1
|
Freund DR, Gable TD, Johnson-Bice SM, Homkes AT, Windels SK, Bump JK. The ethology of wolves foraging on freshwater fish in a boreal ecosystem. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230210. [PMID: 37234502 PMCID: PMC10206451 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Through global positioning system (GPS) collar locations, remote cameras, field observations and the first wild wolf to be GPS-collared with a camera collar, we describe when, where and how wolves fish in a freshwater ecosystem. From 2017 to 2021, we recorded more than 10 wolves (Canis lupus) hunting fish during the spring spawning season in northern Minnesota, USA. Wolves ambushed fish in creeks at night when spawning fish were abundant, available and vulnerable in shallow waters. We observed wolves specifically targeting sections of rivers below beaver (Castor canadensis) dams, suggesting that beavers may indirectly facilitate wolf fishing behaviour. Wolves also cached fish on shorelines. We documented these findings across five different social groups at four distinct waterways, suggesting that wolf fishing behaviour may be widespread in similar ecosystems but has probably remained difficult to study given its annual brevity. Spawning fish may serve as a valuable pulsed resource for packs because the spring spawning season coincides with low primary prey (deer Odocoileus virginianus) availability and abundance, and when packs have higher energetic demands owing to newly born pups. We demonstrate the flexibility and adaptability of wolf hunting and foraging behaviour, and provide insight into how wolves can survive in a myriad of ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. Freund
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas D. Gable
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sean M. Johnson-Bice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Austin T. Homkes
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Steve K. Windels
- Voyageurs National Park, National Park Service, 360 Highway 11 East, International Falls, 56649 MN, USA
| | - Joseph K. Bump
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bonin M, Dussault C, Taillon J, Pisapio J, Lecomte N, Côté SD. Diet flexibility of wolves and black bears in the range of migratory caribou. J Mammal 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The diet of predators can be highly variable, which is exemplified by their ability to acclimate to a wide range of ecological conditions. Such flexibility in foraging may be a key aspect of their performance in unpredictable environments such as at the edge of the range of a species or where food availability varies greatly in time and space. Gaining information on the diets of predators under such conditions could foster our comprehension of their ecological flexibility and the potential role of predation on the population dynamics of prey. We determined the diet of wolves (Canis lupus) and black bears (Ursus americanus) in northern Québec and Labrador (Canada) within the range of two migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) herds: the high-abundance Rivière-aux-Feuilles herd (RFH) and low-abundance Rivière-George herd (RGH). Worldwide, decline in caribou populations has become a concern, stressing the need to better understand the factors involved in these declines, including predation. In northern Québec (RFH range), caribou was the primary year-round prey of wolves while moose (Alces alces) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) were consumed in some sectors. The diet of wolves in northern Labrador (RGH range) varied seasonally, with caribou, moose, and fish as main prey during different periods throughout the year. Black bear diets varied seasonally and regionally. Among the foods we analyzed, caribou was the main source of animal protein for bears in northern Québec and northern Labrador, except during a high abundance of Ungava collared lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius). Only bears in northern Québec ate caribou during late summer/fall. Our results highlight the diet flexibility of wolves and black bears in northern food webs, and how their diets change in relation to the distribution and abundance of prey. Our results will help quantify the potential impact of these predators on prey populations in northern systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Bonin
- Caribou Ungava, département de biologie, Université Laval , 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval , 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Christian Dussault
- Caribou Ungava, département de biologie, Université Laval , 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Direction de l’expertise sur la faune terrestre, l’herpétofaune et l’avifaune, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 880 chemin Sainte-Foy , Québec City, Québec G1S 4X4 , Canada
| | - Joëlle Taillon
- Caribou Ungava, département de biologie, Université Laval , 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Direction de l’expertise sur la faune terrestre, l’herpétofaune et l’avifaune, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 880 chemin Sainte-Foy , Québec City, Québec G1S 4X4 , Canada
| | - John Pisapio
- Caribou Ungava, département de biologie, Université Laval , 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries, Forests and Agriculture , Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador A0P 1E0 , Canada
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Caribou Ungava, département de biologie, Université Laval , 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval , 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en écologie polaire et boréale et Centre d’études nordiques, département de biologie, Université de Moncton , 18 avenue Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9 , Canada
| | - Steeve D Côté
- Caribou Ungava, département de biologie, Université Laval , 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval , 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thomas AC, Deagle B, Nordstrom C, Majewski S, Nelson BW, Acevedo-Gutiérrez A, Jeffries S, Moore J, Louden A, Allegue H, Pearson S, Schmidt M, Trites AW. Data on the diets of Salish Sea harbour seals from DNA metabarcoding. Sci Data 2022; 9:68. [PMID: 35236843 PMCID: PMC8891336 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine trophic ecology data are in high demand as natural resource agencies increasingly adopt ecosystem-based management strategies that account for complex species interactions. Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) diet data are of particular interest because the species is an abundant predator in the northeast Pacific Ocean and Salish Sea ecosystem that consumes Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). A multi-agency effort was therefore undertaken to produce harbour seal diet data on an ecosystem scale using, 1) a standardized set of scat collection and analysis methods, and 2) a newly developed DNA metabarcoding diet analysis technique designed to identify prey species and quantify their relative proportions in seal diets. The DNA-based dataset described herein contains records from 4,625 harbour seal scats representing 52 haulout sites, 7 years, 12 calendar months, and a total of 11,641 prey identifications. Prey morphological hard parts analyses were conducted alongside, resulting in corresponding hard parts data for 92% of the scat DNA samples. A custom-built prey DNA sequence database containing 201 species (192 fishes, 9 cephalopods) is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austen C Thomas
