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Scheadler TR, Haus KR, Mobley TA, Mark KP. LGBTQ+ Grassroots Activism: An Opportunity for Resilience. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:1675-1700. [PMID: 35196213 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other gender and sexual minority (LGBTQ+) individuals have a long history of mobilizing to raise awareness and initiate social and political change for LGBTQ+ related issues. The present study explored how grassroots activism impacted resilience among LGBTQ+ people. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 LGBTQ+ activists from one statewide grassroots organization aiming to ban conversion therapy. Grounded theory analysis was used to identify a central theme and six interrelated subthemes. The central theme was that outness, activism, and resilience have cyclical relationships. Subthemes were related to identity exploration, affirmation, and synthesis; responsibility and humility; psychological skills; coping; social support; and negative experiences. These data may be helpful for LGBTQ+ grassroots activism and community leaders aiming to boost the resilience and strengthen well-being of their organization members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine R Haus
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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2
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Glassgold JM, Haldeman DC. Evidence of Sexual Orientation Change Efforts Ineffectiveness and Risks of Harm: A Response to Sullins (2022). ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:881-883. [PMID: 36752953 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Glassgold
- Applied Psychology Department, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA.
| | - Douglas C Haldeman
- Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA, USA
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3
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Tillewein H, Kruse-Diehr AJ. The Impact of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapies on Transgender Individuals. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2023.2188485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tillewein
- Department of Public Health; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale, IL; USA
| | - Aaron J Kruse-Diehr
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society; University of Kentucky College of Public Health; Lexington KY; USA
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4
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Gaur PS, Saha S, Goel A, Ovseiko P, Aggarwal S, Agarwal V, Haq AU, Danda D, Hartle A, Sandhu NK, Gupta L. Mental healthcare for young and adolescent LGBTQ+ individuals in the Indian subcontinent. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1060543. [PMID: 36743255 PMCID: PMC9895954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a significant change in the way healthcare is dispensed. During the pandemic, healthcare inequities were experienced by various sections of society, based on gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The LGBTQ individuals were also affected by this inequity. There is a lack of information on this topic especially in the developing countries. Hence this issue requires further exploration and understanding. Previous literature briefly explored the mental, physical, and emotional turmoil faced by the LGBTQ community on a regular basis. They feared rejection by family and friends, bullying, physical assault, and religious biases. These issues prevented them from publicly speaking about their sexual orientation thereby making it difficult to collect reliable data. Although they require medical and psychological treatment, they are afraid to ask for help and access healthcare and mental health services. Being mindful of these difficulties, this article explores the various underlying causes of the mental health problems faced by LGBTQ individuals, especially, in the Indian subcontinent. The article also examines the status of healthcare services available to Indian sexual minorities and provides recommendations about possible remedial measures to ensure the well-being of LGBTQ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreoshy Saha
- Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Medicine, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences, Mohali, India
| | - Pavel Ovseiko
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Atiq Ul Haq
- Department of Rheumatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Andrew Hartle
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nimrat Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India,Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom,City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Latika Gupta, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-2990
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5
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“We Need to State it Overtly”: MFT’s Rationales for Labeling SOCE and GICE as Unethical in the Code of Ethic. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-022-09649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Jones TW, Power J, Jones TM. Religious trauma and moral injury from LGBTQA+ conversion practices. Soc Sci Med 2022; 305:115040. [PMID: 35609469 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Religion-based LGBTQA + conversion practices frame all people as potential heterosexuals whose gender aligns with their birth sex (in a cisgender binary model of male and female sexes). Deviation from this heterosexual cisgender social identity model is cast as curable 'sexual brokenness'. However, research shows conversion practices are harmful, and particularly associated with increased experiences of abuse, mental health diagnoses, and suicidality. This paper explores their contribution to the particular harms of moral injury and religious trauma, drawing firstly on the foundational moral injury literature to offer a unique conceptual framework of spiritual harm and moral injury, and secondly on a rare qualitative 2016-2021 study of the spiritual harms reported in semi-structured interviews of 42 survivors of LGBTQA + change and suppression practices in Australia. The paper examines the survivors' support needs around the nature and extent of religious trauma and moral injury, to inform services working towards supporting their recovery from such experiences and their resolution of conflicts deeply bound in their sense of self and belonging. It argues that impairment of conversion survivors' relationships with religious communities, and religious self-concepts, point to the need for additional improvements in pastoral practice.
