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Sakae H. Spectroscopic Analysis of Apoferritin Associates with the Water-Soluble Porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:930-935. [PMID: 34161607 DOI: 10.1111/php.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The association behavior of apoferritin species with the anionic porphyrins, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2 TPPS4- ) and its zinc(II) complex (ZnTPPS4- ), which are water-soluble even in acidic solutions, was investigated for the first time through UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in order to evaluate a potential ability of apoferritin as a stimuli-responsive molecular capsule. The absorption maximum wavelengths of both porphyrins were redshifted and the fluorescence intensity decreased, indicating the effective association between apoferritin species and the porphyrins, although it depended on the pH adjustment procedure. At pH 2, the ZnTPPS4- associated with apoferritin subunits without demetallating and protonating, while the free base porphyrin formed the J-aggregate of the diprotonated species (H4 TPPS2- )n , with extremely low fluorescence. As the concentration of apoferritin subunits increased, the H2 TPPS4- -subunits associates were formed accompanied by recovering the fluorescence. The association stoichiometries of 1 or 2 subunits/porphyrin obtained under neutral and acidic conditions. The significantly large association constant of ZnTPPS4- as compared with that of H2 TPPS4- indicated that the coordination to the zinc(II) center strongly contributes to the association in addition to the electrostatic interaction between apoferritin subunits and the porphyrin under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sakae
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
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2
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Solov’eva AB, Savko MA, Glagolev NN, Aksenova NA, Timashev PS, Bragina NA, Zhdanova KA, Mironov AF. Photogeneration of Singlet Oxygen by Tetra(p-Hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins Modified with Oligo- and Polyalkylene Oxides. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418080277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Aydin M, Akins DL. DFT studies on solvent dependence of electronic absorption spectra of free-base and protonated porphyrin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reis ER, Ferreira LP, Nicola EMD, Borissevitch I. Comparative study of phototoxicity of protoporphyrin IX synthetic and extracted from ssp Rattus novergicus albinus rats toward murine melanoma cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:601-609. [PMID: 29453611 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a precursor of heme synthesis and is known to be an active photosensitizer and precursor of photosensitizers applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic diagnostics (PDD). On irradiation with visible light, PpIX undergoes phototransformation, producing photoproducts which may also be phototoxic and increase its efficacy. The mechanism of PpIX phototransformation depends on environmental characteristics and can be different in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, we present a comparative study of the photoactivity of synthetic PpIX and PpIX extracted from the Harderian gland of ssp Rattus novergicus albinus rats, along with their photoproducts toward murine B16F-10 melanoma cells. It was observed that when irradiated with visible light the endogenous PpIX demonstrates photocytotoxicity ten times higher than the synthetic PpIX. The photoproduct of endogenous PpIX also possesses phototoxicity, though slightly lower than that of PpIX itself. The rate of cell internalization for both endogenous PpIX and its photoproduct was eightfold greater than that obtained for the synthetic porphyrin. This difference might result from a complexation of the native PpIX with some amphiphilic compounds during its synthesis within the Harderian glands, which facilitates the cell uptake of PpIX. Fluorescence microscopy images show that both endogenous and synthetic porphyrins are localized after uptake predominantly in the mitochondrial region of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Reis
- Laser Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery Experimental Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6111, Campinas, SP, Cep 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - L P Ferreira
- Physics Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - E M D Nicola
- Laser Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery Experimental Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6111, Campinas, SP, Cep 13083-970, Brazil
| | - I Borissevitch
- Physics Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Institute of Physics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Roy B, Ghosh M, Mukherjee P, Chowdhury S, Gupta BC, Majhi K, Sinha S. Ground state charge transfer complex formation of some metalloporphyrins with aromatic solvents: Further theoretical and experimental investigations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:311-317. [PMID: 28738265 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In our earlier work (Chem. Phys. Letts. 592 (2014) 149-154), a new broad band was observed in the near infrared region (700-900nm) of the steady state absorption spectra of some metalloporphyrins (zinc tetraphenylporphyrin, zinc octaethylporphyrin and magnesium octaethylporphyrin) in aromatic solvents (chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, benzonitrile, benzene and toluene) at high concentrations (~10-4molL-1). The band was ascribed to be due to ground state charge transfer complexation between solute and solvent molecules. In the present work, density functional theory calculations are carried out to study the possibility of such ground state charge transfer complex formation between zinc tetraphenylporphyrin and four aromatic solvents viz., benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene and benzonitrile with 1:1 and 2:1 solvent-solute stoichiometries. Also, we determined the association constants for the ground state charge transfer complex formation of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin and zinc octaethylporphyrin with two aromatic solvents (benzene and benzonitrile) by Benesi-Hildebrand method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Roy
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | - Mihir Ghosh
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | - Prajna Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India; Department of Physics, Panchakot Mahavidyalaya, Sarbari Neturia, Purulia 723 127, India
| | - Somnath Chowdhury
- Department of Physics, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | - Bikash C Gupta
- Department of Physics, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | - Koushik Majhi
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India.
