bovis-culture negative animals. Thus, the IP-10 assay shows promise as an ante-mortem test to diagnose bTB in warthogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Roos
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Francisco Olea-Popelka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa.
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Kruger National Park, PO Box 12, Skukuza 1350, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Africa.
| | - David Cooper
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu Natal Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa.
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Paul D van Helden
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Sven D C Parsons
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Michele A Miller
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
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15
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Rohollahzadeh H, Nili H, Asasi K, Mokhayeri S, Najjari AHA. Respiratory and GIT tract immune responses of broiler chickens following experimental infection with Newcastle disease's virus. COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 27:1241-1255. [PMID: 30147640 PMCID: PMC6096734 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease causes a lymphoproliferative response in the tracheal and intestinal mucosa of the infected birds. In this study, the Hitchner B1 and I-2 vaccine and challenging of ND field strains were used to evaluate the populations of T lymphocyte subsets infiltrated intestinal and tracheal, also to shed some light on cell-mediated immune response using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detecting chicken's serum interferon-γ. Three hundred-day-old broilers were randomly divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 received I-2 and B1 vaccines, respectively, while groups 3 and 4 were challenged-unvaccinated and unchallenged-unvaccinated groups. Blood samples were taken from five random chicks and were then tested with ELISA test. Three chicks of each group were euthanized after vaccine administration and also challenging with acute virus. Interferon-γ changes were significant in time (p < 0.001). Totally, there was no significant difference between I-2 and B1 groups. The number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells of I-2 and B1 vaccinated group's intestine and the trachea samples was significantly increased compared with the negative control group (p < 0.001). The results indicated the significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ in intestinal and tracheal tissues, while the level of interferon-γ of the vaccinated group was more than the unvaccinated one. Finding no significant differences between the vaccinated groups indicated the potential of both vaccines in producing CD4+ and CD8+ in the tracheal and intestinal tissues and the equality of interferon-γ production in the sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rohollahzadeh
- Resident of Poultry Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Keramat Asasi
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mokhayeri
- Resident of Poultry Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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Kennedy AE, O'Mahony J, Byrne N, MacSharry J, Sayers RG. Is TB Testing Associated With Increased Blood Interferon-Gamma Levels? Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:176. [PMID: 29109952 PMCID: PMC5660059 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Republic of Ireland reports a relatively low prevalence of Johne’s disease (JD) compared to international counterparts. Postulated reasons for this include a lower average herd size and a grass-based production system. Ireland also engages in high levels of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) testing. As interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is believed to play a key role in protecting against JD, it is our hypothesis that administration of purified protein derivative (PPD), as part of the bTB test, is associated with a systemic increase in IFN-γ production, which may potentially limit clinical progression of the disease. We studied 265 cows (202 Friesian and 63 “Non-Friesian,” e.g., JerseyX, Norwegian Red) to assess IFN-γ levels and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody response before and after the bTB test. As part of the compulsory annual bTB test, avian and bovine PPD were administered at two separate cervical sites. To assess IFN-γ production, blood samples were taken before and 72 h after PPD administration. MAP antibody response was assessed before and 10 days post-PPD administration. A significant increase in MAP antibody response was identified post-bTB compared to pre-bTB response (p < 0.001). Additionally, IFN-γ production significantly increased at the post-bTB time point (p < 0.001) compared to the pre-bTB test readings. This may indicate a beneficial effect of bTB testing in controlling JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen E Kennedy
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel Byrne
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Riona G Sayers
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
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17
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Earley B, McNamara JD, Jerrams SJ, O’Riordan EG. Effect of concrete slats, three mat types and out-wintering pads on performance and welfare of finishing beef steers. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:34. [PMID: 28558798 PMCID: PMC5450343 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to investigate the effect of placing mats on concrete slatted floors on performance, behaviour, hoof condition, dirt scores, physiological and immunological variables of beef steers, and to compare responses with animals on out-wintering pads. Continental crossbred beef steers [n = 360; mean (±SD) initial live weight 539 kg (42.2)] were blocked by breed and live weight and randomly assigned to one of five treatments; (1) Concrete slats alone, (2) Mat 1 (Natural Rubber structure) (Durapak Rubber Products), (3) Mat 2 (Natural rubber structure) (EasyFix), (4) Mat 3 (modified ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam structure) and (5) Out-wintering pads (OWP’s). Results Animals on the OWPs had a greater (P < 0.05) live weight gain (P < 0.05) compared with the slat and Mat 2 treatments: results for Mat 1 and Mat 3 were the same (P > 0.05) as the other treatments. Animals on the OWPs had reduced lying percentage time compared with all the other treatments. Dry matter (DM) intake was greater for animals on the OWPs compared with all the other treatments. Carcass weight, kill out proportion, carcass fat score, carcass composition score, FCR and physiological responses were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. No incidence of laminitis was observed among treatments. The number of hoof lesions was greater on all mat types (P < 0.05) compared with concrete slats and OWP treatments. Dirt scores were greater (P < 0.05) for animals on OWPs when measured on days 42, 84, 105, 126 and 150 compared with animals on slats. Conclusions Under the conditions adopted for the present study, there was no evidence to suggest that animals housed on bare concrete slats were disadvantaged in respect of animal welfare compared with animals housed on other floor types. It is concluded that the welfare of steers was not adversely affected by slats compared with different mat types or OWPs.