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7
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Heiden-Rootes K, McGeorge CR, Salas J, Levine S. The effects of gender identity change efforts on Black, Latinx, and White transgender and gender nonbinary adults: Implications for ethical clinical practice. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:927-944. [PMID: 34866204 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gender identity change efforts (GICE) and sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) continue to be practiced by mental health professionals and religious organizations. It is frequently sought out by families who are rejecting loved ones with marginalized sexual orientations and gender identities. This study explored the impact of religious and nonreligious GICE on the mental health of transgender and nonbinary adults through a secondary data analysis of the U.S. Transgender Survey. Results found that both nonreligious and religious GICE were associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation and attempts. Only nonreligious GICE was associated with severe psychological distress. Black individuals showed increased odds of binge alcohol consumption when exposed to nonreligious change efforts, while White individuals showed decreased odds with both nonreligious and religious GICE. This study supports ethical and legal bans on GICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Heiden-Rootes
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical Family Therapy Program, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christi R McGeorge
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Joanne Salas
- Research Division, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samantha Levine
- Medical Education, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Jones T, Power J, Jones TW, Pallotta-Chiarolli M, Despott N. Supporting LGBTQA+ peoples’ recovery from sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2093623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Jones
- School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer Power
- Australian Research Centre in Sex Health and Society, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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9
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Sexual Complexity: A Comparison between Men and Women in a Sexual Minority Sample of Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. RELIGIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rel13060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report here some of the results from an online survey of 1612 LGBTQ members and former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (CJCLDS, Mormon). The data permitted an exploration of diversity—individual similarities and differences within and between the sexes. Men and women were compared with respect to sexual identity self-labeling and behavior (i.e., identity development, disclosure, activity), orientation change efforts, marital relationships, and psychosocial health—these variables in the context of their religious lives. More women than men self-identified in the bisexual range of the sexual attraction continuum. Both men and women had engaged in extensive effort to change their sexual orientation. Only about 4% of the respondents claimed that those efforts had been successful, and the claims were for outcomes other than an alteration in erotic feeling. In general, only those who identified as bisexual reported success in maintaining a mixed-orientation marriage and continuing activity in the church. For both men and women, measures of psychosocial and sexual health were higher for those in same-sex relationships and those disaffiliated from the church.
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10
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Kinitz DJ, Goodyear T, Dromer E, Gesink D, Ferlatte O, Knight R, Salway T. "Conversion Therapy" Experiences in Their Social Contexts: A Qualitative Study of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression Change Efforts in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2022; 67:441-451. [PMID: 34242106 PMCID: PMC9152241 DOI: 10.1177/07067437211030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe in what forms, with whom, where, when, and why Canadians experience sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts (SOGIECE). METHODS This qualitative study is grounded in a transformative paradigm. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 22 adults recruited from across Canada who have experienced "conversion therapy." Directed content analysis was used, employing deductive and inductive coding approaches, to synthesize the findings and address 5 policy-relevant questions. RESULTS What are SOGIECE? Formal and informal methods of SOGIECE were used, including pharmacologic interventions, denial of gender-affirming care, and coaching to repress sexual orientation and/or gender identity and expression. With whom did SOGIECE occur? Practitioners included religious leaders, licenced health-care professionals (e.g., psychiatrists and psychologists), peers, and family members. Where did SOGIECE occur? SOGIECE occurred in 3 predominant settings: faith-based, health care, and social life. When did SOGIECE occur? SOGIECE rarely occurred over a restricted time frame; often, SOGIECE began while participants were adolescents or young adults and continued multiple years under various forms. Others described SOGIECE as a context in which their life was embedded for many years. Why did people attend SOGIECE? Cisheteronormative social and religious expectations taught participants that being non-cisgender or non-heterosexual was incompatible with living a good and respectable life. CONCLUSIONS SOGIECE are not a circumscribed set of practices. Our study shows that SOGIECE are a larger phenomenon that consists of intentional and explicit change efforts as well as heterosexual- and cisgender-dominant social norms expressed and enforced across a wide range of settings and circumstances. This study provides critical context to inform contemporary social and health policy responses to SOGIECE. Policies should account for the overt, covert, and insidious ways that SOGIECE operate in order to effectively promote safety, equity, and health for sexually diverse and gender-diverse people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kinitz
- Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 7938University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor Goodyear
- School of Nursing, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Dromer
- École de Santé Publique de l'5622Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 5622Université de Montréal et CIUSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dionne Gesink
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 7938University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Ferlatte
- École de Santé Publique de l'5622Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 5622Université de Montréal et CIUSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rod Knight
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Travis Salway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1763Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Bhugra D, Killaspy H, Kar A, Levin S, Chumakov E, Rogoza D, Harvey C, Bagga H, Owino-Wamari Y, Everall I, Bishop A, Javate KR, Westmore I, Ahuja A, Torales J, Rubin H, Castaldelli-Maia J, Ng R, Nakajima GA, Levounis P, Ventriglio A. IRP commission: sexual minorities and mental health: global perspectives. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:171-199. [PMID: 36151836 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2045912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual orientation is a key determinant of the identity of human beings. It has also been seen as a social determinant of health. People whose sexual orientation is non-heterosexual or sexual minorities or sexually diverse are included in the broad umbrella term LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) which is a commonly used acronym in activism, social policy, and subsequently cultural literature. For this reason, this Commission focuses primarily on sexual orientation i.e. lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) groups. We have used terms non-heterosexual, sexual minorities or sexual variation interchangeably. We have not considered asexual individuals as research in the field is too limited. We are cognisant of the fact that topics relating to mental health and sexual orientation discussed in this Commission will intersect with other issues of personal, cultural and social identity, and will thus be relevant to individuals including many transgender individuals. The inclusion of mental health issues relevant to gender-diverse individuals as well as gender identity is important and deserves its own separate detailed discussion. The exact number of sexually diverse individuals in a population is often difficult to estimate but is likely to be somewhere around 5% of the population. Rates of various psychiatry disorders and suicidal ideation and acts of suicide in LGB populations are higher than general population and these have been attributed to minority stress hypothesis. Elimination of inequality in law can lead to reduction in psychiatric morbidity in these groups. However, these are all diverse groups but even within each group there is diversity and each individual has a distinct and unique experiences, upbringing, responses to their own sexual orientation, and generating varying responses from families, peers and friends as well as communities (including healthcare professionals). The mental healthcare needs of sexual minority individuals vary and these variations must be taken into account in design, development and delivery of healthcare and policies. Improving access to services will help engagement and outcomes and also reduce stigma. The commission recommends that there is no role for so-called conversion therapies and other recommendations are made for clinicians, researchers and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhugra
- Emeritus Mental Health & Cultural Diversity, PO72, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Helen Killaspy
- Rehabilitation Psychiatry, University College, London, UK
| | - Anindya Kar
- Advanced Neuropsychiatry Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Saul Levin
- Chief Executive and Medical Director, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Egor Chumakov
- Department of Psychiatry, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniel Rogoza
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carol Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and North Western Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian Everall
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Amie Bishop
- OutRight Action International, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ian Westmore
- South African Society of Psychiatrists, Bloemfonten, South Africa
| | - Amir Ahuja
- Los Angeles LGBT Center, AGLP: The Association of LGBTQ Psychiatrists, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Howard Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joao Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Ng
- Alpha Clinic, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Petros Levounis
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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12
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Morris C, Goetz DB, Gabriele-Black K. The Treatment of LGBTQ+ Individuals in Behavior-Analytic Publications: A Historical Review. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 14:1179-1190. [PMID: 34868821 PMCID: PMC8586111 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review behavior-analytic publications to understand the field's history of including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ+) individuals in research publications. Twelve articles met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results of the review suggested that the representation of LGBTQ+ individuals is lacking in behavior-analytic literature. Of the 12 articles identified, two were categorized as experimental, three as commentaries, three as survey research, two as conceptual, and two as calls to action. The most prominent period for related publications was between 1973 and 1977, with long periods between other articles that were published in 1990, 1996, 2018, and 2019. Experiments published in the 1970s were associated with conversion therapy, to attempt to change an individual's sexual or gender identity. However, other behavior analysts in the 1970s opposed these experiments. Since these early experiments, there have been no other interventions targeted at affecting the lives of gender and sexual minorities. Behavior analysts must address issues of significance faced by LGBTQ+ individuals through increasing affirming practices, reducing health disparities, increasing safety in schools, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Morris
