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Barrett JG, MacDonald ES. Use of Biologics and Stem Cells in the Treatment of Other Inflammatory Diseases in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:553-563. [PMID: 37607855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are powerful immunomodulatory cells that act via multiple mechanisms to coordinate, inhibit, and control the cells of the immune system. MSCs act as rescuers for various damaged or degenerated cells of the body via (1) cytokines, growth factors, and signaling molecules; (2) extracellular vesicle (exosome) signaling; and (3) direct donation of mitochondria. Several studies evaluating the efficacy of MSCs have used MSCs grown using xenogeneic media, which may reduce or eliminate efficacy. Although more research is needed to optimize the anti-inflammatory potential of MSCs, there is ample evidence that MSC therapeutics are worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Barrett
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S MacDonald
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA, USA
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2
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Marsella R, White S, Fadok VA, Wilson D, Mueller R, Outerbridge C, Rosenkrantz W. Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:175-208. [PMID: 37154488 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens. OBJECTIVES To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T-helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - S White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - V A Fadok
- Zoetis, US PET CARE, Bellaire, Texas, USA
| | - D Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R Mueller
- Medizinische Keleintierklinik, Zentrum für klinische Tiermedizin, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - C Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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An Overview of Exertional Heat Illness in Thoroughbred Racehorses: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Rationale. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040610. [PMID: 36830397 PMCID: PMC9951674 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat illness (EHI) is a complex medical disease. The thoroughbred (TB) racehorse is at considerable risk because of the intensity of its exercise activity and its high rate of metabolic heat production. The pathophysiology of EHI can combine aspects of both the heat toxicity pathway and the heat sepsis or endotoxemic pathway. Treatment regimes depend upon the detection of earliest clinical signs, rapid assessment, aggressive cooling and judicious use of ancillary medications. Ice-cold water provides the most rapid cooling, consistent with the need to lower core body temperature before tissue damage occurs. Research into EHI/HS by inducing the condition experimentally is ethically unjustifiable. Consequently, leading researchers in the human field have conceded that "most of our knowledge has been gained from anecdotal incidents, gathered from military personnel and athletes who have collapsed during or following physical activity, and that retrospective and case studies have provided important evidence regarding recognition and treatment of EHI". The authors' review into EHI shares that perspective, and the recommendations made herein are based on observations of heat-affected racehorses at the racetrack and their response, or lack of response, to treatment. From 2014 to 2018, 73 race meetings were attended, and of the 4809 individual starters, signs of EHI were recorded in 457. That observational study formed the basis for a series of articles which have been published under the title, 'EHI in Thoroughbred racehorses in eastern Australia', and forms the background for this review.
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwobi OC, Mgbeahuruike AC, Ikpendu CN, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081499. [PMID: 35893557 PMCID: PMC9394310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) threaten the efficacy of colistin (COL), a polymyxin antibiotic that is used as a last-line agent for the treatment of deadly infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. COL has been used for more than 60 years for the prophylactic control and treatment of infections in livestock husbandry but not in horses. Polymyxin B is used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of infections in horses without conducting sensitivity tests. The lack of sensitivity testing exerts selection pressure for the acquisition of the mcr gene. By horizontal transfer, mcr-1, mcr-5, and mcr-9 have disseminated among horse populations globally and are harbored by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Salmonella species. Conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons are the backbone of mcr genes in the isolates, which co-express genes conferring multi- to extensive-drug resistance, including genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance, and virulence genes. The transmission of mcr genes to/among bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal. Contact with horses, horse manure, feed/drinking water, farmers, farmers’ clothing/farm equipment, the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its associated products, and the trading of horses, horse meat, and their associated products are routes for the transmission of mcr-gene-bearing bacteria in, to, and from the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria;
- Correspondence: (M.U.A.); (I.F.J.); Tel.: +27-78-549-2098 (I.F.J.); Fax: +27-86-770-6869 (I.F.J.)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (M.U.A.); (I.F.J.); Tel.: +27-78-549-2098 (I.F.J.); Fax: +27-86-770-6869 (I.F.J.)
