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Surviving in a hostile landscape: Nothofagus alessandrii remnant forests threatened by mega-fires and exotic pine invasion in the coastal range of central Chile. ORYX 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605322000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nothofagus alessandrii, categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is an endemic, deciduous tree species of the coastal range of central Chile. We assessed the effects of fire severity, invasion by the exotic fire-prone Pinus radiata, and land-cover composition and configuration of the landscape on the resilience of fragments of N. alessandrii after a mega-fire in 2017. We used remote sensing data to estimate land-use classes and cover, fire severity and invasion cover of P. radiata. We monitored forest composition and structure and post-fire responses of N. alessandrii forests in situ for 2 years after the mega-fire. In the coastal Maule region wildfires have been favoured by intense drought and widespread exotic pine plantations, increasing the ability of fire-adapted invasive species to colonize native forest remnants. Over 85% of N. alessandrii forests were moderately or severely burnt. The propagation and severity of fire was probably amplified by the exotic pines located along the edges of, or inside, the N. alessandrii fragments and the highly flammable pine plantations surrounding these fragments (> 60% of land use is pine plantations). Pinus radiata, a fire-adapted pioneer species, showed strong post-fire recruitment within the N. alessandrii fragments, especially those severely burnt. Positive feedback between climate change (i.e. droughts and heat waves), wildfires and pine invasions is driving N. alessandrii forests into an undesirable and probably irreversible state (i.e. a landscape trap). A large-scale restoration programme to design a diverse and less flammable landscape is needed to avoid the loss of these highly threatened forest ecosystems.
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Wilson N, Bradstock R, Bedward M. Influence of fuel structure derived from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) on wildfire severity in logged forests. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114011. [PMID: 34735830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Logging and wildfire can reduce the height of the forest canopy and the distance to the understorey vegetation below. These conditions may increase the likelihood of high severity wildfire (canopy scorch or consumption), which may explain the greater prevalence of high severity wildfire in some recently logged or burnt forests. However, the effects of these structural characteristics on wildfire severity have not clearly been demonstrated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess how the structure of forests affected by logging and wildfire influence the probability of high severity wildfire. METHODS We used terrestrial laser scanning to measure the connectivity of canopy and understorey vegetation in forests at various stages of recovery after logging and wildfire (approximately 0-80 years since disturbance). These sites were subsequently burnt by mixed severity wildfire during the 2019-20 'Black Summer' fire season in south-eastern Australia. We assessed how these forest structure metrics affected the probability of high severity wildfire. RESULTS The probability of high severity fire decreased as the canopy base height increased, and the distance between the canopy base and understorey increased. High severity wildfire was less likely in forests with taller understoreys and greater canopy or understorey cover, but these effects were not considered causal. Fire weather was the strongest driver of wildfire severity, which was also affected by topography. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a link between forest structure characteristics, that are strongly shaped by antecedent logging and fire, and fire severity. They also indicate that vertical fuel structure should be incorporated into assessments of fire risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wilson
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Ross Bradstock
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Michael Bedward
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Tatsumi S, Strengbom J, Čugunovs M, Kouki J. Partitioning the colonization and extinction components of beta diversity across disturbance gradients. Ecology 2021; 101:e03183. [PMID: 32892360 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in species diversity often result from species losses and gains. The dynamic nature of beta diversity (spatial variation in species composition) that derives from such temporal species turnover, however, has received relatively little attention. Here, we disentangled extinction and colonization components of beta diversity by using the sets of species that went locally extinct and that newly colonized the study sites. We applied this concept of extinction and colonization beta diversity to ground vegetation communities that have been repeatedly surveyed in forests where fire and harvesting were experimentally applied. We first found that fire and harvesting caused no effect on beta diversity 2 yr after the treatments. From this result, we might conclude that they did not alter the ways in which species assemble across space. However, when we analyzed the extinction and colonization beta diversity between pre-treatment and 2 yr after the treatments, both measures were found to be significantly lower in burned sites compared to unburned sites (i.e., the groups of excluded and newly colonized species both showed low beta diversity in the burned sites). These results indicate that the fire excluded similar subsets of species across space, making communities become more heterogeneous, but at the same time induced spatially uniform colonization of new species, causing communities to homogenize. Consequently, the effects of these two processes canceled each other out. The relative importance of extinction and colonization components per se also changed temporally after the treatments. Fire and harvesting showed synergetic negative impacts on extinction beta diversity between pre-treatment and 10 yr after the treatments. Overall, analyses using extinction and colonization beta diversity allowed us to detect nonrandom disassembly and reassembly dynamics in ground vegetation communities. Our results suggest that common practices of analyzing beta diversity at one point in time can mask significant variation driven by disturbance. Acknowledging the extinction-colonization dynamics behind beta diversity is essential for understanding the spatiotemporal organization of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Tatsumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Toyohira-ku, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Mihails Čugunovs