- Department of Psychology, Salve Regina University, 144 Metro Center Blvd., Warwick, RI 02886 USA
| | - Dana B. Goetz
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI USA
| | - Kaitlin Gabriele-Black
- Department of Psychology, Salve Regina University, 144 Metro Center Blvd., Warwick, RI 02886 USA
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13
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Abstract
In the past decade there has been a rapid increase in gender diversity, particularly in children and young people, with referrals to specialist gender clinics rising. In this article, the evolving terminology around transgender health is considered and the role of psychiatry is explored now that this condition is no longer classified as a mental illness. The concept of conversion therapy with reference to alternative gender identities is examined critically and with reference to psychiatry's historical relationship with conversion therapy for homosexuality. The authors consider the uncertainties that clinicians face when dealing with something that is no longer a disorder nor a mental condition and yet for which medical interventions are frequently sought and in which mental health comorbidities are common.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie Clyde
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Susan Bewley
- Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London, UK
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14
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Kaestle CE, Allen KR, Wesche R, Grafsky EL. Adolescent Sexual Development: A Family Perspective. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:874-890. [PMID: 34003063 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1924605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual development is informed by individual, relational, generational, institutional, and cultural perspectives. Families matter: they are the social institution at the intersection of adolescent development and broader social systems, charged with the responsibility for rearing children and adolescents to adulthood. This narrative review maps insights from family theory and research onto adolescent sexual development research. Our purpose is to inform sexuality researchers from diverse fields about how family perspectives can enrich understanding of adolescent sexual development. We present the critical, intersectional theoretical framework guiding this review as consisting of three meta-themes for understanding families through an examination of family structure, process, and context. Then, we apply those meta-themes to current research on adolescent sexual development by selectively organizing our review around the contexts of family structural diversity and family relational complexity, demonstrating that both the structure and the process components are embedded within the intersectional and cultural contexts that shape and are shaped by families. Our review demonstrates that diverse, intersectional family structures and transitions may affect adolescent sexual development by influencing family processes, particularly around sexual communication. We conclude with implications of using family perspectives for future inquiry related to adolescent sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rose Wesche
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech
| | - Erika L Grafsky
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech
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15
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Conine DE, Campau SC, Petronelli AK. LGBTQ+ conversion therapy and applied behavior analysis: A call to action. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 55:6-18. [PMID: 34407211 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The term conversion therapy refers to any practices intended to alter a person's sexual orientation, gender expression, gender identity, or any combination thereof. The present-day scientific consensus is that such practices are not only ineffective, but highly harmful and fundamentally unethical. However, historical connections exist between applied behavior analysis and the design and dissemination of conversion therapy practices. The purpose of this paper is to highlight these connections and to call for further attention and action from contemporary behavior analysts on this matter. Specifically, we call for continued discussion and review of previously published conversion therapy papers according to present-day guidelines for ethical research, position statements from professional organizations, additional ethics guidelines for behavior-analytic practice, and future behavior-analytic research and practice efforts that support LGBTQ+ people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah C Campau
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Arkansas
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16
