1
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Şeref B, Yıldıran H. A new perspective on obesity: perception of fat taste and its relationship with obesity. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae028. [PMID: 38497969 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, which results from a long-term positive energy balance, is affected by many factors, especially nutrition. The sensory properties of foods are associated with increased food intake through hedonic appetite. Taste perception, a component of flavor, is also responsible for increased consumption, through reward and hedonic mechanisms. Foods with high fat and energy content are among the foods that create the reward perception. The perception of fat taste, the primary taste that has recently entered the literature, may also be associated with increased food consumption and body weight. Therefore, in this review, the relationship between fat taste and obesity is examined, using the latest literature. RESULTS Different hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanism of the relationship between fat-taste perception and obesity, such as hedonic appetite, microbiota, decreased taste perception, and increased taste threshold level. In addition, some studies examining this relationship reported significant associations between the level of fat-taste perception and obesity, whereas others did not find a significant difference. CONCLUSION Considering the prevalence and contribution to obesity of Western-style nutrition, characterized by high amounts of fat and sugar consumption, elucidating this relationship may be an essential solution for preventing and treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Şeref
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye
| | - Hilal Yıldıran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Curcumin and Quercetin-Loaded Lipid Nanocarriers: Development of Omega-3 Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsions for Intranasal Administration. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071073. [PMID: 35407191 PMCID: PMC9000715 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) and quercetin (QU) are potential compounds for treatment of brain diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (ND) because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, low water solubility and poor bioavailability hinder their clinical use. In this context, nanotechnology arises as a strategy to overcome biopharmaceutical issues. In this work, we develop, characterize, compare, and optimize three different omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids nanoemulsions (NEs) loaded with CUR and QU (negative, cationic, gelling) prepared by two different methods for administration by intranasal route (IN). The results showed that formulations prepared with the two proposed methods exhibited good stability and were able to incorporate a similar amount of CUR and QU. On the other side, differences in size, zeta potential, in vitro release kinetics, and permeation/retention test were observed. Considering the two preparation methods tested, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) shows advantages, and the CQ NE- obtained demonstrated potential for sustained release. Toxicity studies demonstrated that the formulations were not toxic for Caenorhabditis elegans. The developed ω-3 fatty acid NEs have shown a range of interesting properties for the treatment of brain diseases, since they have the potential to increase the nose-to-brain permeation of CUR and QU, enabling enhanced treatments efficiency.
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3
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Wu CY, Okuda T, Ando A, Hatano A, Kikukawa H, Ogawa J. Isolation and characterization of the ω3-docosapentaenoic acid-producing microorganism Aurantiochytrium sp. T7. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:229-234. [PMID: 34893429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ω3-Docosapentaenoic acid (ω3-DPA), an ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3-PUFA), is expected to have beneficial physiological functions to humans; however, because of its rarity in nature, it has not been fully analyzed. We isolated an ω3-DPA producing microorganism strain T7 from brackish areas in Japan. Although most oleaginous microorganisms rarely accumulate ω3-DPA (<5% of total lipid), strain T7 accumulated ω3-DPA with more than 20% of total fatty acids. The strain T7 was identified as a related species of Aurantiochytrium. In Aurantiochytrium sp. T7, ω3-DPA production reached 164 mg/L culture broth, and the ω3-DPA content reached 23.5% of the total fatty acids when cultivated in a medium containing 2% glucose as the carbon source and 1% yeast extract as the nitrogen source, with a salinity equivalent to 50% of that of seawater and a pH in the acidic range (pH < 5.5). Aurantiochytrium sp. T7 is a promising producer of high-purity ω3-DPA containing-lipid for the functional analysis of ω3-DPA whose physiological function has hardly been elucidated, and a useful strain for investigating the novel metabolic pathway of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Wu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Okuda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan
| | - Ayami Hatano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan.
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4
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Campos J, Silva NA, Salgado AJ. Nutritional interventions for spinal cord injury: preclinical efficacy and molecular mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1206-1221. [PMID: 34472615 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that leads to motor, sensory, and autonomic impairments. Its intrinsic pathophysiological complexity has hindered the establishment of effective treatments for decades. Nutritional interventions (NIs) for SCI have been proposed as a route to circumvent some of the problems associated with this condition. Results obtained in animal models point to a more holistic effect, rather than to specific modulation, of several relevant SCI pathophysiological processes. Indeed, published data have shown NI improves energetic imbalance, oxidative damage, and inflammation, which are promoters of improved proteostasis and neurotrophic signaling, leading ultimately to neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. This review focuses on the most well-documented Nis. The mechanistic implications and their translational potential for SCI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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5
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Dai K, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Tian C, Zhang C, Chen M. Inulin as a Promising Alternative Feedstock for Docosahexaenoic Acid Production by
Schizochytrium
sp. ATCC 20888. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Dai
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Life Science Dalian Minzu University Dalian 116600 China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Chang Tian
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
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6
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Martin K, Périard J, Rattray B, Pyne DB. Physiological Factors Which Influence Cognitive Performance in Military Personnel. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:93-123. [PMID: 31009241 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819841757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and detail physiological factors that influence cognition in military personnel. BACKGROUND Maintenance of cognitive and task performance is important under several scenarios, none more so than in a military context. Personnel are prepared for and trained to tolerate many of the stressors they encounter; however, consideration of stressors typically extends only as far as the physical, psychological, and environmental requirements of a given task. While considering these factors certainly characterizes the broader picture, several physiological states and traits can influence cognition and thus, should also be considered. METHOD A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to January 2019. Eligibility criteria included current military personnel, an outcome of cognition, and the assessment of a physiological factor. RESULTS The search returned 60,564 records, of which 60 were included in the review. Eleven studies examined the impact of demographic factors on cognition, 16 examined fatigue, 10 investigated nutrition, and 24 the impact of biological factors on cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Factors identified as having a positive impact on cognition include aerobic fitness, nutritional supplementation, and visual acuity. In contrast, factors identified as having a negative impact include fatigue arising from sustained operations, dehydration, undernutrition, and an exaggerated physiological stress response to a cognitive task or a stressor. A further subset of these factors was considered modifiable. APPLICATION The modifiable factors identified provide avenues for training and preparation to enhance cognition in ways previously unconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Martin
