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Sun J, Wang M, Kan Z. Diagnostic and prognostic risk factors analysis for distant metastasis in melanoma: a population-based study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024:00008469-990000000-00125. [PMID: 38251671 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to develop tools that could predict the occurrence of distant metastases in melanoma and its prognosis based on clinical and pathological characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of melanoma patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2019. Logistic analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with distant metastasis. Additionally, multivariate Cox analyses were conducted to determine independent prognostic factors for patients with distant metastasis. Two nomograms were established and evaluated with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Furthermore, we performed a retrospective analysis of melanoma with distant metastasis from our institute between March 2018 and June 2022. RESULTS Of the total 19 396 melanoma patients, 352 (1.8%) had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. The following clinical and pathological characteristics were identified as independent risk factors for distant metastasis in melanoma: N stage, tumor size, ulceration, mitosis, primary tumor site, and pathological subtype. Furthermore, tumor size, pathological subtype, and radiotherapy were identified as independent prognostic factors. The results of the training and validation cohorts' ROC curves, calibration, DCA, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrate the effectiveness of the two nomograms. The retrospective study results from our center supported the results from the SEER database. CONCLUSION The clinical and pathological characteristics of melanoma can predict a patient's risk of metastasis and prognosis, and the two nomograms are expected to be effective tools to guide therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Sun
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhisheng Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
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2
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Liu M, Wu M, Liu X, Zhou J, Lan Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Leng L, Zheng H, Li J. Assessing the quality of care for skin malignant melanoma on a global, regional, and national scale: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study from 1990 to 2019. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:2893-2904. [PMID: 37773351 PMCID: PMC10615953 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer with increasing global incidence rates, particularly in developed countries. Variations in the prevalence and quality of care provided to patients with melanoma exist across different regions and across different sex and age. Assessing the global burden of melanoma and evaluating the quality of care can provide valuable insights for developing targeted interventions in certain underperforming regions and improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to systematically analyze the Global Burden of Disease Study from 1990 to 2019 to assess the quality of care for skin malignant melanoma on a global scale. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and extracted data on melanoma incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Disease Study. We incorporated these variables using principal component analysis (PCA) to form an informative single variable of quality of care index (QCI) and analyzed its spatial-temporal variations as well as disparities across age, sex and socio-demographic index (SDI). The overall Quality of Care Index (QCI) for melanoma improved from 82.81 in 1990 to 91.29 in 2019. The QCI score showed a positive correlation with socioeconomic status across regions. Australia ranked highest in QCI (99.96), while Central African Republic, and Kiribati had the lowest scores. China and Saudi Arabia showed significant QCI improvement, while the QCI of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Zimbabwe, and Guam decreased from 1990 to 2019. The highest QCI scores were observed in the age groups of 20-39 years old (93.40-94.65). Gender disparities narrowed globally in these three decades, but lower Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions showed increased gender inequities. Our findings highlighted the spatial-temporal variations in the quality of care of MM as well as its disparities across different SDI levels, age groups and sex. These findings offer valuable insights and guidance for implementing focused interventions and resource allocation to enhance the quality of care and overall outcomes for MM worldwide, especially for underperforming regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- 4+4 M.D. Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mengyin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xintong Liu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yining Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ling Leng
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Heyi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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3
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Allegra A, Caserta S, Genovese S, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1255. [PMID: 37371985 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being clarified by numerous studies. Epidemiological research and cancer registries have revealed over the past few years that there are definite sex variations in cancer incidence, progression, and survival. However, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction also have a significant impact on the response to treatment of neoplastic diseases. Young women may be more protected from cancer than men because most of the proteins implicated in the regulation of redox state and mitochondrial function are under the control of sexual hormones. In this review, we describe how sexual hormones control the activity of antioxidant enzymes and mitochondria, as well as how they affect several neoplastic diseases. The molecular pathways that underlie the gender-related discrepancies in cancer that have been identified may be better understood, which may lead to more effective precision medicine and vital information on treatment options for both males and females with neoplastic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'Gaetano Barresi', University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Santino Caserta
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'Gaetano Barresi', University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Genovese
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
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4
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Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Death in Older Malignant Melanoma Patients: A Population-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194783. [PMID: 36230706 PMCID: PMC9563114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncancer deaths account for a large proportion of deaths in patients with malignant melanoma (MM), but the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) death in older MM patients remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the risk of CVD death in older MM patients. Data on older MM patients were obtained in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Risk of CVD death was calculated by standardized mortality rates (SMRs), cumulative mortality and proportion of different causes of death. MM patients had a higher risk of CVD death than general populations (SMR = 1.98; 95% CI 1.93−2.03, p < 0.001). CVD death was more common in MM patients who were diagnosed at age 85 or older, had a localized stage, were white, had surgical treatment, had a primary head/neck/upper limb site and had a low-grade and superficial spreading/lentigo malignant pathologic type. Cumulative CVD mortality was more common than primary cancer in all older age groups, male or female, and patients with localized-stage disease. Other than primary cancer, CVD was the main cause of death in older patients diagnosed with MM. Our findings highlight CVD death is an important competing event of deaths in older MM patients, and more attention should be paid to reducing CVD death to improve survival.