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Del Río-González AM, Zea MC, Flórez-Donado J, Torres-Salazar P, Abello-Luque D, García-Montaño EA, García-Roncallo PA, Meyer IH. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts and Suicide Morbidity Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in Colombia. LGBT Health 2021; 8:463-472. [PMID: 34242517 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We assessed the association between sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE) experiences and lifetime suicide morbidity among sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups in Colombia. Methods: A sample of 4160 SGM Colombian adults responded to an online cross-sectional survey. We used binary logistic regression to assess the relationship between SOGICE and suicide morbidity for the overall sample and stratified by SGM group. Results: We found a high prevalence of suicidal ideation (56%), suicide planning (54%), suicide attempt (25%), and SOGICE experiences (22%). There were significant differences in the prevalence of suicide morbidity and SOGICE experiences across SGM groups, with transgender men and gender nonbinary participants being generally most at risk. SOGICE experiences were associated with 69% increased odds of suicidal ideation, 55% increased odds of suicide planning, and 76% increased odds of suicide attempt. Stratified analyses by SGM group showed that the association of SOGICE experiences with suicide morbidity varied by SGM group, and it was particularly detrimental for cisgender sexual minority men. Conclusions: Suicide morbidity among SGM adults in Colombia is high, with rates that are 8-22 times higher than in the general population. SOGICE experiences further exacerbate suicide risk. The study findings highlight the need to design and implement policies affirming diverse sexual orientation and gender identities in Colombia and to ban SOGICE practices. These findings also highlight the importance of recognizing the variability within SGM groups and the need to examine these groups separately rather than treating them as a monolithic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Del Río-González
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Zea
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Daniela Abello-Luque
- Department of Social Sciences, Universidad de la Costa - CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | | | - Ilan H Meyer
- The Williams Institute, School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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McGeorge CR, Coburn KO, Walsdorf AA. Christian Mainline Protestant Pastors' Beliefs About the Practice of Conversion Therapy: Reflections for Family Therapists. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2021; 47:698-712. [PMID: 32761630 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to change the sexual orientation of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals to heterosexual are referred to as conversion therapy. Given the religious groundings that support the practice of conversion therapy, we sought to explore the beliefs of Christian religious leaders about this practice and what they want family therapists to know about the practice of conversion therapy. Twenty-one pastors from diverse Mainline Christian Protestant traditions were interviewed. Queer theory-informed thematic analysis revealed four themes that reflect the participants' perspectives on conversion therapy: (a) Conversion Therapy Is an Abomination, (b) Conversion Therapy Is Similar to Other Abusive Practices, (c) Conversion Therapy Represents A Misuse of Religion, and (d) Ethical Concerns About Therapists Who Practice Conversion Therapy. Implications of this study include a need for self-of-the-therapist work to address religious biases and heteronormative assumptions in order to examine beliefs that support practicing conversion therapy.
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Paveltchuk F, Mourão SEDQ, Keffer S, Costa RT, Nardi AE, Carvalho MR. Negative effects of psychotherapies: A systematic review. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stella Keffer
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Przeworski A, Peterson E, Piedra A. A systematic review of the efficacy, harmful effects, and ethical issues related to sexual orientation change efforts. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kinitz DJ, Salway T, Dromer E, Giustini D, Ashley F, Goodyear T, Ferlatte O, Kia H, Abramovich A. The scope and nature of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2021; 10:14. [PMID: 33419475 PMCID: PMC7796537 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts (SOGIECE) are a set of scientifically discredited practices that aim to deny and suppress the sexual orientations, gender identities, and/or gender expressions of sexual and gender minorities (SGM). SOGIECE are associated with significant adverse health and social outcomes. SOGIECE continue to be practiced around the world, despite denouncements from professional bodies and survivors, as well as calls for legislative advocacy to prohibit SOGIECE and protect SGM. There are substantial gaps in the availability of consolidated international research to support and refine legislative proposals related to SOGIECE, including those currently underway to enforce bans in Canada and elsewhere. We therefore propose the first systematic review of international data on SOGIECE that will outline the scope and nature of these practices worldwide. Specifically, we aim to estimate how many SGM have been exposed to SOGIECE, which sub-groups of SGM experience higher rates of SOGIECE, and how estimates of SOGIECE vary over time and place. In addition, we aim to describe when, where, how, and under what circumstances SGM are exposed to SOGIECE. METHODS To locate an interdisciplinary swath of papers, nine (9) bibliographic databases will be searched: Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycInfo and Social Work Abstracts via EBSCO, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, LGBTQ+ Source, and Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global and Sociology Collection (ProQuest). A gold standard search will be developed for Medline and adapted to the other databases. Grey literature will be searched at relevant websites, and reference harvesting will be performed in relevant SOGIECE scientific consensus statements. Two authors will independently screen abstracts/titles, screen full texts, abstract data, and apply risk of bias assessments. A narrative synthesis will be implemented to summarize findings. DISCUSSION This review will address the gap in synthesized data regarding the prevalence of SOGIECE, social correlates of SOGIECE, variations of SOGIECE over time and place, and the circumstances, settings, and time-points of SOGIECE exposure. Findings from this review will directly inform ongoing and new legislative efforts to ban SOGIECE and other interventions that aim to stem SOGIECE practices and support SOGIECE survivors. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Registration with PROSPERO can be found under the registration number: CRD42020196393 .
