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Laborda P, Molin S, Johansen HK, Martínez JL, Hernando-Amado S. Role of bacterial multidrug efflux pumps during infection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:226. [PMID: 38822187 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux pumps are protein complexes located in the cell envelope that enable bacteria to expel, not only antibiotics, but also a wide array of molecules relevant for infection. Hence, they are important players in microbial pathogenesis. On the one hand, efflux pumps can extrude exogenous compounds, including host-produced antimicrobial molecules. Through this extrusion, pathogens can resist antimicrobial agents and evade host defenses. On the other hand, efflux pumps also have a role in the extrusion of endogenous compounds, such as bacterial intercommunication signaling molecules, virulence factors or metabolites. Therefore, efflux pumps are involved in the modulation of bacterial behavior and virulence, as well as in the maintenance of the bacterial homeostasis under different stresses found within the host. This review delves into the multifaceted roles that efflux pumps have, shedding light on their impact on bacterial virulence and their contribution to bacterial infection. These observations suggest that strategies targeting bacterial efflux pumps could both reinvigorate the efficacy of existing antibiotics and modulate the bacterial pathogenicity to the host. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of bacterial efflux pumps can be pivotal for the development of new effective strategies for the management of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Laborda
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 9301, Denmark.
| | - Søren Molin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helle Krogh Johansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 9301, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Moreno-Fenoll C, Ardré M, Rainey PB. Polar accumulation of pyoverdin and exit from stationary phase. MICROLIFE 2024; 5:uqae001. [PMID: 38370141 PMCID: PMC10873284 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Pyoverdin is a water-soluble metal-chelator synthesized by members of the genus Pseudomonas and used for the acquisition of insoluble ferric iron. Although freely diffusible in aqueous environments, preferential dissemination of pyoverdin among adjacent cells, fine-tuning of intracellular siderophore concentrations, and fitness advantages to pyoverdin-producing versus nonproducing cells, indicate control of location and release. Here, using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to track single cells in growing microcolonies of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, we show accumulation of pyoverdin at cell poles. Accumulation occurs on cessation of cell growth, is achieved by cross-feeding in pyoverdin-nonproducing mutants and is reversible. Moreover, accumulation coincides with localization of a fluorescent periplasmic reporter, suggesting that pyoverdin accumulation at cell poles is part of the general cellular response to starvation. Compatible with this conclusion is absence of non-accumulating phenotypes in a range of pyoverdin mutants. Analysis of the performance of pyoverdin-producing and nonproducing cells under conditions promoting polar accumulation shows an advantage to accumulation on resumption of growth after stress. Examination of pyoverdin polar accumulation in a multispecies community and in a range of laboratory and natural species of Pseudomonas, including P. aeruginosa PAO1 and P. putida KT2440, confirms that the phenotype is characteristic of Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Moreno-Fenoll
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Evolution, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Maxime Ardré
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Evolution, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul B Rainey
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Evolution, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
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3
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Stein NV, Eder M, Burr F, Stoss S, Holzner L, Kunz HH, Jung H. The RND efflux system ParXY affects siderophore secretion in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0230023. [PMID: 37800935 PMCID: PMC10715066 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02300-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria from the Pseudomonas group are survivors in various environmental niches. For example, the bacteria secrete siderophores to capture ferric ions under deficiency conditions. Tripartite efflux systems are involved in the secretion of siderophores, which are also important for antibiotic resistance. For one of these efflux systems, the resistance-nodulation-cell division transporter ParXY from the model organism Pseudomonas putida KT2440, we show that it influences the secretion of the siderophore pyoverdine in addition to its already known involvement in antibiotic resistance. Phenotypically, its role in pyoverdine secretion is only apparent when other pyoverdine secretion systems are inactive. The results confirm that the different tripartite efflux systems have overlapping substrate specificities and can at least partially functionally substitute for each other, especially in important physiological activities such as supplying the cell with iron ions. This fact must be taken into account when developing specific inhibitors for tripartite efflux systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Victoria Stein
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michelle Eder
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fabienne Burr
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sarah Stoss
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lorenz Holzner
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heinrich Jung
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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4
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de Miranda R, Cuthbert BJ, Klevorn T, Chao A, Mendoza J, Arbing M, Sieminski PJ, Papavinasasundaram K, Abdul-Hafiz S, Chan S, Sassetti CM, Ehrt S, Goulding CW. Differentiating the roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis substrate binding proteins, FecB and FecB2, in iron uptake. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011650. [PMID: 37747938 PMCID: PMC10553834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, poses a great threat to human health. With the emergence of drug resistant Mtb strains, new therapeutics are desperately needed. As iron is critical to the growth and survival of Mtb, mechanisms through which Mtb acquires host iron represent attractive therapeutic targets. Mtb scavenges host iron via Mtb siderophore-dependent and heme iron uptake pathways. While multiple studies describe the import of heme and ferric-siderophores and the export of apo-siderophores across the inner membrane, little is known about their transport across the periplasm and cell-wall environments. Mtb FecB and FecB2 are predicted periplasmic binding proteins implicated in host iron acquisition; however, their precise roles are not well understood. This study sought to differentiate the roles FecB and FecB2 play in Mtb iron acquisition. The crystallographic structures of Mtb FecB and FecB2 were determined to 2.0 Å and 2.2 Å resolution, respectively, and show distinct ligand binding pockets. In vitro ligand binding experiments for FecB and FecB2 were performed with heme and bacterial siderophores from Mtb and other species, revealing that both FecB and FecB2 bind heme, while only FecB binds the Mtb sideophore ferric-carboxymycobactin (Fe-cMB). Subsequent structure-guided mutagenesis of FecB identified a single glutamate residue-Glu339-that significantly contributes to Fe-cMB binding. A role for FecB in the Mtb siderophore-mediated iron acquisition pathway was corroborated by Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mtb pull-down assays, which revealed interactions between FecB and members of the mycobacterial siderophore export and import machinery. Similarly, pull-down assays with FecB2 confirms its role in heme uptake revealing interactions with a potential inner membrane heme importer. Due to ligand preference and protein partners, our data suggest that Mtb FecB plays a role in siderophore-dependent iron and heme acquisition pathways; in addition, we confirm that Mtb FecB2 is involved in heme uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger de Miranda
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Bonnie J. Cuthbert
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thaís Klevorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Mendoza
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Arbing
- UCLA-DOE Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calofornia, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Sieminski
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kadamba Papavinasasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sumer Abdul-Hafiz
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sum Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Celia W. Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, Califiornia, United States of America
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5
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Stein NV, Eder M, Brameyer S, Schwenkert S, Jung H. The ABC transporter family efflux pump PvdRT-OpmQ of Pseudomonas putida KT2440: purification and initial characterization. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1403-1414. [PMID: 36807028 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite efflux systems of the ABC-type family transport a variety of substrates and contribute to the antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. PvdRT-OpmQ, a member of this family, is thought to be involved in the secretion of the newly synthesized and recycled siderophore pyoverdine in Pseudomonas species. Here, we purified and characterized the inner membrane component PvdT and the periplasmic adapter protein PvdR of the plant growth-promoting soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. We show that PvdT possesses an ATPase activity that is stimulated by the addition of PvdR. In addition, we provide the first biochemical evidence for direct interactions between pyoverdine and PvdRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Victoria Stein
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michelle Eder
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sophie Brameyer
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany.,Service Unit Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Service Unit Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heinrich Jung
- Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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6
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Schalk IJ, Perraud Q. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its multiple strategies to access iron. Environ Microbiol 2022; 25:811-831. [PMID: 36571575 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium found in many natural and man-made environments. It is also a pathogen for plants, animals, and humans. As for almost all living organisms, iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of P. aeruginosa. The bacterium has evolved complex systems to access iron and maintain its homeostasis to survive in diverse natural and dynamic host environments. To access ferric iron, P. aeruginosa is able to produce two siderophores (pyoverdine and pyochelin), as well as use a variety of siderophores produced by other bacteria (mycobactins, enterobactin, ferrioxamine, ferrichrome, vibriobactin, aerobactin, rhizobactin and schizokinen). Furthermore, it can also use citrate, in addition to catecholamine neuromediators and plant-derived mono catechols, as siderophores. The P. aeruginosa genome also encodes three heme-uptake pathways (heme being an iron source) and one ferrous iron acquisition pathway. This review aims to summarize current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in all the iron and heme acquisition strategies used by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Schalk
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Perraud
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Dell’Anno F, Vitale GA, Buonocore C, Vitale L, Palma Esposito F, Coppola D, Della Sala G, Tedesco P, de Pascale D. Novel Insights on Pyoverdine: From Biosynthesis to Biotechnological Application. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911507. [PMID: 36232800 PMCID: PMC9569983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyoverdines (PVDs) are a class of siderophores produced mostly by members of the genus Pseudomonas. Their primary function is to accumulate, mobilize, and transport iron necessary for cell metabolism. Moreover, PVDs also play a crucial role in microbes’ survival by mediating biofilm formation and virulence. In this review, we reorganize the information produced in recent years regarding PVDs biosynthesis and pathogenic mechanisms, since PVDs are extremely valuable compounds. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic applications deriving from the PVDs’ use and focus on their role as therapeutic target themselves. We assess the current biotechnological applications of different sectors and evaluate the state-of-the-art technology relating to the use of synthetic biology tools for pathway engineering. Finally, we review the most recent methods and techniques capable of identifying such molecules in complex matrices for drug-discovery purposes.
