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Renton M, Willse A, Aradhya C, Tyre A, Head G. Simulated herbicide mixtures delay both specialist monogenic and generalist polygenic resistance evolution in weeds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:5983-5994. [PMID: 39096081 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolution of herbicide-resistant weed populations is a major challenge to world food production. Using different herbicides in rotation and/or using different herbicides together as mixtures are strategies that may delay the selection of resistance. This study used simulation modelling to investigate whether mixtures and rotations can delay the selection of both generalist polygenic and specialist monogenic herbicide resistance, and whether these strategies are more likely to lead to the selection of generalist resistance in weed types with varying biological characteristics. RESULTS Our simulations suggest that well-designed effective herbicide mixtures should delay evolution of both polygenic and monogenic resistance better than rotations and single herbicides across all weed types. Both mixture and rotation strategies increased the likelihood of polygenic resistance compared to single-herbicide use, and the likelihood of polygenic resistance increased as the fecundity and competitiveness of the weed increased. Whether monogenic or polygenic resistance occurred in each case depended most on the relative initial allele frequencies. We did not find that herbicide mixtures were more likely than rotations to lead to the selection of generalist polygenic resistance. The simulated efficacy of mixtures over rotations decreased if components were used at reduced rates or when individual components had already been used solo. CONCLUSION Herbicide rotations and particularly well-designed mixtures should delay evolution of both polygenic and monogenic resistance, especially if used as part of an effective integrated weed management programme. However, herbicide mixtures and rotations may also increase the risk that resistance will be generalist polygenic rather than specialist monogenic. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences and Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan Willse
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Andrew Tyre
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Graham Head
- Regulatory Science, Bayer Crop Science, St Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Ballu A, Ugazio C, Duplaix C, Noly A, Wullschleger J, Torriani SFF, Dérédec A, Carpentier F, Walker AS. Preventing multi-resistance: New insights for managing fungal adaptation. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16614. [PMID: 38570900 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable crop protection is vital for food security, yet it is under threat due to the adaptation of a diverse and evolving pathogen population. Resistance can be managed by maximising the diversity of selection pressure through dose variation and the spatial and temporal combination of active ingredients. This study explores the interplay between operational drivers for maximising the sustainability of management strategies in relation to the resistance status of fungal populations. We applied an experimental evolution approach to three artificial populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, an economically significant wheat pathogen, each differing in initial resistance status. Our findings reveal that diversified selection pressure curtails the selection of resistance in naïve populations and those with low frequencies of single resistance. Increasing the number of modes of action most effectively delays resistance development, surpassing the increase in the number of fungicides, fungicide choice based on resistance risk, and temporal variation in fungicide exposure. However, this approach favours generalism in the evolved populations. The prior presence of multiple resistant isolates and their subsequent selection in populations override the effects of diversity in management strategies, thereby invalidating any universal ranking. Therefore, the initial resistance composition must be specifically considered in sustainable resistance management to address real-world field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Ballu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Claire Ugazio
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Alicia Noly
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Anne Dérédec
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Florence Carpentier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Ballu A, Despréaux P, Duplaix C, Dérédec A, Carpentier F, Walker AS. Antifungal alternation can be beneficial for durability but at the cost of generalist resistance. Commun Biol 2023; 6:180. [PMID: 36797413 PMCID: PMC9935548 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of resistance to pesticides is a major burden in agriculture. Resistance management involves maximizing selection pressure heterogeneity, particularly by combining active ingredients with different modes of action. We tested the hypothesis that alternation may delay the build-up of resistance not only by spreading selection pressure over longer periods, but also by decreasing the rate of evolution of resistance to alternated fungicides, by applying an experimental evolution approach to the economically important crop pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Our results show that alternation is either neutral or slows the overall resistance evolution rate, relative to continuous fungicide use, but results in higher levels of generalism in evolved lines. We demonstrate that the nature of the fungicides, and therefore their relative intrinsic risk of resistance may underly this trade-off, more so than the number of fungicides and the rhythm of alternation. This trade-off is also dynamic over the course of resistance evolution. These findings open up new possibilities for tailoring resistance management effectively while optimizing interplay between alternation components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Ballu
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Philomène Despréaux
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Clémentine Duplaix
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Anne Dérédec
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Florence Carpentier