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Frühbeißer S, Gröhn F. Porphyrin-Polyelectrolyte Nanoassemblies: The Role of Charge and Building Block Architecture in Self-Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frühbeißer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Ghosh M, Sinha S. Solvatochromic Stokes shift and determination of excited state dipole moments of free base and zinc octaethylporphyrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:959-965. [PMID: 26123513 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solvent effects on the photophysical properties of free base octaethylporphyrin and zinc octaethylporphyrin are investigated at the ambient temperature (300 K). Steady state electronic absorption and emission spectra of the porphyrins are recorded in different organic solvents of varying polarity. By using solvatochromic Stokes shift method, the dipole moments associated with the first excited singlet states of the presently used porphyrin molecules are determined for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, from Lippert-Mataga, Bakhshiev and Reichardt equations. The dipole moments associated with the singlet ground state of the porphyrin molecules are calculated theoretically by using density functional theory (DFT) method by adopting B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level using Gaussian 03 package. Moreover, some other photophysical properties (fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, decay rates, etc.) of the porphyrins are measured in different solvents of varying polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Ghosh
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India.
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Ghosh M, Mora AK, Nath S, Kumar PH, Bangal PR, Sinha S. Photoinduced electron transfer from zinc tetraphenylporphyrin to 2-nitrofluorene in polar solvent acetonitrile. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Aydin M. Comparative study of the structural and vibroelectronic properties of porphyrin and its derivatives. Molecules 2014; 19:20988-1021. [PMID: 25517340 PMCID: PMC6271358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT and time-dependent-DFT (TD-DFT) were employed to investigate the vibroelectronic structural properties of porphyrin and some derivatives: unsubstituted porphyrin (TPyr), meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP), protonated-TPyr (H2TPyr), deuterated-H2TPyr (D4TPyr), protonated-TPP (H2TPP) and deuterated-H2TPP (D4TPP), protonated TSPP (H2TSPP), deuterated-H2TSPP (D4TSPP), dicationic TSPP (H6TSPP) and deuterated-H6TSPP (D8TSPP). The possible internal conversion (IC) and intersystem crossing (ISC) processes of these compounds were investigated. Finally, the relaxed ground state potential energy surface (PES) (S0), and singlet (Sn, n = 1–24) and triplet (Tn) excited state PESs of the TSPP molecule were calculated as function of the dihedral angle (Cα-Cm-Cϕ-C(ph)) rotation. The results of the calculations indicated that while the meso-substitutions caused a significant shift in frequencies when the meso-carbons within the parent-porphine (or TPyr) are involved in the vibrational motion of molecules; the protonation of the N atoms at the porphine/porphyrin core causes a significant blue shift when the H on the N atoms within the pyrroline are dominantly involved in the vibrational motions. The deuteration of N atoms not only caused a red-shift in the frequencies of the corresponding peaks below 1600 cm−1, but also produced new vibrational modes of frequencies in the 2565–2595 cm−1 range caused by the N-D bond stretching. Similarly, the deuteration of O atoms within the sulfonato groups (-SO3−) exhibited a new peak at around 2642 cm−1 due to O-D bond stretching. The measured Raman spectrum of the H2TSPP is assigned based on the predicted Raman spectra of the compounds studied here and measured Raman spectrum of the TPP (from our previous work). The IR spectrum is assigned based on our calculations and measured IR spectra obtained from the literature. The results of the TD-DFT calculations did not only indicate that the meso-substitution and protonation of the porphyrin bring about a significant read shift in the electronic transitions; but also provided a strong evidence for the IC from the Soret band to Q-bands beside possibility of the ISC process; its existence depend on the other excited state process such as much faster vibrational relaxation; the IC and etc. The ground state PES curve (S0) of the ionic TSPP exhibited two minima at the dihedral angle (Cα-Cm-Cϕ-C) of about 66° (corresponds to the lowest ground state) and 110° (corresponds to next energetically stable state or the local minima). The energy deference between these two minima is 0.0132 eV (or 106 cm−1) and the highest potential energy barrier when undergoing from the lowest ground state to this local state is only 0.0219 eV (177 cm−1; which is compatible with the thermal energy (kT) at 298 K is 207.2 cm−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Aydin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey.