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18
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McCallan L, Brooks C, Couzens C, Young F, McNair J, Byrne AW. Assessment of serological tests for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Vet Rec 2017; 181:90. [PMID: 28386030 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L McCallan
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - C Brooks
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - C Couzens
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - F Young
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - J McNair
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - A W Byrne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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19
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Clegg TA, Good M, Doyle M, Duignan A, More SJ, Gormley E. The performance of the interferon gamma assay when used as a diagnostic or quality assurance test in Mycobacterium bovis infected herds. Prev Vet Med 2017; 140:116-121. [PMID: 28460744 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are two different contexts in the Irish bTB eradication programme in which the interferon-gamma assay (IFN-γ) is applied. Firstly, the IFN-γ assay is applied routinely to high risk cohorts in herds with four or more reactors to the SICTT. The IFN-γ test is then carried out on blood samples submitted to the laboratory within 8h of collection (diagnostic testing). Secondly, the use of the IFN-γ assay has recently been extended to test SICTT reactors as part of a general quality assurance (QA) scheme to monitor the performance of the SICTT. Blood samples from reactors are tested one day after blood collection (QA testing). In this study, we analysed the relative performance of the SICTT and IFN-γ when used in parallel as an 8h diagnostic test and as a 24h QA test on SICTT reactors. A total of 17,725 IFN-γ tests were included in the analysis (11,658 diagnostic tests and 6067 QA tests). Of the samples submitted for diagnostic testing, the proportion positive to IFN-γ decreased with the severity of interpretation of the SICTT result. Of the standard reactors that were tested with IFN-γ in the QA programme, 92.2% were positive to the IFN-γ test. Among animals that were SICTT -ve/IFN-γ +ve, 18.9% were positive at post-mortem compared to 11.8% of those that were SICTT +ve (standard reactor)/IFN-γ -ve. These results highlight the risk associated with retaining SICTT -ve/IFN-γ +ve animals, and suggest that prompt removal of these animals is necessary to reduce the potential for future transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Clegg
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - M Good
- Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare St., Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - M Doyle
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A Duignan
- Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare St., Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - E Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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20
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de Lisle GW, Green RS, Buddle BM. Factors affecting the gamma interferon test in the detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:198-202. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716689114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gamma interferon (IFN-γ) test has been used for many years as an ancillary test in the detection of bovine tuberculosis. We investigated the effect of skin testing and the length of time between blood collection and processing on the performance of the IFN-γ test. A series of blood samples were taken from groups of experimentally infected cattle ( n = 10), naturally infected ( n = 11), and uninfected animals ( n = 12) that were examined with a caudal fold skin test. Blood was taken on the day of tuberculin injection, 3 d later when the skin tests were read, and 11–19 d post–tuberculin injection, and was processed for the IFN-γ test at 8, 30, and 36 h postcollection. There were significant decreases in the IFN-γ responses with increasing time between blood collection and sample processing. Significantly greater responses were observed in both the purified protein derivative (PPD) and early secretory antigenic target protein 6/culture filtrate protein 10 IFN-γ tests for samples processed at 8 h postcollection compared with the same samples at 30 and 36 h postcollection, and greater responses for samples processed at 30 h compared with 36 h on 2 different days for the experimentally infected animals. There were no significant effects on IFN-γ responses that could be attributed to skin testing. The recommendation for IFN-γ testing in New Zealand is that samples should not be processed if in transit for >30 h, but blood samples can be collected for IFN-γ testing regardless of the timing of the skin test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W. de Lisle
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard S. Green
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M. Buddle
- AgResearch Limited, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Parsons SDC, McGill K, Doyle MB, Goosen WJ, van Helden PD, Gormley E. Antigen-Specific IP-10 Release Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155440. [PMID: 27167122 PMCID: PMC4864312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used ante-mortem diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in cattle are the tuberculin skin test and the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay, both of which measure cell-mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis infection. However, limitations in the performance of these tests results in a failure to identify all infected animals. In attempting to increase the range of diagnostic tests for tuberculosis, measurement of the cytokine IP-10 in antigen-stimulated blood has previously been shown to improve the detection of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis infection, in humans and African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), respectively. In the present study, 60 cattle were identified by the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test as tuberculosis reactors (n = 24) or non-reactors (n = 36) and the release of IFN-γ and IP-10 in antigen-stimulated whole blood from these animals was measured using bovine specific ELISAs. There was a strong correlation between IP-10 and IFN-γ production in these samples. Moreover, measurement of the differential release of IP-10 in response to stimulation with M. bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) and M. avium PPD distinguished between reactor and non-reactor cattle with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 86%–100%) and a specificity of 97% (95% CI, 85%–100%). These results suggest that IP-10 might prove valuable as a diagnostic biomarker of M. bovis infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven D C Parsons