- grid.507621.7Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR MaIAGE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France ,grid.417885.70000 0001 2185 8223AgroParisTech, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Hansson EM, Childs DZ, Beckerman AP. Mesostats—A multiplexed, low-cost, do-it-yourself continuous culturing system for experimental evolution of mesocosms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272052. [PMID: 35901067 PMCID: PMC9333204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial experimental evolution allows studying evolutionary dynamics in action and testing theory predictions in the lab. Experimental evolution in chemostats (i.e. continuous flow through cultures) has recently gained increased interest as it allows tighter control of selective pressures compared to static batch cultures, with a growing number of efforts to develop systems that are easier and cheaper to construct. This protocol describes the design and construction of a multiplexed chemostat array (dubbed “mesostats”) designed for cultivation of algae in 16 concurrent populations, specifically intended for studying adaptation to herbicides. We also present control data from several experiments run on the system to show replicability, data illustrating the effects of common issues like leaks, contamination and clumps, and outline possible modifications and adaptations of the system for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M. Hansson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan Z. Childs
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Beckerman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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5
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Gaines TA, Busi R, Küpper A. Can new herbicide discovery allow weed management to outpace resistance evolution? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3036-3041. [PMID: 33942963 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
While herbicides are the most effective and widely adopted weed management approach, the evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in damaging weed species threatens the yield and profitability of many crops. Weeds accumulate multiple resistance mechanisms through sequential selection and/or gene flow, with long-range and international transport of herbicide-resistant weeds proving to be a serious issue. Metabolic resistance mechanisms can confer resistance across multiple sites of action and even to herbicides not yet discovered. When a new site of action herbicide is introduced to control a key driver weed, it likely will be one of very few effective available herbicide options for that weed in a specific crop due to the continuous use of herbicides over the years and the resulting accumulation of resistance mechanisms, placing it at even higher risk to be rapidly lost to resistance due to the high selection pressure it will experience. The number of available, effective herbicides for certain driver weeds is decreasing over time because the rate of resistance evolution is faster than the rate of new herbicide discovery. Effective monitoring for species movement and diagnostics for resistance should be deployed to rapidly identify emerging resistance to any new site of action. While innovation in herbicide discovery is urgently needed to combat the pressing issue of resistance in weeds, the rate of selection for herbicide resistance in weeds must be slowed through changes in the patterns of how herbicides are used. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anita Küpper
- Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Busi R, Dayan FE, Francis I, Goggin D, Lerchl J, Porri A, Powles SB, Sun C, Beckie HJ. Cinmethylin controls multiple herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum and its wheat selectivity is P450-based. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2601-2608. [PMID: 32077583 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple-herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum and other weed species is increasingly exerting pressure on herbicide discovery research for solutions against resistance-prone weeds. In this study we investigate: (i) the responses of L. rigidum populations and wheat to the new herbicide cinmethylin in comparison with other pre-emergence herbicides, (ii) the effect of seed burial depths on cinmethylin efficacy and crop selectivity, and (iii) the basis of cinmethylin selectivity in wheat. RESULTS Cinmethylin at 400 g ha-1 controls herbicide-susceptible and multiple-resistant L. rigidum, with a reduction of >85% in plant emergence and 90% in aboveground biomass. Cinmethylin provides effective control of a large number of field populations of L. rigidum with evident resistance to trifluralin. When the wheat seed is buried ≥1 cm below the cinmethylin-treated soil surface, the emergence of crop seedlings is not different from the untreated control. The organophosphate insecticide phorate synergizes cinmethylin toxicity in wheat, with an LD50 of 682 g ha-1 in the absence of phorate versus 109 g ha-1 in the presence of phorate (84% reduction). The synergistic effect of phorate with cinmethylin on herbicide-susceptible L. rigidum appears smaller (a 44% reduction in the LD50 of cinmethylin). CONCLUSIONS Cinmethylin is effective in controlling multiple-resistant L. rigidum and appears safe for wheat when the seed is separated at depth from the herbicide applied to the soil surface. The basis of this metabolism-based selectivity is likely regulated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Danica Goggin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jens Lerchl
- BASF SE, APR/HE-Li475, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | | | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ci Sun
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hugh J Beckie
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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7