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5
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Buja A, Rugge M, Damiani G, Zorzi M, De Toni C, Vecchiato A, Del Fiore P, Spina R, Baldo V, Brazzale AR, Rossi CR, Mocellin S. Sex Differences in Cutaneous Melanoma: Incidence, Clinicopathological Profile, Survival, and Costs. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:1012-1019. [PMID: 35076310 PMCID: PMC9299528 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of sex-related characteristics of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), with special reference to its incidence, clinicopathological profile, overall survival, and treatment-related costs. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all 1,279 CMM patients who were registered in 2015 in the Veneto Cancer Registry (a population-based registry including all 4,900,000 regional residents). The by-sex comparisons included tumor stage and site, histological subtype, and other clinical-pathological variables. A Cox regression analysis was used to test the association between sex and survival, adjusting for the main covariates. Treatment costs were calculated by linking patients with several administrative regional databases. Results: Age-specific incidence rates were significantly higher for men among people >50 years old. For men, the trunk was the most common primary site (59.3%), whereas for women the lower limbs (32.1%) were the most common primary site, followed by the trunk (31.8%), which was lower than for men (p < 0.001). At presentation, the frequency of early stage CMM was higher among women, who also featured a significantly lower risk of death (p = 0.016), after adjusting for covariates. Men also incurred higher costs for melanoma treatment in the first year after their diagnosis. Conclusions: Among younger adults, CMM was more common in women, whereas among older adults, it was more common in men. Sex also influences patients' histopathological characteristics at diagnosis. Women had better overall survival after adjusting for demographic, pathological, and clinical profiles. The costs of treatment were also lower for women with CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Buja
- Department of Cardiologic, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, and Public Health, Health Care Services and Health Promotion Evaluation, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Veneto Tumor Registry, Azienda Zero, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Pharmacological Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel Zorzi
- Veneto Tumor Registry, Azienda Zero, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara De Toni
- Departament of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Vecchiato
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Del Fiore
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Romina Spina
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiologic, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, and Public Health, Health Care Services and Health Promotion Evaluation, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Riccardo Rossi
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Mocellin
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Yan MK, Orchard SG, Adler NR, Wolfe R, McLean C, Rodríguez LM, Woods RL, Gibbs P, Chan AT, Haydon A, Mar VJ. Effect of Aspirin on Melanoma Incidence in Older Persons: Extended Follow-up of a Large Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:365-375. [PMID: 35395069 PMCID: PMC9167236 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aspirin on melanoma are unclear, with studies reporting conflicting results. Data from two periods of the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study; the randomized placebo-controlled trial period examining daily 100 mg aspirin in older adults with a median follow-up of 4.7 years, and the second period, an additional 2 years of observational follow-up, were utilized in this secondary analysis to examine whether aspirin exposure is associated with a reduced cutaneous melanoma incidence. All melanoma cases were adjudicated and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare incidence between randomized treatment groups. ASPREE recruited 19,114 participants with a median age of 74 years. During the trial period, 170 individuals (76 aspirin, 94 placebo) developed an invasive melanoma, and no significant effect of aspirin was observed on incident melanoma [HR = 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60-1.10]. Including the additional 2 years of observational follow-up (median follow-up of 6.3 years), 268 individuals (119 aspirin, 149 placebo) developed an invasive melanoma, and similar results were observed (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.63-1.03). A reduced number of events was observed with aspirin among females in a subgroup analysis (HR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.92); however, the interaction effect with males (HR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68-1.25) was nonsignificant (P = 0.17). Our findings from this randomized trial do not provide strong support that aspirin is associated with a reduced risk of invasive melanoma in older individuals. Additional studies are required to further explore this relationship. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Melanoma prevention is an important strategy to improve outcomes and while preventive efforts have largely focused on sun protection, the role of potential chemopreventive agents such as aspirin warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel K Yan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Nikki R Adler
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Luz María Rodríguez
- Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMM) Uniformed Services University (USU) Department of Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Peter Gibbs
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne,1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Victoria J Mar
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
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7
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Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and melanoma-specific mortality among patients with melanoma: a SEER based study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:293-300. [PMID: 34010239 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify the risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in melanoma patients. METHODS Data of melanoma patients were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We used Person's chi-square test to assess the relationships between categorical variables. We used Kaplan-Meier test in the univariate analysis and Cox regression test for the multivariate analysis. Analyses were conducted using the SPSS software. RESULTS We analyzed data of 194 503 melanoma patients. Among them, 28 818 (14.8 %) died due to cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular-specific survival was higher in younger patients, women, married, localized disease, superficial spreading melanoma and in patients who had surgery. It was lower in patients who received chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The multivariate analysis revealed a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients aged 50-64 years [hazard ratio (HR), 7.297; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.68-7.97], patients aged ≥65 years (HR, 43.309; 95% CI, 39.706-47.240), men (HR, 1.535; 95% CI, 1.475-1.597), Blacks (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.044-1.594), separated (HR, 1.286; 95% CI, 1.058-1.562), widowed (HR, 1.829; 95% CI, 1.706-1.961), patients with no or unknown history of chemotherapy (HR, 1.302; 95% CI, 1.071-1.583) or radiotherapy (HR, 1.477; 95% CI, 1.217-1.793) and patients with no surgery (HR, 1.468; 95% CI, 1.264-1.706). CONCLUSIONS In patients with melanoma, the risk of cardiovascular death is higher in older patients, men, Blacks, separated, widowed and patients with nodular or lentigo maligna melanoma. The risk is lower in married, patients with superficial spreading or acral lentiginous melanoma, and patients who had chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery.
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8
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Bhari N, Schwaertz RA, Apalla Z, Salerni G, Akay BN, Patil A, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Effect of estrogen in malignant melanoma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:1905-1912. [PMID: 34416066 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is associated with poor prognosis in its advanced stages. Potential influence of estrogen and its metabolites on melanoma growth has been suggested. AIMS The objective of this review was to provide an overview on the evidence related to estrogen in malignant melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar and relevant cross-references of the retrieved articles was performed to review relevant published articles related to estrogen and its effects in malignant melanoma. RESULTS Effect of estrogen signaling on a tissue largely depends on the relative expression of estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. Gender differences in melanoma may be explained by the difference in expression of these receptors. ERβ is the principal ER in melanoma. DISCUSSION Although there is uncertainty about role of estrogen in pathogenensis and progression of melanoma, evidence suggests that its growth and metastasis are influenced by estrogen stimulation. Role ER on the proliferation of melanoma cells is well described. CONCLUSION There is a need of safe and effective therapy for melanoma, especially for advanced cases. After the establishment of specific role of estrogen and its receptor, analysis of specific genetic mutation can be performed for proper utilization of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Bhari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Robert A Schwaertz
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zoe Apalla
- Second Dermatology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gabriel Salerni
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Provincial del Centenario de Rosario-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Anant Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Dakup PP, Greer AJ, Gaddameedhi S. Let's talk about sex: a biological variable in immune response against melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:268-279. [PMID: 35076986 PMCID: PMC9305920 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As science culture gravitates toward a more holistic inclusion of both males and females in research design, the outlining of sex differences and their respective intersections with disease physiology and pathophysiology should see reciprocal expansion. Melanoma skin cancer, for example, has observed a female advantage in incidence, mortality, and overall survival since the early 1970s. The exact biological mechanism of this trend, however, is unclear and further complicated by a layering of clinical variables such as skin phototype, age, and body mass index. In this perspective, we highlight epidemiological evidence of sex differences in melanoma and summarize the landscape of their potential origin. Among several biological hallmarks, we make a note of sex‐specific immune profiles—along with divergent hormonal regulation, social practices, DNA damage and oxidative stress responses, body composition, genetic variants, and X‐chromosome expression—as probable drivers of disparity in melanoma initiation and progression. This review further focuses the conversation of sex as an influencing factor in melanoma development and its potential implication for disease management and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panshak P Dakup
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606.,Present affiliation: Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland
| | - Adam J Greer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606.,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606
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10
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Özdemir B, Oertelt-Prigione S, Adjei A, Borchmann S, Haanen J, Letsch A, Mir O, Quaas A, Verhoeven R, Wagner A. Investigation of sex and gender differences in oncology gains momentum: ESMO announces the launch of a Gender Medicine Task Force. Ann Oncol 2022; 33:126-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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11
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Castro E Souza BD, Morais Silva DH, Valente NYS, Kakizaki P, Luce MCA, Bandeira LG. Cutaneous melanoma: a retrospective study of 18 years. Are there gender differences? An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:619-623. [PMID: 34284941 PMCID: PMC8441497 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de Castro E Souza
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscila Kakizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Alves Luce
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Groba Bandeira
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Souza BDCE, Silva DHM, Miyashiro D, Kakizaki P, Valente NYS. Clinicopathological analysis of acral melanoma in a single center: a study of 45 cases. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2020; 66:1391-1395. [PMID: 33174932 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.10.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between the clinicopathological and sociodemographics characteristics of acral melanomas diagnosed at the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo was analyzed and traced between 1997 and 2016. METHODS An observational, descriptive, and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with acral melanoma was performed at Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo. Sociodemographic and clinicopathological characteristics were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Forty-five patients with acral melanomas were found during the evaluation period. Thirty-one were females, and 14 were males (68.89% and 31.3%, respectively). Most of the cases were invasive (88.37%), and the predominant histological subtype was the acral lentiginous (91.11%). The plantar region was the most prevalent (64.44%). The median Breslow index was 3 mm, and there was a tendency towards greater severity in male patients. CONCLUSIONS Acral site melanomas are detected diagnosed when they reach more advanced stages, which leads to a worse prognosis for patients. Late detection assumes even greater importance in highly mixed and black populations, such as the Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de Castro E Souza