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevina McGill
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairead B Doyle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Identification and evaluation of new Mycobacterium bovis antigens in the in vitro interferon gamma release assay for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:795-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Risk of Active Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients in Taiwan with Free Access to HIV Care and a Positive T-Spot.TB Test. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125260. [PMID: 25938227 PMCID: PMC4418700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) have been used to identify individuals at risk for developing active tuberculosis (TB). However, data regarding the risk of TB development in HIV-infected patients testing positive for IGRAs remain sparse in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Between 2011 and 2013, 608 HIV-infected patients without active TB undergoing T-Spot.TB testing were enrolled in this prospective observational study at a university hospital designated for HIV care in Taiwan with a declining TB incidence from 72 per 100,000 population in 2005 to 53 per 100,000 population in 2012. All of the subjects were followed until September 30, 2014. The national TB registry was accessed to identify any TB cases among those lost to follow-up. RESULTS T-Spot.TB tested negative in 534 patients (87.8%), positive in 64 patients (10.5%), and indeterminate in 10 patients (1.6%). In multivariate analysis, positive T-Spot.TB was significantly associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.172 per 10-year increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.022-1.344, P=0.023), past history of TB (AOR, 13.412; 95% CI, 6.106-29.460, P<0.001), and higher CD4 counts at enrollment (AOR, per 50-cell/μl increase, 1.062; 95% CI, 1.017-1.109, P=0.007). Of the 64 patients testing positive for T-Spot.TB, none received isoniazid preventive therapy and all but 5 received combination antiretroviral therapy at the end of follow-up with the latest CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load being 592.8 cells/μL and 1.85 log10 copies/mL, respectively. One patient (1.6%) developed active TB after 167 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), resulting in an incidence rate of 0.599 per 100 PFYU. None of the 534 patients testing negative for T-Spot.TB developed TB after 1380 PYFU, nor did the 24 patients with old TB and positive T-Spot.TB tests develop TB after 62.33 PYFU. CONCLUSIONS The risk of developing active TB in HIV-infected patients with positive T-Spot.TB receiving combination antiretroviral therapy is low in Taiwan where the national TB program has led to a sustained decrease in TB incidence.
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Bhardwaj V, Dhungyel O, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Investigation of immunity in sheep following footrot infection and vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32:6979-6985. [PMID: 25454866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovine footrot is a major disease affecting sheep welfare and production. The anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus is the essential transmitting agent. Monovalent or bivalent vaccines induce high levels of D. nodosus antibodies and are the basis of several successful footrot treatment, control and eradication programs. Due to the rapid rate of disease transmission within a flock, the presence of therapeutic vaccination non-responders has major implications for a control program. The aim of this study was to assess the immunological basis of a therapeutic vaccination non-response. Sheep (n=120) were infected with D. nodosus in an artificial pen challenge. Once disease had established, animals were vaccinated with a serogroup specific D. nodosus fimbrial vaccine. Based on the response to therapeutic vaccination, animals were allocated into one of three groups: (i) TVNR where disease persisted despite vaccination (ii) non-diseased, where disease never established and (iii) TVR, where disease was established but resolved with vaccination. Factors related to both the innate and adaptive immune pathways were assessed. These included antigen-specific serum antibodies, interferon-γ, interleukin-10, proliferation of lymphocyte subsets and phagocytic activity of leukocytes. There was no significant difference between the three groups of sheep for any of these parameters. All three groups of sheep produced antibody in excess of a previously published minimum antibody titre required for protection. Opsonising activity in sera from the three groups of sheep was also not significantly different and phagocytic cells from sheep from all three groups were able to destroy D. nodosus intracellularly. These findings show that the measured systemic adaptive and innate immune responses were unlikely to be the cause of a therapeutic vaccination non-response. They also show that the accepted minimum protective titre may be incorrect and may need further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Bhardwaj
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Om Dhungyel
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
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Yang Z, Jian Z, Chen X, Li J, Qin P, Zhao J, Jiao X, Hu X. Electrochemical impedance immunosensor for sub-picogram level detection of bovine interferon gamma based on cylinder-shaped TiO₂ nanorods. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 63:190-195. [PMID: 25089816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine interferon gamma (BoIFN-γ) released by T cells plays very important roles in early diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections and control of bovine tuberculosis. In this work, a label-free electrochemical impedance immunosensor is for the first time developed for highly sensitive determination of BoIFN-γ. Cylinder-shaped TiO2 nanorods are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method, and show high surface area and good hydrophicility. The immunosensor is fabricated by the immobilization of BoIFN-γ monoclonal antibody on the TiO2 nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode. The prepared TiO2 and immunosensor are characterized using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, contact angle measurement, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectra. The BoIFN-γ concentration is measured through the relative increase of impedance values in corresponding specific binding of BoIFN-γ antigen and BoIFN-γ antibody. The relative increased impedance values are proportional to the logarithmic value of BoIFN-γ concentrations in a wide range of 0.0001 to 0.1 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.1 pg/mL. The developed BoIFN-γ immunosensor shows a 249-fold decrease in detection limit in comparison with current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study provides a new, simple, and highly sensitive approach for very potential application in early diagnosis of MTB infections and control of bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