| | - Obichukwu Chisom Nwobi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria;
| | | | - Chinaza Nnenna Ikpendu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Nigeria;
| | | | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
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Gibbs R, Duz M, Shipman E. A survey of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use in the post‐operative period following equine colic surgery. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gibbs
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Leicestershire UK
| | - Marco Duz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Leicestershire UK
| | - Emma Shipman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Leicestershire UK
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Lilliehöök I, Bröjer J, Nostell K, Kindahl H, Tvedten HW, Edner A, Hagman R. Hematologic, prostaglandin F 2α -metabolite, serum amyloid A, and serum iron changes in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:319-325. [PMID: 32539184 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxemia is a common and severe disease of horses. Most previous studies have monitored changes caused by a bolus dose of endotoxin over short time periods. OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe inflammatory responses to endotoxin with inflammatory and hematologic markers monitored over a longer time than has been performed in the past using more prolonged endotoxin exposures. METHODS Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin was administered as a 6-hour continuous intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to eight horses. Blood cell counts, and prostaglandin F2α -metabolite (PGM), serum amyloid A (SAA), and serum total iron concentrations were monitored for up to 3 or 6 days. RESULTS An immediate and severe decrease in neutrophils and monocytes occurred in all horses, which subsequently changed to a moderate to strong neutrophilia and monocytosis that persisted for more than 78 hours postinfusion (PI) of LPS. Lymphocyte and eosinophil numbers decreased gradually and then normalized after 66- and 78-hours PI, respectively. Mild to moderate, biphasic thrombocytopenia occurred. A pronounced, transient increase in PGM occurred between 1 and 7 hours, peaking at 2 hours. Serum amyloid A began to increase after 6 hours PI and remained elevated after 72 hours PI. Serum iron was decreased between 6 and 48 hours. The clinical signs were most prominent during the first 24 hours PI and subsided within 48 hours PI. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophilia, monocytoses, and high SAA concentrations were present in horses even after the clinical signs had subsided. Serum iron normalized before SAA. Knowledge of these findings is imperative when interpreting laboratory results in horses with possible endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lilliehöök
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Bröjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Nostell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Kindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harold W Tvedten
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Edner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mendoza Garcia FJ, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Buzon-Cuevas A, Perez-Ecija A. Meloxicam ameliorates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia in adult donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1631-1641. [PMID: 32463537 PMCID: PMC7379049 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available about endotoxemia in donkeys. Characterizing the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in donkeys would provide valuable clinical and therapeutic information. The effects of meloxicam on endotoxemia have not been studied in this species. Objectives To study the pathophysiology and gene expression associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia, and evaluate the effects of meloxicam on experimentally induced endotoxemia in donkeys and in equine monocyte cultures. Animals Six healthy adult female donkeys. Methods Endotoxemia was induced by an IV infusion of LPS for 30 minutes. Animals either received 20 mL of saline or 0.6 mg/kg of meloxicam IV after LPS infusion. The experiments lasted 6 hours. Blood samples were collected serially for hematology, serum biochemistry, interleukin measurement, and leukocyte gene expression analysis. Vital signs were recorded throughout the study. Monocyte cultures were used to test the effects of meloxicam on LPS‐activated monocytes. Results Lipopolysaccharide induced fever, leukopenia, and neutropenia of similar magnitude in both groups, but meloxicam attenuated increases in plasma lactate, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα), and interleukin 1β concentrations compared to controls. No differences were detected between groups for cytokine mRNA expression. Furthermore, meloxicam decreased TNFα release in LPS‐activated monocyte cultures. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Meloxicam could be a feasible option for the treatment of endotoxemia and SIRS in donkeys. Additional studies are necessary to investigate possible meloxicam‐related posttranscriptional regulation and to compare this drug with other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in animals with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Mendoza Garcia
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-De Cara
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Buzon-Cuevas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, 14104, Cordoba, Spain
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8
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Comparative Anti-inflammatory Effects of Insulin and Flunixin on Acute-Phase Responses and Cardiovascular Biomarkers During Inflammatory Phase in Miniature Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 81:102788. [PMID: 31668307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of intravenous administration of insulin (in different doses) and flunixin on physiological variables, acute-phase responses, and cardiovascular biomarkers during inflammatory phase which was induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serotype O55:B5 in miniature donkeys. A total of twenty-four clinically healthy male adult miniature donkeys aged 5 ± 1 year and weighing 120 ± 10 kg were studied. The animals were assigned randomly to four experimental groups (three treatment and one positive control groups). Six hours after induction of inflammatory phase (by 20 ng kg-1 LPS), donkeys in groups Insln 1.5, Insln 3, and Flnx received insulin at 1.5 IU kg-1, insulin at 3 IU kg-1, and flunixin at 2.2 mg kg-1, respectively. Animals in the positive control group were assigned to receive LPS without any anti-inflammatory drugs. We have shown that serum concentrations of cardiovascular, acute-phase proteins and cytokines were increased during inflammatory phase in miniature donkeys. Our results revealed that insulin at 3 IU kg-1 as well as flunixin at 2.2 mg kg-1 can improve almost all of the physiological variables and hematobiochemical variables (including serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, cardiac troponin I, hemocysteine, white blood cell, and packed cell volume) after 24 hours. Unlike insulin at 1.5 IU kg-1, insulin at 3 IU kg-1 may be considered useful for inflammatory conditions in miniature donkeys.