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8
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Wu CJ, Chen Y, Li LH, Wu CM, Lin YT, Ma CH, Yang TC. Roles of SmeYZ, SbiAB, and SmeDEF Efflux Systems in Iron Homeostasis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0244821. [PMID: 35647692 PMCID: PMC9241820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02448-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a nonfermenting Gram-negative rod, is frequently isolated from the environment and is emerging as a multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. S. maltophilia harbors eight RND-type efflux pumps that contribute to multidrug resistance and physiological functions. Among the eight efflux pumps, SmeYZ pump is constitutively highly expressed. In our previous study, we demonstrated that loss-of-function of the SmeYZ pump results in pleiotropic phenotypes, including abolished swimming motility, decreased secreted protease activity, and compromised tolerance to oxidative stress and antibiotics. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for ΔsmeYZ-mediated pleiotropic phenotypes. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and subsequent confirmation with qRT-PCR revealed that smeYZ mutant experienced an iron starvation response because the genes involved in the synthesis and uptake of stenobactin, the sole siderophore of S. maltophilia, were significantly upregulated. We further verified that smeYZ mutant had low intracellular iron levels via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Also, KJΔYZ was more sensitive to 2,2'-dipyridyl (DIP), a ferrous iron chelator, in comparison with the wild type. The contribution of SmeYZ, SmeDEF, and SbiAB pumps to stenobactin secretion was suggested by qRT-PCR and further verified by Chrome Azurol S (CAS) activity, iron source utilization, and cell viability assays. We also demonstrated that loss-of-function of SmeYZ led to the compensatory upregulation of SbiAB and SmeDEF pumps for stenobactin secretion. The overexpression of the SbiAB pump resulted in a reduction in intracellular iron levels, which may be the key factor responsible for the ΔsmeYZ-mediated pleiotropic phenotypes, except for antibiotic extrusion. IMPORTANCE Efflux pumps display high efficiency of drug extrusion, which underlies their roles in multidrug resistance. In addition, efflux pumps have physiological functions, and their expression is tightly regulated by various environmental and physiological signals. Functional redundancy of efflux pumps is commonly observed, and mutual regulation occurs among these functionally redundant pumps in a bacterium. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that shows intrinsic multi-drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrated that SmeYZ, SbiAB, and SmeDEF efflux pumps of S. maltophilia display functional redundancy in siderophore secretion. Inactivation of smeYZ led to the upregulation of smeDEF and sbiAB. Unexpectedly, sbiAB overexpression resulted in the reduction of intracellular iron levels, which led to pleiotropic defects in smeYZ mutant. This study demonstrates a previously unidentified connection between efflux pumps, siderophore secretion, and intracellular iron levels in S. maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jung Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hua Li
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Mu Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hua Ma
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsuey-Ching Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Normant V, Kuhn L, Munier M, Hammann P, Mislin GLA, Schalk IJ. How the Presence of Hemin Affects the Expression of the Different Iron Uptake Pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:183-196. [PMID: 34878758 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutriment for almost all organisms, but this metal is poorly bioavailable. During infection, bacteria access iron from the host by importing either iron or heme. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative pathogen, secretes two siderophores, pyoverdine (PVD) and pyochelin (PCH), to access iron and is also able to use many siderophores produced by other microorganisms (called xenosiderophores). To access heme, P. aeruginosa uses three distinct uptake pathways, named Has, Phu, and Hxu. We previously showed that P. aeruginosa expresses the Has and Phu heme uptake systems and the PVD- and PCH-dependent iron uptake pathways in iron-restricted growth conditions, using proteomic and RT-qPCR approaches. Here, using the same approaches, we show that physiological concentrations of hemin in the bacterial growth medium result in the repression of the expression of the proteins of the PVD- and PCH-dependent iron uptake pathways, leading to less production of these two siderophores. This indicates that the pathogen adapts its phenotype to use hemin as an iron source rather than produce PVD and PCH to access iron. Moreover, the presence of both hemin and a xenosiderophore resulted in (i) the strong induction of the expression of the proteins of the added xenosiderophore uptake pathway, (ii) repression of the PVD- and PCH-dependent iron uptake pathways, and (iii) no effect on the expression levels of the Has, Phu, or Hxu systems, indicating that bacteria use both xenosiderophores and heme to access iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Normant
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Proteomique Strasbourg - Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FR1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Munier
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Proteomique Strasbourg - Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FR1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Gaëtan L. A. Mislin
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412 Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Mathivanan K, Chandirika JU, Vinothkanna A, Yin H, Liu X, Meng D. Bacterial adaptive strategies to cope with metal toxicity in the contaminated environment - A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112863. [PMID: 34619478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination poses a serious environmental hazard, globally necessitating intricate attention. Heavy metals can cause deleterious health hazards to humans and other living organisms even at low concentrations. Environmental biotechnologists and eco-toxicologists have rigorously assessed a plethora of bioremediation mechanisms that can hamper the toxic outcomes and the molecular basis for rejuvenating the hazardous impacts, optimistically. Environmental impact assessment and restoration of native and positive scenario has compelled biological management in ensuring safety replenishment in polluted realms often hindered by heavy metal toxicity. Copious treatment modalities have been corroborated to mitigate the detrimental effects to remove heavy metals from polluted sites. In particular, Biological-based treatment methods are of great attention in the metal removal sector due to their high efficiency at low metal concentrations, ecofriendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Due to rapid multiplication and growth rates, bacteria having metal resistance are advocated for metal removal applications. Evolutionary implications of coping with heavy metals toxicity have redressed bacterial adaptive/resistance strategies related to physiological and cross-protective mechanisms. Ample reviews have been reported for the bacterial adaptive strategies to cope with heavy metal toxicity. Nevertheless, a holistic review summarizing the redox reactions that address the cross-reactivity mechanisms between metallothionein synthesis, extracellular polysaccharides production, siderophore production, and efflux systems of metal resistant bacteria are scarce. Molecular dissection of how bacteria adapt themselves to metal toxicity can augment novel and innovative technologies for efficient detoxification, removal, and combat the restorative difficulties for stress alleviations. The present comprehensive compilation addresses the identification of newer methodologies, summarizing the prevailing strategies of adaptive/resistance mechanisms in bacterial bioremediation. Further pitfalls and respective future directions are enumerated in invigorating effective bioremediation technologies including overexpression studies and delivery systems. The analysis will aid in abridging the gap for limitations in heavy metal removal strategies and necessary cross-talk in elucidating the complex cascade of events in better bioremediation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Mathivanan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jayaraman Uthaya Chandirika
- Environmental Nanotechnology Division, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu 627412, India
| | - Annadurai Vinothkanna
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; The Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Environmental Microbiome and Application, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; The Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Environmental Microbiome and Application, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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11
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Roche B, Garcia-Rivera MA, Normant V, Kuhn L, Hammann P, Brönstrup M, Mislin GLA, Schalk IJ. A role for PchHI as the ABC transporter in iron acquisition by the siderophore pyochelin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:866-877. [PMID: 34664350 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth but poorly bioavailable. Bacteria scavenge ferric iron by synthesizing and secreting siderophores, small compounds with a high affinity for iron. Pyochelin (PCH) is one of the two siderophores produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After capturing a ferric iron molecule, PCH-Fe is imported back into bacteria first by the outer membrane transporter FptA and then by the inner membrane permease FptX. Here, using molecular biology, 55 Fe uptake assays, and LC-MS/MS quantification, we first find a role for PchHI as the heterodimeric ABC transporter involved in the siderophore-free iron uptake into the bacterial cytoplasm. We also provide the first evidence that PCH is able to reach the bacterial periplasm and cytoplasm when both FptA and FptX are expressed. Finally, we detected an interaction between PchH and FptX, linking the ABC transporter PchHI with the inner permease FptX in the PCH-Fe uptake pathway. These results pave the way for a better understanding of the PCH siderophore pathway, giving future directions to tackle P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roche