| | - Zhiqin Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Piya Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Xin'an Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
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Deveson Lucas DS, Lo M, Bulach DM, Quinsey NS, Murray GL, Allen A, Adler B. Recombinant LipL32 stimulates interferon-gamma production in cattle vaccinated with a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo subtype Hardjobovis vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2014; 169:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vordermeier M, Jones GJ, Whelan AO. DIVA reagents for bovine tuberculosis vaccines in cattle. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1083-91. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gormley E, Doyle M, Duignan A, Good M, More SJ, Clegg TA. Identification of risk factors associated with disclosure of false positive bovine tuberculosis reactors using the gamma-interferon (IFNγ) assay. Vet Res 2013; 44:117. [PMID: 24308747 PMCID: PMC4028746 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The gamma-interferon assay (IFNγ) is often used as an ancillary diagnostic test alongside the tuberculin skin test in order to detect Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle. The performance of the IFNγ test has been evaluated in many countries worldwide and wider usage as a disease surveillance tool is constrained due to the relatively low and inconsistent specificity at a herd and area level. This results in disclosure of a higher proportion of false positive reactors when compared with the skin test. In this study, we used cohorts of animals from low prevalence tuberculosis herds (n = 136) to assess a range of risk factors that might influence the specificity of the test. Univariate and multivariate logistic generalised estimating-equation (GEE) models were used to evaluate potential risk factors associated with a false positive IFNγ test result. In these herds, the univariate model revealed that the region of herd origin, the time of year when the testing was carried out, and the age of the animal were all significant risk factors. In the final multivariate models only animal age and region of herd origin were found to be significant risk factors. A high proportion of herds with multiple IFNγ false positive animals were located in one county, with evidence of within-herd clustering, suggesting a localised source of non-specific sensitization. Knowledge of the underlying factors influencing the IFNγ test specificity could be used to optimize the test performance in different disease level scenarios in order to reduce the disclosure rate of false positive reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Broughan J, Crawshaw T, Downs S, Brewer J, Clifton-Hadley R. Mycobacterium bovis infections in domesticated non-bovine mammalian species. Part 2: A review of diagnostic methods. Vet J 2013; 198:346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quevillon EL, Díaz F, Jaramillo L, Lascurain R, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA, Castañeda FA, Arriaga C, Pérez R, González XE. Comparison of immune peripheral blood cells in tuberculin reactor cattle that are seropositive or seronegative for Mycobacterium bovis antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:194-201. [PMID: 23523102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major economic problem in animal husbandry and is a public health risk in nonindustrialized countries. It is generally accepted that protection against TB is generated through cell-mediated immunity. Previous investigations have shown that WC1(+) γδ, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subpopulations are important in the immune response to bTB. It is known that changes in the immune balance from a dominant T helper 1 (Th1)-type response toward a more prominent Th2 response may be observed during disease progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate immune peripheral blood cells in tuberculin reactor cattle that are seropositive or seronegative for Mycobacterium bovis antigens, using flow cytometry and hematological analysis. The evaluation of the T cell subpopulations revealed a decrease in CD8(+) T cells of the seropositive and seronegative animals compared with the control animals (p=0.0001). Moreover, the seropositive group exhibited a lower percentage of CD8(+) T cells than the seronegative group. The percentage of B cells was significantly increased in the seropositive group compared with the seronegative group and the control group (p=0.0009). No difference was observed in the percentage of WC1(+) γδ and CD4(+) T cells among the groups. Furthermore, following 24h of peripheral blood culture with bovine purified protein derivative (PPD), both apparently infected groups showed an increase in the levels of cellular activation compared with the control group (p<0.0001). The seropositive group displayed a higher level of cellular activation than the seronegative group. In both apparently infected groups, the hematological analysis showed an increase in total leukocyte (p=0.0012), lymphocyte (p=0.0057), monocyte (p=0.0010) and neutrophil (p=0.0320) counts in comparison with the healthy animals. Our results demonstrated differences in immune peripheral blood cells of tuberculin reactor cattle that are seropositive or seronegative for M. bovis antigens, probably due to different stages of bTB among the groups. The percentages of CD8(+) T cells, B cells and the T cell activation levels may represent biomarkers for the progression of the disease. However, general characteristics shared by both apparently infected groups as lymphocytosis and monocytosis may also be indicative of the disease. Further experiments are required to understand the variations between cellular and humoral immunities throughout the course of bTB infection. A detailed knowledge of the peripheral blood cells involved in all stages of the bTB immune response of naturally infected cattle is essential for the optimal exploitation of diagnosis and vaccination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Lyne Quevillon
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, D.F., Mexico