- 2234 University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Julien Périard
- 2234 University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Rattray
- 2234 University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- 2234 University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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7
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Nutrient Profiles of Wild and Captive Attwater's and Greater Prairie-Chicken Eggs. JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.3996/062018-jfwm-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We determined reference levels of minerals, fatty acids, and fat-soluble micronutrients in eggs from wild Attwater's Tympanuchus cupido attwateri and two (Minnesota, Nebraska) greater prairie-chicken T. c. pinnatus populations for comparison with eggs produced by captive Attwater's prairie-chickens to help guide formulation and evaluation of captive diets. Levels of all minerals found in wild Attwater's prairie-chicken eggs were similar to those in at least one of the two greater prairie-chicken populations, but these levels frequently differed between the two greater prairie-chicken populations. Ratios for n-6:n-3 fatty acids were >3 times higher for Minnesota greater prairie-chickens, which had more access to waste grain than Attwater's or Nebraska greater prairie-chickens. Captive eggs had n-6:n-3 ratios 6.7 times the pooled wild samples, while wild eggs had higher levels of anhydrolutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and total carotenoids. More magnesium, zinc, and manganese were observed in wild eggs compared with those produced in captivity. Flaxseed was added to the captive breeder diet in an attempt to lower egg n-6:n-3 ratios, along with additional carotenoids found in marigold extract. These dietary modifications successfully lowered the n-6:n-3 ratio by 46%, but this ratio was still 3.6 times higher in captive eggs, consistent with the grain-based formulation of the breeder diet. Carotenoid additions successfully raised total carotenoids, but increases were primarily for lutein and not zeaxanthin or β-carotene as intended. Variability in egg nutrient composition among the three wild populations suggests that some tolerance exists in maternal diets, but impacts to offspring fitness are unknown. Given the purported importance of maternal nutrition to fitness of embryos and neonate chicks, we suggest additional research is needed to quantify the influence of key nutrient levels on offspring fitness for both captive and wild populations.
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8
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Bai S, Cao ZJ, Cao BB, Yang HJ, Li SL, Liu JX. Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1261-1270. [PMID: 29877003 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty-five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvvl Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Pourmasoumi M, Vosoughi N, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, Assarroudi M, Heidari-Beni M. Association of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Epileptic Seizure in Epileptic Patients: A Systematic Review. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:36. [PMID: 29721237 PMCID: PMC5907447 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_281_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence on the association between omega-3 consumption and epileptic seizure is inconsistent. Therefore, we have conducted this systematic review to clarify the possible relationship. Original articles were searched in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Ovid) and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. The main evaluated outcome was the epileptic seizures. We included the English language studies that reported the original data on the effect of omega-3 on epileptic human patients. We included the nine articles with 230 patients in the present systematic review. The mean ± standard deviation age of them was about 31.01 ± 14.99 years. The average of study duration was 22 ± 15.27 weeks. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements were defined as the sum of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1100 mg/d); as the sum of EPA, DHA, and alpha-linolenic acid (5 g/d); and as the sum of EPA alone (565 mg/d) in different studies. Among the nine studies, four studies reported a significant positive association between omega-3 fatty acids and epileptic seizures. However, power and quality of these studies are low, and we cannot consider the beneficial effect of omega-3 on seizures. In addition, five studies did not reveal any significant effect. Majority of the included studies did not show a significant association between omega-3 and epileptic seizure in epileptic patients, but further studies are necessary. It is controversial whether omega-3 fatty acids can produce positive effects on epileptic patients or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makan Pourmasoumi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nooshin Vosoughi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Assarroudi
- Department of Adult Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kalogerou M, Kolovos P, Prokopiou E, Papagregoriou G, Deltas C, Malas S, Georgiou T. Omega-3 fatty acids protect retinal neurons in the DBA/2J hereditary glaucoma mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2017; 167:128-139. [PMID: 29258748 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3-PUFA) supplementation, alone or in combination with timolol eye drops, in a mouse model of hereditary glaucoma. DBA/2J mice (8.5-month-old) were assigned to an ω3-PUFAs + timolol, ω3-PUFAs only, timolol only, or an untreated group. Treated mice received a daily gavage administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid and/or topical instillation of timolol (0.5%) once a day for 3 months. Blood was analysed regularly to determine ω3-PUFA levels and retinas were histologically analysed. Real-time PCR and Western blot were performed for retinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages. Blood arachidonic acid/EPA ratio gradually decreased and reached the desired therapeutic range (1-1.5) after 4 weeks of daily gavage with ω3-PUFAs in the ω3-PUFAs + timolol and ω3-PUFAs only groups. Retinal ganglion cell densities were significantly higher in the ω3-PUFAs + timolol (1303.77 ± 139.62/mm2), ω3-PUFAs only (768.40 ± 52.44/mm2) and timolol only (910.57 ± 57.28/mm2) groups than in the untreated group (323.39 ± 95.18/mm2). ω3-PUFA supplementation alone or timolol alone, significantly increased protein expression levels of M1 macrophage-secreted inducible nitric oxide synthase and M2 macrophage-secreted arginase-1 in the retina, which led to significant decreases in the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). ω3-PUFA supplementation alone also resulted in significantly reduced expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18). ω3-PUFA + timolol treatment had no effect on the expression level of any of the aforementioned mediators in the retina. Supplementation with ω3-PUFAs has neuroprotective effect in the retinas of DBA/2J mice that is enhanced when combined with timolol eye drops. The continued inflammation following ω3-PUFAs + timolol treatment suggests that downregulation of IL-18 and TNF-α may not be the only factors involved in ω3-PUFA-mediated neuroprotection in the retina.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Ophthalmic