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9
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Scott A, Pottenger S, Timofte D, Moore M, Wright L, Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Jeukens J, Levesque RC, Freschi L, Pinchbeck GL, Schmidt VM, McEwan N, Radford AD, Fothergill JL. Reservoirs of resistance: polymyxin resistance in veterinary-associated companion animal isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vet Rec 2019; 185:206. [PMID: 31239295 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and a major cause of infections. Widespread resistance in human infections are increasing the use of last resort antimicrobials such as polymyxins. However, these have been used for decades in veterinary medicine. Companion animals are an understudied source of antimicrobial resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. This study evaluated the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa veterinary isolates to polymyxins to determine whether the veterinary niche represents a potential reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria in both animals and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical P. aeruginosa isolates (n=24) from UK companion animals were compared for antimicrobial susceptibility to a panel of human-associated isolates (n=37). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for polymyxin B and colistin in the companion animals was significantly higher than in human isolates (P=0.033 and P=0.013, respectively). Genotyping revealed that the veterinary isolates were spread throughout the P. aeruginosa population, with shared array types from human infections such as keratitis and respiratory infections, suggesting the potential for zoonotic transmission. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations in genes associated with polymyxin resistance and other antimicrobial resistance-related genes. CONCLUSION The high levels of resistance to polymyxin shown here, along with genetic similarities between some human and animal isolates, together suggest a need for sustained surveillance of this veterinary niche as a potential reservoir for resistant, clinically relevant bacteria in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scott
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sian Pottenger
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Matthew Moore
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Wright
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vanessa M Schmidt
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Neil McEwan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne L Fothergill
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Hajimohammadi A, Badiei K, Kheibari P, Pourjafar M, Chalmeh A. Effects of Polymyxin B on Clinical Signs, Serum TNF-α, Haptoglobin and Plasma Lactate Concentrations in Experimental Endotoxaemia in Sheep. J Vet Res 2018; 62:79-85. [PMID: 29978131 PMCID: PMC5957465 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The experiment evaluated the effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B on experimental endotoxaemia in sheep. Material and Methods Twenty clinically healthy fat-tailed sheep were randomly divided into: a group treated with 6,000 U/kg of polymyxin B, a group at 12,000 U/kg, and positive and negative controls. Endotoxaemia was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli serotype O55:B5 at 0.5 μg/kg. polymyxin was infused intravenously along with 2.5 L of isotonic intravenous fluids at 20 mL/kg/h. The positive control group received LPS and 2.5 L of isotonic fluids, the negatives receiving just 2.5 L of isotonic fluids. Clinical signs were evaluated before and at 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 24, and 48 h after LPS administration. Blood was also sampled at the denoted hours and serum haptoglobin, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and plasma lactate concentrations were assayed. Results The serum concentration of TNF-α in the positive control group increased significantly up to 48 h after LPS administration. The concentration of TNF-α was significantly different from those of the polymyxin B and positive control groups from 3 to 48 h; also, the concentrations of haptoglobin at different times in the polymyxin groups were lower than those of the positive control group and were significant at hours 3 to 48 (P < 0.05). Following the LPS administration, haptoglobin and TNF-α concentrations changed without significant difference between the two polymyxin B groups. Conclusion Polymyxin B (6,000 U/kg) restrained blood lactate concentrations. Furthermore, it significantly improved the clinical signs in endotoxaemic animals, including rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates. Polymyxin B may be an antiendotoxic in fat-tailed sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hajimohammadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731, Iran
| | - Khalil Badiei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731, Iran
| | - Parviz Kheibari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731, Iran
| | - Meherdad Pourjafar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Chalmeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731, Iran
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11
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Effects of polymyxin B on clinical signs, serum TNF-α, haptoglobin and plasma lactate concentrations in experimental endotoxaemia in sheep. J Vet Res 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The experiment evaluated the effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B on experimental endotoxaemia in sheep.