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Bogoeva V, Petrova L, Ivanov I, Kulina H, Russev G. Interaction of Wheat Germ Agglutinin with Porphyrin Compounds—Potential Anticancer Agents. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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12
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Ghosh M, Roy B, Jha A, Sinha S. Ground state charge transfer complex formation of some metalloporphyrins with aromatic solvents. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rai R, Kumar V, Pandey S. Aggregation of a model porphyrin within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG): effect of water, PEG molecular weight, ionic liquids, salts, and temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:7263-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin J-aggregation is facilitated in 10 wt% water-added PEGs at pH 1; it increases with PEG MW and is controlled by RTILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewa Rai
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016, India
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Ghosh M, Mora AK, Nath S, Chandra AK, Hajra A, Sinha S. Photophysics of Soret-excited free base tetraphenylporphyrin and its zinc analog in solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 116:466-472. [PMID: 23973595 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of free base tetraphenylporphyrin and its zinc analog are investigated in detail in solvents of varying polarity by using steady state and time-resolved techniques. Both the porphyrins are excited at the Soret band to have better signal-to-noise ratio. Also, the fluorescence emission measurements are carried out by using dilute solutions (~10(-7)mol/L) of the fluorophores in order to minimize the self-quenching effect. It is observed that the steady state absorption and emission characteristics of the porphyrin molecules are mainly affected by polarizability (via refractive index) rather than polarity (via dielectric constant) of the moderate to highly polar solvents. As the molecules are highly symmetric in the ground state, the associated dipole moments are found to be very low from quantum chemical calculations performed by density functional theory method by using Gaussian 03 package. The dipole moments associated with the first excited singlet state of the porphyrins are computed by applying solvatochromic Stokes' shift method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to calculate the excited state dipole moments of the porphyrins used in the present investigations. Also, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime of the first excited singlet state, radiative and non-radiative rate constants of the porphyrins are reported in solvents of varying polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Ghosh
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
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Radiolysis of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin or 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphyrin in aqueous solution in the presence and in the absence of DNA or human serum albumin. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang RR, Li L, Tong LL, Tang B. Enhanced luminescence of photosensitizer-based mesoporous silica nanocomposites via energy transfer from conjugated polymer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:015604. [PMID: 23221110 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/1/015604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A unique assembly approach was developed to fabricate conjugated polymer and photosensitizer-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles with effective Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from poly[(9,9-di(3,30-N,N0-trimethylammonium)-propylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-phenylene)] (PFP) to porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PSs). PFP and silica nanoparticles form a complex through electrostatic interactions, and efficient energy transfer from PFP to porphyrin-based PSs occurs upon irradiation. This approach is stable, effective, and diversified. PS-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles showed three- to four-fold enhanced emission with the excitation of the maximum absorption wavelength of PS in the presence of PFP in comparison to the case without PFP. Doping fluorescence dyes into the nonporous core and adjusting the content of PS conjugated with the shell can endow the silica nanoparticles with a combinational optical signal of dyes and PS. These silica nanoparticles exhibit further improved performance on the basis of enhanced energy transfer offered by light-harvesting conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-rui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Liu X, Zhao X, Wang X, Zhang J, Huang Y, Mo Q, Qian K, Zhu Y. Photochemically Inactivated Hepatitis B Virus Promotes Upregulation of Th1-Type Cytokines. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1287-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