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Okafor CC, Grooms DL, Bolin SR, Averill JJ, Kaneene JB. Evaluation of the interferon-γ assay on blood collected at exsanguination of cattle under field conditions for surveillance of bovine tuberculosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e68-75. [PMID: 23522063 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of point of concentration (POC) surveillance strategies for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) would facilitate global efforts to eradicate bTB. The interferon-gamma (IFNγ) assay can detect IFNγ responses to Mycobacterium bovis in blood collected at commencement of exsanguination (COE) of experimentally challenged cattle but has not been evaluated under field conditions. The current study was aimed at determining (i) whether blood collected at COE of cattle at slaughter, under field conditions, is practical to obtain and useful for identifying cattle as IFNγ positive for bTB, (ii) whether the results of the IFNγ assay obtained at COE reliably compare with results obtained from live animals in the field, and (iii) whether the identified animal(s) originated from bTB-infected or bTB-exposed herds. Cattle from three risk groups were used: the highest risk group consisted of 49 cattle from 3 bTB-infected herds; the medium risk group consisted of 24 cattle from a potentially exposed herd; and the lowest risk group consisted of 60 cattle from herds with no known history of bTB exposure. The IFNγ assay was performed on blood collected both before stunning and at COE of cattle at slaughter. An enhanced slaughter inspection for gross lesions consistent with bTB was performed on all cattle. In addition, lymph nodes were cultured for M. bovis for cattle that tested positive for bTB via the IFNγ assay and for most cattle that tested negative for bTB. Cattle, both with and without lesions consistent with bTB, were identified as positive for bTB by the IFNγ assay using blood collected at COE, but none of the positive cattle originated from the lowest risk group. The current study demonstrates that blood collected at COE of cattle is both a practical and moderately reliable sample for accessing bTB infection using the IFNγ assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Okafor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Okafor CC, Grooms DL, Bolin SR, Gravelyn TD, Kaneene JB. Effect of transportation, time of sampling, and lymphocyte numbers on gamma interferon response to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle at time of slaughter. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:248-53. [PMID: 23417080 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713477406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapting the gamma interferon (IFNγ) assay for tuberculosis screening at points-of-concentration of cattle would improve global efforts to eradicate bovine tuberculosis. Two separate studies were conducted to evaluate if transportation of cattle, the time of blood collection, and total lymphocyte count affects the retention of a positive IFNγ assay result during slaughter of cattle experimentally sensitized with inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. Study 1 evaluated IFNγ assay responses to M. bovis and Mycobacterium avium stimulations in 5 cows (4 sensitized and 1 control) at the housing facility, after a 30-min transport to the slaughter facility, immediately before stunning, at commencement of exsanguination, and at 5 min after exsanguination commenced. Study 2 evaluated IFNγ assay responses to Mycobacterium antigen stimulations and total lymphocyte count in blood collected from 5 steers (4 sensitized and 1 control) at the housing facility, at commencement of exsanguination and at 2 successive 1-min intervals. The results indicated that blood obtained from sensitized cattle at commencement of exsanguination was more likely to remain positive than blood collected at successive time points; hence the time of blood collection is crucial to obtaining a useful IFNγ assay result for bovine tuberculosis at slaughter. The lymphocyte count progressively declined following exsanguination, and this decline might contribute to the reduction in the measured IFNγ. To compensate for the reduction in IFNγ production, a different set of positive cutoff values might be needed for blood collected at exsanguination. The current findings provide useful preliminary information necessary for making changes to the interpretation of the IFNγ assay on blood collected during exsanguination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika C Okafor
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Scientific Opinion on the use of a gamma interferon test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Churbanov A, Milligan B. Accurate diagnostics for Bovine tuberculosis based on high-throughput sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50147. [PMID: 23226242 PMCID: PMC3511461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an enduring contagious disease of cattle that has caused substantial losses to the global livestock industry. Despite large-scale eradication efforts, bTB continues to persist. Current bTB tests rely on the measurement of immune responses in vivo (skin tests), and in vitro (bovine interferon-γ release assay). Recent developments are characterized by interrogating the expression of an increasing number of genes that participate in the immune response. Currently used assays have the disadvantages of limited sensitivity and specificity, which may lead to incomplete eradication of bTB. Moreover, bTB that reemerges from wild disease reservoirs requires early and reliable diagnostics to prevent further spread. In this work, we use high-throughput sequencing of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transcriptome to identify an extensive panel of genes that participate in the immune response. We also investigate the possibility of developing a reliable bTB classification framework based on RNA-Seq reads. Methodology/Principal Findings Pooled PBMC mRNA samples from unaffected calves as well as from those with disease progression of 1 and 2 months were sequenced using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II. More than 90 million reads were splice-aligned against the reference genome, and deposited to the database for further expression analysis and visualization. Using this database, we identified 2,312 genes that were differentially expressed in response to bTB infection (p<10−8). We achieved a bTB infected status classification accuracy of more than 99% with split-sample validation on newly designed and learned mixtures of expression profiles. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated that bTB can be accurately diagnosed at the early stages of disease progression based on RNA-Seq high-throughput sequencing. The inclusion of multiple genes in the diagnostic panel, combined with the superior sensitivity and broader dynamic range of RNA-Seq, has the potential to improve the accuracy of bTB diagnostics. The computational pipeline used for the project is available from http://code.google.com/p/bovine-tb-prediction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Gene Expression Profiling