Material and Methods
Twenty clinically healthy fat-tailed sheep were randomly divided into: a group treated with 6,000 U/kg of polymyxin B, a group at 12,000 U/kg, and positive and negative controls. Endotoxaemia was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli serotype O55:B5 at 0.5 μg/kg. polymyxin was infused intravenously along with 2.5 L of isotonic intravenous fluids at 20 mL/kg/h. The positive control group received LPS and 2.5 L of isotonic fluids, the negatives receiving just 2.5 L of isotonic fluids. Clinical signs were evaluated before and at 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 24, and 48 h after LPS administration. Blood was also sampled at the denoted hours and serum haptoglobin, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and plasma lactate concentrations were assayed.
Results
The serum concentration of TNF-α in the positive control group increased significantly up to 48 h after LPS administration. The concentration of TNF-α was significantly different from those of the polymyxin B and positive control groups from 3 to 48 h; also, the concentrations of haptoglobin at different times in the polymyxin groups were lower than those of the positive control group and were significant at hours 3 to 48 (P < 0.05). Following the LPS administration, haptoglobin and TNF-α concentrations changed without significant difference between the two polymyxin B groups.
Conclusion
Polymyxin B (6,000 U/kg) restrained blood lactate concentrations. Furthermore, it significantly improved the clinical signs in endotoxaemic animals, including rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates. Polymyxin B may be an antiendotoxic in fat-tailed sheep.
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12
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Sato H, Matsuda K, Amagai Y, Tanaka A, Matsuda H. Suppressive Effect of Bortezomib on LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Pacholewska A, Marti E, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Gerber V. LPS-induced modules of co-expressed genes in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28056766 PMCID: PMC5217269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is a strong inducer of the innate immune response. It is widespread in our environment, e.g. in house dust and contributes to asthma. Compared to humans, horses are even more sensitive to LPS. However, data on LPS effects on the equine transcriptome are very limited. Using RNA-seq we analysed LPS-induced differences in the gene expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the gene and gene-network level in two half-sib families and one group of unrelated horses. RESULTS 24 h-LPS challenge of equine immune cells resulted in substantial changes in the transcriptomic profile (1,265 differentially expressed genes) showing partial overlap with human data. One of the half-sib families showed a specific response different from the other two groups of horses. We also identified co-expressed gene modules that clearly differentiated 24 h-LPS- from non-stimulated samples. These modules consisted of 934 highly interconnected genes and included genes involved in the immune response (e.g. IL6, CCL22, CXCL6, CXCL2), however, none of the top ten hub genes of the modules have been annotated as responsive to LPS in gene ontology. CONCLUSIONS Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis we identified ten co-expressed gene modules significantly regulated by in vitro stimulation with LPS. Apart from 47 genes (5%) all other genes highly interconnected within the most up- and down-regulated modules were also significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05). The LPS-regulated module hub genes have not yet been described as having a role in the immune response to LPS (e.g. VAT1 and TTC25).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Findley JA, Salem S, Burgess R, Archer DC. Factors associated with survival of horses following relaparotomy. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:448-453. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Findley
- School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - S. Salem
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Eygpt
| | - R. Burgess
- School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
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16
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Werners AH. Treatment of endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the equine patient. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:1-15. [PMID: 27452161 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins, constituents of the cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, regularly result in severe illness and death in horses. In endotoxaemia, these constituents are present in the systemic circulation; in septicaemia, whole microbes invade normally sterile parts of the body. Interaction of these endotoxins with pathogen recognition receptors leads to an inflammatory response that cannot always be sufficiently contained and hence needs direct treatment. Over the last decennia, our understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxaemia and septicaemia has significantly increased. Based on improved understanding of the interaction between receptors and endotoxins as well as the subsequent downstream signalling pathways, new therapeutic targets have been identified in laboratory animal species and humans. Important species differences in the recognition of endotoxins and pathogens by their receptors as well as the inflammatory response to receptor activation hamper extrapolation of this information to the horse (and other species). Historically, horses with endotoxaemia and septicaemia have been treated mainly symptomatically and supportively. Based on the identified therapeutic targets, this review describes the current knowledge of the treatment for endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the horse with reference to the findings in other animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Werners
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue Campus, St. George's, Grenada, West-Indies
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17
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Watts AE, Ness SL, Divers TJ, Fubini SL, Frye AH, Stokol T, Cummings KJ, Brooks MB. Effects of clopidogrel on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:760-9. [PMID: 25061708 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.8.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of clopidogrel on clinical and clinicopathologic variables in healthy horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. ANIMALS 12 adult mares. Procedures-Horses were assigned with a randomization procedure to receive clopidogrel (4 mg/kg, once, then 2 mg/kg, q 24 h; n = 6) or a placebo (6) through a nasogastric tube. After 72 hours of treatment, horses received lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 30 ng/kg, IV). Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, CBC variables, plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentration, plasma von Willebrand factor concentration, and measures of platelet activation (including ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and closure times, thrombelastography variables, and results of flow cytometric detection of platelet membrane P-selectin, phosphatidylserine, and microparticles) were determined at various times before and after LPS administration by investigators unaware of the treatment groups. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS 4 of 6 clopidogrel-treated horses had significant decreases in ADP-induced platelet aggregation before and after LPS administration. Heart rate increased significantly after LPS administration only for the placebo group. No significant differences were detected between groups for CBC variables, closure time, and plasma concentration of fibrinogen or serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α, and no clinically relevant differences were detected for other hemostatic variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, administration of LPS did not induce platelet hyperreactivity in horses on the basis of measures of platelet adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, and procoagulant activity. Administration of clopidogrel was associated with variable platelet antiaggregatory activity and attenuated some clinical signs of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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18
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Dunkel B, Corley KTT. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Equine Referral Hospital; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
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19
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The molecular mechanism of species-specific recognition of lipopolysaccharides by the MD-2/TLR4 receptor complex. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:134-42. [PMID: 25037631 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipid A, a component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, is a conserved microbe-associated molecular pattern that activates the MD-2/TLR4 receptor complex. Nevertheless, bacteria produce lipid A molecules of considerable structural diversity. The human MD-2/TLR4 receptor most efficiently recognizes hexaacylated bisphosphorylated lipid A produced by enterobacteria, but in some animal species the immune response can be elicited also by alternative lipid A varieties, such as tetraacylated lipid IVa or pentaacylated lipid A of Rhodobacter spheroides. Several crystal structures revealed that hexaacylated lipid A and tetraacylated lipid IVa activate the murine MD-2/TLR4 in a similar manner, but failed to explain the antagonistic vs. agonistic activity of lipid IVa in the human vs. equine receptor, respectively. Targeted mutagenesis studies of the receptor complex revealed intricate combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions primarily within the MD-2 co-receptor, but with a contribution of TLR4 as well, that contribute to species-specific recognition of lipid A. We will review current knowledge regarding lipid A diversity and species-specific activation of the MD-2/TLR4 receptor complex in different species (e.g. human, mouse or equine) by lipid A varieties.