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Jari Kouki
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
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Abstract
Abstract
Global change has been accompanied by recent increases in the frequency and intensity of various ecological disturbances (e.g., fires, floods, cyclones), both natural and anthropogenic in origin. Because these disturbances often interact, their cumulative and synergistic effects can result in unforeseen consequences, such as insect outbreaks, crop failure, and progressive ecosystem degradation. We consider the roles of biological legacies, thresholds, and lag effects responsible for the distinctive impacts of interacting disturbances. We propose a hierarchical classification that distinguishes the patterns and implications associated with random co-occurrences, individual links, and multiple links among disturbances that cascade in chains or networks. Disturbance-promoting interactions apparently prevail over disturbance-inhibiting ones. Complex and exogenous disturbance cascades are less predictable than simple and endogenous links because of their dependency on adjacent or synchronous events. These distinctions help define regional disturbance regimes and can have implications for natural selection, risk assessment, and options for management intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Burton
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Terrace, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Germany
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Ward M, Tulloch AIT, Radford JQ, Williams BA, Reside AE, Macdonald SL, Mayfield HJ, Maron M, Possingham HP, Vine SJ, O’Connor JL, Massingham EJ, Greenville AC, Woinarski JCZ, Garnett ST, Lintermans M, Scheele BC, Carwardine J, Nimmo DG, Lindenmayer DB, Kooyman RM, Simmonds JS, Sonter LJ, Watson JEM. Impact of 2019–2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1321-1326. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adams MA, Shadmanroodposhti M, Neumann M. Causes and consequences of Eastern Australia's 2019-20 season of mega-fires: A broader perspective. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3756-3758. [PMID: 32298519 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climates-especially seasonal and long-term droughts-and fuel loads combine to determine risks of wildfires across much of Australia. Here we illustrate how long-term accumulations of fuel combined with a serious drought to drive the behaviour and extent of recent fires in South-eastern Australia. This article is a commentary on Nolan et al. 26, 1039-1041.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Adams
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Mathias Neumann
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic., Australia
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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7
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França FM, Benkwitt CE, Peralta G, Robinson JPW, Graham NAJ, Tylianakis JM, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Ferreira J, Louzada J, Barlow J. Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190116. [PMID: 31983328 PMCID: PMC7017775 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests and coral reefs host a disproportionately large share of global biodiversity and provide ecosystem functions and services used by millions of people. Yet, ongoing climate change is leading to an increase in frequency and magnitude of extreme climatic events in the tropics, which, in combination with other local human disturbances, is leading to unprecedented negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs. Here, we provide an overview of how and where climate extremes are affecting the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and summarize how interactions between global, regional and local stressors are affecting tropical forest and coral reef systems through impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. We also discuss some key challenges and opportunities to promote mitigation and adaptation to a changing climate at local and global scales. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. França
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CP 48, 66095-100 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Guadalupe Peralta
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Alexander C. Lees
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, s/n, CP 48, 66095-100 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Júlio Louzada
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
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8
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França FM, Ferreira J, Vaz‐de‐Mello FZ, Maia LF, Berenguer E, Ferraz Palmeira A, Fadini R, Louzada J, Braga R, Hugo Oliveira V, Barlow J. El Niño impacts on human‐modified tropical forests: Consequences for dung beetle diversity and associated ecological processes. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. França
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará Belém Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Joice Ferreira
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Belém Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Pará Belém Brazil
| | | | - Laís F. Maia
- Bio‐Protection Research Centre School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Erika Berenguer
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Rodrigo Fadini
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém Brazil
| | - Júlio Louzada
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Braga
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
- Unidade Divinópolis Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Divinópolis Brazil
| | | | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras Brazil
- MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Brazil
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Rangel-Acosta JL, Martínez-Hernández NJ, Yonoff-Zapata R. Respuesta de los escarabajos coprófagos (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) a la modificación del hábitat causada por un incendio forestal en la Reserva Bijibana, Atlántico-Colombia. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Geary WL, Nimmo DG, Doherty TS, Ritchie EG, Tulloch AIT. Threat webs: Reframing the co‐occurrence and interactions of threats to biodiversity. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William L. Geary