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Comont D, Lowe C, Hull R, Crook L, Hicks HL, Onkokesung N, Beffa R, Childs DZ, Edwards R, Freckleton RP, Neve P. Evolution of generalist resistance to herbicide mixtures reveals a trade-off in resistance management. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3086. [PMID: 32555156 PMCID: PMC7303185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense selection by pesticides and antibiotics has resulted in a global epidemic of evolved resistance. In agriculture and medicine, using mixtures of compounds from different classes is widely accepted as optimal resistance management. However, this strategy may promote the evolution of more generalist resistance mechanisms. Here we test this hypothesis at a national scale in an economically important agricultural weed: blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), for which herbicide resistance is a major economic issue. Our results reveal that greater use of herbicide mixtures is associated with lower levels of specialist resistance mechanisms, but higher levels of a generalist mechanism implicated in enhanced metabolism of herbicides with diverse modes of action. Our results indicate a potential evolutionary trade-off in resistance management, whereby attempts to reduce selection for specialist resistance traits may promote the evolution of generalist resistance. We contend that where specialist and generalist resistance mechanisms co-occur, similar trade-offs will be evident, calling into question the ubiquity of resistance management based on mixtures and combination therapies. Mixtures of antibiotics or pesticides can help reduce the evolution of resistance to individual compounds. Here, Comont et al. show that in blackgrass, an important agricultural weed, herbicide mixtures do reduce specialized resistance but instead can select for a generalized resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Comont
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Claudia Lowe
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard Hull
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Laura Crook
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Helen L Hicks
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK.,School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Nawaporn Onkokesung
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Roland Beffa
- Bayer Crop Science, Weed Resistance Research, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.,Agriculture & Horticulture Development Board, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, CV8 2TL, UK
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8
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Busi R, Powles SB, Beckie HJ, Renton M. Rotations and mixtures of soil-applied herbicides delay resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:487-496. [PMID: 31251459 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weed resistance to foliar herbicides has dramatically increased worldwide in the last two decades. As a consequence, current practices of weed management have changed, with an increased adoption of soil-applied herbicides to restore control of herbicide-resistant weeds. We foresee metabolism-based resistance and cross-resistance to soil-applied herbicides as a potential global consequence to the increased and widespread adoption of new and old soil-applied herbicides. Thus, the aim of this study is to use computer simulation modelling to quantify and rank the risk of weeds evolving resistance to soil-applied herbicides under different usage strategies (single herbicide use, rotations and mixtures) and population genetic hypotheses. RESULTS Simulations indicate that without rotation it takes twice as long to select for resistance to a particular soil-applied herbicide - trifluralin - than to any other herbicide option considered. Relative to trifluralin-only use, simple herbicide rotation patterns have no effect in delaying resistance, whereas more complex rotation patterns can delay resistance two- or three-fold. Herbicide mixtures further delay resistance up to six-fold in comparison to single use or simple herbicide rotations. CONCLUSION By computer modelling simulations we demonstrate that mixtures maximize herbicide effectiveness and the selection heterogeneity of soil-applied herbicides, and delay herbicide resistance evolution in weedy plants. Our study is consistent with previous state-of-art scientific evidence (i.e. epidemiological and modelling studies across different systems and pests) and extension efforts (i.e. 'rotate herbicide mixtures') to provide insight to manage the selection and evolution of weed resistance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hugh J Beckie
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Renton
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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9
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Baucom RS. Evolutionary and ecological insights from herbicide-resistant weeds: what have we learned about plant adaptation, and what is left to uncover? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:68-82. [PMID: 30710343 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of herbicide resistance in crop weeds presents one of the greatest challenges to agriculture and the production of food. Herbicide resistance has been studied for more than 60 yr, in the large part by researchers seeking to design effective weed control programs. As an outcome of this work, various unique questions in plant adaptation have been addressed. Here, I collate recent research on the herbicide-resistant problem in light of key questions and themes in evolution and ecology. I highlight discoveries made on herbicide-resistant weeds in three broad areas - the genetic basis of adaptation, evolutionary constraints, experimental evolution - and similarly discuss questions left to be answered. I then develop how one would use herbicide-resistance evolution as a model for studying eco-evolutionary dynamics within a community context. My overall goals are to highlight important findings in the weed science literature that are relevant to themes in plant adaptation and to stimulate the use of herbicide-resistant plants as models for addressing key questions within ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina S Baucom
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Michigan, 4034 Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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10