- Molecular Division, Smith-Root Inc., 16603 NE 50th Avenue, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA. .,University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, 247-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Bruce Deagle
- Australian National Fish Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, Australia
| | - Chad Nordstrom
- Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Sheena Majewski
- Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Benjamin W Nelson
- University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, 247-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.,Long Live the Kings, 1326 5th Avenue, 450, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | | | - Steven Jeffries
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - Jed Moore
- Nisqually Indian Tribe, Olympia, WA, 98513, USA
| | - Amelia Louden
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - Hassen Allegue
- University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, 247-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.,Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, H2X 1Y4, QC, Canada
| | - Scott Pearson
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Long Live the Kings, 1326 5th Avenue, 450, Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA
| | - Andrew W Trites
- University of British Columbia, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, 247-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nikolich K, Halliday WD, Pine MK, Cox K, Black M, Morris C, Juanes F. The sources and prevalence of anthropogenic noise in Rockfish Conservation Areas with implications for marine reserve planning. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112017. [PMID: 33517084 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Underwater noise pollution is a recognized threat to marine life. In British Columbia, Canada, Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.) were historically overfished, prompting the establishment of Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs). However, there are no restrictions prohibiting vessel transits in RCAs. We hypothesized that RCAs do not protect rockfish from sub-lethal harm from noise. We compared noise levels at three RCAs with adjacent unprotected reference sites from August 2018-June 2019. While RCAs had lower levels of noise overall than reference sites, this trend was inconsistent; some RCA sites had higher levels of noise during certain time periods than non-RCA sites. A vessel noise detector was the best predictor of noise level over three frequency bands (20-100 Hz, 100-1000 Hz, 1-10 kHz), and predicted sound levels which could mask rockfish communication. We conclude that RCAs do not reliably protect rockfish from noise pollution, and recommend further study into potential impacts on stock recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Nikolich
- Fisheries Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - William D Halliday
- Fisheries Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew K Pine
- Fisheries Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kieran Cox
- Fisheries Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morgan Black
- Fisheries Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Corey Morris
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Fisheries Ecology and Marine Conservation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Phillips EM, Horne JK, Zamon JE. Characterizing juvenile salmon predation risk during early marine residence. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247241. [PMID: 33606791 PMCID: PMC7894896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation mortality can influence the distribution and abundance of fish populations. While predation is often assessed using direct observations of prey consumption, potential predation can be predicted from co-occurring predator and prey densities under varying environmental conditions. Juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. (i.e., smolts) from the Columbia River Basin experience elevated mortality during the transition from estuarine to ocean habitat, but a thorough understanding of the role of predation remains incomplete. We used a Holling type II functional response to estimate smolt predation risk based on observations of piscivorous seabirds (sooty shearwater [Ardenna griseus] and common murre [Uria aalge]) and local densities of alternative prey fish including northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in Oregon and Washington coastal waters during May and June 2010–2012. We evaluated predation risk relative to the availability of alternative prey and physical factors including turbidity and Columbia River plume area, and compared risk to returns of adult salmon. Seabirds and smolts consistently co-occurred at sampling stations throughout most of the study area (mean = 0.79 ± 0.41, SD), indicating that juvenile salmon are regularly exposed to avian predators during early marine residence. Predation risk for juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), yearling Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and subyearling Chinook salmon was on average 70% lower when alternative prey were present. Predation risk was greater in turbid waters, and decreased as water clarity increased. Juvenile coho and yearling Chinook salmon predation risk was lower when river plume surface areas were greater than 15,000 km2, while the opposite was estimated for subyearling Chinook salmon. These results suggest that plume area, turbidity, and forage fish abundance near the mouth of the Columbia River, all of which are influenced by river discharge, are useful indicators of potential juvenile salmon mortality that could inform salmonid management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Phillips
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John K. Horne
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeannette E. Zamon