The binding of meso-tetrakis[4-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T4CPP), meso-tetrakis[3-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T3CPP) and meso-tetrakis[3,4-bis(carboxymethyl-eneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T3, 4BCPP) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 7.4 has been studied at 420 nm in detail. The results show hypochromicity along with a red shift in the Soret band of the porphyrins. This suggests that these porphyrins bind to BSA as monomers. Further analysis of these data supports the non-interactive binding of T4CPP and T3CPP with BSA and the cooperative binding of T3, 4BCPP with BSA. These binding data have been interpreted in terms of one specific binding site and several non-specific binding sites on BSA for the porphyrins. The absorption spectral changes of the porphyrins between 400 and 450 nm when titrated with BSA suggest that there is another specific binding site on BSA for the porphyrins. These two specific binding sites have also been supported by circular dichroism (CD) studies. The absorption spectral and CD studies on the interactions of the porphyrins with BSA further suggest that these interactions are dependent on the number and configuration of substituents in the phenyl groups of the porphyrins. The contact energy transfer from the aromatic amino acid residues tryptophan and tyrosine of BSA to the porphyrins in the BSA–porphyrin complexes has also been studied using fluorescence spectroscopy. These energy transfer data show the energy transfer from tryptophan to the porphyrins for their binding to site I of BSA and from tyrosine to the porphyrins for their binding to site II of BSA. Unfolding studies of the BSA–porphyrin systems indicate that the tertiary structure is essential for the binding of the porphyrins. A correlation between the accumulation of99 mTc -labelled T4CPP and T3, 4BCPP in tumour tissue and their binding at site II of BSA is possible. The interaction of the porphyrins can also be used as a model for mitochondrial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHAMPA CHATTERJEE
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Bombay 400076, India
| | - T. S. SRIVASTAVA
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Bombay 400076, India
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Santiago PS, Gandini SC, Moreira LM, Tabak M. Interaction of cationic water-soluble meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) with ionic and nonionic micelles: aggregation and binding. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The equilibrium of meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (TMPyP) in aqueous solution in the presence of surfactants was studied by optical spectroscopic techniques and SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering). Anionic SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), zwitterionic HPS (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) and nonionic TRITON X-100 (t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol), surfactants were used. TMPyP is characterized by a protonation equilibrium with a pKa around 1.0, associated with the diacid-free base transition, and a second pKa around 12.0 related with the transition between the free base and the monoanion form. Three independent species were observed for TMPyP at pH 6.0 as a function of SDS concentration: free TMPyP, TMPyP-SDS aggregates and porphyrin monomer bound to micelles. For HPS and TRITON X-100, the equilibrium of TMPyP as a function of pH is quite similar to that obtained in pure aqueous solution: no aggregation was observed, suggesting that electrostatic contribution is the major factor in the interaction between TMPyP and surfactants. SAXS data analysis demonstrated a prolate ellipsoidal shape for SDS micelles; no significant changes in shape and size were observed for SDS-TMPyP co-micelles. Moreover, the ionization coefficient, α, decreases with the increase of the porphyrin concentration, suggesting the "screening" of the anionic charge of SDS by the cationic porphyrin. These results are consistent with optical absorption, fluorescence and RLS (resonance light scattering) spectroscopies data, allowing to conclude that neutral surfactants present a smaller interaction with the cationic porphyrin as compared with an ionic surfactant. Therefore, the interaction of TMPyP with the ionic and nonionic surfactants is predominantly due to the electrostatic contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S. Santiago
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, USP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Shirley C.M. Gandini
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, USP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo M. Moreira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, USP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcel Tabak
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, USP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
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de Miranda JA, da Hora Machado AE, de Oliveira CA. Comparison of the photodynamic action of methylene blue and zinc phthalocyanine on TG-180 tumoral cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424602000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of zinc phthalocyanine and methylene blue (CI 52015) in compromise the viability of TG 180 malignant cells by photodynamic action, was compared by counting the number of killed cells. The results show that, under the observed experimental conditions, zinc phthalocyanine ( ZnPc ) is at least two times more efficient than methylene blue (MB), and possesses a very low citotoxicity and high capacity to penetrate the cellular membrane. Quenching experiments using β-carothene evidence the importance of a type II mechanism during cell inactivation by ZnPc .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Antonio de Miranda
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Química, GFQL/Laboratório de Fotoquímica, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-089 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Eduardo da Hora Machado