- Médico Dermatologista - Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Diego Henrique Morais Silva
- Médico Residente - Médico Residente do Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Denis Miyashiro
- Médico Dermatologista Preceptor da Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo - Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Priscila Kakizaki
- Médica Dermatologia Preceptora do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo - Departamento de Dermatologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Neusa Yuriko Sakai Valente
- Doutora em Dermatologia - Departamento de Dermatologia no Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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13
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Pjanova D, Ruklisa D, Kregere E, Azarjana K, Ozola A, Cema I. Features associated with melanoma metastasis in Latvia. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:117. [PMID: 32863930 PMCID: PMC7448568 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, exhibits an increasing incidence worldwide and has a high potential to develop metastasis. The current study aimed to identify a set of parameters that may aid in predicting the probability and timing of the onset of CM metastasis. A retrospective analysis was performed using the archive data of 2,026 patients with CM that were treated at the Riga East University Hospital Latvian Oncology Centre, which is the largest oncological hospital in the country, between 1998 and 2015. A case-control study design was employed, where patients with metastasis (n=278) were used as the cases and patients without metastasis were used as the controls. The present study examined the associations between metastasis and potential risk factors and constructed multivariate models of features that predicted metastasis using stepwise regression. Time until metastasis was analyzed using negative binomial regression models. The results of the present study indicated an increase in the number of melanomas that developed metastases during 1998–2015. Tumor Breslow thickness was demonstrated to be significantly larger in patients with metastasis compared with those without (P=0.012). The presence of ulceration significantly increased the risk of metastases [odds ratio (OR), 1.66; 95% CI, 1.07-2.59; P=0.033]. The absence of pigment in melanoma tissues was indicated to lead to a greater likelihood of metastasis (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.10-4.19; P=0.035). Shorter times from diagnosis until the onset of metastases were observed in older patients (incident rate ratio (IRR), 6.85; 95% CI, 2.43-19.30; P=2.78×10−4), and a borderline significant association was observed in those with ulcerated tumors (IRR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.98-1.80; P=0.064). Therefore, the main features associated with the development of melanoma metastasis in Latvia were indicated to be tumor ulceration, absence of pigment and Breslow thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Pjanova
- Cancer Cell Biology and Melanoma Research Group, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Dace Ruklisa
- Newnham College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DF, UK
| | - Elza Kregere
- Cancer Cell Biology and Melanoma Research Group, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Kristine Azarjana
- Post-diploma Education Institute, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Aija Ozola
- Cancer Cell Biology and Melanoma Research Group, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ingrida Cema
- Department of Oral Pathology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.,Surgical Oncology Clinic, Riga East University Hospital Latvian Oncology Centre, Riga LV-1079, Latvia
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14
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Strudel M, Festino L, Vanella V, Beretta M, Marincola FM, Ascierto PA. Melanoma: Prognostic Factors and Factors Predictive of Response to Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2792-2813. [PMID: 31804158 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191205160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of prognostic factors and biomarkers that predict response to treatment is required in order to further improve survival rates in patients with melanoma. Prognostic Factors: The most important histopathological factors prognostic of worse outcomes in melanoma are sentinel lymph node involvement, increased tumor thickness, ulceration and higher mitotic rate. Poorer survival may also be related to several clinical factors, including male gender, older age, axial location of the melanoma, elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and S100B. Predictive Biomarkers: Several biomarkers have been investigated as being predictive of response to melanoma therapies. For anti-Programmed Death-1(PD-1)/Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors, PD-L1 tumor expression was initially proposed to have a predictive role in response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. However, patients without PD-L1 expression also have a survival benefit with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, meaning it cannot be used alone to select patients for treatment, in order to affirm that it could be considered a correlative, but not a predictive marker. A range of other factors have shown an association with treatment outcomes and offer potential as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, including immune infiltration, chemokine signatures, and tumor mutational load. However, none of these have been clinically validated as a factor for patient selection. For combined targeted therapy (BRAF and MEK inhibition), lactate dehydrogenase level and tumor burden seem to have a role in patient outcomes. CONCLUSION With increasing knowledge, the understanding of melanoma stage-specific prognostic features should further improve. Moreover, ongoing trials should provide increasing evidence on the best use of biomarkers to help select the most appropriate patients for tailored treatment with immunotherapies and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Strudel
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Festino
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Vanella
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Beretta
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Department of Medical Oncology, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | | | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy Unit, Naples, Italy
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15
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Bellenghi M, Puglisi R, Pontecorvi G, De Feo A, Carè A, Mattia G. Sex and Gender Disparities in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1819. [PMID: 32645881 PMCID: PMC7408637 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the total incidence of cutaneous melanoma is higher in men than in women, with some differences related to ethnicity and age and, above all, sex and gender. Differences exist in respect to the anatomic localization of melanoma, in that it is more frequent on the trunk in men and on the lower limbs in women. A debated issue is if-and to what extent-melanoma development can be attributed to gender-specific behaviors or to biologically intrinsic differences. In the search for factors responsible for the divergences, a pivotal role of sex hormones has been observed, although conflicting results indicate the involvement of other mechanisms. The presence on the X chromosome of numerous miRNAs and coding genes playing immunological roles represents another important factor, whose relevance can be even increased by the incomplete X chromosome random inactivation. Considering the known advantages of the female immune system, a different cancer immune surveillance efficacy was suggested to explain some sex disparities. Indeed, the complexity of this picture emerged when the recently developed immunotherapies unexpectedly showed better improvements in men than in women. Altogether, these data support the necessity of further studies, which consider enrolling a balanced number of men and women in clinical trials to better understand the differences and obtain actual gender-equitable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bellenghi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Giada Pontecorvi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianfranco Mattia
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
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16
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Abstract
In this article, we summarize the research that eventually led to the classification of the full ultraviolet (UV) radiation spectrum as carcinogenic to humans. We recall the pioneering works that led to the formulation of novel hypotheses on the reasons underlying the increasing burden of melanoma in light-skinned populations. It took long before having compelling evidence on the association between UV and melanoma, in particular, the importance of UV exposure during childhood for both the occurrence of melanoma and death. The role of UVA was established only after 2005. If molecular lesions caused by UV radiation are better known, the precise mechanism by which UV exposure drives melanoma occurrence and progression still needs to be elucidated. More research on the UV-melanoma relationships has led to more evidence-based sun-protection recommendations, especially for children, and to effective control of the artificial UV tanning fashion. Since around 1985-1995, the mortality because of melanoma has started to decrease in younger age groups in most light-skinned populations. If sun protection among children remain on top of public health agendas, there is a fairly great chance that melanoma mortality will stabilize and steadily decrease in all light-skinned populations. The introduction of effective therapies against metastatic disease will improve this reversal in mortality trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Autier
- University of Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health, International Prevention Research Institute (iPRI), Dardilly, France
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17
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Morgese F, Sampaolesi C, Torniai M, Conti A, Ranallo N, Giacchetti A, Serresi S, Onofri A, Burattini M, Ricotti G, Berardi R. Gender Differences and Outcomes in Melanoma Patients. Oncol Ther 2020; 8:103-114. [PMID: 32700073 PMCID: PMC7359998 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-020-00109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma is one of the most common cancers in younger people. The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is increasing in patients of both sexes, with female patients generally living longer than their male counterparts. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and confirm the sex-based difference in survival of melanoma patients and the relationship of this difference with pathological features. METHODS A total of 1023 patients who had been treated at the Department of Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica Marche (Ancona, Italy) and the INRCA-IRCCS Department of Dermatology (Ancona, Italy) between 1987 and 2014 were enrolled in the study. RESULTS In terms of stage of disease at onset, there was a significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in favor of female patients in disease stage I (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively) and II (P = 0.02 and P = 0.009, respectively). Female patients also showed a significant improvement in 12-year DFS and 12-year OS adjusted for pathological features (Breslow thickness, ulceration, "absent" tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) melanomas, "non-brisk" TIL pattern). Globally, female patients had an advantage over with male patients in both DFS and OS (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that women have a survival benefit over with men after adjustment for many variables that can reduce mortality risk in female melanoma patients. In a future investigation we wish to examine possible biological sex differences in tumor-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Morgese
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Caterina Sampaolesi
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Mariangela Torniai
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Department of Clinical and Specialist Sciences, Urology, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ranallo
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Alfredo Giacchetti
- L'Unità Operativa di Dermatologia, INRCA/IRCCS, Via Montagnola, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Stefano Serresi
- L'Unità Operativa di Dermatologia, INRCA/IRCCS, Via Montagnola, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Azzurra Onofri
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Michela Burattini
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricotti
- L'Unità Operativa di Dermatologia, INRCA/IRCCS, Via Montagnola, Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Umberto I, Via Conca, Ancona, AN, Italy.