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acid/blood
- Arginase/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Combinations
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Female
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/genetics
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/metabolism
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/prevention & control
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Intraocular Pressure/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Ophthalmic Solutions
- Optic Nerve Diseases/genetics
- Optic Nerve Diseases/metabolism
- Optic Nerve Diseases/prevention & control
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects
- Timolol/therapeutic use
- Tonometry, Ocular
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalogerou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Panagiotis Kolovos
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Ekatherine Prokopiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Gregory Papagregoriou
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Stavros Malas
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Tassos Georgiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Hishikawa D, Valentine WJ, Iizuka-Hishikawa Y, Shindou H, Shimizu T. Metabolism and functions of docosahexaenoic acid-containing membrane glycerophospholipids. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2730-2744. [PMID: 28833063 PMCID: PMC5639365 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Omega‐3 (ω‐3) fatty acids (FAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are known to have important roles in human health and disease. Besides being utilized as fuel, ω‐3 FAs have specific functions based on their structural characteristics. These functions include serving as ligands for several receptors, precursors of lipid mediators, and components of membrane glycerophospholipids (GPLs). Since ω‐3 FAs (especially DHA) are highly flexible, the levels of DHA in GPLs may affect membrane biophysical properties such as fluidity, flexibility, and thickness. Here, we summarize some of the cellular mechanisms for incorporating DHA into membrane GPLs and propose biological effects and functions of DHA‐containing membranes of several cell and tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hishikawa
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iizuka-Hishikawa
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,AMED, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipidomics Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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12
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Axelsen PH, Murphy RC, Igarashi M, Rapoport SI. Increased ω6-Containing Phospholipids and Primary ω6 Oxidation Products in the Brain Tissue of Rats on an ω3-Deficient Diet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164326. [PMID: 27788153 PMCID: PMC5082804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains in both the ω3 and ω6 series are essential for normal animal brain development, and cannot be interconverted to compensate for a dietary deficiency of one or the other. Paradoxically, a dietary ω3-PUFA deficiency leads to the accumulation of docosapentaenoate (DPA, 22:5ω6), an ω6-PUFA chain that is normally scarce in the brain. We applied a high-precision LC/MS method to characterize the distribution of DPA chains across phospholipid headgroup classes, the fatty acyl chains with which they were paired, and the extent to which they were oxidatively damaged in the cortical brain of rats on an ω3-deficient diet. Results indicate that dietary ω3-PUFA deficiency markedly increased the concentrations of phospholipids with DPA chains across all headgroup subclasses, including plasmalogen species. The concentrations of phospholipids containing docosahexaenoate chains (22:6ω3) decreased 20-25%, while the concentrations of phospholipids containing arachidonate chains (20:4ω6) did not change significantly. Although DPA chains are more saturated than DHA chains, a larger fraction of DPA chains were monohydroxylated, particularly among diacyl-phosphatidylethanolamines and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamines, suggesting that they were disproportionately subjected to oxidative stress. Differences in the pathological significance of ω3 and ω6 oxidation products suggest that greater oxidative damage among the ω6 PUFAs that increase in response to dietary ω3 deficiency may have pathological significance in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104–6084, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Mail Stop 8303, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, 80045–0511, United States of America
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Stanley I. Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
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Enhancing omega-3 fatty acids nanoemulsion stability and in-vitro digestibility through emulsifiers. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Zhang T, Lou F, Tao G, Liu R, Chang M, Jin Q, Wang X. Composition and Structure of Single Cell Oil Produced by Schizochytrium limacinum
SR31. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Fei Lou
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ming Chang
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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15
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Liu D, Archer N, Duesing K, Hannan G, Keast R. Mechanism of fat taste perception: Association with diet and obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Kaplan ME, Simmons ER, Hawkins JC, Ruane LG, Carney JM. Influence of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on the fatty acid profile of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2528-2532. [PMID: 25371353 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soil environment can affect not only the quantity of crops produced but also their nutritional quality. We examined the combined effects of below-ground cadmium (0, 5, and 15 ppm) and mycorrhizal fungi (presence and absence) on the concentration of five major fatty acids within flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum). RESULTS Plants grown with mycorrhizal fungi produced seeds that contained higher concentrations of unsaturated (18:1, 18:2 and 18:3), but not saturated (16:0 and 18:0) fatty acids. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds were most pronounced when plant roots were exposed to 15 ppm Cd (i.e. the concentrations of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 increased by 169%, 370% and 150%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The pronounced effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids at 15 ppm Cd may have been due to the presence of elevated levels of Cd within seeds. Our results suggest that, once the concentration of cadmium within seeds reaches a certain threshold, this heavy metal may improve the efficiency of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ellen R Simmons
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Jack C Hawkins
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lauren G Ruane
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, US
| | - Jeffrey M Carney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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17
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de Oliveira MAL, Porto BLS, Faria IDL, de Oliveira PL, de Castro Barra PM, de Jesus Coelho Castro R, Sato RT. 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Molecules 2014; 19:14094-113. [PMID: 25207715 PMCID: PMC6270880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A review taking into account the literature reports covering 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis is presented. This paper describes the evolution of fatty acid analysis using different CE modes such as capillary zone electrophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography employing different detection systems, such as ultraviolet-visible, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity, laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry. In summary, the present review signals that CE seems to be an interesting analytical separation technique that is very useful for screening analysis or quantification of the usual fatty acids present in different matrices, offering short analysis times and a simple sample preparation step as inherent advantages in comparison with the classical methodology, making it a separation technique that is very attractive for quality control in industry and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Lee Simas Porto