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kinitz
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Travis Salway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall 10506; 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6, Canada. .,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada. .,Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth Dromer
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dean Giustini
- University of British Columbia Biomedical Branch Library, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Trevor Goodyear
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Olivier Ferlatte
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hannah Kia
- School of Social Work, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alex Abramovich
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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Meanley SP, Stall RD, Dakwar O, Egan JE, Friedman MR, Haberlen SA, Okafor C, Teplin LA, Plankey MW. Characterizing Experiences of Conversion Therapy Among Middle-Aged and Older Men Who Have Sex with Men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2020; 17:334-342. [PMID: 33281996 PMCID: PMC7717625 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-019-00396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Conversion therapies are practices that attempt to change an individuals' same-sex attractions through psychotherapeutic and aversive therapeutic techniques. Conversion therapies were developed based on homophobic beliefs that same-sex attractions are a mental illness. We sought to describe the prevalence and characteristics of conversion therapy experienced among middle-aged and older men who have sex with men in the United States. Given associations of homophobic stigma and HIV risk, we hypothesized that HIV-positive men would report higher odds of conversion therapy compared to HIV-negative men. We analyzed data from 1,237 middle-aged and older MSM enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Among participants, 17.7% reported lifetime conversion therapy, of which the average start of therapy age was 22.67 (sd = 10.56) years, 25.8% reported therapy durations of 6+ months, 37.7% reported session frequencies 1+ session per week, and 35.9% indicated that undergoing therapy was either a little or not at all their decision. We observed no statistically significant association between reporting lifetime conversion therapy and HIV status. Future efforts should continue to assess the magnitude of harm conversion therapies impose on MSM's health across the life course as well as test potential, indirect associations that may link these practices to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Meanley
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ron D. Stall
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Omar Dakwar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Department of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - James E. Egan
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mackey R. Friedman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sabina A. Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chukwuemeka Okafor
- Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael W. Plankey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Department of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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Rose JS, Kocet MM, Thompson IA, Flores M, McKinney R, Suprina JS. Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling’s Best Practices in Addressing Conscience Clause Legislation in Counselor Education and Supervision. JOURNAL OF LGBT ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2019.1565800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared S. Rose
- Clinical Mental Health and School Counseling Programs, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M. Kocet
- Counselor Education Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Isabel A. Thompson
- Counseling Programs, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Marc Flores
- Counselor Education Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert McKinney
- Counselor Education Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Joffrey S. Suprina
- College of Counseling, Psychology, and Social, Services, Argosy University, Sarasota, Florida, USA
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Wright T, Candy B, King M. Conversion therapies and access to transition-related healthcare in transgender people: a narrative systematic review. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022425. [PMID: 30580262 PMCID: PMC6318517 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conversion is a term for treatments that seek to suppress or change a person's sexual orientation or gender. Our review focuses on transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people. Our aims were to (1) describe the frequency, nature and structure of conversion practices; (2) document difficulties in accessing transition-related healthcare and (3) evaluate the mental health consequences of such practices and access barriers. METHOD Systematic review and narrative synthesis using the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme and Joanne Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Data sources include Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, PsychARTICLES and Web of Science between 1990 and June 2017. PARTICIPANTS Studies were included that (1) document use of conversion therapies or access barriers to transition-related healthcare; and/or (2) describe how such therapeutic practices and access barriers have been applied and/or (3) evaluate the mental health impacts of such therapies and difficulties accessing transition-related healthcare. Two reviewers screened papers for eligibility. Data were then grouped according to the objectives. Narratives and themes were presented per study. RESULTS Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Four reports were on 'realignment', involving case studies or case series. Two involved psychoanalysis, one self-exposure therapy and one open-ended play psychotherapy. All four studies concerning 'realignment' were of poor methodological quality. The other three studies explored access barriers from the view point of TGD youth, their parents and healthcare providers. All papers reported access barriers, such as inability to access puberty-delaying medications. The papers concerning barriers to access were of good methodological quality. CONCLUSION We found limited published evidence on use, nature, structure and/or health consequences of conversion therapies and access barriers to transition in TGD people. However, reports of restriction to access may indicate a more widespread problem. Research is needed into TGD people's experiences of conversion therapy and access barriers to transition-related healthcare TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017062149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talen Wright
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, London, UK
| | - Bridget Candy
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael King
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, London, UK