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20
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Rieger M, Kochleus C, Teschner D, Rascher D, Barton AK, Geerlof A, Kremmer E, Schmid M, Hartmann A, Gehlen H. A new ELISA for the quantification of equine procalcitonin in plasma as potential inflammation biomarker in horses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5507-12. [PMID: 24928115 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In human medicine, procalcitonin (PCT) is a very common and well-established biomarker for sepsis. Even though sepsis is also a leading cause of death in foals and adult horses, up to now, no data about the role of equine PCT in septic horses has been available. Based on monoclonal antibodies targeted against human PCT, we report here the development of a sandwich ELISA for the quantification of equine PCT in equine plasma samples. The ELISA was characterized for intra- and interassay variance and a working range from 25 to 1,000 ng mL(-1) was defined as within this range; both intra- and interassay variances were below 15 %. The target recovery ranged between 73 and 106 %. The ELISA was used to determine the equine PCT concentration in 24 healthy and 5 septic horses to show the potential for clinical evaluation of equine PCT. Significantly different (P = 0.0006) mean equine PCT concentrations were found for the healthy control group and the sepsis group (47 and 8,450 ng mL(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rieger
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany,
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21
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Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:337-51, vii-viii. [PMID: 25016495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some veterinarians describe particularly sick horses or neonatal foals as being endotoxemic, whereas others refer to the same animals as having the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article reviews the basis for the use of each of these terms in equine practice, and highlights the mechanisms underlying the response of the horse's innate immune system to key structural components of the microorganisms that initiate these conditions, including how some of those responses differ from other species. Current approaches used to treat horses with these conditions are summarized, and caution advised on extrapolating findings from other species to the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Moore
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michel L Vandenplas
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, West Indies
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22
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Silva A, Wagner B, McKenzie HC, Desrochers AM, Furr MO. An investigation of the role of soluble CD14 in hospitalized, sick horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Wong DM, Sponseller BA, Alcott CJ, Agbedanu PN, Wang C, Hsu WH. Effects of intravenous administration of polymyxin B in neonatal foals with experimental endotoxemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:874-81. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.6.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ, Derochette S, Vanderplasschen A, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA. Effect of myeloperoxidase and anoxia/reoxygenation on mitochondrial respiratory function of cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Brooks MB, Divers TJ, Watts AE, Ness SL, Frye AH, Stokol T, Fubini SL. Effects of clopidogrel on the platelet activation response in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1212-22. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.9.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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SUTHERS JM, PINCHBECK GL, PROUDMAN CJ, ARCHER DC. Survival of horses following strangulating large colon volvulus. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:219-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Frellstedt L, McKenzie HC, Barrett JG, Furr MO. Induction and characterization of endotoxin tolerance in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:97-102. [PMID: 22658835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxemia is responsible for severe illness in horses. Individuals can become clinically unresponsive to the endotoxin molecule after an initial exposure; a phenomenon referred to as 'endotoxin tolerance' (ET). ET has been observed clinically in horses in vivo; however, cytokine expression associated with ET has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method for inducing ET in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro, and to describe selected cytokine responses which are associated with ET. ET was induced by culturing cells with three concentrations of endotoxin, and evaluated after a second dose of endotoxin given to challenge the cells. The relative mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-12 was measured by use of quantitative PCR. ET was induced in all cells exposed to the 2-step endotoxin challenge. The relative mRNA expression of IL-10 in tolerized cells was not different from positive control cells. In contrast, the relative mRNA expression of IL-12 in tolerized cells was decreased by 15-fold after the second endotoxin challenge. This experiment demonstrated a reliable method for the ex vivo induction of ET in equine PBMC. A marked suppression of IL-12 production is associated with ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Frellstedt
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, P.O. Box 1938, Leesburg, VA 20177, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Diarrhoea is among the most common clinical complaints in foals. Aetiologies, diagnostic testing and recommended interventions for specific causes of enterocolitis are summarised. Many mild to moderately affected foals can be managed in an ambulatory setting, while others will benefit from more intensive care at a referral centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mallicote
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - A M House
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L C Sanchez
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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29
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Mani V, Weber TE, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. Growth and Development Symposium: Endotoxin, inflammation, and intestinal function in livestock. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1452-65. [PMID: 22247110 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin, also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can stimulate localized or systemic inflammation via the activation of pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, endotoxin and inflammation can regulate intestinal epithelial function by altering integrity, nutrient transport, and utilization. The gastrointestinal tract is a large reservoir of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, of which the gram-negative bacteria serve as a source of endotoxin. Luminal endotoxin can enter circulation via two routes: 1) nonspecific paracellular transport through epithelial cell tight junctions, and 2) transcellular transport through lipid raft membrane domains involving receptor-mediated endocytosis. Paracellular transport of endotoxin occurs through dissociation of tight junction protein complexes resulting in reduced intestinal barrier integrity, which can be a result of enteric disease, inflammation, or environmental and metabolic stress. Transcellular transport, via specialized membrane regions rich in glycolipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids, is a result of raft recruitment of endotoxin-related signaling proteins leading to endotoxin signaling and endocytosis. Both transport routes and sensitivity to endotoxin may be altered by diet and environmental and metabolic stresses. Intestinal-derived endotoxin and inflammation result in suppressed appetite, activation of the immune system, and partitioning of energy and nutrients away from growth toward supporting the immune system requirements. In livestock, this leads to the suppression of growth, particularly suppression of lean tissue accretion. In this paper, we summarize the evidence that intestinal transport of endotoxin and the subsequent inflammation leads to decrease in the production performance of agricultural animals and we present an overview of endotoxin detoxification mechanisms in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mani
