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Purvis EM, Fedorczak N, Prah A, Han D, O’Donnell JC. Porcine Astrocytes and Their Relevance for Translational Neurotrauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2388. [PMID: 37760829 PMCID: PMC10525191 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential to virtually all brain processes, from ion homeostasis to neurovascular coupling to metabolism, and even play an active role in signaling and plasticity. Astrocytic dysfunction can be devastating to neighboring neurons made inherently vulnerable by their polarized, excitable membranes. Therefore, correcting astrocyte dysfunction is an attractive therapeutic target to enhance neuroprotection and recovery following acquired brain injury. However, the translation of such therapeutic strategies is hindered by a knowledge base dependent almost entirely on rodent data. To facilitate additional astrocytic research in the translatable pig model, we present a review of astrocyte findings from pig studies of health and disease. We hope that this review can serve as a road map for intrepid pig researchers interested in studying astrocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Purvis
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalia Fedorczak
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annette Prah
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Han
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chileski GS, García EN, Lértora JW, Mussart N, Hernández DR, Cholich LA. Hepatic encephalopathy in swine experimentally poisoned with Senna occidentalis seeds: Effects on astrocytes. Toxicon 2021; 201:86-91. [PMID: 34437876 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Senna occidentalis may be accidently ingested by humans and animals. In this study, the percentages of S. occidentalis seeds necessary for experimental reproduction of hepatic encephalopathy were determined in a pig model and the biochemical and microscopic pathology is described in detail, with emphasis on the astrocytes. The experimental groups (G1, G2 and G3) were fed rations containing 5%, 7.5% and 10% of S. occidentalis seeds for 7-11 days. Pigs from the three experimental groups showed incoordination, ataxia, disorientation, head pressing, anorexia, recumbency and depression. In addition, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase increased in all treated animals, which also showed higher serum total bilirubin and ammonia levels than in the control group (C). Microscopically, all experimental animals revealed acute hepatocellular swelling, multifocal coagulative necrosis in the pancreas, necrosis in the cardiac muscle, severe spongiosis in brain white and grey matter, and Alzheimer type II astrocytes in grey matter of the cerebral cortex. These cells were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) negative in G3. In white matter, a decrease in the positive area occupied by GFAP-immunolabelling and in the number of astrocytes per immunoreactive area was observed in G3 animals (5.35 ± 1.14% and 410 ± 45 cells/mm2, respectively) compared to the C animals (13.93 ± 1.59% and 581 ± 36 cells/mm2, respectively). This loss of GFAP was accompanied by alterations in astrocyte morphology, such as shrinkage of the cell body and retraction of the extending processes. This pig model of ammonia-mediated astrocyte damage could be used to study not only poisoning by S. occidentalis, but also other medical conditions resulting in hepatoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Nicolás García
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Javier Walter Lértora
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Norma Mussart
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - David Roque Hernández
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciana Andrea Cholich
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kim YE, Hwang CJ, Lee HP, Kim CS, Son DJ, Ham YW, Hellström M, Han SB, Kim HS, Park EK, Hong JT. Inhibitory effect of punicalagin on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and memory impairment via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gomes DC, Souza SO, Juffo GD, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D. Intoxicação por selênio em suínos no Sul do Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014001200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
São descritos dois surtos de intoxicação por selênio em suínos na região Sul do Brasil. Foram acometidos leitões em fase de creche, entre 27 e 22 dias, com mortalidade variando de 16% a 15,3% (Surto 1 e 2 respectivamente). Os suínos apresentaram poliomielomalacia simétrica focal e lesões de casco, que inicialmente eram caracterizadas por uma linha avermelhada na borda coronária que evoluía nos suínos sobreviventes para desprendimento do casco. Os sinais clínicos iniciaram após seis dias (Surto 1) e 30 horas (Surto 2) da introdução da ração com alto teor de selênio. O surgimento dos sinais foi abrupto, caracterizado por andar cambaleante, com evolução para paralisia dos membros pélvicos e posteriormente tetraparesia. Macroscopicamente observaram-se focos circulares amarelados com áreas deprimidas mais escuras, restritas ao corno