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France
| | - Mariel A Garcia-Rivera
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Vincent Normant
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg - Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FR1589, 2 allée Konrad Roentgen, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67084, France
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg - Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FR1589, 2 allée Konrad Roentgen, Strasbourg Cedex, F-67084, France
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Gaëtan L A Mislin
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67412, France
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12
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Cain TJ, Smith AT. Ferric iron reductases and their contribution to unicellular ferrous iron uptake. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 218:111407. [PMID: 33684686 PMCID: PMC8035299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a necessary element for nearly all forms of life, and the ability to acquire this trace nutrient has been identified as a key virulence factor for the establishment of infection by unicellular pathogens. In the presence of O2, iron typically exists in the ferric (Fe3+) oxidation state, which is highly unstable in aqueous conditions, necessitating its sequestration into cofactors and/or host proteins to remain soluble. To counter this insolubility, and to compete with host sequestration mechanisms, many unicellular pathogens will secrete low molecular weight, high-affinity Fe3+ chelators known as siderophores. Once acquired, unicellular pathogens must liberate the siderophore-bound Fe3+ in order to assimilate this nutrient into metabolic pathways. While these organisms may hydrolyze the siderophore backbone to release the chelated Fe3+, this approach is energetically costly. Instead, iron may be liberated from the Fe3+-siderophore complex through reduction to Fe2+, which produces a lower-affinity form of iron that is highly soluble. This reduction is performed by a class of enzymes known as ferric reductases. Ferric reductases are broadly-distributed electron-transport proteins that are expressed by numerous infectious organisms and are connected to the virulence of unicellular pathogens. Despite this importance, ferric reductases remain poorly understood. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of unicellular ferric reductases (both soluble and membrane-bound), with an emphasis on the important but underappreciated connection between ferric-reductase mediated Fe3+ reduction and the transport of Fe2+ via ferrous iron transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Aaron T Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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13
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Henderson PJF, Maher C, Elbourne LDH, Eijkelkamp BA, Paulsen IT, Hassan KA. Physiological Functions of Bacterial "Multidrug" Efflux Pumps. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5417-5478. [PMID: 33761243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials used to overcome their infections. However, it is increasingly realized that many, probably most, such pumps have physiological roles that are distinct from protection of bacteria against antimicrobials administered by humans. Here we undertake a broad survey of the proteins involved, allied to detailed examples of their evolution, energetics, structures, chemical recognition, and molecular mechanisms, together with the experimental strategies that enable rapid and economical progress in understanding their true physiological roles. Once these roles are established, the knowledge can be harnessed to design more effective drugs, improve existing microbial production of drugs for clinical practice and of feedstocks for commercial exploitation, and even develop more sustainable biological processes that avoid, for example, utilization of petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J F Henderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Maher
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam D H Elbourne
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bart A Eijkelkamp
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karl A Hassan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Teelucksingh T, Thompson LK, Cox G. The Evolutionary Conservation of Escherichia coli Drug Efflux Pumps Supports Physiological Functions. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:e00367-20. [PMID: 32839176 PMCID: PMC7585057 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00367-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria harness an impressive repertoire of resistance mechanisms to evade the inhibitory action of antibiotics. One such mechanism involves efflux pump-mediated extrusion of drugs from the bacterial cell, which significantly contributes to multidrug resistance. Intriguingly, most drug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded components of the intrinsic antibiotic resistome. In addition, in terms of xenobiotic detoxification, bacterial efflux systems often exhibit significant levels of functional redundancy. Efflux pumps are also considered to be highly conserved; however, the extent of conservation in many bacterial species has not been reported and the majority of genes that encode efflux pumps appear to be dispensable for growth. These observations, in combination with an increasing body of experimental evidence, imply alternative roles in bacterial physiology. Indeed, the ability of efflux pumps to facilitate antibiotic resistance could be a fortuitous by-product of ancient physiological functions. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, we here evaluated the evolutionary conservation of drug efflux pumps and we provide phylogenetic analysis of the major efflux families. We show the E. coli drug efflux system has remained relatively stable and the majority (∼80%) of pumps are encoded in the core genome. This analysis further supports the importance of drug efflux pumps in E. coli physiology. In this review, we also provide an update on the roles of drug efflux pumps in the detoxification of endogenously synthesized substrates and pH homeostasis. Overall, gaining insight into drug efflux pump conservation, common evolutionary ancestors, and physiological functions could enable strategies to combat these intrinsic and ancient elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisha Teelucksingh
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura K Thompson
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Zemke AC, Madison CJ, Kasturiarachi N, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Antimicrobial Synergism Toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Gallium(III) and Inorganic Nitrite. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2113. [PMID: 32983071 PMCID: PMC7487421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous involvement of key iron-containing metalloenzymes in metabolism is reflected in the dependence of virtually all bacteria on iron for growth and, thereby, potentially provides multiple biomolecular targets for antimicrobial killing. We hypothesized that nitrosative stress, which induces damage to iron metalloproteins, would sensitize bacteria to the ferric iron mimic gallium(III) (Ga3+), potentially providing a novel therapeutic combination. Using both laboratory and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we herein demonstrate that Ga3+ and sodium nitrite synergistically inhibit bacterial growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Nitric oxide also potentiated the antimicrobial effect of Ga3+. Because many chronic pulmonary infections are found as biofilms and biofilms have very high antibiotic tolerance, we then tested the combination against biofilms grown on plastic surfaces, as well as the apical surface of airway epithelial cells. Ga3+ and sodium nitrite had synergistic antimicrobial activity against both biofilms grown on plastic and on airway epithelial cell. Both Ga3+ and various NO donors are (independently) in clinical development as potential antimicrobials, however, we now propose the combination to have some particular advantages, while anticipating it should ultimately prove similarly safe for translation to treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Zemke
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cody J Madison
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Naomi Kasturiarachi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James Peterson
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Bonneau A, Roche B, Schalk IJ. Iron acquisition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the siderophore pyoverdine: an intricate interacting network including periplasmic and membrane proteins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:120. [PMID: 31924850 PMCID: PMC6954188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyoverdine (PVDI) has been reported to act both as a siderophore for scavenging iron (a key nutrient) and a signaling molecule for the expression of virulence factors. This compound is itself part of a core set of virulence factors produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during infections. Once secreted into the bacterial environment and having scavenged ferric iron, PVDI-Fe3+ is taken back into the P. aeruginosa periplasm via the outer membrane transporters FpvAI and FpvB. Iron release from PVDI in the bacterial periplasm involves numerous proteins encoded by the fpvGHJKCDEF genes and a mechanism of iron reduction. Here, we investigated the global interacting network between these various proteins using systematic bacterial two-hybrid screening. We deciphered a network of five interacting proteins composed of two inner-membrane proteins, FpvG (iron reductase) and FpvH (unknown function), and three periplasmic proteins, FpvJ (unknown function), FpvF (periplasmic PVDI-binding protein), and FpvC (iron periplasmic-binding protein). This interacting network strongly suggests the existence of a large protein machinery composed of these five proteins, all playing a role in iron acquisition by PVDI. Furthermore, we discovered an interaction between the periplasmic siderophore binding protein FpvF and the PvdRT-OpmQ efflux pump, also suggesting a role for FpvF in apo-PVDI recycling and secretion after iron delivery. These results highlight a multi-protein complex that drives iron release from PVDI in the periplasm of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bonneau