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Male
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
- Transcriptome
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Churbanov
- Beijing Institute of Genomics (BIG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Okafor CC, Grooms DL, Bolin SR, Kaneene JB. Detection of interferon-γ response to tuberculosis in blood collected at commencement of exsanguination at slaughter from cattle sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:847-53. [PMID: 22620699 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether an interferon (IFN)-γ response sufficient to categorize cattle as positive for tuberculosis can be detected in blood collected at commencement of exsanguination at slaughter. ANIMALS 15 Holstein cows. PROCEDURES 12 cows were experimentally sensitized by SC injection with inactivated Mycobacterium bovis in mineral oil, which induced an immune response that mimicked natural infection with M bovis. Three nonsensitized control cows were injected SC with mineral oil alone. By 5 weeks after injection, only the 12 sensitized cows had positive results for tuberculosis with whole blood IFN-γ assay. At that time, all 15 cows were sent to slaughter and samples of blood were collected from each cow immediately before stunning and at commencement of exsanguination (within 90 seconds after stunning). A whole blood IFN-γ assay was performed on the samples. Conditional probability and paired t tests were used to analyze changes in the categorical test interpretation and qualitative IFN-γ production, respectively. RESULTS All 12 sensitized cows had positive results for tuberculosis in samples obtained immediately before stunning, and 9 retained positive results for samples obtained at commencement of exsanguination. There was a significant decrease in the mean background-corrected IFN-γ ELISA optical density values for samples obtained at commencement of exsanguination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IFN-γ response sufficient to classify cattle as positive for tuberculosis could be detected in blood collected at commencement of exsanguination. These findings support further development and use of the IFN-γ assay on blood samples collected at exsanguination as part of a bovine tuberculosis surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika C Okafor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Evaluation of interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: an updated meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:3127-37. [PMID: 22833244 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) for tuberculosis disease. Both English and Chinese databases were searched for relevant articles through January 2012. We included studies that were restricted to diagnostic applications of IGRAs in patients with active tuberculosis and excluded studies performed in the immune-compromised population. We used Meta-DiSc software to handle the data. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for each study. We also calculated the pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR, and produced forest plots and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves. A total of 61 papers (73 studies) were eligible for meta-analysis, including 36 published in English and 25 published in the Chinese language. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR, and 95 % CI of IGRAs were 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.84-0.86), 0.84 (95 % CI: 0.83-0.85), 7.82 (95 % CI: 6.01-10.19), 0.17 (95 % CI: 0.14-0.21), and 59.27 (95 % CI: 40.19-87.42), respectively. For ten studies evaluating T-SPOT.TB in China, the combined sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR, and 95 % CI were 0.88 (95 % CI: 0.86-0.91), 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.86-0.92), 8.86 (95 % CI: 5.42-14.46), 0.13 (95 % CI: 0.10-0.17), and 88.15 (95 % CI: 41.76-186.07), respectively. The SROC area under the curve (AUC) was 0.9548 (95 % CI: 0.9323-0.9773). Though IGRAs showed good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of tuberculosis in this meta-analysis, the decision to use an IGRA should be based on the local prevalence of the disease and the country guidelines, as well as resources and logistical considerations.
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Corner L, Gormley E, Pfeiffer D. Primary isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from bovine tissues: Conditions for maximising the number of positive cultures. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:162-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sun Z, Cao R, Tian M, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Xu Y, Fan W, Huang B, Li C. Evaluation of Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR for Mycobacterium bovis in Xinjiang, China. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:236-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Janardhana V, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Wang LF, Baker ML. Cloning, expression and antiviral activity of IFNγ from the Australian fruit bat, Pteropus alecto. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:610-8. [PMID: 22093696 PMCID: PMC7103211 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts to a variety of viruses, many of which cause morbidity and mortality in other mammals. Currently there is a paucity of information regarding the nature of the immune response to viral infections in bats, partly due to a lack of appropriate bat specific reagents. IFNγ plays a key role in controlling viral replication and coordinating a response for long term control of viral infection. Here we describe the cloning and expression of IFNγ from the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto and the generation of mouse monoclonal and chicken egg yolk antibodies specific to bat IFNγ. Our results demonstrate that P. alecto IFNγ is conserved with IFNγ from other species and is induced in bat splenocytes following stimulation with T cell mitogens. P. alecto IFNγ has antiviral activity on Semliki forest virus in cell lines from P. alecto and the microbat, Tadarida brasiliensis. Additionally recombinant bat IFNγ was able to mitigate Hendra virus infection in P. alecto cells. These results provide the first evidence for an antiviral role for bat IFNγin vitro in addition to the application of important immunological reagents for further studies of bat antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Janardhana
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Corresponding author at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 5227 5052; fax: +61 3 5227 5555.