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18
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Yi Z, Jiang L, Zhao L, Zhou M, Ni Y, Yang Y, Yang H, Yang L, Zhang Q, Kuang Y, Deng M, Zhu Y. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) suppresses the growth of melanoma cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and 2-α. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19124-19136. [PMID: 31310363 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) in the growth of malignant melanoma (MM) cells by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1-α) and HIF2-α regulating the metabolism through reactive oxygen species (ROS). The messenger RNA and protein expression of GPX3, HIF1-α, HIF2-α in tissues, and cell lines were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. A375 cells were transfected with GPX3 overexpression plasmid, small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting GPX3, or siRNA targeting HIF1-α/HIF2-α to upregulate or downregulate the expression of GPX3 or HIF1-α/HIF2-α. The effects of H2 O2 and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the levels of HIF1-α and HIF2-α after overexpression of GPX3 were studied. The cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8. The levels of ROS, glucose uptake and lactic acid production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis of cells were measured for assessment of cellular metabolism. The expression of GPX3 decreased, while ROS, HIF1-α, and HIF2-α increased in MM tissues and cells. Overexpression of GPX3 inhibited the viability of MM cells and the growth of melanoma xenografts. The overexpression of GPX3 reduced the glucose uptake, extracellular lactic acid content, and extracellular acidification rate and increased the oxygen consumption rate level. Overexpression of GPX3 could reduce the levels of HIF1-α and HIF2-α, which could regulate metabolic levels. GPX3 reduced ROS level in MM to inhibit HIF1-α and HIF2-α. The addition of H2 O2 increased while NAC reduced the protein levels of HIF1-α and HIF2-α in the cells overexpressing GPX3. Our study demonstrates that GPX3 inhibits the growth of MM cells through its inhibitory effect on cell metabolic disorder by inhibiting HIF1-α via regulating ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yueli Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yuye Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Huixin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yingmin Kuang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Mingjia Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
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19
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Cherobin ACFP, Wainstein AJA, Colosimo EA, Goulart EMA, Bittencourt FV. Prognostic factors for metastasis in cutaneous melanoma. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 93:19-26. [PMID: 29641692 PMCID: PMC5871357 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20184779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a malignant neoplasia that shows high mortality when diagnosed in advanced stages. Early identification of high-risk patients for the development of melanoma metastases is the main strategy to reduce mortality. OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of eight epidemiological and histopathologic features on the development of metastases in patients diagnosed with primary cutaneous melanoma. METHODS Our historical cohort comprised patients with invasive primary cutaneous melanoma seen between 1995 and 2012 at a public university hospital and a private oncologic surgery institution in Southeastern Brazil. The following variables were analyzed: gender, age, family history of melanoma, site of the primary tumor, clinical and histologic subtype, Breslow thickness, histologic ulceration and the mitotic index. Kaplan-Meier univariate test and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to assess factors associated with disease-free survival. RESULTS Five hundred and fourteen patients were enrolled. The univariate analysis identified the following significant risk factors: gender, age, site of the tumor, clinical and histologic subtype, Breslow thickness, histologic ulceration and mitotic index. Multivariate analysis included 244 patients and detected four significant prognostic factors: male gender, nodular clinical and histologic subtype, Breslow thickness > 4mm, and histologic ulceration. The mitotic index was not included in this analysis. STUDY LIMITATIONS Small number of patients in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The following prognostic factors to the development of melanoma metastasis were identified in the study: male gender, nodular histologic subtype, Breslow thickness > 4mm and ulceration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Antônio Colosimo
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (ICEx-UFMG) - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Eugênio Marcos Andrade Goulart
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Flávia Vasques Bittencourt
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital das Clínicas,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
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20
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Bisevac JP, Djukic M, Stanojevic I, Stevanovic I, Mijuskovic Z, Djuric A, Gobeljic B, Banovic T, Vojvodic D. Association Between Oxidative Stress and Melanoma Progression. J Med Biochem 2018; 37:12-20. [PMID: 30581337 PMCID: PMC6294103 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overproduction of free radicals accompanied with their insufficient removal/neutralization by antioxidative defense system impairs redox hemostasis in living organisms. Oxidative stress has been shown to be involved in all the stages of carcinogenesis and malignant melanocyte transformation. The aim of this study was to examine association between oxidative stress development and different stages of melanoma. METHODS The measured oxidative stress parameters included: superoxide anion radical, total and manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde. Oxidative stress parameters were measured spectrophotometrically in serum samples from melanoma patients (n=72) and healthy control subjects (n=30). Patients were classified according to AJCC clinical stage. RESULTS Average superoxide anion and malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly higher in melanoma patients than in control group, with the highest value of superoxide anion in stage III, while malondialdehyde highest value was in stage IV. The activity of total and manganese superoxide dismutase was insignificantly higher in melanoma patients than in control group, while catalase activity was significantly higher. The highest activity of total activity of manganese superoxide dismutase was in stage IV. Catalase activity was increasing with the disease progression achieving the maximum in stage III. CONCLUSION Results of our study suggest that melanoma is oxidative stress associated disease, as well as deteriorated cell functioning at mitochondrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirjana Djukic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Stanojevic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Mijuskovic
- Medical Faculty, University of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Dermatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Djuric
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Borko Gobeljic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Erturk K, Tas F. Effect of biology on the outcome of female melanoma patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:1093-1100. [PMID: 29285381 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate plausible explanations for the favorable outcome of female melanoma patients and determine the effect of biology on this outcome. Data from 1,169 cutaneous melanoma patients were retrospectively analyzed. Cox proportional hazards models were used and the confounding factors on the survival difference were analyzed by a forward step multivariate modification method. The majority of the factors contributing to poor prognosis were significantly more pronounced in male melanoma patients. After the survival advantage of female patients (P=0.0001 on univariate analysis) was confounded (P=0.708 on multivariate analysis) following adjustment for the prognostic factors, two factors (neurotropism and vertical growth phase) were identified as the confounders, and this effect was attributed to the small number of patients in the groups of these two variables. The already known female advantage in melanoma survival was not affected by other prognostic factors, and female sex remained an independent predictor of good survival in melanoma. This sex-related independent survival advantage was attributed to a biological characteristic that has not yet been fully elucidated, but may be more closely associated with host-related rather than melanoma-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Erturk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Faruk Tas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
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22