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Roche
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France. .,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France. .,Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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17
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Abstract
Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been marked with the highest priority for surveillance and epidemiological research on the basis of parameters such as incidence, case fatality rates, chronicity of illness, available options for prevention and treatment, health-care utilization, and societal impact. P. aeruginosa is one of the six ESKAPE pathogens that are the major cause of nosocomial infections and are a global threat because of their capacity to become increasingly resistant to all available antibiotics. This review reports on current pre-clinical and clinical advances of anti-pseudomonal therapies in the fields of drug development, antimicrobial chemotherapy, vaccines, phage therapy, non-bactericidal pathoblockers, outer membrane sensitizers, and host defense reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Tümmler
- Clinical Research Group 'Molecular Pathology of Cystic Fibrosis' and 'Pseudomonas Genomics', Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center of Lung Disease, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
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18
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Vigouroux A, Aumont-Nicaise M, Boussac A, Marty L, Lo Bello L, Legrand P, Brillet K, Schalk IJ, Moréra S. A unique ferrous iron binding mode is associated with large conformational changes for the transport protein FpvC of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEBS J 2019; 287:295-309. [PMID: 31318478 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes pyoverdine, a major siderophore to get access to iron, an essential nutrient. Pyoverdine scavenges ferric iron in the bacterial environment with the resulting complex internalized by bacteria. Releasing of iron from pyoverdine in the periplasm involves an iron reduction by an inner membrane reductase and two solute-binding proteins (SBPs) FpvC and FpvF in association with their ABC transporter. FpvC and FpvF belong to two different subgroups of SBPs within the structural cluster A: FpvC and FpvF were proposed to be a metal-binding protein and a ferrisiderophore-binding protein respectively. Here, we report the redox state and the binding mode of iron to FpvC. We first solved the crystal structure of FpvC bound to a fortuitous Ni2+ by single anomalous dispersion method. Using a different protein purification strategy, we determined the structure of FpvC with manganese and iron, which binds to FpvC in a ferrous state as demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance. FpvC is the first example of a hexahistidine metal site among SBPs in which the Fe2+ redox state is stabilized under aerobic conditions. Using biophysics methods, we showed that FpvC reversibly bind to a broad range of divalent ions. The structure of a mutant mimicking the apo FpvC reveals a protein in an open state with large conformational changes when compared with the metal-bound FpvC. These results highlight that the canonical metal site in FpvC is distinct from those yet described in SBPs and they provide new insights into the mechanism of PVD-Fe dissociation in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Vigouroux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alain Boussac
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Loïc Marty
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Léa Lo Bello
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karl Brillet
- UMR7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- UMR7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, ESBS, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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19
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Pham TN, Loupias P, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Sonnet P. Drug delivery systems designed to overcome antimicrobial resistance. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2343-2396. [PMID: 31004359 DOI: 10.1002/med.21588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a huge challenge to the effective treatment of infectious diseases. Aside from a modest number of novel anti-infective agents, very few new classes of antibiotics have been successfully developed for therapeutic use. Despite the research efforts of numerous scientists, the fight against antimicrobial (ATB) resistance has been a longstanding continued effort, as pathogens rapidly adapt and evolve through various strategies, to escape the action of ATBs. Among other mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics, the sophisticated envelopes surrounding microbes especially form a major barrier for almost all anti-infective agents. In addition, the mammalian cell membrane presents another obstacle to the ATBs that target intracellular pathogens. To negotiate these biological membranes, scientists have developed drug delivery systems to help drugs traverse the cell wall; these are called "Trojan horse" strategies. Within these delivery systems, ATB molecules can be conjugated with one of many different types of carriers. These carriers could include any of the following: siderophores, antimicrobial peptides, cell-penetrating peptides, antibodies, or even nanoparticles. In recent years, the Trojan horse-inspired delivery systems have been increasingly reported as efficient strategies to expand the arsenal of therapeutic solutions and/or reinforce the effectiveness of conventional ATBs against drug-resistant microbes, while also minimizing the side effects of these drugs. In this paper, we aim to review and report on the recent progress made in these newly prevalent ATB delivery strategies, within the current context of increasing ATB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Nhat Pham
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, AGIR: Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie, Amiens, France
| | - Pauline Loupias
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, AGIR: Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie, Amiens, France
| | | | - Pascal Sonnet
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, AGIR: Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie, Amiens, France
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20
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Henríquez T, Stein NV, Jung H. PvdRT-OpmQ and MdtABC-OpmB efflux systems are involved in pyoverdine secretion in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:98-106. [PMID: 30346656 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent pseudomonads produce and secrete a siderophore termed pyoverdine to capture iron when it becomes scarce. The molecular basis of pyoverdine secretion is only partially understood. Here, we investigate the role of the putative PvdRT-OpmQ and MdtABC-OpmB efflux systems in pyoverdine secretion in the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Expression from the respective promoters is stimulated by iron limitation albeit to varying degrees. Deletion of pvdRT-opmQ leads to reduced amounts of pyoverdine in the medium and decreased growth under iron limitation. Deletion of mdtABC-opmB does not affect growth. However, when both systems are deleted, strong effects on growth and pyoverdine secretion (yellow colony phenotype, less pyoverdine in medium, more pyoverdine in the periplasm) are observed. Overexpression of pvdRT-opmQ causes the opposite effect. These results provide first evidence for an involvement of the multidrug efflux system MdtABC-OpmB in pyoverdine secretion. In addition, the PvdRT-OpmQ system was shown to contribute to pyoverdine secretion in P. putida KT2440, extending previous investigations on its role in Pseudomonas species. Since the double deletion mutant still secrets pyoverdine, at least one additional efflux system participates in the transport of the siderophore. Furthermore, our results suggest a contribution of both efflux systems to ampicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Henríquez
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Heinrich Jung
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
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21
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Hajjar C, Fanelli R, Laffont C, Brutesco C, Cullia G, Tribout M, Nurizzo D, Borezée-Durant E, Voulhoux R, Pignol D, Lavergne J, Cavelier F, Arnoux P. Control by Metals of Staphylopine Dehydrogenase Activity during Metallophore Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5555-5562. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hajjar
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clémentine Laffont
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Catherine Brutesco
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Gregorio Cullia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mathilde Tribout
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Didier Nurizzo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Elise Borezée-Durant
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS LCB UMR 7283, Aix Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - David Pignol
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Jérôme Lavergne
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR-5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS,
BIAM, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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22