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Isaura Daniele Leite Faria
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Lopes de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mendonça de Castro Barra
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata de Jesus Coelho Castro
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Takabayashi Sato
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
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18
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Ren LJ, Sun GN, Ji XJ, Hu XC, Huang H. Compositional shift in lipid fractions during lipid accumulation and turnover in Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 157:107-113. [PMID: 24534791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single cell oils (SCOs), a complex lipid system, contains neutral lipids (NLs), polar lipids (PLs) and unsaponifiable matters (UMs). To investigate the dynamic changes and the metabolic competition mechanism of different components of SCOs, changes in lipid composition of Schizochytrium sp. were monitored in lipid accumulation and turnover stages. Lipid content could reach 69.98% in biomass during the lipid accumulation stage, while, after the exhaustion of glucose, the content decreased to 45.51% and 20.6g/L non-oil biomass was synthesis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were easier to bind with PLs. NLs were preferentially converted to PLs during lipid turnover stage, accompanied by the degradation of saturated fatty acids and the increase of UMs. Meanwhile, a positive correlation between the synthesis of PUFAs and unsaponifiable matters exited in Schizochytrium sp., and increasing the content of UMs from 45 to 100mg/L could increase the PUFA percentage from 64% to 74% effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Hong H, Zhou Y, Wu H, Luo Y, Shen H. Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Muscle, Brain and Eyes of Seven Freshwater Fish: a Comparative Study. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Isolation and Characterization of a Docosahexaenoic Acid-Phospholipids Producing Microorganism Crypthecodinium sp. D31. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Maskrey BH, Megson IL, Rossi AG, Whitfield PD. Emerging importance of omega-3 fatty acids in the innate immune response: molecular mechanisms and lipidomic strategies for their analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1390-400. [PMID: 23417926 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health properties of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have long been known and their metabolic dysfunction has been linked to a range of diseases including various inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their health benefits have remained unclear. Recent technological advances in lipidomic analytical strategies have resulted in the discovery of a range of bioactive mediators derived from EPA and DHA that possess potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties and that may be responsible, at least in part, for the beneficial effects observed. These mediators include resolvins, protectins and maresins, as well as EPA derivatives of classical arachidonic acid derived eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E3 . The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the biosynthetic pathways and biological properties of these omega-3 mediators, with a particular focus on the emerging importance of the counter-regulatory role of omega-3 and -6 fatty acids in the spatial and temporal regulation of the inflammatory response. It will also provide an insight into a range of lipidomic approaches, which are currently available to analyse these fatty acids and their metabolites in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Maskrey
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
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22
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Johnston DT, Deuster PA, Harris WS, MacRae H, Dretsch MN. Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels and neurocognitive performance in deployed U.S. Servicemembers. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 16:30-8. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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VanderVeen DK, Martin CR, Mehendale R, Allred EN, Dammann O, Leviton A. Early nutrition and weight gain in preterm newborns and the risk of retinopathy of prematurity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64325. [PMID: 23734194 PMCID: PMC3667175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify nutritional and weight gain limitations associated with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) severity among very preterm newborns. PATIENTS AND METHODS 1180 infants <28 weeks GA at birth with ROP examination results were grouped and analyzed by quartile of weekly total calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid intake, as well as growth velocity between postnatal days 7 and 28 (adjusted for GA and birth weight Z-score). ROP was categorized by development of no, mild ( RESULTS Greater risk for Type 1 ROP (risk/95% confidence intervals) was found for infants with lowest quartile receipt of lipids (2.1/1.1, 3.8), total calories (2.2/1.4, 3.6), and carbohydrates (1.7/1.1, 2.9). Development of zone 1 ROP was associated with lipid or total calorie intake in the lowest quartile, and development of stage 3 ROP was associated with lowest quartile of total calorie intake. Growth velocity in the lowest quartile was associated with increased risk of any ROP, including type 1 ROP. CONCLUSION The risk of developing severe ROP in extremely premature infants might be reduced by improving nutritional support, specifically targeting lipids and total calories, and perhaps by improving weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K VanderVeen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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24
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Yu M, Benham A, Logan S, Brush RS, Mandal MNA, Anderson RE, Agbaga MP. ELOVL4 protein preferentially elongates 20:5n3 to very long chain PUFAs over 20:4n6 and 22:6n3. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:494-504. [PMID: 22158834 PMCID: PMC3276472 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m021386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that reduction/loss of very long chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs) due to mutations in the ELOngase of very long chain fatty acid-4 (ELOVL4) protein contributes to retinal degeneration in autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) and age-related macular degeneration; hence, increasing VLC-PUFA in the retina of these patients could provide some therapeutic benefits. Thus, we tested the efficiency of elongation of C20-C22 PUFA by the ELOVL4 protein to determine which substrates are the best precursors for biosynthesis of VLC-PUFA. The ELOVL4 protein was expressed in pheochromocytoma cells, while green fluorescent protein-expressing and nontransduced cells served as controls. The cells were treated with 20:5n3, 22:6n3, and 20:4n6, either individually or in equal combinations. Both transduced and control cells internalized and elongated the supplemented FAs to C22-C26 precursors. Only ELOVL4-expressing cells synthesized C28-C38 VLC-PUFA from these precursors. In general, 20:5n3 was more efficiently elongated to VLC-PUFA in the ELOVL4-expressing cells, regardless of whether it was in combination with 22:6n3 or with 20:4n6. In each FA treatment group, C34 and C36 VLC-PUFAs were the predominant VLC-PUFAs in the ELOVL4-expressing cells. In summary, 20:5n3, followed by 20:4n6, seems to be the best precursor for boosting the synthesis of VLC-PUFA by ELOVL4 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Ophthalmic Laboratories and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, P. R. China
| | - Aaron Benham
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - R Steven Brush
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Md Nawajes A Mandal
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK; and.