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Hawkins NJ, Bass C, Dixon A, Neve P. The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:135-155. [PMID: 29971903 PMCID: PMC6378405 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Durable crop protection is an essential component of current and future food security. However, the effectiveness of pesticides is threatened by the evolution of resistant pathogens, weeds and insect pests. Pesticides are mostly novel synthetic compounds, and yet target species are often able to evolve resistance soon after a new compound is introduced. Therefore, pesticide resistance provides an interesting case of rapid evolution under strong selective pressures, which can be used to address fundamental questions concerning the evolutionary origins of adaptations to novel conditions. We ask: (i) whether this adaptive potential originates mainly from de novo mutations or from standing variation; (ii) which pre-existing traits could form the basis of resistance adaptations; and (iii) whether recurrence of resistance mechanisms among species results from interbreeding and horizontal gene transfer or from independent parallel evolution. We compare and contrast the three major pesticide groups: insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Whilst resistance to these three agrochemical classes is to some extent united by the common evolutionary forces at play, there are also important differences. Fungicide resistance appears to evolve, in most cases, by de novo point mutations in the target-site encoding genes; herbicide resistance often evolves through selection of polygenic metabolic resistance from standing variation; and insecticide resistance evolves through a combination of standing variation and de novo mutations in the target site or major metabolic resistance genes. This has practical implications for resistance risk assessment and management, and lessons learnt from pesticide resistance should be applied in the deployment of novel, non-chemical pest-control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J. Hawkins
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 4SEU.K.
| | - Chris Bass
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Exeter, Penryn CampusCornwallTR10 9FEU.K.
| | - Andrea Dixon
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 4SEU.K.
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602U.S.A.
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 4SEU.K.
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Cook CN, Sgrò CM. Understanding managers' and scientists' perspectives on opportunities to achieve more evolutionarily enlightened management in conservation. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1371-1388. [PMID: 30151046 PMCID: PMC6099810 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite wide acceptance that conservation could benefit from greater attention to principles and processes from evolutionary biology, little attention has been given to quantifying the degree to which relevant evolutionary concepts are being integrated into management practices. There has also been increasing discussion of the potential reasons for a lack of evolutionarily enlightened management, but no attempts to understand the challenges from the perspective of those making management decisions. In this study, we asked conservation managers and scientists for their views on the importance of a range of key evolutionary concepts, the degree to which these concepts are being integrated into management, and what would need to change to support better integration into management practices. We found that while managers recognize the importance of a wide range of evolutionary concepts for conservation outcomes, they acknowledge these concepts are rarely incorporated into management. Managers and scientists were in strong agreement about the range of barriers that need to be overcome, with a lack of knowledge reported as the most important barrier to better integration of evolutionary biology into conservation decision-making. Although managers tended to be more focused on the need for more training in evolutionary biology, scientists reported greater engagement between managers and evolutionary biologists as most important to achieve the necessary change. Nevertheless, the challenges appear to be multifaceted, and several are outside the control of managers, suggesting solutions will need to be multidimensional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly N. Cook
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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12
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Kreiner JM, Stinchcombe JR, Wright SI. Population Genomics of Herbicide Resistance: Adaptation via Evolutionary Rescue. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:611-635. [PMID: 29140727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of herbicide resistance in weed populations is a highly replicated example of adaptation surmounting the race against extinction, but the factors determining its rate and nature remain poorly understood. Here, we explore theory and empirical evidence for the importance of population genetic parameters-including effective population size, dominance, mutational target size, and gene flow-in influencing the probability and mode of herbicide resistance adaptation and its variation across species. We compiled data on the number of resistance mutations across populations for 79 herbicide-resistant species. Our findings are consistent with theoretical predictions that self-fertilization reduces resistance adaptation from standing variation within populations, but increases independent adaptation across populations. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a ploidy-mating system interaction that may reflect trade-offs in polyploids between increased effective population size and greater masking of beneficial mutations. We highlight the power of population genomic approaches to provide insights into the evolutionary dynamics of herbicide resistance with important implications for understanding the limits of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kreiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; , ,
| | | | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; , ,
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13