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Chao A, Sieminski PJ, Owens CP, Goulding CW. Iron Acquisition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1193-1220. [PMID: 30474981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The highly contagious disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which has been evolving drug resistance at an alarming rate. Like all human pathogens, Mtb requires iron for growth and virulence. Consequently, Mtb iron transport is an emerging drug target. However, the development of anti-TB drugs aimed at these metabolic pathways has been restricted by the dearth of information on Mtb iron acquisition. In this Review, we describe the multiple strategies utilized by Mtb to acquire ferric iron and heme iron. Mtb iron uptake is a complex process, requiring biosynthesis and subsequent export of Mtb siderophores, followed by ferric iron scavenging and ferric-siderophore import into Mtb. Additionally, Mtb possesses two possible heme uptake pathways and an Mtb-specific mechanism of heme degradation that yields iron and novel heme-degradation products. We conclude with perspectives for potential therapeutics that could directly target Mtb heme and iron uptake machineries. We also highlight how hijacking Mtb heme and iron acquisition pathways for drug import may facilitate drug transport through the notoriously impregnable Mtb cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cedric P Owens
- Schmid College of Science and Technology , Chapman University , Orange , California 92866 , United States
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23
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Ringel MT, Brüser T. The biosynthesis of pyoverdines. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:424-437. [PMID: 30386787 PMCID: PMC6206403 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.10.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyoverdines are fluorescent siderophores of pseudomonads that play important roles for growth under iron-limiting conditions. The production of pyoverdines by fluorescent pseudomonads permits their colonization of hosts ranging from humans to plants. Prominent examples include pathogenic or non-pathogenic species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. putida, P. syringae, or P. fluorescens. Many distinct pyoverdines have been identified, all of which have a dihydroxyquinoline fluorophore in common, derived from oxidative cyclizations of non-ribosomal peptides. These serve as precursor of pyoverdines and are commonly known as ferribactins. Ferribactins of distinct species or even strains often differ in their sequence, resulting in a large variety of pyoverdines. However, synthesis of all ferribactins begins with an L-Glu/D-Tyr/L-Dab sequence, and the fluorophore is generated from the D-Tyr/L-Dab residues. In addition, the initial L-Glu residue is modified to various acids and amides that are responsible for the range of distinguishable pyoverdines in individual strains. While ferribactin synthesis is a cytoplasmic process, the maturation to the fluorescent pyoverdine as well as the tailoring of the initial glutamate are exclusively periplasmic processes that have been a mystery until recently. Here we review the current knowledge of pyoverdine biosynthesis with a focus on the recent advancements regarding the periplasmic maturation and tailoring reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Ringel
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüser
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Intracellular Siderophore Detection in an Egyptian, Cobalt-Treated F. solani Isolate Using SEM-EDX with Reference to its Tolerance. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 66:235-243. [PMID: 28735319 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An Egyptian, plant pathogenic Fusarium solani isolate was grown on cobalt concentrations of 0, 50, 200, 500, 800, and 1000 ppm. The isolate survived concentrations up to 800 ppm, however failed to grow at 1000 ppm. Morphology and elemental analysis of the isolate under the investigated Co concentrations were studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The isolate reserved its morphology up to a concentration of 200 ppm. Morphological distortions were dramatic at 500 and 800 ppm. EDX detected Co uptake through the hyphae, microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. Iron, calcium, and potassium were also detected. EDX results showed a linear relationship between Co% and Fe% up to a concentration of 500 ppm reflecting the possible ability of the isolate to synthesize intracellular siderophores storing iron and their release from the vacuoles. The participation of such siderophores in conferring tolerance against cobalt is discussed. At 800 ppm, the % of Fe was greatly reduced with an accompanying increase in morphological distortions and absence of microconidia. Increasing the implicated cobalt concentrations resulted in increasing the percentages of the chelated cobalt reflecting the possible implication of the cell wall as well as extracellular siderophores in the uptake of cobalt. The current results recommend the absence of cobalt in any control regime taken to combat the investigated F. solani isolate and highlights the accomplishment of biochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular studies on such isolate to approve the production of siderophores and the role of cell wall in cobalt uptake.
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25
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Rivera GSM, Beamish CR, Wencewicz TA. Immobilized FhuD2 Siderophore-Binding Protein Enables Purification of Salmycin Sideromycins from Streptomyces violaceus DSM 8286. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:845-859. [PMID: 29460625 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are a structurally diverse class of natural products common to most bacteria and fungi as iron(III)-chelating ligands. Siderophores, including trihydroxamate ferrioxamines, are used clinically to treat iron overload diseases and show promising activity against many other iron-related human diseases. Here, we present a new method for the isolation of ferrioxamine siderophores from complex mixtures using affinity chromatography based on resin-immobilized FhuD2, a siderophore-binding protein (SBP) from Staphylococcus aureus. The SBP-resin enabled purification of charge positive, charge negative, and neutral ferrioxamine siderophores. Treatment of culture supernatants from Streptomyces violaceus DSM 8286 with SBP-resin provided an analytically pure sample of the salmycins, a mixture of structurally complex glycosylated sideromycins (siderophore-antibiotic conjugates) with potent antibacterial activity toward human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 7 nM). Siderophore affinity chromatography could enable the rapid discovery of new siderophore and sideromycin natural products from complex mixtures to aid drug discovery and metabolite identification efforts in a broad range of therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Sann M. Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Catherine R. Beamish
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Timothy A. Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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26
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Fojcik C, Arnoux P, Ouerdane L, Aigle M, Alfonsi L, Borezée-Durant E. Independent and cooperative regulation of staphylopine biosynthesis and trafficking by Fur and Zur. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:159-177. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Fojcik
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire; Saint-Paul-lez-Durance France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales; Saint-Paul-lez-Durance France
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales; Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108 France
| | - Laurent Ouerdane
- CNRS-UPPA, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-inorganique et Environnement, UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2; Av. Angot 64053 Pau France
| | - Marina Aigle
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Laura Alfonsi
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Elise Borezée-Durant
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
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27
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Li Y, Ma Q. Iron Acquisition Strategies of Vibrio anguillarum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:342. [PMID: 28791260 PMCID: PMC5524678 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemorrhagic septicemic disease vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguillarum shows noticeable similarities to invasive septicemia in humans, and in this case, the V. anguillarum–host system has the potential to serve as a model for understanding native eukaryotic host–pathogen interactions. Iron acquisition, as a fierce battle occurring between pathogenic V. anguillarum and the fish host, is a pivotal step for virulence. In this article, advances in defining the roles of iron uptake pathways in growth and virulence of V. anguillarum have been summarized, divided into five aspects, including siderophore biosynthesis and secretion, iron uptake, iron release, and regulation of iron uptake. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of iron acquisition will have important implications for the pathogenicity of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
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28
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Ganne G, Brillet K, Basta B, Roche B, Hoegy F, Gasser V, Schalk IJ. Iron Release from the Siderophore Pyoverdine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Involves Three New Actors: FpvC, FpvG, and FpvH. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1056-1065. [PMID: 28192658 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are iron chelators produced by bacteria to access iron, an essential nutriment. Pyoverdine (PVDI), the major siderophore produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, consists of a fluorescent chromophore linked to an octapeptide. The ferric form of PVDI is transported from the extracellular environment into the periplasm by the outer membrane transporter, FpvA. Iron is then released from the siderophore in the periplasm by a mechanism that does not involve chemical modification of the chelator but an iron reduction step. Here, we followed the kinetics of iron release from PVDI, in vitro and in living cells, by monitoring its fluorescence (as apo PVDI is fluorescent, whereas PVDI-Fe(III) is not). Deletion of the inner membrane proteins fpvG (PA2403) and fpvH (PA2404) affected 55Fe uptake via PVDI and completely abolished PVDI-Fe dissociation, indicating that these two proteins are involved in iron acquisition via this siderophore. PVDI-Fe dissociation studies, using an in vitro assay, showed that iron release from this siderophore requires the presence of an iron reducer (DTT) and an iron chelator (ferrozine). In this assay, DTT could be replaced by the inner membrane protein, FpvG, and ferrozine by the periplasmic protein, FpvC, suggesting that FpvG acts as a reductase and FpvC as an Fe2+ chelator in the process of PVDI-Fe dissociation in the periplasm of P. aeruginosa cells. This mechanism of iron release from PVDI is atypical among Gram-negative bacteria but seems to be conserved among Pseudomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Ganne