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Química, GFQL/Laboratório de Fotoquímica, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-089 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Química, GFQL/Laboratório de Fotoquímica, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-089 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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Ghadamgahi M, Ajloo D. Calculation and prediction of rate and equilibrium constants for aggregation of porphyrin by molecular dynamics, Docking and QSPR methods. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of 85 porphyrin derivatives and a report on a kinetic and thermodynamic study of such aggregation behavior on varying the derivatives of porphyrin was carried out using molecular dynamics simulation and Docking. Distance diagrams of simulated compounds were obtained and decrease of curves is a clear evidence of the aggregation. Aggregation rates were studied by origin software. In order to calculate interaction energies of derivatives, compounds were docked and the equilibrium constant of porphyrin-porphyrin interaction were obtained. Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) studies were performed for the sets of 85 Porphyrin derivatives. Multiple Linear Regression method (MLR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used and resulted in useful models with good prediction ability. This models were able to predict the kinetic and equilibrium constant for all sets of our compounds. The correlation coefficients for prediction of rate and logarithm of equilibrium constants were 0.67 and 0.97 by MLR method respectively and 0.90 for prediction of equilibrium constant by PCA analyses. In order to have a better prediction, compounds were divided into two groups, oxygenated and non-oxygenated group and correlation coefficient for prediction of rate constants of them were obtained 0.89 and 0.94 by MLR model respectively. Results of structure-property relationship showed that, larger, more hydrophobe and more planner derivatives have higher aggregation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davood Ajloo
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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The effect of liposomes’ surface electric potential on the uptake of hematoporphyrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2031-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Chakraborty J, Das N, Halder UC. Unfolding diminishes fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) of lysine modified β-lactoglobulin: Relevance towards anti-HIV binding. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 102:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Cazenave JP, Folléa G, Bardiaux L, Boiron JM, Lafeuillade B, Debost M, Lioure B, Harousseau JL, Tabrizi R, Cahn JY, Michallet M, Ambruso D, Schots R, Tissot JD, Sensebé L, Kondo T, McCullough J, Rebulla P, Escolar G, Mintz P, Heddle N, Goodrich R, Bruhwyler J, Le C, Cook R, Stouch B. A randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the performance and safety of platelets treated with MIRASOL pathogen reduction technology. Transfusion 2010; 50:2362-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Kathiravan A, Anbazhagan V, Asha Jhonsi M, Renganathan R. Interaction of meso-tetrakis (p-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TSPP) with pyrimidines: A steady state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching study. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kathiravan A, Anbazhagan V, Asha Jhonsi M, Renganathan R. Fluorescence quenching of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin by colloidal TiO(2). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:615-8. [PMID: 17888718 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A stable colloidal TiO(2) has been prepared. The interaction of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TSPP) with colloidal TiO(2) was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Upon excitation of its absorption band, the fluorescence emission of TSPP was quenched by colloidal TiO(2). The bimolecular quenching rate constant (k(q)) is 1.78 x 10(11)M(-1)s(-1). The porphyrin can participate in the quenching process by injecting electrons from its excited states into the conduction band of TiO(2). The quenching mechanism is discussed on the basis of the quenching rate constant as well as the reduction potential of the colloidal TiO(2). Rehm-Weller equation was applied for the calculation of free energy change (DeltaG(et)).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kathiravan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Moreira LM, Vieira dos Santos F, Lyon JP, Maftoum-Costa M, Pacheco-Soares C, Soares da Silva N. Photodynamic Therapy: Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Photosensitizers. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work is focussed on the principles of photodynamic therapy (PDT), emphasizing the photochemical mechanisms of reactive oxygen species formation and the consequent biochemical processes generated by the action of reactive oxygen species on various biological macromolecules and organelles. This paper also presents some of the most used photosensitizers, including Photofrin, and the new prototypes of photosensitizers, analysing their physicochemical and spectroscopic properties. At this point, the review discusses the therapeutic window of absorption of specific wavelengths involving first- and second-generation photosensitizers, as well as the principal light sources used in PDT. Additionally, the aggregation process, which consists in a phenomenon common to several photosensitizers, is studied. J-aggregates and H-aggregates are discussed, along with their spectroscopic effects. Most photosensitizers have a significant hydrophobic character; thus, the study of the types of aggregation in aqueous solvent is very relevant. Important aspects of the coordination chemistry of metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines used as photosensitizers are also discussed. The state-of-the-art in PDT is evaluated, discussing recent articles in this area. Furthermore, macrocyclic photosensitizers, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, are specifically described. The present review is an important contribution, because PDT is one of the most auspicious advances in the therapy against cancer and other non-malignant diseases.