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Roh MR, Eliades P, Gupta S, Grant-Kels JM, Tsao H. Cutaneous melanoma in women. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017; 3:S11-S15. [PMID: 28492033 PMCID: PMC5419022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender disparity in melanoma outcome is consistently observed, suggesting that gender is as an important prognostic factor. However, the source of this gender disparity in melanoma remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This article reviews advances in our understanding of gender differences in melanoma and how such differences may contribute to outcomes. METHODS A broad literature search was conducted using the PubMed database, with search terms such as 'gender differences in melanoma' and 'sex differences in melanoma.' Additional articles were identified from cited references. RESULTS Herein, we address the gender-linked physiologic differences in skin and melanoma. We discuss the influence of estrogen on a woman's risk for melanoma and melanoma outcomes with regard to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and UV tanning. CONCLUSIONS The published findings on gender disparities in melanoma have yielded many advances in our understanding of this disease. Biological, environmental, and behavioral factors may explain the observed gender difference in melanoma incidence and outcome. Further research will enable us to learn more about melanoma pathogenesis, with the goal of offering better treatments and preventative advice to our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryung Roh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Philip Eliades
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Dermatology Department, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Donat-Vargas C, Berglund M, Glynn A, Wolk A, Åkesson A. Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2017; 72:137-143. [PMID: 28033525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For malignant melanoma, other risk factors aside from sun exposure have been hardly explored. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-mainly from fatty fish- may affect melanogenesis and promote melanoma progression, while long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to exert antineoplastic actions in melanoma cells. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the association of validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure as well as the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA-DHA), accounting for sun habits and skin type, with the risk of malignant melanoma in middle-aged and elderly women. METHODS We included 20,785 women at baseline in 2009 from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure and EPA-DHA intake were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Incident melanoma cases were ascertained through register-linkage. RESULTS During 4.5 years of follow-up, we ascertained 67 incident cases of melanoma. After multivariable adjustments, exposure to dietary PCBs was associated with four-fold increased risk of malignant melanoma (hazard ratio [HR], 4.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-13; P for trend = 0.02]), while EPA-DHA intake was associated with 80% lower risk (HR, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P for trend = 0.03]), comparing the highest exposure tertiles with the lowest. CONCLUSION While we found a direct association between dietary PCB exposure and risk of melanoma, EPA-DHA intake showed to have a substantial protective association. Question of benefits and risk from fish consumption is very relevant and further prospective studies in the general population verifying these findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tse AKW, Chen YJ, Fu XQ, Su T, Li T, Guo H, Zhu PL, Kwan HY, Cheng BCY, Cao HH, Lee SKW, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Sensitization of melanoma cells to alkylating agent-induced DNA damage and cell death via orchestrating oxidative stress and IKKβ inhibition. Redox Biol 2017; 11:562-576. [PMID: 28107677 PMCID: PMC5247288 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrosourea represents one of the most active classes of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents for metastatic melanoma. Treatment with nitrosoureas caused severe systemic side effects which hamper its clinical use. Here, we provide pharmacological evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction and IKKβ inhibition cooperatively enhance nitrosourea-induced cytotoxicity in melanoma cells. We identified SC-514 as a ROS-inducing IKKβ inhibitor which enhanced the function of nitrosoureas. Elevated ROS level results in increased DNA crosslink efficiency triggered by nitrosoureas and IKKβ inhibition enhances DNA damage signals and sensitizes nitrosourea-induced cell death. Using xenograft mouse model, we confirm that ROS-inducing IKKβ inhibitor cooperates with nitrosourea to reduce tumor size and malignancy in vivo. Taken together, our results illustrate a new direction in nitrosourea treatment, and reveal that the combination of ROS-inducing IKKβ inhibitors with nitrosoureas can be potentially exploited for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Su
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Li
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Pei-Li Zhu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hiu-Yee Kwan
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Brian Chi-Yan Cheng
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hui-Hui Cao
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Sally Kin-Wah Lee
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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Ling B, Michel D, Sakharkar MK, Yang J. Evaluating the cytotoxic effects of the water extracts of four anticancer herbs against human malignant melanoma cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3563-3572. [PMID: 27843296 PMCID: PMC5098531 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s119214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most dangerous type of skin cancer, killing more than 1,100 people each year in Canada. Prognosis for late stage and recurrent MM is extremely poor due to insensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, and thus many patients seek complementary and alternative medicines. In this study, we examined four commonly used anticancer herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, Lobelia chinensis, and Solanum nigrum, for their in vitro antitumor effects toward human MM cell line A-375. The crude water extract of S. nigrum (1 g of dry herb in 100 mL water) and its 2-fold dilution caused 52.8%±13.0% and 17.3%±2.7% cytotoxicity in A-375 cells, respectively (P<0.01). The crude water extract of H. diffusa caused 11.1%±12.4% cytotoxicity in A-375 cells with no statistical significance (P>0.05). Higher concentrated formulation might be needed for H. diffusa to exert its cytotoxic effect against A-375 cells. No cytotoxicity was observed in A-375 cells treated with crude water extract of S. barbata and L. chinensis. Further high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy analysis of the herbal extracts implicated that S. nigrum and H. diffusa might have adopted the same bioactive components for their cytotoxic effects in spite of belonging to two different plant families. We also showed that the crude water extract of S. nigrum reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in A-375 cells, which may lead to a cytostatic effect. Furthermore, synergistic effect was achieved when crude water extract of S. nigrum was coadministered with temozolomide, a chemotherapy drug for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbing Ling
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Cancer Biology & Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Michel
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
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Crocetti E, Fancelli L, Manneschi G, Caldarella A, Pimpinelli N, Chiarugi A, Nardini P, Buzzoni C. Melanoma survival: sex does matter, but we do not know how. Eur J Cancer Prev 2016; 25:404-9. [PMID: 26266895 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide further insights into the prognostic role of female sex in skin melanoma. The prognostic effect of sex in a population-based case series of 3900 skin melanomas in central Italy has been evaluated considering the possible confounding role of many demographic and clinical variables (age, period of diagnosis, Breslow's thickness, Clark level, ulceration, lymph node status, metastasis, histological type, skin site, and pathological T and N). Multiple imputations, according to chained equations, have been used for imputing incomplete values. A Cox proportional hazards model on the risk of death caused by melanoma was fitted. Univariate and multivariate effects of sex and of other variables were computed. The 5-year cause-specific survival was 87% (95% confidence interval: 86-89%) for women and 80% (78-82%) for men. Women had higher rates at any time since diagnosis. After adjustment for other confounders, women had a 34% reduced risk compared with men of dying from skin melanoma (hazard ratio=0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.79). The present study confirmed a strong protective effect of female sex on skin melanoma mortality. The protective factor is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Crocetti
- aClinical and Descriptive Epidemiology Unit bSecondary Prevention and Screening Unit, Melanoma Prevention Service, Institute for Cancer Study and Prevention (ISPO) cSurgery and Translational Medicine Department, Dermatology Division, University of Florence Medical School, Florence, Italy