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karl Brillet
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Beata Basta
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Roche
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Hoegy
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Gasser
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242,
ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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29
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Schalk IJ, Cunrath O. An overview of the biological metal uptake pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3227-3246. [PMID: 27632589 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological metal ions, including Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn ions, are necessary for the survival and the growth of all microorganisms. Their biological functions are linked to their particular chemical properties: they play a role in structuring macromolecules and/or act as co-factors catalyzing diverse biochemical reactions. These metal ions are also essential for microbial pathogens during infection: they are involved in bacterial metabolism and various virulence factor functions. Therefore, during infection, bacteria need to acquire biological metal ions from the host such that there is competition for these ions between the bacterium and the host. Evidence is increasingly emerging of "nutritional immunity" against pathogens in the hosts; this includes strategies making access to metals difficult for infecting bacteria. It is clear that biological metals play key roles during infection and in the battle between the pathogens and the host. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the strategies used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to access the various biological metals it requires. P. aeruginosa is a medically significant Gram-negative bacterial opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients and that is responsible for nosocomial infections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Schalk
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, F-67413, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Olivier Cunrath
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, F-67413, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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30
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Hagan AK, Carlson PE, Hanna PC. Flying under the radar: The non-canonical biochemistry and molecular biology of petrobactin from Bacillus anthracis. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:196-206. [PMID: 27425635 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic, rapid growth of Bacillus anthracis that occurs during systemic anthrax implies a crucial requirement for the efficient acquisition of iron. While recent advances in our understanding of B. anthracis iron acquisition systems indicate the use of strategies similar to other pathogens, this review focuses on unique features of the major siderophore system, petrobactin. Ways that petrobactin differs from other siderophores include: A. unique ferric iron binding moieties that allow petrobactin to evade host immune proteins; B. a biosynthetic operon that encodes enzymes from both major siderophore biosynthesis classes; C. redundancy in membrane transport systems for acquisition of Fe-petrobactin holo-complexes; and, D. regulation that appears to be controlled predominately by sensing the host-like environmental signals of temperature, CO2 levels and oxidative stress, as opposed to canonical sensing of intracellular iron levels. We argue that these differences contribute in meaningful ways to B. anthracis pathogenesis. This review will also outline current major gaps in our understanding of the petrobactin iron acquisition system, some projected means for exploiting current knowledge, and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Hagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 6703 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - P E Carlson
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunity, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72; Rm 3306, Silver Spring, MD, 20993
| | - P C Hanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 6703 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.
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31
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Cunrath O, Geoffroy VA, Schalk IJ. Metallome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a role for siderophores. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:3258-3267. [PMID: 26147433 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the total metal composition (metallome) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analyses showed that P. aeruginosa cells concentrate each metal of the metallome from the extracellular media with different efficiencies. Growth in nutrient-restricted media did not substantially affect the overall profile of the metallome; however, the uptake of some metals was strongly stimulated, showing the high potential of some metal acquisition pathways to adapt to changing growth conditions. We also investigated the role of the two major siderophores produced by P. aeruginosa, pyoverdine and pyochelin, in iron uptake and more generally in metallome homeostasis. In addition to their role in iron acquisition, siderophore production also significantly prevented the accumulation of toxic metals in P. aeruginosa cells, thus preserving the equilibrium of the metallome in a polluted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cunrath
- Université de Strasbourg, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, France.,CNRS, UMR7242, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, France
| | - Valérie A Geoffroy
- Université de Strasbourg, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, France.,CNRS, UMR7242, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, France
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- Université de Strasbourg, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, France. .,CNRS, UMR7242, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, France.
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32
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Bouvier B, Cézard C, Sonnet P. Selectivity of pyoverdine recognition by the FpvA receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18022-34. [PMID: 26098682 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02939b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous human opportunistic pathogen, has developed resistances to multiple antibiotics. It uses its primary native siderophore, pyoverdine, to scavenge the iron essential to its growth in the outside medium and transport it back into its cytoplasm. The FpvA receptor on the bacterial outer membrane recognizes and internalizes pyoverdine bearing its iron payload, but can also bind pyoverdines from other Pseudomonads or synthetic analogues. Pyoverdine derivatives could therefore be used as vectors to deliver antibiotics into the bacterium. In this study, we use molecular dynamics and free energy calculations to characterize the mechanisms and thermodynamics of the recognition of the native pyoverdines of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens by FpvA. Based on these results, we delineate the features that pyoverdines with high affinity for FpvA should possess. In particular, we show that (i) the dynamics and interaction of the unbound pyoverdines with water should be optimized with equal care as the interface contacts in the complex with FpvA; (ii) the C-terminal extremity of the pyoverdine chain, which appears to play no role in the bound complex, is involved in the intermediate stages of recognition; and (iii) the length and cyclicity of the pyoverdine chain can be used to fine-tune the kinetics of the recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, CNRS FRE3517/Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1, rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex 1, France.
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33
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Cellular organization of siderophore biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Evidence for siderosomes. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 148:27-34. [PMID: 25697961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyoverdine I (PVDI) and pyochelin (PCH) are the two major siderophores produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to import iron. The biochemistry of the biosynthesis of these two siderophores has been described in detail in the literature over recent years. PVDI assembly requires the coordinated action of seven cytoplasmic enzymes and is followed by a periplasmic maturation before secretion of the siderophore into the extracellular medium by the efflux system PvdRT-OpmQ. PCH biosynthesis also involves seven cytoplasmic enzymes but no periplasmic maturation. Recent findings indicate that the cytoplasmic enzymes involved in each of these two siderophore biosynthesis pathways can form siderophore-specific multi-enzymatic complexes called siderosomes associated with the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane. This organization may optimize the transfer of the siderophore precursors between the various participating enzymes and avoid the diffusion of siderophore precursors, able to chelate metals, throughout the cytoplasm. Here, we describe these recently published findings and discuss the existence of these siderosomes in P. aeruginosa.