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O’Driscoll K, Olmos G, Llamas Moya S, Mee J, Earley B, Gleeson D, O’Brien B, Boyle L. A reduction in milking frequency and feed allowance improves dairy cow immune status. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1177-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Earley B, McDonnell B, Murray M, Prendiville D, Crowe M. The effect of sea transport from Ireland to the Lebanon on inflammatory, adrenocortical, metabolic and behavioural responses of bulls. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:454-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sheridan MP, Browne JA, MacHugh DE, Costello E, Gormley E. Impact of delayed processing of bovine peripheral blood on differential gene expression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:199-205. [PMID: 22138316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
RT-qPCR can be used to accurately determine expression levels of genes following RNA extraction from tissue samples. If blood is the source of total RNA, it is often desirable to process the samples immediately following collection because delays in processing for RNA extraction may influence mRNA expression estimates obtained from RT-qPCR analyses. However, this may not be feasible if the site of blood collection is distant from the processing laboratory. In the present study, the effects of delays in the processing of blood samples on mRNA expression data was investigated using a panel of 23 functionally diverse genes from five different gene ontology (GO) categories in peripheral blood sampled from ten age-matched healthy cattle. Venous blood was collected in Tempus™ Blood RNA tubes, which contain reagents that lyse blood cells immediately and stabilise the RNA signature (T(0)). Blood was also collected in conventional lithium heparin collection tubes, and stored at ambient temperature for T(4), T(6) and T(8)h, prior to total RNA extraction. The mRNA expression profiles of these 23 genes were determined by RT-qPCR and compared across the time course. Thirteen genes showed significant up- or down-fold changes in mRNA expression over the 8h time course. Among the GO categories, genes in the Immune response category showed the most differential expression. These results also demonstrated that the changes in mRNA expression for the IFNG gene, which encodes the cytokine IFN-γ, did not correspond to IFN-γ protein levels estimated using ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Sheridan
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Garrido JM, Sevilla IA, Beltrán-Beck B, Minguijón E, Ballesteros C, Galindo RC, Boadella M, Lyashchenko KP, Romero B, Geijo MV, Ruiz-Fons F, Aranaz A, Juste RA, Vicente J, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C. Protection against tuberculosis in Eurasian wild boar vaccinated with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24905. [PMID: 21935486 PMCID: PMC3173485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex continues to affect humans and animals worldwide and its control requires vaccination of wildlife reservoir species such as Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Vaccination efforts for TB control in wildlife have been based primarily on oral live BCG formulations. However, this is the first report of the use of oral inactivated vaccines for controlling TB in wildlife. In this study, four groups of 5 wild boar each were vaccinated with inactivated M. bovis by the oral and intramuscular routes, vaccinated with oral BCG or left unvaccinated as controls. All groups were later challenged with a field strain of M. bovis. The results of the IFN-gamma response, serum antibody levels, M. bovis culture, TB lesion scores, and the expression of C3 and MUT genes were compared between these four groups. The results suggested that vaccination with heat-inactivated M. bovis or BCG protect wild boar from TB. These results also encouraged testing combinations of BCG and inactivated M. bovis to vaccinate wild boar against TB. Vaccine formulations using heat-inactivated M. bovis for TB control in wildlife would have the advantage of being environmentally safe and more stable under field conditions when compared to live BCG vaccines. The antibody response and MUT expression levels can help differentiating between vaccinated and infected wild boar and as correlates of protective response in vaccinated animals. These results suggest that vaccine studies in free-living wild boar are now possible to reveal the full potential of protecting against TB using oral M. bovis inactivated and BCG vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iker A. Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Beltrán-Beck
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Ballesteros
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ruth C. Galindo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mariana Boadella
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC – UCLM – JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Determination of decisional cut-off values for the optimal diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis with a modified IFNγ assay (Bovigam®) in a low prevalence area in France. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Antognoli MC, Remmenga MD, Bengtson SD, Clark HJ, Orloski KA, Gustafson LL, Scott AE. Analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the gamma interferon assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis in U.S. herds. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:35-41. [PMID: 21676476 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the test sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of the gamma interferon (G-IFN) assay used for the detection of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in U.S. cattle herds. In addition, the study assessed the association between G-IFN test results and bTB status of cattle, and explored different cut off values for classification of test results in adult cattle using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Test SE was estimated using a population of 87 confirmed infected cattle from 14 herds distributed in 6 states. Test SP was estimated using a population of 4123 cattle representing 3000 premises in 3 states. These animals were from bTB free areas, accredited bTB free herds, or herds that were historically bTB free based on the absence of lesions found at slaughter and historical records of negative tests performed for bTB surveillance. The distribution of G-IFN results and its association with bTB infection status was also explored in a group of 914 exposed cattle in which infection was not confirmed. The results showed that the SE of the G-IFN for a cut-off value ≥0.1 was 83.9% (76.1, 91.6). The SP of the G-IFN was 90.7% (95% CI: 89.8, 91.6), 97% (95% CI: 96.5, 97.5), and 98.6%(95% CI: 98.2, 98.9), for cut off values of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, respectively. For a cut off value ≥0.1, the likelihood ratio of a positive G-IFN test was 9.03 (95% CI: 7.90, 10.31), and the likelihood ratio of a negative G-IFN test was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.29). The area under the ROC curve was 0.976 (95% CI: 0.97, 0.98), characteristic of a highly accurate test. ROC analysis also showed that lower cut-off values, such as 0.1, have high SE with suitable SP for use in parallel testing, while cut-off values ranging between 0.3 and 0.6 provide the high SP desired in series-testing protocols with lower SE values. Findings from this study indicated that the G-IFN performs with high accuracy in the field, yielding SE and SP estimates comparable to those reported in previous evaluations (Ryan et al., 2000; Ameni et al., 2000; de la Rua-Domenech et al., 2006; Gormley et al., 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Antognoli
- USDA-APHIS-VS-CEAH, National Surveillance Unit, 2150 Center Avenue Building B, MS 2E6, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA.