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Eriksson H, Lyth J, Andersson TML. The proportion cured of patients diagnosed with Stage III-IV cutaneous malignant melanoma in Sweden 1990-2007: A population-based study. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2829-36. [PMID: 26815934 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The survival in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is highly dependent on the stage of the disease. Stage III-IV CMM patients are at high risk of relapse with a heterogeneous outcome, but not all experience excess mortality due to their disease. This group is referred to as the cure proportion representing the proportion of patients who experience the same mortality rate as the general population. The aim of this study was to estimate the cure proportion of patients diagnosed with Stage III-IV CMM in Sweden. From the population-based Swedish Melanoma Register, we included 856 patients diagnosed with primary Stage III-IV CMM, 1990-2007, followed-up through 2013. We used flexible parametric cure models to estimate cure proportions and median survival times (MSTs) of uncured by sex, age, tumor site, ulceration status (in Stage III patients) and disease stage. The standardized (over sex, age and site) cure proportion was lower in Stage IV CMMs (0.15, 95% CI 0.09-0.22) than non-ulcerated Stage III CMMs (0.48, 95% CI 0.41-0.55) with a statistically significant difference of 0.33 (95% CI = 0.24-0.41). Ulcerated Stage III CMMs had a cure proportion of 0.27 (95% CI 0.21-0.32) with a statistically significant difference compared to non-ulcerated Stage III CMMs (difference 0.21; 95% CI = 0.13-0.30). The standardized MST of uncured was approximately 9-10 months longer for non-ulcerated versus ulcerated Stage III CMMs. We could demonstrate a significantly better outcome in patients diagnosed with non-ulcerated Stage III CMMs compared to ulcerated Stage III CMMs and Stage IV disease after adjusting for age, sex and tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Eriksson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, and Deptartment of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lyth
- Unit of Research and Development in Local Health Care, County of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Therese M-L Andersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Background Gender disparity in melanoma outcome is consistently observed, suggesting that gender is as an important prognostic factor. However, the source of this gender disparity in melanoma remains unclear. Objective This article reviews advances in our understanding of gender differences in melanoma and how such differences may contribute to outcomes. Methods A broad literature search was conducted using the PubMed database, with search terms such as ‘gender differences in melanoma’ and ‘sex differences in melanoma.’ Additional articles were identified from cited references. Results Herein, we address the gender-linked physiologic differences in skin and melanoma. We discuss the influence of estrogen on a woman’s risk for melanoma and melanoma outcomes with regard to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and UV tanning. Conclusions The published findings on gender disparities in melanoma have yielded many advances in our understanding of this disease. Biological, environmental, and behavioral factors may explain the observed gender difference in melanoma incidence and outcome. Further research will enable us to learn more about melanoma pathogenesis, with the goal of offering better treatments and preventative advice to our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryung Roh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A ; Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Philip Eliades
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A ; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Alupei MC, Licarete E, Patras L, Banciu M. Liposomal simvastatin inhibits tumor growth via targeting tumor-associated macrophages-mediated oxidative stress. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:946-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Sex disparities in melanoma outcomes: The role of biology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Joosse A, van der Ploeg APT, Haydu LE, Nijsten TEC, de Vries E, Scolyer RA, Eggermont AMM, Coebergh JWW, Thompson JF. Sex Differences in Melanoma Survival are Not Related to Mitotic Rate of the Primary Tumor. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:1598-603. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lin X, Zheng W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Qin H, Wu H, Xue B, Lu Y, Shen P. Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma enhances tumor necrosis factor-α secretion of tumor-associated macrophages that promote cancer cell invasion. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1337-55. [PMID: 23373752 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malignant melanoma is well known for abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exist in the primary tumor environment. Within this microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play substantial roles in multiple steps of tumor development in terms of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. We therefore aimed to determine whether this high-level ROS in primary melanoma is capable to promote tumor invasiveness by influencing TAM properties. Moreover, we wanted to further investigate probable underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We characterized malignant melanoma TAMs as a heterogeneous phenotype, which possesses both M1 and M2 markers. We also revealed a role for high-level intracellular ROS in enhancing proinvasion signature of TAMs by strongly increasing their tumor necrosis factor α secretion, which is possibly attributed to ROS-enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) translocation mediated by MAPK/ERK kinase 1. INNOVATION This is the first study demonstrating that high levels of ROS in the primary melanoma environment can influence TAM behaviors. Furthermore, we are also the first to indentify that nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation of PPARγ is significantly upregulated by ROS and responsible for the proinvasiveness capacity of melanoma TAMs. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data describe how a high level of ROS plays a critical role in enhancing the proinvasion characteristic of TAMs in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, and Model Animal Research Center (MARC) of Nanjing University, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
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Joosse A, Collette S, Suciu S, Nijsten T, Patel PM, Keilholz U, Eggermont AM, Coebergh JWW, de Vries E. Sex Is an Independent Prognostic Indicator for Survival and Relapse/Progression-Free Survival in Metastasized Stage III to IV Melanoma: A Pooled Analysis of Five European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2337-46. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study sex differences in survival and progression in patients with stage III or IV metastatic melanoma and to compare our results with published literature. Patients and Methods Data were retrieved from three large, randomized, controlled trials of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer in patients with stage III and two trials in patients with stage IV melanoma. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for females compared with males, adjusted for different sets of confounders for stage III and stage IV, respectively. Results In 2,734 stage III patients, females had a superior 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate compared with males (51.5% v 43.3%), an adjusted HR for DSS of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.76 to 0.95), and an adjusted HR for relapse-free survival of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.95). In 1,306 stage IV patients, females also exhibited an advantage in DSS (2-year survival rate, 14.1% v 19.0%; adjusted HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.92) as well as for progression-free survival (adjusted HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.88). This female advantage was consistent across pre- and postmenopausal age categories and across different prognostic subgroups. However, the female advantage seems to become smaller in patients with higher metastatic tumor load. Conclusion The persistent independent female advantage, even after metastasis to lymph nodes and distant sites, contradicts theories about sex behavioral differences as an explanation for this phenomenon. A biologic sex trait seems to profoundly influence melanoma progression and survival, even in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Joosse
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Sandra Collette
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Stefan Suciu
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Poulam M. Patel
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Alexander M.M. Eggermont
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Jan Willem W. Coebergh
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
| | - Esther de Vries
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium; Poulam M. Patel, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Ullrich Keilholz, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy,