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus) Deakin University Geelong Vic. Australia
- Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Dale G. Nimmo
- School of Environmental Science, Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus) Deakin University Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus) Deakin University Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Ayesha I. T. Tulloch
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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11
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Cawson JG, Duff TJ, Swan MH, Penman TD. Wildfire in wet sclerophyll forests: the interplay between disturbances and fuel dynamics. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane G. Cawson
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Burnley Campus, 500 Yarra Boulevard Richmond Victoria 3121 Australia
| | - Thomas J. Duff
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Burnley Campus, 500 Yarra Boulevard Richmond Victoria 3121 Australia
| | - Matthew H. Swan
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Creswick Campus, Water Street Creswick Victoria 3363 Australia
| | - Trent D. Penman
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Creswick Campus, Water Street Creswick Victoria 3363 Australia
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12
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Bowd EJ, Lindenmayer DB, Banks SC, Blair DP. Logging and fire regimes alter plant communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:826-841. [PMID: 29411919 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances are key drivers of plant community composition, structure, and function. Plant functional traits, including life forms and reproductive strategies are critical to the resilience and resistance of plant communities in the event of disturbance. Climate change and increasing anthropogenic disturbance are altering natural disturbance regimes globally. When these regimes shift beyond the adaptive resilience of plant functional traits, local populations and ecosystem functions can become compromised. We tested the influence of multiple disturbances, of varying intensity and frequency, on the composition and abundance of vascular plant communities and their respective functional traits (life forms and reproductive strategies) in the wet sclerophyll, Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans forests of southeastern Australia. Specifically, we quantified the effect of the type and number of disturbances (including fires, clearcut logging, and salvage logging) on plant community composition. We found that clearcut and salvage logging and the number of fires significantly influenced plant community composition and functional traits. Specifically, multiple fires resulted in lower populations of species that depend on on-site seeding for persistence. This includes the common tree species Eucalyptus regnans, Pomaderris aspera, and Acacia dealbata. In contrast, clearcut and salvage logged sites supported abundant on-site seeder species. However, species that depend on resprouting by surviving individuals, such as common and keystone "tree ferns" Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea australis, declined significantly. Our data have important implications for understanding the relationship between altered disturbance regimes and plant communities and the respective effects on ecosystem function. In a period of rapid global environmental change, with disturbances predicted to increase and intensify, it is critical to address the impact of altered disturbance regimes on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle J Bowd
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Sam C Banks
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - David P Blair
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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13
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Berry LE, Driscoll DA, Stein JA, Blanchard W, Banks SC, Bradstock RA, Lindenmayer DB. Identifying the location of fire refuges in wet forest ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:2337-2348. [PMID: 26910959 DOI: 10.1890/14-1699.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of large, high-severity fires threatens the survival of old-growth specialist fauna in fire-prone forests. Within topographically diverse montane forests, areas that experience less severe or fewer fires compared with those prevailing in the landscape may present unique resource opportunities enabling old-growth specialist fauna to survive. Statistical landscape models that identify the extent and distribution of potential fire refuges may assist land managers to incorporate these areas into relevant biodiversity conservation strategies. We used a case study in an Australian wet montane forest to establish how predictive fire simulation models can be interpreted as management tools to identify potential fire refuges. We examined the relationship between the probability of fire refuge occurrence as predicted by an existing fire refuge model and fire severity experienced during a large wildfire. We also examined the extent to which local fire severity was influenced by fire severity in the surrounding landscape. We used a combination of statistical approaches, including generalized linear modeling, variogram analysis, and receiver operating characteristics and area under the curve analysis (ROC AUC). We found that the amount of unburned habitat and the factors influencing the retention and location of fire refuges varied with fire conditions. Under extreme fire conditions, the distribution of fire refuges was limited to only extremely sheltered, fire-resistant regions of the landscape. During extreme fire conditions, fire severity patterns were largely determined by stochastic factors that could not be predicted by the model. When fire conditions were moderate, physical landscape properties appeared to mediate fire severity distribution. Our study demonstrates that land managers can employ predictive landscape fire models to identify the broader climatic and spatial domain within which fire refuges are likely to be present. It is essential that within these envelopes, forest is protected from logging, roads, and other developments so that the ecological processes related to the establishment and subsequent use of fire refuges are maintained.