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Hicks HL, Comont D, Coutts SR, Crook L, Hull R, Norris K, Neve P, Childs DZ, Freckleton RP. The factors driving evolved herbicide resistance at a national scale. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:529-536. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Wu C, Davis AS, Tranel PJ. Limited fitness costs of herbicide-resistance traits in Amaranthus tuberculatus facilitate resistance evolution. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:293-301. [PMID: 28834134 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fitness cost of herbicide resistance (HR) in the absence of herbicide selection plays a key role in HR evolution. Quantifying the fitness cost of resistance, however, is challenging, and there exists a knowledge gap in this area. A synthetic (artificially generated) Amaranthus tuberculatus population segregating for five types of HR was subjected to competitive growth conditions in the absence of herbicide selection for six generations. Fitness costs were quantified by using a combination of phenotyping and genotyping to monitor HR frequency changes over generations. RESULTS In the absence of herbicide selection, a significant fitness cost was observed for resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides, but not for resistances to atrazine (non-target-site resistance mechanism), protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenylpryuvate dioxygenase inhibitors or glyphosate. Glyphosate resistance was conferred by multiple mechanisms in the synthetic population, and further analysis revealed that one mechanism, amplification of the 5-enolypyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene, did decrease in frequency. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that herbicide-resistance mitigation strategies (e.g. herbicide rotation) that rely on the existence of fitness costs in the absence of herbicide selection likely will be largely ineffective in many cases. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Adam S Davis
- USDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Bell
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
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16
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Lachapelle J, Colegrave N, Bell G. The effect of selection history on extinction risk during severe environmental change. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1872-1883. [PMID: 28718986 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environments rarely remain the same over time, and populations are therefore frequently at risk of going extinct when changes are significant enough to reduce fitness. Although many studies have investigated what attributes of the new environments and of the populations experiencing these changes will affect their probability of going extinct, limited work has been directed towards determining the role of population history on the probability of going extinct during severe environmental change. Here, we compare the extinction risk of populations with a history of selection in a benign environment, to populations with a history of selection in one or two stressful environments. We exposed spores and lines of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii from these three different histories to a range of severe environmental changes. We found that the extinction risk was higher for populations with a history of selection in stressful environments compared to populations with a history of selection in a benign environment. This effect was not due to differences in initial population sizes. Finally, the rates of extinction were highly repeatable within histories, indicating strong historical contingency of extinction risk. Hence, information on the selection history of a population can be used to predict their probability of going extinct during environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lachapelle
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Colegrave
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Bell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Busi R, Powles SB. Cross-resistance to prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone selected by either herbicide in Lolium rigidum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1664-72. [PMID: 26864800 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weeds can be a greater constraint to crop production than animal pests and pathogens. Pre-emergence herbicides are crucial in many cropping systems to control weeds that have evolved resistance to selective post-emergence herbicides. In this study we assessed the potential to evolve resistance to the pre-emergence herbicides prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor or pyroxasulfone in 50 individual field Lolium rigidum populations collected in a random survey in Western Australia prior to commercialisation of these pre-emergence herbicides. RESULTS This study shows for the first time that in randomly collected L. rigidum field populations the selection with either prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor or pyroxasulfone can result in concomitant evolution of resistance to both prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone after three generations. CONCLUSIONS In the major weed L. rigidum, traits conferring resistance to new herbicides can be present before herbicide commercialisation. Proactive and multidisciplinary research (evolutionary ecology, modelling and molecular biology) is required to detect and analyse resistant populations before they can appear in the field. Several studies show that evolved cross-resistance in weeds is complex and often unpredictable. Thus, long-term management of cross-resistant weeds must be achieved through heterogeneity of selection by effective chemical, cultural and physical weed control strategies that can delay herbicide resistance evolution. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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18