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Hirayama J, Abe H, Kamo N, Ikebuchi K, Ikeda H. Comparison of the Effects of Different Antiviral Treatments on the Antioxidant Systems of Stroma-free Hemoglobin¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740461coteod2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kępczyński M, Pandian RP, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. Do Liposome-binding Constants of Porphyrins Correlate with Their Measured and Predicted Partitioning Between Octanol and Water?¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760127dlbcop2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gábor F, Szolnoki J, Tóth K, Fekete A, Maillard P, Csík G. Photoinduced Inactivation of T7 Phage Sensitized by Symmetrically and Asymmetrically Substituted Tetraphenyl Porphyrin: Comparison of Efficiency and Mechanism of Action¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730304piotps2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Hirayama J, Wagner SJ, Gomez C, Macdonald VW, Abe H, Ikeda H, Ikebuchi K, Sekiguchi S. Virus Photoinactivation in Stroma-free Hemoglobin with Methylene Blue or 1,9-dimethylmethylene Blue. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710090vpisfh2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Casteel MJ, Jayaraj K, Gold A, Ball LM, Sobsey MD. Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Mody TD, Sessler JL. Porphyrin- and Expanded Porphyrin-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470511497.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
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36
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Goodrich RP, Edrich RA, Li J, Seghatchian J. The Mirasol™ PRT system for pathogen reduction of platelets and plasma: An overview of current status and future trends. Transfus Apher Sci 2006; 35:5-17. [PMID: 16935562 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety of blood transfusion is still threatened by contamination of blood products with a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. A novel pathogen reduction process for platelets and plasma products, the Mirasol PRT system, has been developed and is under clinical evaluation for its efficacy and safety. The Mirasol PRT process is based on riboflavin photochemistry. This manuscript reviews current progress and future trends.
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Ben-Dror S, Bronshtein I, Wiehe A, Röder B, Senge MO, Ehrenberg B. On the correlation between hydrophobicity, liposome binding and cellular uptake of porphyrin sensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:695-701. [PMID: 16435882 DOI: 10.1562/2005-09-01-ra-669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A crucial factor in choosing a porphyrin or analogous photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is its ability to incorporate into the cells. For hydrophobic compounds that partition passively into the cytoplasmic membrane, a partition coefficient between an organic solvent and water, P, is one factor that could be used to predict the molecule's ability to diffuse into biomembranes. We synthesized several porphyrins, modified with two, three or four meso-substituents and studied their spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The octanol-water partitioning coefficients, log P, were calculated as a parameter for hydrophobicity. We found these porphyrins to be very hydrophobic, with log P values in the range of 8.9-11.8. These were correlated with the binding constants of these porphyrins into liposomes, K(b), as well as to their uptake by cells. The correlation between the estimated log P and K(b) is nearly linear but negative, indicating, apparently, that there is lesser binding to liposomes with increased hydrophobicity. On the other hand, all of the studied porphyrins are taken up by cells, but there is no clear correlation between cellular uptake and the log P or K(b). Lipinski's pharmacological "rule of 5" predicts poor permeation of drugs into cells when log P is greater than five. This may be relevant for diffusional binding to liposomes, where aqueous aggregation can interfere strongly with cellular uptake. In such extreme conditions, neither liposome binding nor other rules seem to predict porphyrin behavior in vitro.