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14
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Richman NI, Böhm M, Adams SB, Alvarez F, Bergey EA, Bunn JJS, Burnham Q, Cordeiro J, Coughran J, Crandall KA, Dawkins KL, DiStefano RJ, Doran NE, Edsman L, Eversole AG, Füreder L, Furse JM, Gherardi F, Hamr P, Holdich DM, Horwitz P, Johnston K, Jones CM, Jones JPG, Jones RL, Jones TG, Kawai T, Lawler S, López-Mejía M, Miller RM, Pedraza-Lara C, Reynolds JD, Richardson AMM, Schultz MB, Schuster GA, Sibley PJ, Souty-Grosset C, Taylor CA, Thoma RF, Walls J, Walsh TS, Collen B. Multiple drivers of decline in the global status of freshwater crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidea). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140060. [PMID: 25561679 PMCID: PMC4290432 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritization methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of the world's 590 freshwater crayfish species using the IUCN Categories and Criteria and found 32% of all species are threatened with extinction. The level of extinction risk differed between families, with proportionally more threatened species in the Parastacidae and Astacidae than in the Cambaridae. Four described species were Extinct and 21% were assessed as Data Deficient. There was geographical variation in the dominant threats affecting the main centres of crayfish diversity. The majority of threatened US and Mexican species face threats associated with urban development, pollution, damming and water management. Conversely, the majority of Australian threatened species are affected by climate change, harvesting, agriculture and invasive species. Only a small proportion of crayfish are found within the boundaries of protected areas, suggesting that alternative means of long-term protection will be required. Our study highlights many of the significant challenges yet to come for freshwater biodiversity unless conservation planning shifts from a reactive to proactive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Richman
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Susan B Adams
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, 1000 Front St., Oxford, MS 38655-4915, USA
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Colección Nacional de Crustáceos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, México 04510 DF, México
| | - Elizabeth A Bergey
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - John J S Bunn
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Quinton Burnham
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jay Cordeiro
- Northeast Natural History and Supply, 24 North Grove St., Middleboro, MA 02346, USA
| | - Jason Coughran
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia Jagabar Environmental, PO Box 634, Duncraig, Western Australia 6023, Australia
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Kathryn L Dawkins
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Robert J DiStefano
- Missouri Department of Conservation, 3500 East Gans Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Niall E Doran
- Bookend Trust and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, PO Box 310, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7006, Australia
| | - Lennart Edsman
- Institute of Freshwater Research, Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Arnold G Eversole
- School of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Leopold Füreder
- River Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James M Furse
- Griffith School of Environment and the Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Francesca Gherardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Premek Hamr
- Upper Canada College, 200 Lonsdale Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 1W6
| | - David M Holdich
- Crayfish Survey and Research, Peak Ecology Limited, Arden House, Deepdale Business Park, Bakewell, Derbyshire DE45 1GT, UK
| | - Pierre Horwitz
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kerrylyn Johnston
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia Marine and Freshwater Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Clive M Jones
- James Cook University, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Julia P G Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Robert L Jones
- Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, Museum of Natural Science, 2148 Riverside Drive, Jackson, MS 39202-1353, USA
| | - Thomas G Jones
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Tadashi Kawai
- Wakkanai Fisheries Institute, 4-5-15 Suehiro, Wakkanai, 097-0001 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Susan Lawler
- Department of Environmental Management and Ecology, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria 3690, Australia
| | - Marilu López-Mejía
- Evolutionary Biology and Population Genetics Laboratory, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Unidad Académica Cozumel, Av. Andrés Quintana Roo con Calle 110s/n, Frente a Col. San Gervasio, Cozumel 77600, Q. Roo, México
| | - Rebecca M Miller
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Ecosystem Management Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Carlos Pedraza-Lara
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, tercer circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México DF CP 04510, México
| | - Julian D Reynolds
- Trinity College Dublin, 115 Weirview Drive, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mark B Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peter J Sibley
- Environment Agency, Wessex Area, Rivers House, East Quay, Bridgwater TA6 4YS, UK
| | - Catherine Souty-Grosset
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, UMR CNRS 7267, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Christopher A Taylor
- Prairie Research Institute, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 S. Oak, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Roger F Thoma
- Midwest Biodiversity Institute, 4673 Northwest Parkway, Hilliard, OH 43026, USA
| | - Jerry Walls