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Haider S, Batool Z, Tabassum S, Perveen T, Saleem S, Naqvi F, Javed H, Haleem DJ. Effects of walnuts (Juglans regia) on learning and memory functions. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:335-340. [PMID: 22048906 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Walnut has been regarded as a health food that is delicious and nutritious. Both preventive and therapeutic effects of walnut are well documented. Walnuts are rich in omega-3 fatty acids that are reported to have beneficial effects on brain function. The present work was designed to evaluate the effects of walnuts on learning and memory in male rats. The effect of oral intake of walnut was also monitored on food intake. Walnut was given orally to rats for a period of 28 days. Memory function in rats was assessed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and radial arm maze (RAM). A significant improvement in learning and memory of walnut treated rats compared to controls was observed. Walnut treated rats also exhibited a significant decrease in food intake while the change in growth rate (in terms of percentage) remained comparable between the two groups. Analysis of brain monoamines exhibited enhanced serotonergic levels in rat brain following oral intake of walnuts. The findings suggest that walnut may exert its hypophagic and nootropic actions via an enhancement of brain 5-HT metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Haider
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Zhao J, Gillam ME, Taylor CG, Weiler HA. Deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is limited in forebrain of young obese fa/fa Zucker rats fed a diet high in α-linolenic acid but devoid of DHA. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:835-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang M, Li W, Li T. Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo. Molecules 2011; 16:5333-48. [PMID: 21705973 PMCID: PMC6264246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16075333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mail: (M.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; E-Mail: (W.L.)
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +86-278-374-6960
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Grisanti S, Lueke J, Lueke M, Rudolf M, Peters S. Current and future strategies for nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Yousofi M, Saberivand A, Becker LA, Karimi I. The effects of Cannabis sativa L. seed (hemp seed) on reproductive and neurobehavioral end points in rats. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 53:402-12. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Milatovic D, Aschner M. Neuronal Oxidative Injury and Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation. NEUROMETHODS 2011; 56:349-363. [PMID: 32132769 PMCID: PMC7055719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-077-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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31
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Liu A, Chang J, Lin Y, Shen Z, Bernstein PS. Long-chain and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in ocular aging and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3217-29. [PMID: 20688753 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m007518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs, C(12)-C(22)) play important roles in normal human retinal function and visual development, and some epidemiological studies of LC-PUFA intake suggest a protective role against the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). On the other hand, retinal very long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs, C(n>22)) have received much less attention since their identification decades ago, due to their minor abundance and more difficult assays, but recent discoveries that defects in VLC-PUFA synthetic enzymes are associated with rare forms of inherited macular degenerations have refocused attention on their potential roles in retinal health and disease. We thus developed improved GC-MS methods to detect LC-PUFAs and VLC-PUFAs, and we then applied them to the study of their changes in ocular aging and AMD. With ocular aging, some VLC-PUFAs in retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid peaked in middle age. Compared with age-matched normal donors, docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid, and some VLC-PUFAs in AMD retina and RPE/choroid were significantly decreased, whereas the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs was significantly increased. All these findings suggest that deficiency of LC-PUFAs and VLC-PUFAs, and/or an imbalance of n-6/n-3 PUFAs, may be involved in AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Agbaga MP, Mandal MNA, Anderson RE. Retinal very long-chain PUFAs: new insights from studies on ELOVL4 protein. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1624-42. [PMID: 20299492 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other mammalian tissues, retina is highly enriched in PUFA. Long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA; C18-C24) are essential FAs that are enriched in the retina and are necessary for maintenance of normal retinal development and function. The retina, brain, and sperm also contain very LC-PUFA (VLC-PUFA; >C24). Although VLC-PUFA were discovered more than two decades ago, very little is known about their biosynthesis and functional roles in the retina. This is due mainly to intrinsic difficulties associated with working on these unusually long polyunsaturated hydrocarbon chains and their existence in small amounts. Recent studies on the FA elongase elongation of very long chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) protein, however, suggest that VLC-PUFA probably play some uniquely important roles in the retina as well as the other tissues. Mutations in the ELOVL4 gene are found in patients with autosomal dominant Stargardt disease. Here, we review the recent literature on VLC-PUFA with special emphasis on the elongases responsible for their synthesis. We focus on a novel elongase, ELOVL4, involved in the synthesis of VLC-PUFA, and the importance of these FAs in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Lavoie SM, Harding CO, Gillingham MB. NORMAL FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU). TOP CLIN NUTR 2009; 24:333-340. [PMID: 20011454 DOI: 10.1097/tin.0b013e3181c621fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if children with phenylketonuria (PKU) have lower fatty acid concentrations in total erythrocyte lipid due to the phenylalanine restricted diet therapy compared to healthy control subjects. Dietary intake and fatty acid concentrations in total erythrocyte lipid were measured in twenty-one subjects (</=6 years of age) with PKU and twenty-three control children. Subjects with PKU had significantly lower protein and significantly higher polyunsaturated fat intake compared to controls. Subjects with PKU had significantly lower concentrations in total erythrocyte lipid of the sum of the omega-3,omega-6, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Concentrations of fatty acids among subjects with PKU were lower than control subjects but no subject with PKU exhibited any signs or symptoms suggestive of essential fatty acid deficiency, thereby suggesting that subjects with PKU in this cohort have normal and adequate essential fatty acid concentrations in total erythrocyte lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Valenzuela B A. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential fatty acid for the proper functioning of neuronal cells: their role in mood disorders. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2009. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.085208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu JW, Almaguel FG, Bu L, De Leon DD, De Leon M. Expression of E-FABP in PC12 cells increases neurite extension during differentiation: involvement of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2015-29. [PMID: 18513372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP), a member of the family of FABPs, exhibits a robust expression in neurons during axonal growth in development and in nerve regeneration following nerve injury. This study examines the impact of E-FABP expression in normal neurite extension in differentiating pheochromocytoma cell (PC12) cultures supplemented with selected long chain free fatty acids (LCFFA). We found that E-FABP binds to a broad range of saturated and unsaturated LCFFAs, including those with potential interest for neuronal differentiation and axonal growth such as C22:6n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), C20:5n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and C20:4n-6 arachidonic acid (ARA). PC12 cells exposed to nerve growth factor (NGFDPC12) exhibit high E-FABP expression that is blocked by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126. Nerve growth factor-differentiated pheochromocytoma cells (NGFDPC12) antisense clones (NGFDPC12-AS) which exhibit low E-FABP expression have fewer/shorter neurites than cells transfected with vector only or NGFDPC12 sense cells (NGFDPC12-S). Replenishing NGFDPC12-AS cells with biotinylated recombinant E-FABP (biotin-E-FABP) protein restores normal neurite outgrowth. Cellular localization of biotin-E-FABP in NGFDPC12 was detected mostly in the cytoplasm and in the nuclear region. Treatment of NGFDPC12 with DHA, EPA, or ARA further enhances neurite length but it does not trigger further induction of TrkA or MEK phosphorylation or E-FABP mRNA observed in differentiating PC12 cells without LCFFA supplementation. Significantly, DHA and EPA neurite stimulating effects are higher in NGFDPC12-S than in NGFDPC12-AS cells. These findings are consistent with the scenario that neurite extension of differentiating PC12 cells, including further stimulation by DHA and EPA, requires sufficient cellular levels of E-FABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Wen Liu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, California 92350, USA
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Dietary Modification of Brain Function: Effects on Neuroendocrine and Psychological Determinants of Mental Health‐ and Stress‐Related Disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2008; 45:99-138. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(07)00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Heller CD, O'Shea M, Yao Q, Langer J, Ehrenkranz RA, Phelps DL, Poole WK, Stoll B, Duara S, Oh W, Lemons J, Poindexter B. Human milk intake and retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2007; 120:1-9. [PMID: 17606555 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to analyze the association between human milk intake and severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of data collected for a trial of glutamine supplementation in extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight <1000 g). Among the 1433 participants in that trial, data are available regarding human milk intake and the occurrence of severe retinopathy of prematurity (defined in this study as retinopathy of prematurity treated surgically) for 1057 infants. The volume of human milk intake was expressed as the mean volume (milliliters per kilogram per day) and the mean proportional volume (proportion of total nutritional intake) from birth to discharge or transfer. Using logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for any human milk intake and, among infants who received human milk, for each 10 mL/kg per day and each 10% increase in volume. RESULTS Of the 1057 infants included in this cohort, 788 infants (75%) received at least some human milk. Among these milk-fed infants, the median volume of human milk intake was 30 mL/kg per day (interquartile range: 6-83 mL/kg per day), and the median proportional volume of human milk intake was 0.18 (interquartile range: 0.03-0.66). One hundred sixty-three infants (15%) developed severe retinopathy of prematurity. CONCLUSIONS In extremely low birth weight infants, human milk intake was not associated with a decreased risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie D Heller
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Igarashi M, DeMar JC, Ma K, Chang L, Bell JM, Rapoport SI. Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from α-linolenic acid by rat brain is unaffected by dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1150-8. [PMID: 17277380 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600549-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA, 18:3n-3) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) by the mammalian brain and the brain's ability to upregulate these rates during dietary deprivation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are unknown. To answer these questions, we measured conversion coefficients and rates in post-weaning rats fed an n-3 PUFA deficient (0.2% alpha-LNA of total fatty acids, no DHA) or adequate (4.6% alpha-LNA, no DHA) diet for 15 weeks. Unanesthetized rats in each group were infused intravenously with [1-(14)C]alpha-LNA, and their arterial plasma and microwaved brains collected at 5 minutes were analyzed. The deficient compared with adequate diet reduced brain DHA by 37% and increased brain arachidonic (20:4n-6) and docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) acids. Only 1% of plasma [1-(14)C]alpha-LNA entering brain was converted to DHA with the adequate diet, and conversion coefficients of alpha-LNA to DHA were unchanged by the deficient diet. In summary, the brain's ability to synthesize DHA from alpha-LNA is very low and is not altered by n-3 PUFA deprivation. Because the liver's reported ability is much higher, and can be upregulated by the deficient diet, DHA converted by the liver from circulating alphaLNA is the source of the brain's DHA when DHA is not in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Cangemi FE. TOZAL Study: an open case control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD. BMC Ophthalmol 2007; 7:3. [PMID: 17324285 PMCID: PMC1831760 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary objective of this prospective study was to measure the change from baseline in visual function – Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) via the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart, contrast sensitivity, central 10 degree visual fields and retinal imaging (angiograms and photographs) at 6 months in subjects with atrophic (dry) age-related macular degeneration treated with a targeted nutritional supplement. Methods 37 mixed gender patients with a mean age of 76.3 +/- 7.8 years were enrolled at 5 independent study sites and received standard of care with a novel formulation of a nutritional supplement. Results were compared to a placebo cohort constructed from the literature that was matched for inclusion and exclusion criteria. A paired t-test was used to test a null hypothesis and a two-sided alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results 76.7% of subjects receiving the nutritional supplement demonstrated stabilization or improvement of BCVA at 6 months. Subjects gained an average of 0.0541 logMAR or one-half of a line of visual acuity (VA) over the 6-month period. There was a statistically significant improvement in VA from baseline with P = .045. The results provide strong evidence that the treatment being studied produces an improvement in VA. Conclusion Treatment with this unique nutritional supplement increased VA above the expected baseline decrease in the majority of patients in this population with dry macular degeneration. The results of the TOZAL study agree with the LAST and CARMIS studies and are predictive for positive visual acuity outcomes in the AREDS II trial. However, patients will likely require supplementation for longer than 6 months to effect changes in additional visual parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis E Cangemi
- Vitreo-Retinal Associates of New Jersey, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450, USA.