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34
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Mislin GLA, Schalk IJ. Siderophore-dependent iron uptake systems as gates for antibiotic Trojan horse strategies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Metallomics 2014; 6:408-20. [PMID: 24481292 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00359k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa strains is increasing, necessitating the urgent development of new strategies to improve the control of this pathogen. Its bacterial envelope constitutes of an outer and an inner membrane enclosing the periplasm. This structure plays a key role in the resistance of the pathogen, by decreasing the penetration and the biological impact of many antibiotics. However, this barrier may also be seen as the "Achilles heel" of the bacterium as some of its functions provide opportunities for breaching bacterial defenses. Siderophore-dependent iron uptake systems act as gates in the bacterial envelope and could be used in a "Trojan horse" strategy, in which the conjugation of an antibiotic to a siderophore could significantly increase the biological activity of the antibiotic, by enhancing its transport into the bacterium. In this review, we provide an overview of the various siderophore-antibiotic conjugates that have been developed for use against P. aeruginosa and show that an accurate knowledge of the structural and functional features of the proteins involved in this transmembrane transport is required for the design and synthesis of effective siderophore-antibiotic Trojan horse conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan L A Mislin
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, 300 Boulevard, Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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35
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Guillon L, Altenburger S, Graumann PL, Schalk IJ. Deciphering protein dynamics of the siderophore pyoverdine pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79111. [PMID: 24205369 PMCID: PMC3813593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the siderophore, pyoverdine (PVD), to obtain iron. Siderophore pathways involve complex mechanisms, and the machineries responsible for biosynthesis, secretion and uptake of the ferri-siderophore span both membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Most proteins involved in the PVD pathway have been identified and characterized but the way the system functions as a whole remains unknown. By generating strains expressing fluorescent fusion proteins, we show that most of the proteins are homogeneously distributed throughout the bacterial cell. We also studied the dynamics of these proteins using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). This led to the first diffusion coefficients ever determined in P. aeruginosa. Cytoplasmic and periplamic diffusion appeared to be slower than in Escherichia coli but membrane proteins seemed to behave similarly in the two species. The diffusion of cytoplasmic and periplasmic tagged proteins involved in the PVD pathway was dependent on the interaction network to which they belong. Importantly, the TonB protein, motor of the PVD-Fe uptake process, was mostly immobile but its mobility increased substantially in the presence of PVD-Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Altenburger
- SYMMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, and Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter L. Graumann
- SYMMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, and Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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36
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Cell-cell contacts confine public goods diffusion inside Pseudomonas aeruginosa clonal microcolonies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12577-82. [PMID: 23858453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301428110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of cooperation in populations where public goods are equally accessible to all but inflict a fitness cost on individual producers is a long-standing puzzle of evolutionary biology. An example of such a scenario is the secretion of siderophores by bacteria into their environment to fetch soluble iron. In a planktonic culture, these molecules diffuse rapidly, such that the same concentration is experienced by all bacteria. However, on solid substrates, bacteria form dense and packed colonies that may alter the diffusion dynamics through cell-cell contact interactions. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa microcolonies growing on solid substrate, we found that the concentration of pyoverdine, a secreted iron chelator, is heterogeneous, with a maximum at the center of the colony. We quantitatively explain the formation of this gradient by local exchange between contacting cells rather than by global diffusion of pyoverdine. In addition, we show that this local trafficking modulates the growth rate of individual cells. Taken together, these data provide a physical basis that explains the stability of public goods production in packed colonies.
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37
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Fate of ferrisiderophores after import across bacterial outer membranes: different iron release strategies are observed in the cytoplasm or periplasm depending on the siderophore pathways. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1267-77. [PMID: 23443998 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Siderophore production and utilization is one of the major strategies deployed by bacteria to get access to iron, a key nutrient for bacterial growth. The biological function of siderophores is to solubilize iron in the bacterial environment and to shuttle it back to the cytoplasm of the microorganisms. This uptake process for Gram-negative species involves TonB-dependent transporters for translocation across the outer membranes. In Escherichia coli and many other Gram-negative bacteria, ABC transporters associated with periplasmic binding proteins import ferrisiderophores across cytoplasmic membranes. Recent data reveal that in some siderophore pathways, this step can also be carried out by proton-motive force-dependent permeases, for example the ferrichrome and ferripyochelin pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iron is then released from the siderophores in the bacterial cytoplasm by different enzymatic mechanisms depending on the nature of the siderophore. Another strategy has been reported for the pyoverdine pathway in P. aeruginosa: iron is released from the siderophore in the periplasm and only siderophore-free iron is transported into the cytoplasm by an ABC transporter having two atypical periplasmic binding proteins. This review presents recent findings concerning both ferrisiderophore and siderophore-free iron transport across bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and considers current knowledge about the mechanisms involved in iron release from siderophores.
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38
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Brillet K, Ruffenach F, Adams H, Journet L, Gasser V, Hoegy F, Guillon L, Hannauer M, Page A, Schalk IJ. An ABC transporter with two periplasmic binding proteins involved in iron acquisition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:2036-45. [PMID: 23009327 DOI: 10.1021/cb300330v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyoverdine I is the main siderophore secreted byPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to obtain access to iron. After extracellular iron chelation, pyoverdine-Fe uptake into the bacteria involves a specific outer-membrane transporter, FpvA. Iron is then released in the periplasm by a mechanism involving no siderophore modification but probably iron reduction. The proteins involved in this dissociation step are currently unknown. The pyoverdine locus contains the fpvCDEF operon, which contains four genes. These genes encode an ABC transporter of unknown function with the distinguishing characteristic of encompassing two periplasmic binding proteins, FpvC and FpvF, associated with the ATPase, FpvE, and the permease, FpvD. Deletion of these four genes partially inhibited cytoplasmic uptake of (55)Fe in the presence of pyoverdine and markedly slowed down the in vivo kinetics of iron release from the siderophore. This transporter is therefore involved in iron acquisition by pyoverdine in P. aeruginosa. Sequence alignments clearly showed that FpvC and FpvF belong to two different subgroups of periplasmic binding proteins. FpvC appears to be a metal-binding protein, whereas FpvF has homology with ferrisiderophore binding proteins. In vivo cross-linking assays and incubation of purified FpvC and FpvF proteins showed formation of complexes between both proteins. These complexes were able to bind in vitro PVDI-Fe, PVDI-Ga, or apo PVDI. This is the first example of an ABC transporter involved in iron acquisition via siderophores, with two periplasmic binding proteins interacting with the ferrisiderophore. The possible roles of FpvCDEF in iron uptake by the PVDI pathway are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Brillet
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Ruffenach
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire
et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM Unité 964/UMR 7104 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Laurent Fries,
67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hendrik Adams
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laure Journet
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Gasser
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francoise Hoegy
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Guillon
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélissa Hannauer
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adeline Page
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire
et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM Unité 964/UMR 7104 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1, rue Laurent Fries,
67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant,