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Alexandria, 8100 Highway 71 S, Alexandria, LA 71302, USA
| | - Todd S Walsh
- 34 McKenzie St, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Ben Collen
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
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15
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Taylor C, McCarthy MA, Lindenmayer DB. Nonlinear Effects of Stand Age on Fire Severity. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Taylor
- Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3051 Australia
| | - Michael A. McCarthy
- School of Botany; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3051 Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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16
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Bilney RJ. Poor historical data drive conservation complacency: The case of mammal decline in south-eastern Australian forests. AUSTRAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Kelt DA, Meserve PL. Status and challenges for conservation of small mammal assemblages in South America. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:705-22. [PMID: 24450972 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
South America spans about 44° latitude, covers almost 18 million km(2) , and is second only to Africa in continental mammal species richness. In spite of this richness, research on the status of this fauna and on the nature and magnitude of contemporary threats remains limited. Distilling threats to this diverse fauna at a continental scale is challenging, in part because of the limited availability of rigorous studies. Recognizing this constraint, we summarize key threats to small mammals in South America, emphasizing the roles of habitat loss and degradation, direct persecution, and the increasing threat of climate change. We focus on three regional 'case studies': the tropical Andes, Amazonia and adjacent lowland regions, and the southern temperate region. We close with a brief summary of recent findings at our long-term research site in north-central Chile as they pertain to projected threats to this fauna. Habitat alteration is a pervasive threat that has been magnified by market forces and globalization (e.g. extensive agricultural development in Amazonia), and threatens increasing numbers of populations and species. Climate change poses even greater threats, from changes in rainfall and runoff regimes and resulting changes in vegetative structure and composition to secondary influences on fire dynamics. It is likely that many changes have yet to be recognized, but existing threats suggest that the future may bring dramatic changes in the distribution of many mammal taxa, although it is not clear if key habitat elements (vegetation) will respond as rapidly as climatic factors, leading to substantial uncertainty. Climate change is likely to result in 'winners' and 'losers' but available information precludes detailed assessment of which species are likely to fall into which category. In the absence of long-term monitoring and applied research to characterize these threats more accurately, and to develop strategies to reduce their impacts, managers already are being faced with daunting challenges. As the line between 'pure' and 'applied' research blurs in the face of converging interests of scientists and society we hope that solutions to these critical issues will be incorporated in addressing anticipated conservation crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Kelt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, U.S.A
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18
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Filotas E, Parrott L, Burton PJ, Chazdon RL, Coates KD, Coll L, Haeussler S, Martin K, Nocentini S, Puettmann KJ, Putz FE, Simard SW, Messier C. Viewing forests through the lens of complex systems science. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00182.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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19
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Edwards FA, Edwards DP, Larsen TH, Hsu WW, Benedick S, Chung A, Vun Khen C, Wilcove DS, Hamer KC. Does logging and forest conversion to oil palm agriculture alter functional diversity in a biodiversity hotspot? Anim Conserv 2013; 17:163-173. [PMID: 25821399 PMCID: PMC4372061 DOI: 10.1111/acv.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Forests in Southeast Asia are rapidly being logged and converted to oil palm. These changes in land-use are known to affect species diversity but consequences for the functional diversity of species assemblages are poorly understood. Environmental filtering of species with similar traits could lead to disproportionate reductions in trait diversity in degraded habitats. Here, we focus on dung beetles, which play a key role in ecosystem processes such as nutrient recycling and seed dispersal. We use morphological and behavioural traits to calculate a variety of functional diversity measures across a gradient of disturbance from primary forest through intensively logged forest to oil palm. Logging caused significant shifts in community composition but had very little effect on functional diversity, even after a repeated timber harvest. These data provide evidence for functional redundancy of dung beetles within primary forest and emphasize the high value of logged forests as refugia for biodiversity. In contrast, conversion of forest to oil palm greatly reduced taxonomic and functional diversity, with a marked decrease in the abundance of nocturnal foragers, a higher proportion of species with small body sizes and the complete loss of telecoprid species (dung-rollers), all indicating a decrease in the functional capacity of dung beetles within plantations. These changes also highlight the vulnerability of community functioning within logged forests in the event of further environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Edwards