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Kesarwani P, Murali AK, Al-Khami AA, Mehrotra S. Redox regulation of T-cell function: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1497-534. [PMID: 22938635 PMCID: PMC3603502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to have effects on T-cell function and proliferation. Low concentrations of ROS in T cells are a prerequisite for cell survival, and increased ROS accumulation can lead to apoptosis/necrosis. The cellular redox state of a T cell can also affect T-cell receptor signaling, skewing the immune response. Various T-cell subsets have different redox statuses, and this differential ROS susceptibility could modulate the outcome of an immune response in various disease states. Recent advances in T-cell redox signaling reveal that ROS modulate signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways. Also, tumor microenvironments, chronic T-cell stimulation leading to replicative senescence, gender, and age affect T-cell susceptibility to ROS, thereby contributing to diverse immune outcomes. Antioxidants such as glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase balance cellular oxidative stress. T-cell redox states are also regulated by expression of various vitamins and dietary compounds. Changes in T-cell redox regulation may affect the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Many strategies to control oxidative stress have been employed for various diseases, including the use of active antioxidants from dietary products and pharmacologic or genetic engineering of antioxidant genes in T cells. Here, we discuss the existence of a complex web of molecules/factors that exogenously or endogenously affect oxidants, and we relate these molecules to potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kesarwani
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Tóthová L, Ostatníková D, Šebeková K, Celec P, Hodosy J. Sex differences of oxidative stress markers in young healthy subjects are marker-specific in plasma but not in saliva. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40:175-80. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.754495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Dobos J, Mohos A, Tóvári J, Rásó E, Lőrincz T, Zádori G, Tímár J, Ladányi A. Sex-dependent liver colonization of human melanoma in SCID mice--role of host defense mechanisms. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012. [PMID: 23203681 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that endocrine factors may influence the clinical course of malignant melanoma is suggested by the superior survival data of women. In preclinical models we observed a higher rate of colony formation by human melanoma cells in male compared to female SCID mice, but only in the case of the liver and not in other organs. The gender difference could be seen at an early phase of colony formation. On the other hand, in our human melanoma cell lines we failed to detect steroid receptor protein expression, and treatment with sex hormones did not considerably influence their in vitro behavior. Investigating the possible contribution of host cells to the observed gender difference, we performed in vivo blocking experiments applying pretreatment of the animals with Kupffer cell inhibitor gadolinium chloride and the NK cell inhibitor anti-asialo GM1 antibody. While Kupffer cell blockade enhanced melanoma liver colonization equally in the two sexes, a more prominent increase was observed in female than in male mice in the case of NK cell inhibition. Further supporting the importance of NK cells in the lower liver colonization efficiency of melanoma cells in females, gender difference in colony formation was lost in NSG mice lacking NK activity. Although in humans no organ selectivity of gender difference in melanoma progression has been observed according to data in the literature, our results possibly indicate a contribution of natural host defense mechanisms to gender difference in survival of patients with melanoma or other tumor types as well.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- G(M1) Ganglioside/pharmacology
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Kupffer Cells/drug effects
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/secondary
- Male
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Sex Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Dobos
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, 7-9. Ráth György u, Budapest 1122, Hungary
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Joosse A, Collette S, Suciu S, Nijsten T, Lejeune F, Kleeberg UR, Coebergh JWW, Eggermont AM, de Vries E. Superior Outcome of Women With Stage I/II Cutaneous Melanoma: Pooled Analysis of Four European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Phase III Trials. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:2240-7. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.38.0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several studies observed a female advantage in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma, for which behavioral factors or an underlying biologic mechanism might be responsible. Using complete and reliable follow-up data from four phase III trials of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Melanoma Group, we explored the female advantage across multiple end points and in relation to other important prognostic indicators. Patients and Methods Patients diagnosed with localized melanoma were included in EORTC adjuvant treatment trials 18832, 18871, 18952, and 18961 and randomly assigned during the period of 1984 to 2005. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for women compared with men, adjusted for age, Breslow thickness, body site, ulceration, performed lymph node dissection, and treatment. Results A total of 2,672 patients with stage I/II melanoma were included. Women had a highly consistent and independent advantage in overall survival (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.83), disease-specific survival (adjusted HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.88), time to lymph node metastasis (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.96), and time to distant metastasis (adjusted HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.81). Subgroup analysis showed that the female advantage was consistent across all prognostic subgroups (with the possible exception of head and neck melanomas) and in pre- and postmenopausal age groups. Conclusion Women have a consistent and independent relative advantage in all aspects of the progression of localized melanoma of approximately 30%, most likely caused by an underlying biologic sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Joosse
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sandra Collette
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefan Suciu
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ferdy Lejeune
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ulrich R. Kleeberg
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jan Willem W. Coebergh
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexander M.M. Eggermont
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Esther de Vries
- Arjen Joosse, Tamar Nijsten, Jan Willem W. Coebergh, and Esther de Vries, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Sandra Collette and Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; Ferdy Lejeune, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ulrich R. Kleeberg, Tagesklinik Struensee-Haus, Hamburg, Germany; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Mervic L. Time course and pattern of metastasis of cutaneous melanoma differ between men and women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32955. [PMID: 22412958 PMCID: PMC3295777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study identified sex differences in progression of cutaneous melanoma. Methodology/Principal Findings Of 7,338 patients who were diagnosed as an invasive primary CM without clinically detectable metastases from 1976 to 2008 at the University of Tuebingen in Germany, 1,078 developed subsequent metastases during follow up. The metastatic pathways were defined in these patients and analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using Cox modeling. In 18.7% of men and 29.2% of women (P<0.001) the first metastasis following diagnosis of primary tumor was locoregional as satellite/in-transit metastasis. The majority of men (54.0%) and women (47.6%, P = 0.035) exhibited direct regional lymph node metastasis. Direct distant metastasis from the stage of the primary tumor was observed in 27.3% of men and 23.2% of women (P = 0.13). Site of first metastasis was the most important prognostic factor of survival after recurrence in multivariate analysis (HR:1.3; 95% CI: 1.0–1.6 for metastasis to the regional lymph nodes vs. satellite/in-transit recurrence, and HR:5.5; 95% CI: 4.2–7.1 for distant metastasis vs. satellite/in-transit recurrence, P<0.001). Median time to distant metastasis was 40.5 months (IQR, 58.75) in women and 33 months (IQR, 44.25) in men (P = 0.002). Five-year survival after distant recurrence probability was 5.2% (95% CI: 1.4–2.5) for men compared with 15.3% (95% CI: 11.1–19.5; P = 0.008) for women. Conclusions/Significance Both, the pattern of metastatic spread with more locoregional metastasis in women, and the time course with retracted metastasis in women contributed to the more favorable outcome of women. Furthermore, the total rate of metastasis is increased in men. Interestingly, there is also a much more favorable long term survival of women after development of distant metastasis. It remains a matter of debate and of future research, whether hormonal or immunologic factors may be responsible for these sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liljana Mervic
- Department of Dermatology, Center of Dermatooncology, University of Tüebingen, Germany.