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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30
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Baumwart CA, Doherty TJ, Schumacher J, Willis RS, Adair HS, Rohrbach BW. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1266-75. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Senior JM, Proudman CJ, Leuwer M, Carter SD. Plasma endotoxin in horses presented to an equine referral hospital: correlation to selected clinical parameters and outcomes. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:585-91. [PMID: 21496089 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Endotoxaemia is frequently presumed on the basis of clinical signs in horses with colic. OBJECTIVE Measurements of plasma endotoxin (LPS) are rarely made in clinical cases and there is little information on the correlations between this variable, clinical variables and outcomes. OBJECTIVES To measure LPS levels in plasma of horses presented to the Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital on admission and daily for up to 4 days and to relate LPS levels to selected clinical parameters, such as heart rate and packed cell volume, and outcomes. METHODS Blood samples were collected and stored at -20°C prior to assay of the plasma using a validated kinetic chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Clinical parameters and outcome variables were collected from hospital records. Associations were determined by Chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Daily blood samples were collected from 234 horses. LPS was detected in 26.5% of the study population and in 29% of those horses presented for colic. Horses providing samples with detectable LPS were more likely to die whilst in the hospital than those that did not (P = 0.045). Horses presenting with colic were more likely to have detectable LPS in their plasma than noncolic cases (P = 0.037), although LPS was detected in the plasma of 8 out of 42 noncolic horses. A horse that did not meet the study definition of clinical endotoxaemia was 10 times less likely to provide a positive LPS sample (OR 0.10, 95% CI: 0.05-0.22). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of horses providing samples with detectable LPS was similar to other studies. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE LPS was detected in the minority of horses presented with colic. Increased levels of LPS positively correlated with packed cell volume and with risk of mortality in colic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Senior
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.
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32
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Kornreich B, Enyeart M, Jesty S, Nydam D, Divers T. The Effects of Pentoxifylline on Equine Platelet Aggregation. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1196-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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33
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Abstract
Acute laminitis is a serious complication of many primary conditions in the horse. This article summarizes the most appropriate approach to management of the horse with acute laminitis, based on current information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W van Eps
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Slip Road, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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34
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Cloning, sequencing and expression analysis of the equine hepcidin gene by real-time PCR. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Evaluation of dimethyl sulphoxide effects on initial response to endotoxin in the horse. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:358-63. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x293501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Endotoxemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in horses affected by colic. This article briefly reviews the pathogenesis of endotoxemia in horses with colic, reviews current established treatments, and describes new advances in the treatment of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Kelmer
- Large Animal Department, Koret Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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37
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Poulin Braim AE, MacDonald MH, Bruss ML, Grattendick KJ, Giri SN, Margolin SB. Effects of intravenous administration of pirfenidone on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1031-42. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.8.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Brosnahan MM, Holbrook TC, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Confer AW. Intra-abdominal hypertension in two adult horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:174-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Hackett ES, Hassel DM. Colic: Nonsurgical Complications. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008; 24:535-55, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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40
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Kirschvink N, de Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses. Vet J 2007; 177:178-91. [PMID: 17897849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since "free radical research" started in 1954, understanding the role of oxidants and antioxidants in physiological and pathological conditions has increased continuously. Oxidants are essentially generated by metabolic enzymes, inflammatory cells and mitochondrial electron leakage; they are indispensable for the cellular redox regulation and may, under certain conditions, have a pro-inflammatory stimulatory role. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants counterbalance the oxidative processes and so maintain the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. Excessive oxidant generation or antioxidant insufficiency can lead to oxidative stress. The aims of this review are: (1) to provide an insight into the concept of the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium by briefly introducing the oxidant and the antioxidant systems; (2) to describe how the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium or oxidative stress can be evaluated in horses, and (3) to summarise current knowledge about oxidative stress in equine medicine and equine exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department for Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium.
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