- School of Biology, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - D P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK ; School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - T H Larsen
- Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International Arlington, VA, USA
| | - W W Hsu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - S Benedick
- School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - A Chung
- Sepilok Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - C Vun Khen
- Sepilok Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - D S Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - K C Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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20
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Driscoll DA, Banks SC, Barton PS, Lindenmayer DB, Smith AL. Conceptual domain of the matrix in fragmented landscapes. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:605-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Attiwill P, Ryan M, Burrows N, Cheney N, McCaw L, Neyland M, Read S. Timber Harvesting Does Not Increase Fire Risk and Severity in Wet Eucalypt Forests of Southern Australia. Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Attiwill
- School of Botany; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - M.F. Ryan
- VicForests; GPO Box 191 Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - N. Burrows
- Conservation Science Centre, Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australia, Locked Bag 104; Bentley Delivery Centre; WA 6983 Australia
| | - N.P. Cheney
- Former Head, Bushfire Research Unit; CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products; Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
| | - L. McCaw
- Science Division; Department of Environment and Conservation Western Australia, Locked Bag 2; Manjimup WA 6258 Australia
| | - M. Neyland
- Forestry Tasmania; 79 Melville Street Hobart Tasmania 7000 Australia
| | - S. Read
- Forestry Tasmania; 79 Melville Street Hobart Tasmania 7000 Australia
- Department of Forest & Ecosystem Science; University of Melbourne; Creswick Victoria 3363 Australia
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22
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Price OF, Bradstock RA. The efficacy of fuel treatment in mitigating property loss during wildfires: Insights from analysis of the severity of the catastrophic fires in 2009 in Victoria, Australia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 113:146-157. [PMID: 23025983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of fuel (e.g. prescribed fire, logging) in fire-prone ecosystems is done to reduce risks to people and their property but effects require quantification, particularly under severe weather conditions when the destructive potential of fires on human infrastructure is maximised. We analysed the relative effects of fuel age (i.e. indicative of the effectiveness of prescribed fire) and logging on remotely sensed (SPOT imagery) severity of fires which occurred in eucalypt forests in Victoria, Australia in 2009. These fires burned under the most severe weather conditions recorded in Australia and caused large losses of life and property. Statistical models of the probability of contrasting extremes of severity (crown fire versus fire confined to the understorey) were developed based on effects of fuel age, logging, weather, topography and forest type. Weather was the primary influence on severity, though it was reduced at low fuel ages in Moderate but not Catastrophic, Very High or Low fire-weather conditions. Probability of crown fires was higher in recently logged areas than in areas logged decades before, indicating likely ineffectiveness as a fuel treatment. The results suggest that recently burnt areas (up to 5-10 years) may reduce the intensity of the fire but not sufficiently to increase the chance of effective suppression under severe weather conditions. Since house loss was most likely under these conditions (67%), effects of prescribed burning across landscapes on house loss are likely to be small when weather conditions are severe. Fuel treatments need to be located close to houses in order to effectively mitigate risk of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen F Price
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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23
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de Andrade RB, Barlow J, Louzada J, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, Souza M, Silveira JM, Cochrane MA. Quantifying responses of dung beetles to fire disturbance in tropical forests: the importance of trapping method and seasonality. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26208. [PMID: 22028831 PMCID: PMC3196506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity responds to environmental changes is essential to provide the evidence-base that underpins conservation initiatives. The present study provides a standardized comparison between unbaited flight intercept traps (FIT) and baited pitfall traps (BPT) for sampling dung beetles. We examine the effectiveness of the two to assess fire disturbance effects and how trap performance is affected by seasonality. The study was carried out in a transitional forest between Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) and Amazon Forest. Dung beetles were collected during one wet and one dry sampling season. The two methods sampled different portions of the local beetle assemblage. Both FIT and BPT were sensitive to fire disturbance during the wet season, but only BPT detected community differences during the dry season. Both traps showed similar correlation with environmental factors. Our results indicate that seasonality had a stronger effect than trap type, with BPT more effective and robust under low population numbers, and FIT more sensitive to fine scale heterogeneity patterns. This study shows the strengths and weaknesses of two commonly used methodologies for sampling dung beetles in tropical forests, as well as highlighting the importance of seasonality in shaping the results obtained by both sampling strategies.