- Fish Ecology Division, Point Adams Research Station, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Hammond, Oregon, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matthews JK, Ridley A, Kaplin BA, Grueter CC. A comparison of fecal sampling and direct feeding observations for quantifying the diet of a frugivorous primate. Curr Zool 2020; 66:333-343. [PMID: 32617082 PMCID: PMC7319449 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both observational and indirect evidence are widely used to determine the diets of wild animals. Direct observations are often assumed to provide the most comprehensive reflection of diet, but many wild animals are logistically challenging to observe. Despite the regular use of observational and indirect methods for inferring diet in wild animals, they have rarely been compared in detail for the same study population. Over 12 months this study assessed the congruence of methods in estimating the diet of a montane community of eastern chimpanzees Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda using observational scan samples and macroscopic fecal inspection. The assessment of the number of food species consumed each month was comparable between methods, but the estimation of the composition of items in the diet differed significantly. Most notably, the fecal samples significantly underestimated the consumption of flowers, and certain fruit species, which based on direct behavioral observations were seasonally consumed at very high rates. Conversely, direct observations underestimated the consumption of leaves and pith in comparison to results present in the fecal samples. These results suggest that combining methods where possible is most useful for accurate monitoring of dietary trends, particularly for species that experience significant seasonal shifts in their diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya K Matthews
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,UWA Africa Research & Engagement Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Amanda Ridley
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Beth A Kaplin
- Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda.,School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,UWA Africa Research & Engagement Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okamoto DK, Hessing-Lewis M, Samhouri JF, Shelton AO, Stier A, Levin PS, Salomon AK. Spatial variation in exploited metapopulations obscures risk of collapse. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02051. [PMID: 31820525 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unanticipated declines among exploited species have commonly occurred despite harvests that appeared sustainable prior to collapse. This is particularly true in the oceans where spatial scales of management are often mismatched with spatially complex metapopulations. We explore causes, consequences, and potential solutions for spatial mismatches in harvested metapopulations in three ways. First, we generate novel theory illustrating when and how harvesting metapopulations increases spatial variability and in turn masks local-scale volatility. Second, we illustrate why spatial variability in harvested metapopulations leads to negative consequences using an empirical example of a Pacific herring metapopulation. Finally, we construct a numerical management strategy evaluation model to identify and highlight potential solutions for mismatches in spatial scale and spatial variability. Our results highlight that spatial complexity can promote stability at large scales, however, ignoring spatial complexity produces cryptic and negative consequences for people and animals that interact with resources at small scales. Harvesting metapopulations magnifies spatial variability, which creates discrepancies between regional and local trends while increasing risk of local population collapses. Such effects asymmetrically impact locally constrained fishers and predators, which are more exposed to risks of localized collapses. Importantly, we show that dynamically optimizing harvest can minimize local risk without sacrificing yield. Thus, multiple nested scales of management may be necessary to avoid cryptic collapses in metapopulations and the ensuing ecological, social, and economic consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Okamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, 32303, USA
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 643A Science Road, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margot Hessing-Lewis
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Andrew O Shelton
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Adrian Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Philip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, California, 98121, USA
- School of Environment and Forestry Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Anne K Salomon
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 643A Science Road, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Minnie L, Boshoff AF, Kerley GI. Vegetation Type Influences Livestock Predation by Leopards: Implications for Conservation in Agro-Ecosystems. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3957/056.045.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liaan Minnie
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031 South Africa
| | - André F. Boshoff
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031 South Africa
| | - Graham I.H. Kerley
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marshall KN, Stier AC, Samhouri JF, Kelly RP, Ward EJ. Conservation Challenges of Predator Recovery. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N. Marshall
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service; National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration; Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Adrian C. Stier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara CA 93101 USA
| | - Jameal F. Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service; National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration; Seattle WA 98112 USA
| | - Ryan P. Kelly
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98105 USA
| | - Eric J. Ward