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Ryan C, Toomey RB, Diaz RM, Russell ST. Parent-Initiated Sexual Orientation Change Efforts With LGBT Adolescents: Implications for Young Adult Mental Health and Adjustment. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 67:159-173. [PMID: 30403564 PMCID: PMC10371222 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1538407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies of adults who experienced sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) have documented a range of health risks. To date, there is little research on SOCE among adolescents and no known studies of parents' role related to SOCE with adolescents. In a cross-sectional study of 245 LGBT White and Latino young adults (ages 21-25), we measured parent-initiated SOCE during adolescence and its relationship to mental health and adjustment in young adulthood. Measures include being sent to therapists and religious leaders for conversion interventions as well as parental/caregiver efforts to change their child's sexual orientation during adolescence. Attempts by parents/caregivers and being sent to therapists and religious leaders for conversion interventions were associated with depression, suicidal thoughts, suicidal attempts, less educational attainment, and less weekly income. Associations between SOCE, health, and adjustment were much stronger and more frequent for those reporting both attempts by parents and being sent to therapists and religious leaders, underscoring the need for parental education and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Ryan
- Family Acceptance Project, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Russell B Toomey
- Family Studies and Human Development, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rafael M Diaz
- Family Acceptance Project, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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McGeorge CR, Carlson TS, Maier CA. Are we there yet? Faculty Members' Beliefs and Teaching Practices Related to the Ethical Treatment of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2017; 43:322-337. [PMID: 27747898 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore (a) faculty members' beliefs about the ethics of reparative therapy and referring lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) clients, (b) course content related to reparative therapy and referral of LGB clients, and (c) positions taken by programs associated with reparative therapy and referral of LGB clients. A total of 117 faculty members from accredited family therapy programs completed an online survey for this study. While the vast majority of faculty members reported that reparative therapy is unethical, there was less agreement related to the ethics of referring LGB clients, which may highlight the need for clearer ethical guidelines to regulate this potentially harmful practice. Implications for clinical training and future research are discussed.
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Abstract
Lesbian, gay and bisexual people continue to suffer minority stress around the world, but particularly in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. This anti-homosexual prejudice can enter into the therapist-client relationship and seriously damage the outcome of psychotherapy, particularly in instances where therapists regard their clients' sexuality as contributing to their psychological difficulties. This paper takes an historical perspective to research on the attitudes of a range of professionals who provide talking therapies or other types of psychological support to their clients who are lesbian, gay or bisexual. The nature and origins of prejudice, its effects on LGB clients, and how it might best be addressed are considered. Challenging the ethics and evidence base for treatments that purport to change sexual orientation, as well as asking heterosexual therapists to reflect on their own heteronormative assumptions, are crucial to effecting change and ensuring LGB people are treated equally to their heterosexual counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael King
- a Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences , University College London , UK
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McGeorge CR, Carlson TS, Toomey RB. An exploration of family therapists' beliefs about the ethics of conversion therapy: the influence of negative beliefs and clinical competence with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2015; 41:42-56. [PMID: 24750074 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the literature on conversion therapy has focused on clients' experiences and rationales for seeking such therapy. This study sought to explore differences in the beliefs and clinical competence of therapists who practice and believe in the ethics of conversion therapy and those who do not. The sample for this study included 762 family therapists who were members of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy. Data were collected using electronic surveys that assessed participants' negative beliefs about and perceived clinical competence with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Results indicate that those who believe in the ethics of and/or practice conversion therapy report statistically higher levels of negative beliefs about LGB individuals and lower levels of clinical competence working with LGB clients. Implications for clinical practice and organizational policy are discussed.
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The Intersection of Spirituality, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity in Family Therapy Training: An Exploration of Students’ Beliefs and Practices. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-014-9312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Flentje A, Heck NC, Cochran BN. Sexual Reorientation Therapy Interventions: Perspectives of Ex-Ex-Gay Individuals. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2013.773268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rosik CH, Byrd AD. Moving back to science and self-reflection in the debate over sexual orientation change efforts. SOCIAL WORK 2013; 58:83-85. [PMID: 23409343 DOI: 10.1093/sw/sws051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Hernandez BC, Schwenke NJ, Wilson CM. Spouses in mixed-orientation marriage: a 20-year review of empirical studies. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2011; 37:307-318. [PMID: 21745233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2010.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Empirical studies on mixed-orientation marriage in social science journals from 1988 to 2008 were reviewed. Fifteen articles published in eight peer-reviewed journals were identified and discussed in terms of sampling, design, measures, rigor, theoretical framework, and literature review. An overview of each study is provided along with a summary of critical findings. Implications and recommendations for future research and education are offered.
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Blumer MLC, Murphy MJ. Alaskan Gay Males’ Couple Experiences of Societal Non-Support: Coping Through Families of Choice and Therapeutic Means. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-011-9147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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