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Arneson KO, Roberts LJ. Measurement of Products of Docosahexaenoic Acid Peroxidation, Neuroprostanes, and Neurofurans. Methods Enzymol 2007; 433:127-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)33007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Assisi A, Banzi R, Buonocore C, Capasso F, Di Muzio V, Michelacci F, Renzo D, Tafuri G, Trotta F, Vitocolonna M, Garattini S. Fish oil and mental health: the role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cognitive development and neurological disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:319-36. [PMID: 17012979 DOI: 10.1097/01.yic.0000224790.98534.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated that consumption of more n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the risk for a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological and immunological disorders, diabetes and cancer. This article focuses on the role of marine n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain functions, including the development of the central nervous system and neurological disorders. An overview of the major animal studies and clinical trials is provided here, focusing on fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and infancy, and prevention and management of Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Although an optimal balance in n-3/n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio is important for proper neurodevelopment and cognitive functions, results from randomized controlled trials are controversial and do not confirm any useful effect of supplementation on development of preterm and term infants. The relationship between fatty acid status and mental disorders is confirmed by reduced levels of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes of patients with central nervous system disorders. Nevertheless, there are very little data supporting the use of fish oil in those patients. The only way to verify whether n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are a potential therapeutic option in the management and prevention of mental disorders is to conduct a large definitive randomized controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Assisi
- Regulatory Policies Laboratory, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Essential fatty acids (EFAs), linoleic acid (LA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential for humans, and are freely available in the diet. Hence, EFA deficiency is extremely rare in humans. To derive the full benefits of EFAs, they need to be metabolized to their respective long-chain metabolites, i.e., dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA) from LA; and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from ALA. Some of these long-chain metabolites not only form precursors to respective prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs), but also give rise to lipoxins (LXs) and resolvins that have potent anti-inflammatory actions. Furthermore, EFAs and their metabolites may function as endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme and 3-hdroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, nitric oxide (NO) enhancers, anti-hypertensives, and anti-atherosclerotic molecules. Recent studies revealed that EFAs react with NO to yield respective nitroalkene derivatives that exert cell-signaling actions via ligation and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The metabolism of EFAs is altered in several diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Thus, EFAs and their derivatives have varied biological actions and seem to be involved in several physiological and pathological processes.
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Yamasaki T, Aki T, Shinozaki M, Taguchi M, Kawamoto S, Ono K. Utilization of Shochu distillery wastewater for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and xanthophylls using thraustochytrid. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 102:323-7. [PMID: 17116579 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.102.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The industrial production of barley shochu, a distilled alcoholic beverage, results in distillery waste that is currently incinerated or disposed of in landfills, causing environmental pollution. The supernatant of distillery waste contains organic matter such as proteins ( approximately 2.5%) and amino acids ( approximately 0.2%). This study demonstrates that the utilization of distillery wastewater as a sole nitrogen source enables a marine thraustochytrid, Schizochytrium sp. strain KH105, to propagate and accumulate valuable lipids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and astaxanthin. Under optimized culture conditions, the highest DHA and astaxanthin yields were obtained at 3.4 g/l and 7.7 mg/l, respectively, after 4 or 5 d of cultivation in a 3-l jar fermentor. The chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater was reduced by 35%. About 67% of crude protein content and 85% of total free amino acid content also decreased in the culture supernatant. The thraustochytrid therefore serves to upgrade the distillery by-product to one containing value-added lipids for functional foods as well as to regulate the environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sasebo National College of Technology, 1-1 Okishinmachi, Sasebo, Nagasaki 857-1193, Japan
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Serna-Saldivar SO, Zorrilla R, De La Parra C, Stagnitti G, Abril R. Effect of DHA containing oils and powders on baking performance and quality of white pan bread. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 61:121-9. [PMID: 17031604 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-006-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Different sources of DHA and/or n-3 (omega-3) rich oils, oil emulsions and microencapsulated (ME) powders were tested at two different concentrations with the aim of producing fortified pan bread. Three oils (S-algae, fish and flax), two emulsified algae oils (Emulsion-P and Emulsion-L) and two ME oils (ME-S algae and ME-C algae) were compared. The DHA and n-3 oils replaced part of the shortening in order to obtain 32 g slices enriched with 25 or 50 mg DHA, 35 or 70 mg total n-3 from fish oil and 90 or 180 mg linolenic from flax oil. Addition of oils did not significantly affect water absorption but reduced mix time whereas addition of the ME oils decreased both water absorption and mix time. Breads enriched with flax or ME-C oils had lower volume and higher density than the control, ME-S algae, Emulsion-P and Emulsion-L breads. All breads lost texture throughout 14 d storage, the major changes occurred after 3 d. The ME-S algae oil bread had the best softness after 14 d storage whereas breads produced from ME-S algae or ME-C algae oils had the poorest texture. Sensory evaluations indicated that the color of the ME-S algae oil fortified bread was significantly less preferred than the other loaves. After 6 d the control bread had higher acceptability compared with the rest of the breads enriched with high levels of DHA or omega-3 oils. The high-enriched fish oil bread was well accepted during the first days of storage but had the least preferred acceptability after 13 d. The best fortified breads were those supplemented with S-algae oil, Emulsion-P and Emulsion-L oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio O Serna-Saldivar
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, ITESM-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., México.
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Vlaardingerbroek H, Hornstra G, de Koning TJ, Smeitink JAM, Bakker HD, de Klerk HBC, Rubio-Gozalbo ME. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes of children with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:159-65. [PMID: 16530443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Essential fatty acids (EFAs), and their longer-chain more-unsaturated derivatives (LCPUFAs) in particular, are essential for normal growth and cognitive development during childhood. Children with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism represent a risk population for a reduced LCPUFA status because their diet is low in EFAs and LCPUFAs. We have investigated the EFA and LCPUFA status of children with various amino acid metabolism disorders (not PKU) under treatment. Fatty acid profiles of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids of 33 patients (aged 0-18 years) and 38 matched controls were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess the mean fatty acid intake. The dietary intake of the EFAs linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was comparable in both groups, while the LCPUFA intake was much lower in patients. This was associated with lower relative concentrations (% of total fatty acids) of n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) did not differ. The same was observed for the two EFAs LA and ALA. Thus, as compared to healthy controls, children with amino acid metabolism disorders have a lower intake of LCPUFAs and have lower concentrations of DHA but not of AA in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. This suggests that endogenous AA synthesis might guarantee an adequate AA status. The lower DHA status, however, warrants further investigations regarding the impact of DHA supplementation on growth and development of these children.