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Milián-Suazo F, Gutiérrez-Pabello J, Bojorquez-Narváez L, Anaya-Escalera A, Cantó-Alarcón G, González-Enríquez J, Campos-Guillén J. IFN-g response to vaccination against tuberculosis in dairy heifers under commercial settings. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:419-24. [PMID: 20719347 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Earley B, Murray M, Prendiville DJ, Pintado B, Borque C, Canali E. The effect of transport by road and sea on physiology, immunity and behaviour of beef cattle. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:531-41. [PMID: 21570701 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the physiological, haematological and immunological responses of weanling heifers transported from Ireland to a feedlot in Spain, and of weanling bulls transported from Ireland to a feedlot in Italy. Physiological variables (including interferon-γ production, cortisol, protein, urea, white blood cell numbers and differentials, and acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and fibrinogen) were used to evaluate the welfare status of animals, before, during and after the respective transport journeys. Age-matched control animals were blood sampled for the same measurements at times corresponding to the transported animals that were retained in Ireland. Heifers transported to Spain lost 7.6% of their initial live weight during the sea crossing to France. However, by the time of their arrival in Spain they had regained 3.3% of their initial live weight and had fully recovered to their pre-transport live weight values within 6 days of arriving in Spain. Weanling bulls lost 7.0% of their live weight during the sea crossing from Ireland to France. The live weight loss in control animals ranged from 1% to 2% during the same period. The percentage of time that bulls spent lying was 63.5% for the sea journey and 35.4% for the journey from the French lairage to the Italian feedlot. The average daily gain (kg) of transported animals was greater (P ≤ 0.05) than control animals from day 11 to 38 (Spain) and day 11 to 40 (Italy), respectively. While transient changes in physiological, haematological and immunological variables were found in the transported and control animals relative to baseline levels, the values were within the normal physiological range for the age and weight of animals involved. Physiological measurements made after the road and sea journeys indicated that the 24h rest in the lairage, with hay and water freely available, allowed animals to recover substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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Jungersen G, Mikkelsen H, Grell SN. Use of the johnin PPD interferon-gamma assay in control of bovine paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 148:48-54. [PMID: 21616547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay for measurements of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to paratuberculosis PPD (johnin) has been available for close to 20 years, the assay has not yet emerged as the long desired test to identify infected animals at an early time point. Among other issues, this relates to problematic interpretation of the test results and maybe an over-expectation of what can be deducted from this kind of test given the chronic nature and slow development of infection of paratuberculosis. Over a number of years a modified IFN-γ assay with addition of recombinant bovine IL-12 to the PPDj stimulation of blood samples from the heifer group in more than 20 Danish dairy herds which also perform surveillance of MAP antibodies in milk have been performed. The results indicate that IFN-γ assay results are specific for paratuberculosis, but the IFN-γ assay result of an individual animal cannot establish whether the animal is infected or predict the future progression of disease in this animal. The IFN-γ assay should thus be used on a group of animals to test the level of exposure to paratuberculosis bacteria the animals have experienced, and thereby assist in maintaining rational in-herd management procedures and in the establishment of paratuberculosis status of a given herd. Indeed, for any diagnostic test applied in paratuberculosis, both the diagnostic target condition and the purpose of the diagnostic testing must be considered before any meaningful estimates of sensitivity or specificity can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:8-13. [PMID: 21411245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urgency for new and improved cattle vaccines and diagnostic reagents for Bovine tuberculosis (TB) has made their development a research priority in Great Britain (GB). Significant progress has been made to develop specific antigens that allow the differentiation of BCG vaccinated and Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle (DIVA test). This has been greatly facilitated by the completion of the genome sequences of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG Pasteur and the subsequent application of comparative genome and transcriptome analysis to define DIVA antigens that complemented the prototype DIVA antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by increasing their test sensitivity. Finally, we present an up-date of our current approaches in this area.
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