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24
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Newly discovered landscape traps produce regime shifts in wet forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15887-91. [PMID: 21876151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110245108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the "landscape trap" concept, whereby entire landscapes are shifted into, and then maintained (trapped) in, a highly compromised structural and functional state as the result of multiple temporal and spatial feedbacks between human and natural disturbance regimes. The landscape trap concept builds on ideas like stable alternative states and other relevant concepts, but it substantively expands the conceptual thinking in a number of unique ways. In this paper, we (i) review the literature to develop the concept of landscape traps, including their general features; (ii) provide a case study as an example of a landscape trap from the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of southeastern Australia; (iii) suggest how landscape traps can be detected before they are irrevocably established; and (iv) present evidence of the generality of landscape traps in different ecosystems worldwide.
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25
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Banks SC, Knight EJ, McBurney L, Blair D, Lindenmayer DB. The effects of wildfire on mortality and resources for an arboreal marsupial: resilience to fire events but susceptibility to fire regime change. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22952. [PMID: 21826221 PMCID: PMC3149621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Big environmental disturbances have big ecological effects, yet these are not always what we might expect. Understanding the proximate effects of major disturbances, such as severe wildfires, on individuals, populations and habitats will be essential for understanding how predicted future increases in the frequency of such disturbances will affect ecosystems. However, researchers rarely have access to data from immediately before and after such events. Here we report on the effects of a severe and extensive forest wildfire on mortality, reproductive output and availability of key shelter resources for an arboreal marsupial. We also investigated the behavioural response of individuals to changed shelter resource availability in the post-fire environment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We fitted proximity-logging radiotransmitters to mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami) before, during and after the 2009 wildfires in Victoria, Australia. Surprisingly, we detected no mortality associated with the fire, and despite a significant post-fire decrease in the proportion of females carrying pouch young in the burnt area, there was no short-term post-fire population decline. The major consequence of this fire for mountain brushtail possums was the loss of over 80% of hollow-bearing trees. The types of trees preferred as shelter sites (highly decayed dead standing trees) were those most likely to collapse after fire. Individuals adapted to resource decline by being more flexible in resource selection after the fire, but not by increased resource sharing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Despite short-term demographic resilience and behavioural adaptation following this fire, the major loss of decayed hollow trees suggests the increased frequency of stand-replacing wildfires predicted under climate change will pose major challenges for shelter resource availability for hollow-dependent fauna. Hollow-bearing trees are typically biological legacies of previous forest generations in post-fire regrowth forests but will cease to be recruited to future regrowth forests if the interval between severe fires becomes too rapid for hollow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Banks
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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26
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Wallenius TH, Pennanen J, Burton PJ. Long-term decreasing trend in forest fires in northwestern Canada. Ecosphere 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00055.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Driscoll DA, Lindenmayer DB, Bennett AF, Bode M, Bradstock RA, Cary GJ, Clarke MF, Dexter N, Fensham R, Friend G, Gill M, James S, Kay G, Keith DA, MacGregor C, Possingham HP, Russel-Smith J, Salt D, Watson JEM, Williams D, York A. Resolving conflicts in fire management using decision theory: asset-protection versus biodiversity conservation. Conserv Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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