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Mougiakakos D, Okita R, Ando T, Dürr C, Gadiot J, Ichikawa J, Zeiser R, Blank C, Johansson CC, Kiessling R. High expression of GCLC is associated with malignant melanoma of low oxidative phenotype and predicts a better prognosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:935-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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40
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Song H, Kim J, Lee HK, Park HJ, Nam J, Park GB, Kim YS, Cho D, Hur DY. Selenium inhibits migration of murine melanoma cells via down-modulation of IL-18 expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mallone S, De Vries E, Guzzo M, Midena E, Verne J, Coebergh JW, Marcos-Gragera R, Ardanaz E, Martinez R, Chirlaque MD, Navarro C, Virgili G. Descriptive epidemiology of malignant mucosal and uveal melanomas and adnexal skin carcinomas in Europe. Eur J Cancer 2011; 48:1167-75. [PMID: 22119735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work provides descriptive epidemiological data of malignant mucosal and uveal melanomas and adnexal skin carcinomas in Europe as defined as in the RARECARE project. We analysed 8669 incident cases registered in the period 1995-2002 by 76 population-based cancer registries (CRs), and followed up for vital status to 31st December 2003. Age-standardised incidence to the European standard population was obtained restricting the analysis to 8416 cancer cases collected by 64 not specialised CRs or with information available only for some anatomical sites. Period survival rates at 2000-2002 were estimated on 45 CRs data. Twenty-two CRs which covered the period 1988-2002 were analysed to obtain the 15-year prevalence (1st January 2003 as reference date). Complete prevalence was calculated by using the completeness index method which estimates surviving cases diagnosed prior to 1988 ('unobserved' prevalence). The expected number of new cases per year and of prevalent cases in Europe was then obtained multiplying the crude incidence and complete prevalence rates to the European population at 2008. We estimated 5204 new cases per year (10.5 per million) to occur in Europe, of which 48.7% were melanomas of uvea, 24.8% melanomas of mucosa and 26.5% adnexal carcinomas of the skin. Five-year relative survival was 40.6% and 68.9% for mucosal and uveal melanomas, respectively. Adnexal skin carcinomas showed a good prognosis with a survival of 87.7% 5 years after diagnosis. Northern Europe, United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland showed the highest 5-year survival rate for uveal melanomas (72.6% and 73.4%), while Southern Europe showed the lowest rate (63.7%). More than 50,000 persons with a past diagnosis of one of these rare cancers were estimated to be alive at 2008 in Europe, most of them (58.8%, n=29,676) being patients with uveal melanoma. Due to the good prognosis and high incidence of uveal melanomas, these malignancies are highly represented among the long-term survivors of the studied rare cancer types. Therefore, maximising quality of life is particularly important in treatment of uveal melanoma. As regards mucosal melanomas, the centralisation of treatment to a select number of specialist centres as well as the establishment of expert pathology panels should be promoted. The geographical differences in incidence and survival should be further investigated analysing the centre of treatment, the stage at diagnosis and the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mallone
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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Lista P, Straface E, Brunelleschi S, Franconi F, Malorni W. On the role of autophagy in human diseases: a gender perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1443-57. [PMID: 21362130 PMCID: PMC3823190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytopathological features of cells from males and females, i.e. XX and XY isolated cells, have been demonstrated to represent a key variable in the mechanism underlying gender disparity in human diseases. Major insights came from the studies of gender differences in cell fate, e.g. in apoptotic susceptibility. We report here some novel insights recently emerged from literature that are referred as to a cytoprotection mechanism by which cells recycle cytoplasm and dispose of excess or defective organelles, i.e. autophagy. Autophagy and related genes have first been identified in yeast. Orthologue genes have subsequently been found in other organisms, including human beings. This stimulated the research in the field and, thanks to the use of molecular genetics and cell biology in different model systems, autophagy gained the attention of several research groups operating to analyse the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases. It remains unclear, however, whether autophagy can exert a protective effect or instead contribute to the pathogenesis of important human diseases. On the basis of the growing importance of sex/gender as key determinant of human pathology and of the known differences between males and females in the onset, progression, drug susceptibility and outcome of a plethora of diseases, the idea that autophagy could represent key and critical factor should be taken into account. In the review, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of autophagy in some paradigmatic human diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative, autoimmune, cardiovascular) and the role of ‘cell sex’ differences in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Lista
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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UV light B-mediated inhibition of skin catalase activity promotes Gr-1+ CD11b+ myeloid cell expansion. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:695-702. [PMID: 22030957 PMCID: PMC3270125 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer incidence and mortality are higher in men compared to women, but the causes of this sex discrepancy remain largely unknown. Ultraviolet light exposure induces cutaneous inflammation and neutralizes cutaneous antioxidants. Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells are heterogeneous bone marrow-derived cells that promote inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Reduced activity of catalase, an antioxidant present within skin, has been associated with skin carcinogenesis. We utilized the outbred, immune competent Skh-1 hairless mouse model of ultraviolet light B (UVB)-induced inflammation and non-melanoma skin cancer to further define sex discrepancies in UVB-induced inflammation. Our results demonstrated that male skin had relatively lower baseline catalase activity, which was inhibited following acute UVB exposure in both sexes. Further analysis revealed that skin catalase activity inversely correlated with splenic Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cell percentage. Acute UVB exposure induced Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cell skin infiltration, which was inhibited to a greater extent in males by topical catalase treatment. In chronic UVB studies, we demonstrated that the percentage of splenic Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells was 55% higher in male tumor-bearing mice compared to their female counterparts. Together, our findings indicate that lower skin catalase activity in male mice may at least in part contribute to increased UVB-induced Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells and subsequent skin carcinogenesis.
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Joosse A, de Vries E, Eckel R, Nijsten T, Eggermont AM, Hölzel D, Coebergh JWW, Engel J. Gender Differences in Melanoma Survival: Female Patients Have a Decreased Risk of Metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:719-26. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Mitchell DL, Fernandez AA. Different types of DNA damage play different roles in the etiology of sunlight-induced melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:119-24. [PMID: 20955242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Mitchell
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA.
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Ezzedine K, Latreille J, Kesse-Guyot E, Galan P, Hercberg S, Guinot C, Malvy D. Incidence of skin cancers during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplementation. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:3316-22. [PMID: 20605091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the SU.VI.MAX study, antioxidant supplementation for 7.5 years was found to increase skin cancer risk in women but not in men. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential residual or delayed effect of antioxidant supplementation on skin cancer incidence after a 5-year post-intervention follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Assessment of skin cancer including melanoma and non-melanoma during the post-intervention follow-up (September 2002-August 2007). The SU.VI.MAX study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, in which 12,741 French adults (7713 women aged 35-60 years and 5028 men aged 45-60 years) received daily a placebo or a combination of ascorbic acid (120 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), β-carotene (6 mg), selenium (100 μg) and zinc (20mg), from inclusion in 1994 to September 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Total skin cancer incidence, including melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. RESULTS During the post-intervention period, 10 melanomas appeared in women and 9 in men (26 and 18, respectively, for the total period of supplementation+post-supplementation). Six squamous cell carcinomas were found in women and 15 in men (10 and 25, respectively, for the total period). Finally, 40 basal cell carcinomas appeared in women and 36 in men (98 and 94, respectively, for the total period). Regarding potential residual or delayed effects of supplementation in women, no increased risk of melanoma was observed during the post-intervention follow-up period. No delayed effects, either on melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancers, were observed for either gender. CONCLUSIONS The risk of skin cancers associated with antioxidant intake declines following interruption of supplementation. This supports a causative role for antioxidants in the evolution of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Cancer Unit, and National Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, CHU St-André, Bordeaux, France.
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