ventral da substância cinzenta em intumescências cervical e lombar. Microscopicamente essas áreas corresponderam à malacia da substância cinzenta, caracterizada por microcavitações, perda neuronal, cromatólise, neuronofagia, infiltrado de células Gitter, microgliose, astrócitos de Alzheimer tipo II e proliferação de células endoteliais evidenciadas na imunohistoquímica (IHQ) para fator de von Willebrand. Ainda, no segundo surto, dois animais apresentaram vacuolização difusa do citoplasma de neurônios e em um suíno foram observados astrócitos gemistocíticos. Na IHQ para GFAP ficou evidenciada uma astrocitose e astrogliose. Além dessas alterações medulares, em dois suínos observou-se, polioencefalomalácia simétrica no tronco encefálico. Em amostras de ração, detectou-se 3,38ppm (Surto 1) e 154ppm (Surto 2) de Se/kg e em amostras de fígado foram encontradas dosagens superiores a 3,34ppm (variando de 3,34 até 10ppm). No Surto 2, após 44 dias da retirada da ração, foi realizada eutanásia de seis suínos para monitoramento de níveis hepáticos de selênio (dois suínos controles e quatro sobreviventes ao surto) e todos apresentaram níveis normais de selênio no fígado.
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Ardiaca M, Montesinos A, Bonvehí C, Cuesta M, Barrera S, Gómez A. Sodium ion and water intoxication syndrome in two pet miniature pigs (
Sus scrofa
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zlotowski P, Pavarini SP, Bandinelli MB, Langohr IM, Driemeier D. Paralysis in pigs with spinal cord injury due to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) infection. Vet Rec 2013; 172:637. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zlotowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); College of Veterinary Medicine; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - S. P. Pavarini
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); College of Veterinary Medicine; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - M. B. Bandinelli
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); College of Veterinary Medicine; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - I. M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Michigan; Michigan State University; Michigan Michigan USA
| | - D. Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; UFRGS; Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 Porto Alegre RS 91540-000 Brazil
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Jin P, Kim JA, Choi DY, Lee YJ, Jung HS, Hong JT. Anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects of a small molecule, 2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butenal in Tg2576 Alzheimer's disease mice model. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23289709 PMCID: PMC3547726 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils within the brain and activation of astrocytes and microglial cells. In this study, we examined anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects of 2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butenal (HPB242), an anti-inflammatory compound produced by the tyrosine-fructose Maillard reaction. METHODS 12-month-old Tg2576 mice were treated with HPB242 (5 mg/kg) for 1 month and then cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. In addition, western blot analysis, Gel electromobility shift assay, immunostaining, immunofluorescence staining, ELISA and enzyme activity assays were used to examine the degree of Aβ deposition in the brains of Tg2576 mice. The Morris water maze task was analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Otherwise were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test. RESULTS Treatment of HPB242 (5 mg/kg for 1 month) significantly attenuated cognitive impairments in Tg2576 transgenic mice. HPB242 also prevented amyloidogenesis in Tg2576 transgenic mice brains. This can be evidenced by Aβ accumulation, BACE1, APP and C99 expression and β-secretase activity. In addition, HPB242 suppresses the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as activation of astrocytes and microglial cells. Furthermore, activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) in the brain was potently inhibited by HPB242. CONCLUSIONS Thus, these results suggest that HPB242 might be useful to intervene in development or progression of neurodegeneration in AD through its anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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In this issue – October 2010. Aust Vet J 2010. [PMCID: PMC7159546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00498_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography diagnosis of brain infarction in dogs · Tibial tuberosity advancement in canine stifles · Holter monitoring in dogs with mitral valve disease · Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali · Distal luxation of the patella in a horse · Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotypes in sheep at slaughter · Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the brains of pigs with salt poisoning · Classification of infectious bronchitis viruses in poultry field specimens · Mortality events in sea‐caged yellowtail kingfish
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