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38
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Effects of interaction with CTAB micelles on photophysical characteristics of meso-tetrakis(sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Bettio F, Baccichetti F, Simonato M, Marzano C, Bordin F. T4 Phage Photoinactivation by Linear Furocoumarins and Angular Furoquinolinones. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:525-7. [PMID: 16892387 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frazia Bettio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
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40
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Kostka M, Zimcik P, Miletin M, Klemera P, Kopecky K, Musil Z. Comparison of aggregation properties and photodynamic activity of phthalocyanines and azaphthalocyanines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Yi-Min Q, Ni-Na P, Yong-Xing J, Zao-Ying L, Guo-Lin Z. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Interaction between Cationic Porphyrins and Human Serum Albumin by an Optical Biosensor. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200591095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Kang J, Wu H, Lu X, Wang Y, Zhou L. Study on the interaction of new water-soluble porphyrin with DNA. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:2041-7. [PMID: 15911390 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A porphyrin meso-tetrakis{[4-(1-pyridyl)propoxy]phenyl}porphyrin (TPyPP) and its Ni complex (TPyPP(Ni)) have been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, UV-vis spectra. The interaction of two porphyrins with calf thymus-DNA (CT-DNA) has been explored by UV-vis, fluorescence and circular dichroic spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that these porphyrins can bind to DNA by the same binding mode. TPyPP outside binds by self-stack with DNA both at low drug load r (=[porphyrin]/[DNA]) and high drug load. Though TPyPP(Ni) has center metal nickel, binding mode with DNA has little difference compared with TPyPP, dominating out-binding mode with different direction along DNA. The binding constants of the TPyPP and TPyPP(Ni) to DNA were 4.65 x 10(5) M(-1) and 3.2 x 10(5) M(-1), respectively. A colored precipitate was found after time in two porphyrin's viscosity measurement. The reasonable interpretation is the porphyrins with alkyl connected N-position of pyridine can strongly interact with the anionic phosphates of DNA and lead to hydrophobic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwest Normal University, Gansu China, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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43
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Effect of protonation on the photophysical properties of meso-tetra(sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Casteel MJ, Jayaraj K, Gold A, Ball LM, Sobsey MD. Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-04-05-ra-134.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Kepczyński M, Pandian RP, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. Do liposome-binding constants of porphyrins correlate with their measured and predicted partitioning between octanol and water? Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:127-34. [PMID: 12194207 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0127:dlbcop>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested correlations between lipophilicity parameters and the partitioning of sensitizers into membranes. For this purpose we investigated 17 porphyrins and two chlorins having various chemical structures. Some of these compounds possess an amphiphilic structure (including hematoporphyrin, deuteroporphyrin, mesoporphyrin, chlorin e6 and more). The others are very symmetrical sensitizers [meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin, tetra-benzoporphyrin, coproporphyrin I dihydrochloride (CP), meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCP) and meso-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin]. Our investigation also included two series of hematoporphyrins and protoporphyrins with varying lengths of alkylcarboxylate side groups. The partitioning of these compounds between the bulk aqueous phase and liposomes was studied by fluorescence methods, and a liposome-binding constant, Kb, was obtained. It was found that CP and TCP do not incorporate into the lipid phase at pH 7.3. An n-octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) and a distribution coefficient (log D) were predicted with a modeling software. The values of log D were also obtained experimentally. We found that for the studied molecules, the predicted log D correlated well with the measured values. The values of log D as well as log P, in turn, did not correlate nicely, for the whole group of studied compounds, with the binding constants to liposomes. However, in the case of porphyrins that share a similar structure, the Kb showed good linear correlation with both log P and log D. For the series of hematoporphyrins and protoporphyrins with different lengths of alkylcarboxyl groups, it was shown that prolongation of this group caused an increase in the lipophilicity and the liposome-binding constant. This effect is more pronounced for the proto- than for the hematoporphyrin series. The results highlight the possible use, as well as limitations, of lipophilicity parameters for the prediction of membrane binding.