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Kawai Y, Fujii H, Okada M, Tsuchie Y, Uchida K, Osawa T. Formation of Nepsilon-(succinyl)lysine in vivo: a novel marker for docosahexaenoic acid-derived protein modification. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1386-98. [PMID: 16582421 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600091-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6/omega-3) generates various lipid peroxidation products that covalently modify biomolecules such as proteins. Under a free radical-generating system, DHA significantly modified lysine residues in bovine serum albumin. Upon incubation of oxidized DHA with an amino-compound pyridoxamine or a lysine-containing peptide, N-propanoyl and N-succinyl adducts were determined to be the major modification products. The hydroperoxide levels in the oxidized DHA closely reflected the formation of the N(epsilon)-(succinyl)lysine (SUL) upon reaction with the peptide, indicating that the hydroperoxides of DHA represent a potential pathway for the formation of SUL. To detect the DHA-derived protein modification in vivo, we developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb2B12) specific to SUL and found that the antibody specifically reacts with the SUL moiety. The formation of SUL was then immunochemically demonstrated in the liver of mice fed with DHA followed by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), a hepatic lipid peroxidation model. Immunoreactive materials with mAb2B12 were observed in the DHA + CCl(4) group, but were not significant in the control, DHA-alone, and CCl(4)-alone groups. These data suggest that the formation of DHA-derived adducts such as SUL may be implicated in the oxidative damage observed in DHA-enriched tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshichika Kawai
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Marszalek JR, Lodish HF. Docosahexaenoic acid, fatty acid-interacting proteins, and neuronal function: breastmilk and fish are good for you. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2006; 21:633-57. [PMID: 16212510 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other tissues, the nervous system is enriched in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). Despite their abundance in the nervous system, AA and DHA cannot be synthesized de novo by mammals; they, or their precursors, must be ingested from dietary sources and transported to the brain. During late gestation and the early postnatal period, neurodevelopment is exceptionally rapid, and substantial amounts of PUFAs, especially DHA, are critical to ensure neurite outgrowth as well as proper brain and retina development. Here, we review the various functions of DHA in the nervous system, the proteins involved in its internalization and metabolism into phospholipids, and its relationship to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Marszalek
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years, equine neonatal medicine has made significant advances. The importance of nutritional support for the sick neonatal foal has been recognized, and methods of providing that sup-port have been developed. Today, the clinician has many options when designing a nutritional plan for the neonatal foal. When the foal's gut permits, enteral diets are an inexpensive source of nutrients. Under conditions where the gut requires rest, methods for delivering nutrients by the parenteral route have also been developed. In this article, the nutrition of the normal and sick foal is described. Guidelines for designing a nutritional plan are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Buechner-Maxwell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Phase II, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA.
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Roegge CS, Widholm JJ, Engeseth NJ, Wang X, Brosch KO, Seegal RF, Schantz SL. Delayed spatial alternation impairments in adult rats following dietary n-6 deficiency during development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:485-95. [PMID: 15939208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 fatty acid (FA) deficiencies during development can cause learning and memory impairments, but the functional effects of dietary n-6 FA deficiencies, reflected in a lowered n-6/n-3 ratio, are less clear. We investigated the effects of maternal diets containing fish oils, resulting in lowered n-6/n-3 ratios, on a spatial working memory task in their offspring. Starting on gestational day 6, Sprague-Dawley timed-pregnant rats were placed on one of three experimental diets: control (unadulterated powdered rat chow), Pacific Ocean (PO) fish (powdered rat chow containing 20% (w/w) lyophilized PO salmon), or PO oil (powdered rat chow containing 6% (w/w) oil extracted from PO salmon). The 6% oil dose was selected because it is equivalent to the amount of oil in the 20% lyophilized fish diet. The experimental diets were fed until weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21, at which time all pups were placed on the rat chow diet. Starting on approximately PND77, one male and one female from each litter began a cognitive test battery using 2-lever operant chambers. PO groups failed to reach the same level of performance as the controls on the delayed spatial alternation (DSA) task and also showed decreased performance on delay trials. FA analyses of the diets found that the n-6/n-3 ratios for the PO fish and oil groups were reduced to 2.5 and 3.2, respectively, vs. 6.9 for controls. Analysis of brain tissue taken from pups on PND21 confirmed that the n-6/n-3 ratios within the brain were significantly reduced from 1.18 for controls to 0.87 and 0.90 for PO fish and oil groups, respectively. Specifically, the PO diets significantly increased long-chain n-3 FAs (20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3) and decreased long-chain n-6 FAs (20:4 n-6 and 22:4 n-6) in the brain. Thus, the observed delayed spatial alternation impairments in rats fed PO fish and fish oil are hypothesized to have resulted from the altered n-6/n-3 FA ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Roegge
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
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50
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Abstract
AIM To summarize our present knowledge about vegetable omega-3 fatty acids. DATA SYNTHESIS Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is one of the two essential fatty acids in humans. Epidemiological studies and dietary trials strongly suggest that this fatty acid is important in relation with the pathogenesis (and prevention) of coronary heart disease. Like other n-3 fatty acids from marine origin, it may prevent cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The optimal dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid seems to be about 2 g per day or 0.6 to 1% of total energy intake. Obtaining an optimal ratio of the two essential fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids--ie a ratio of less than 4 to 1 in the diet--is a major issue. The main sources of alpha-linolenic acid for the European population should be canola oil (and canola-oil based margarine if available), nuts (English walnut), ground linseeds and green leafy vegetables such as purslane. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological studies and dietary trials in humans suggest that alpha-linolenic acid is a major cardio-protective nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Lorgeril
- Laboratoire Nutrition, Vieillissement et Maladies Cardiovasculaires (NVMCV), UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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