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Evans JA, Tranel PJ, Hager AG, Schutte B, Wu C, Chatham LA, Davis AS. Managing the evolution of herbicide resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:74-80. [PMID: 25809409 PMCID: PMC5029781 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and managing the evolutionary responses of pests and pathogens to control efforts is essential to human health and survival. Herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds undermine agricultural sustainability, productivity and profitability, yet the epidemiology of resistance evolution - particularly at landscape scales - is poorly understood. We studied glyphosate resistance in a major agricultural weed, Amaranthus tuberculatus (common waterhemp), using landscape, weed and management data from 105 central Illinois grain farms, including over 500 site-years of herbicide application records. RESULTS Glyphosate-resistant (GR) A. tuberculatus occurrence was greatest in fields with frequent glyphosate applications, high annual rates of herbicide mechanism of action (MOA) turnover and few MOAs field(-1) year(-1) . Combining herbicide MOAs at the time of application by herbicide mixing reduced the likelihood of GR A. tuberculatus. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the importance of examining large-scale evolutionary processes at relevant spatial scales. Although measures such as herbicide mixing may delay GR or other HR weed traits, they are unlikely to prevent them. Long-term weed management will require truly diversified management practices that minimize selection for herbicide resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Evans
- USDA‐ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUrbanaILUSA
| | | | - Aaron G Hager
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - Brian Schutte
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed ScienceNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNMUSA
| | - Chenxi Wu
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - Laura A Chatham
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - Adam S Davis
- USDA‐ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUrbanaILUSA
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19
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Hao YQ, Brockhurst MA, Petchey OL, Zhang QG. Evolutionary rescue can be impeded by temporary environmental amelioration. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:892-8. [PMID: 26119065 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolutionary adaptation has the potential to rescue from extinction populations experiencing environmental changes. Little is known, however, about the impact of short-term environmental fluctuations during long-term environmental deterioration, an intrinsic property of realistic environmental changes. Temporary environmental amelioration arising from such fluctuations could either facilitate evolutionary rescue by allowing population recovery (a positive demographic effect) or impede it by relaxing selection for beneficial mutations required for future survival (a negative population genetic effect). We address this uncertainty in an experiment with populations of a bacteriophage virus that evolved under deteriorating conditions (gradually increasing temperature). Periodic environmental amelioration (short periods of reduced temperature) caused demographic recovery during the early phase of the experiment, but ultimately reduced the frequency of evolutionary rescue. These experimental results suggest that environmental fluctuations could reduce the potential of evolutionary rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Hao
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | | | - Owen L Petchey
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Quan-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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20
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Lagator M, Colegrave N, Neve P. Selection history and epistatic interactions impact dynamics of adaptation to novel environmental stresses. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141679. [PMID: 25232137 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In rapidly changing environments, selection history may impact the dynamics of adaptation. Mutations selected in one environment may result in pleiotropic fitness trade-offs in subsequent novel environments, slowing the rates of adaptation. Epistatic interactions between mutations selected in sequential stressful environments may slow or accelerate subsequent rates of adaptation, depending on the nature of that interaction. We explored the dynamics of adaptation during sequential exposure to herbicides with different modes of action in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Evolution of resistance to two of the herbicides was largely independent of selection history. For carbetamide, previous adaptation to other herbicide modes of action positively impacted the likelihood of adaptation to this herbicide. Furthermore, while adaptation to all individual herbicides was associated with pleiotropic fitness costs in stress-free environments, we observed that accumulation of resistance mechanisms was accompanied by a reduction in overall fitness costs. We suggest that antagonistic epistasis may be a driving mechanism that enables populations to more readily adapt in novel environments. These findings highlight the potential for sequences of xenobiotics to facilitate the rapid evolution of multiple-drug and -pesticide resistance, as well as the potential for epistatic interactions between adaptive mutations to facilitate evolutionary rescue in rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mato Lagator
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nick Colegrave
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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21
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Coe S, Pereira N, Geden JV, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Napier RM, Neve P, Shipman M. Ring closing metathesis reactions of α-methylene-β-lactams: application to the synthesis of a simplified phyllostictine analogue with herbicidal activity. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7655-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The first RCM reactions of α-methylene-β-lactams are used to construct strained macrocycles that mimic elements of phyllostictine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Coe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | | | | | - David J. Fox
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Paul Neve
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Rothamsted Research
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22