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service; National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration; Seattle WA 98112 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cristescu B, Boyce MS. Focusing ecological research for conservation. AMBIO 2013; 42:805-815. [PMID: 23609103 PMCID: PMC3790127 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-013-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists are increasingly actively involved in conservation. We identify five key topics from a broad sweep of ecology that merit research attention to meet conservation needs. We examine questions from landscape ecology, behavioral ecology, ecosystem dynamics, community ecology, and nutrient cycling related to key topics. Based on literature review and publication trend assessment, consultation with colleagues, and roundtable discussions at the 24th International Congress for Conservation Biology, focused research on the following topics could benefit conservation while advancing ecological understanding: 1. Carbon sequestration, requiring increased linkages to biodiversity conservation; 2. Ecological invasiveness, challenging our ability to find solutions to ecological aliens; 3. Individual variation, having applications in the conservation of rare species; 4. Movement of organisms, integrating ecological processes across landscapes and scales and addressing habitat fragmentation; and 5. Trophic-level interactions, driving ecological dynamics at the ecosystem-level. Addressing these will require cross-disciplinary research under the overarching framework of conservation ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Cristescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada,
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moore M, Berejikian BA, Tezak EP. A floating bridge disrupts seaward migration and increases mortality of steelhead smolts in Hood Canal, Washington state. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73427. [PMID: 24039937 PMCID: PMC3764116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Habitat modifications resulting from human transportation and power-generation infrastructure (e.g., roads, dams, bridges) can impede movement and alter natural migration patterns of aquatic animal populations, which may negatively affect survival and population viability. Full or partial barriers are especially problematic for migratory species whose life histories hinge on habitat connectivity. Methodology/Principal Findings The Hood Canal Bridge, a floating structure spanning the northern outlet of Hood Canal in Puget Sound, Washington, extends 3.6 meters underwater and forms a partial barrier for steelhead migrating from Hood Canal to the Pacific Ocean. We used acoustic telemetry to monitor migration behavior and mortality of steelhead smolts passing four receiver arrays and several single receivers within the Hood Canal, Puget Sound, and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Twenty-seven mortality events were detected within the vicinity of the Hood Canal Bridge, while only one mortality was recorded on the other 325 receivers deployed throughout the study area. Migrating steelhead smolts were detected at the Hood Canal Bridge array with greater frequency, on more receivers, and for longer durations than smolts migrating past three comparably configured arrays. Longer migration times and paths are likely to result in a higher density of smolts near the bridge in relation to other sites along the migration route, possibly inducing an aggregative predator response to steelhead smolts. Conclusions/Significance This study provides strong evidence of substantial migration interference and increased mortality risk associated with the Hood Canal Bridge, and may partially explain low early marine survival rates observed in Hood Canal steelhead populations. Understanding where habitat modifications indirectly increase predation pressures on threatened populations helps inform potential approaches to mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Moore
- Manchester Research Laboratory, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Manchester, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Barry A. Berejikian
- Manchester Research Laboratory, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Manchester, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eugene P. Tezak
- Manchester Research Laboratory, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Manchester, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Osterback AMK, Frechette DM, Shelton AO, Hayes SA, Bond MH, Shaffer SA, Moore JW. High predation on small populations: avian predation on imperiled salmonids. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00100.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
13
|
Niemi M, Auttila M, Viljanen M, Kunnasranta M. Movement data and their application for assessing the current distribution and conservation needs of the endangered Saimaa ringed seal. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
14
|
Peterson SH, Lance MM, Jeffries SJ, Acevedo-Gutiérrez A. Long distance movements and disjunct spatial use of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the inland waters of the Pacific Northwest. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39046. [PMID: 22723925 PMCID: PMC3377613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, adult harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) typically limit their movements and activity to <50 km from their primary haul-out site. As a result, the ecological impact of harbor seals is viewed as limited to relatively small spatial scales. Harbor seals in the Pacific Northwest are believed to remain <30 km from their primary haul-out site, one of several contributing factors to the current stock designation. However, movement patterns within the region are not well understood because previous studies have used radio-telemetry, which has range limitations. Our objective was to use satellite-telemetry to determine the regional spatial scale of movements. Methodology/Principal Findings Satellite tags were deployed on 20 adult seals (n=16 males and 4 females) from two rocky reefs and a mudflat-bay during April–May 2007. Standard filtering algorithms were used to remove outliers, resulting in an average (± SD) of 693 (±377) locations per seal over 110 (±32) days. A particle filter was implemented to interpolate locations temporally and decrease erroneous locations on land. Minimum over-water distances were calculated between filtered locations and each seal's capture site to show movement of seals over time relative to their capture site, and we estimated utilization distributions from kernel density analysis to reflect spatial use. Eight males moved >100 km from their capture site at least once, two of which traveled round trip to and from the Pacific coast, a total distance >400 km. Disjunct spatial use patterns observed provide new insight into general harbor seal behavior. Conclusions/Significance Long-distance movements and disjunct spatial use of adult harbor seals have not been reported for the study region and are rare worldwide in such a large proportion of tagged individuals. Thus, the ecological influence of individual seals may reach farther than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Peterson
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|