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Abstract
Methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RB) and psoralen sensitizers (4' aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen [AMT] and derivatives) are under study as sensitizers of viral inactivation of blood products such as plasma proteins, platelets and red cells, all of which lack genomic nucleic acid. To predict where these sensitizers accumulate in viruses and in cells, their relative affinities for calf thymus DNA, neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and albumin were determined by dialysis. MB has a strong affinity for nucleic acid and negatively charged phospholipid, but little affinity for albumin or neutral phospholipid. RB has modest affinity for nucleic acid and little affinity for albumin or either phospholipid. AMT has substantial affinity for nucleic acid, neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and albumin. Neither AMT nor RB binds to poly G, although MB has some affinity for this polymer. Evidence of association of RB with guanosine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate and tryptophan methylester hydrochloride in PBS buffer in the presence and absence of formamide was obtained from nonlinear Stern-Volmer plots and shifts in the ground state absorption spectrum of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dardare
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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48
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Lavi A, Weitman H, Holmes RT, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. The depth of porphyrin in a membrane and the membrane's physical properties affect the photosensitizing efficiency. Biophys J 2002; 82:2101-10. [PMID: 11916866 PMCID: PMC1302004 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitized biological processes, as applied in photodynamic therapy, are based on light-triggered generation of molecular singlet oxygen by a membrane-residing sensitizer. Most of the sensitizers currently used are hydrophobic or amphiphilic porphyrins and their analogs. The possible activity of the short-lived singlet oxygen is limited to the time it is diffusing in the membrane, before it emerges into the aqueous environment. In this paper we demonstrate the enhancement of the photosensitization process that is obtained by newly synthesized protoporphyrin derivatives, which insert their tetrapyrrole chromophore deeper into the lipid bilayer of liposomes. The insertion was measured by fluorescence quenching by iodide and the photosensitization efficiency was measured with 9,10-dimethylanthracene, a fluorescent chemical target for singlet oxygen. We also show that when the bilayer undergoes a melting phase transition, or when it is fluidized by benzyl alcohol, the sensitization efficiency decreases because of the enhanced diffusion of singlet oxygen. The addition of cholesterol or of dimyristoyl phosphatydilcholine to the bilayer moves the porphyrin deeper into the bilayer; however, the ensuing effect on the sensitization efficiency is different in these two cases. These results could possibly define an additional criterion for the choice and design of hydrophobic, membrane-bound photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Lavi
- Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52-900, Israel
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49
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Andrade SM, Costa SMB. Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of a water soluble porphyrin and two drug carrier proteins. Biophys J 2002; 82:1607-19. [PMID: 11867473 PMCID: PMC1301959 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TSPP) sodium salt to human serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin was studied by steady-state and dynamic fluorescence at different pH of aqueous solutions. The formation of TSPP J-aggregates and a noncovalent TSPP-protein complex was monitored by fluorescence titrations, which depend on pH and on the protein nature and concentration. The complex between TSPP and protein displays a heterogeneous equilibrium with large changes in the binding strength versus pH. The large reduction of the effective binding constant from pH 2 to 7 suggests that electrostatic interactions are a major contribution to the binding of TSPP to the aforementioned proteins. TSPP aggregates and TSPP-protein complex exhibit circular dichroism induced by the presence of the protein. Circular dichroism spectra in the ultraviolet region show that the secondary structure of both proteins is not extensively affected by the TSPP presence. Protein-TSPP interaction was also examined by following the intrinsic fluorescence of the tryptophan residues of the proteins. Fluorescence quenching by acrylamide and TSPP itself also point to small changes on the protein tertiary structure and a critical distance R(0) approximately 56 A, between tryptophan and bound porphyrin, was estimated using the long distance Förster-type energy transfer formalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana M Andrade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo 1, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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50
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Hirayama J, Wagner SJ, Abe H, Ikebuchi K, Ikeda H. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in hemoglobin oxidation and virus inactivation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue phototreatment. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:418-21. [PMID: 11305606 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in virus inactivation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) phototreatment in stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) was investigated with the use of scavengers, quenchers and enhancer. Virus (R17 bacteriophage) photoinactivation by either activated monomer or dimer DMMB was suppressed by sodium azide (singlet oxygen quencher) and promoted by the substitution of H2O for deuterium oxide (D2O), which is known to prolong the lifespan of singlet oxygen. There was no or little effect of mannitol (hydroxyl radical scavenger) and superoxide dismutase (superoxide scavenger) on the photoinactivation. Similar experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanism of methemoglobin (Met-Hb) formation by the activated monomer of DMMB. There was little effect of the singlet oxygen quencher, histidine, or the enhancer, D2O, on Met-Hb formation. However, rutin, which inhibits not only singlet oxygen but also other ROS, and mannitol supressed the formation of Met-Hb by activated monomer. The addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not inhibit the formation. In contrast to the activity of the DMMB monomer, that of the dimer was inhibited by histidine and enhanced by D2O. The addition of neither mannitol nor SOD affected Met-Hb formation by activated dimer. These results collectively suggest that virus photoinactivation by the activated monomer and dimer of DMMB as well as Met-Hb formation by the activated dimer proceed via a singlet oxygen mediated pathway. In contrast, singlet oxygen may play a less important role in Met-Hb formation by the activated monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirayama
- Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan.
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