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Smith TB, Kinnison MT, Strauss SY, Fuller TL, Carroll SP. Prescriptive Evolution to Conserve and Manage Biodiversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We are witnessing a global, but unplanned, evolutionary experiment with the biodiversity of the planet. Anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat degradation and climate change result in evolutionary mismatch between the environments to which species are adapted and those in which they now exist. The impacts of unmanaged evolution are pervasive, but approaches to address them have received little attention. We review the evolutionary challenges of managing populations in the Anthropocene and introduce the concept of prescriptive evolution, which considers how evolutionary processes may be leveraged to proactively promote wise management. We advocate the planned management of evolutionary processes and explore the advantages of evolutionary interventions to preserve and sustain biodiversity. We show how an evolutionary perspective to conserving biodiversity is fundamental to effective management. Finally, we advocate building frameworks for decision-making, monitoring, and implementation at the boundary between management and evolutionary science to enhance conservation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | | | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Trevon L. Fuller
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Scott P. Carroll
- Department of Entomology, University of California and Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, California 95616
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23
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Neve P, Busi R, Renton M, Vila-Aiub MM. Expanding the eco-evolutionary context of herbicide resistance research. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1385-93. [PMID: 24723489 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for human-driven evolution in economically and environmentally important organisms in medicine, agriculture and conservation management is now widely recognised. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is a classic example of rapid adaptation in the face of human-mediated selection. Management strategies that aim to slow or prevent the evolution of herbicide resistance must be informed by an understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors that drive selection in weed populations. Here, we argue for a greater focus on the ultimate causes of selection for resistance in herbicide resistance studies. The emerging fields of eco-evolutionary dynamics and applied evolutionary biology offer a means to achieve this goal and to consider herbicide resistance in a broader and sometimes novel context. Four relevant research questions are presented, which examine (i) the impact of herbicide dose on selection for resistance, (ii) plant fitness in herbicide resistance studies, (iii) the efficacy of herbicide rotations and mixtures and (iv) the impacts of gene flow on resistance evolution and spread. In all cases, fundamental ecology and evolution have the potential to offer new insights into herbicide resistance evolution and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Neve
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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24
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Lagator M, Morgan A, Neve P, Colegrave N. Role of sex and migration in adaptation to sink environments. Evolution 2014; 68:2296-305. [PMID: 24766084 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of sex and migration on adaptation to novel environments remains a key problem in evolutionary biology. Using a single-cell alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we investigated how sex and migration affected rates of evolutionary rescue in a sink environment, and subsequent changes in fitness following evolutionary rescue. We show that sex and migration affect both the rate of evolutionary rescue and subsequent adaptation. However, their combined effects change as the populations adapt to a sink habitat. Both sex and migration independently increased rates of evolutionary rescue, but the effect of sex on subsequent fitness improvements, following initial rescue, changed with migration, as sex was beneficial in the absence of migration but constraining adaptation when combined with migration. These results suggest that sex and migration are beneficial during the initial stages of adaptation, but can become detrimental as the population adapts to its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mato Lagator
- IST Austria, Am Campus, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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25
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Busi R, Gaines TA, Vila-Aiub MM, Powles SB. Inheritance of evolved resistance to a novel herbicide (pyroxasulfone). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:127-34. [PMID: 24467904 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural weeds have rapidly adapted to intensive herbicide selection and resistance to herbicides has evolved within ecological timescales. Yet, the genetic basis of broad-spectrum generalist herbicide resistance is largely unknown. This study aims to determine the genetic control of non-target-site herbicide resistance trait(s) that rapidly evolved under recurrent selection of the novel lipid biosynthesis inhibitor pyroxasulfone in Lolium rigidum. The phenotypic segregation of pyroxasulfone resistance in parental, F1 and back-cross (BC) families was assessed in plants exposed to a gradient of pyroxasulfone doses. The inheritance of resistance to chemically dissimilar herbicides (cross-resistance) was also evaluated. Evolved resistance to the novel selective agent (pyroxasulfone) is explained by Mendelian segregation of one semi-dominant allele incrementally herbicide-selected at higher frequency in the progeny. In BC families, cross-resistance is conferred by an incompletely dominant single major locus. This study confirms that herbicide resistance can rapidly evolve to any novel selective herbicide agents by continuous and repeated herbicide use. The results imply that the combination of herbicide options (rotation, mixtures or combinations) to exploit incomplete dominance can provide acceptable control of broad-spectrum generalist resistance-endowing monogenic traits. Herbicide diversity within a set of integrated management tactics can be one important component to reduce the herbicide selection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin M Vila-Aiub
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; IFEVA-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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