F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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Schalk IJ, Guillon L. Pyoverdine biosynthesis and secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implications for metal homeostasis. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1661-73. [PMID: 23126435 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyoverdines are siderophores produced by fluorescent Pseudomonads to acquire iron. At least 60 different pyoverdines produced by diverse strains have been chemically characterized. They all consist of a dihydroquinoline-type chromophore linked to a peptide. These peptides are of various lengths and the sequences are strain specific. Pyoverdine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fluorescent Pseudomonads is a complex process involving at least 12 different proteins, starting in the cytoplasm and ending in the periplasm. The cellular localization of pyoverdine precursors was recently shown to be consistent with their biosynthetic enzymes. In the cytoplasm, pyoverdine appears to be assembled at the inner membrane and particularly at the old cell pole of the bacterium. Mature pyoverdine is uniformly distributed throughout the periplasm, like the periplasmic enzyme PvdQ. Secretion of pyoverdine involves a recently identified ATP-dependent efflux pump, PvdRT-OpmQ. This efflux system does not only secrete newly synthesized pyoverdine but also pyoverdine that already transported iron into the bacterial periplasm and any pyoverdine-metal complex other than ferri-pyoverdine present in the periplasm. This review considers how these new insights into pyoverdine biosynthesis and secretion contribute to our understanding of the role of pyoverdine in iron and metal homeostasis in fluorescent Pseudomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Schalk
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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Saha R, Saha N, Donofrio RS, Bestervelt LL. Microbial siderophores: a mini review. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:303-17. [PMID: 22733623 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one of the major limiting factors and essential nutrients of microbial life. Since in nature it is not readily available in the preferred form, microorganisms produce small high affinity chelating molecules called siderophores for its acquisition. Microorganisms produce a wide variety of siderophores controlled at the molecular level by different genes to accumulate, mobilize and transport iron for metabolism. Siderophores also play a critical role in the expression of virulence and development of biofilms by different microbes. Apart from maintaining microbial life, siderophores can be harnessed for the sustainability of human, animals and plants. With the advent of modern molecular tools, a major breakthrough is taking place in the understanding of the multifaceted role of siderophores in nature. This mini review is intended to provide a general overview on siderophore along with its role and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Guillon L, El Mecherki M, Altenburger S, Graumann PL, Schalk IJ. High cellular organization of pyoverdine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clustering of PvdA at the old cell pole. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1982-94. [PMID: 22498339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyoverdine I (PVDI) is the major siderophore produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 to import iron. Its biosynthesis requires the coordinated action of cytoplasmic, periplasmic and membrane proteins. The individual enzymatic activities of these proteins are well known. However, their subcellular distribution in particular areas of the cytoplasm, periplasm, or within the membrane has never been investigated. We used chromosomal replacement to generate P.aeruginosa strains producing fluorescent fusions with PvdA, one of the initial enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of PVDI in the cytoplasm, and PvdQ, involved in the maturation of PVDI in the periplasm. Cellular fractionation indicated that a substantial amount of PvdA-YFP was located in the membrane fraction. Epifluorescence microscopy imaging showed that PvdA-YFP was mainly clustered at the old cell pole of bacteria, indicating a polar segregation of the protein. Epifluorescence and TIRF imaging on cells expressing labelled PvdQ showed that this enzyme was uniformly distributed in the periplasm, in contrast with PvdA-YFP. The description of the intracellular distribution of these enzymes contributes to the understanding of the PVDI biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillon
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Britt DW, Johnson WP, Arey B, Lea AS, Anderson AJ. Nanospecific Inhibition of Pyoverdine Siderophore Production in Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 by CuO Nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1066-74. [DOI: 10.1021/tx3000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian O. Dimkpa
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan Utah 84322, United States
- Department of Biology,
Utah
State University, Logan Utah 84322, United States
| | - Joan E. McLean
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - David W. Britt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan Utah 84322, United States
| | - William P. Johnson
- Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
| | - Bruce Arey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United
States
| | - A. Scott Lea
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United
States
| | - Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan Utah 84322, United States
- Department of Biology,
Utah
State University, Logan Utah 84322, United States
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Schalk IJ, Mislin GLA, Brillet K. Structure, function and binding selectivity and stereoselectivity of siderophore-iron outer membrane transporters. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2012; 69:37-66. [PMID: 23046646 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394390-3.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To get access to iron, microorganisms produce and release into their environment small organic metal chelators called siderophores. In parallel, they produce siderophore-iron outer membrane transporters (also called TonB-Dependent Transporters or TBDT) embedded in the outer membrane; these proteins actively reabsorb the siderophore loaded with iron from the extracellular medium. This active uptake requires energy in the form of the proton motive force transferred from the inner membrane to the outer membrane transporter via the inner membrane TonB complex. Siderophores produced by microorganisms are structurally very diverse with molecular weights of 150 up to 2000Da. Siderophore-iron uptake from the extracellular medium by TBDTs is a highly selective and sometimes even stereoselective process, with each siderophore having a specific TBDT. Unlike the siderophores, all TBDTs have similar structures and belong to the outer membrane β-barrel protein superfamily. The way in which the siderophore-iron complex passes through the TBDT is still unclear. In some bacteria, TBDTs are also partners of signaling cascades regulating the expression of proteins involved in siderophore biosynthesis and siderophore-iron acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Schalk
- UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Strasbourg, France.
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Hannauer M, Braud A, Hoegy F, Ronot P, Boos A, Schalk IJ. The PvdRT-OpmQ efflux pump controls the metal selectivity of the iron uptake pathway mediated by the siderophore pyoverdine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:1696-708. [PMID: 22187978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyoverdine (PVD) is the major siderophore produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for iron acquisition. PvdRT-OpmQ is an ATP-dependent efflux pump involved in the secretion of newly synthesized pyoverdine (PVD) and of PVD that has transported and released its iron into the bacterium from the periplasm into the extracellular medium. This iron uptake pathway also involves an outer membrane transporter, FpvA, for PVD-Fe uptake from the extracellular medium into the periplasm. In binding assays, FpvA bound PVD in complex with many different metals, with affinities from 2.9 nM for PVD-Fe to 13 µM for PVD-Al. Uptake assays with various FpvA and PvdRT-OpmQ mutants, monitored by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for metal detection, and by fluorescence for PVD detection, showed that both metals and PVD accumulated in P. aeruginosa, due to the uptake of these compounds via the FpvA/PVD pathway. Higher levels of accumulation were observed in the absence of PvdRT-OpmQ expression. Thus, FpvA has a broad metal specificity for both the binding and uptake of PVD-metal complexes, and the PvdRT-OpmQ efflux pump exports unwanted metals complexed with PVD from the bacterium. This study provides the first evidence of efflux pump involvement in the export of unwanted siderophore-metal complexes and insight into the molecular mechanisms involved controlling the metal selectivity of siderophore-mediated iron uptake pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Hannauer
- Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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BqsR/BqsS constitute a two-component system that senses extracellular Fe(II) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:1195-204. [PMID: 22194456 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05634-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium best known as the predominant opportunistic pathogen infecting the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. In this context, it is thought to form biofilms, within which locally reducing and acidic conditions can develop that favor the stability of ferrous iron [Fe(II)]. Because iron is a signal that stimulates biofilm formation, we performed a microarray study to determine whether P. aeruginosa strain PA14 exhibits a specific transcriptional response to extracellular Fe(II). Among the genes that were most upregulated in response to Fe(II) were those encoding the two-component system BqsR/BqsS, previously identified for its role in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 biofilm decay (13); here, we demonstrate its role in extracellular Fe(II) sensing. bqsS and bqsR form an operon together with two small upstream genes, bqsP and bqsQ, and one downstream gene, bqsT. BqsR/BqsS sense extracellular Fe(II) at physiologically relevant concentrations (>10 μM) and elicit a specific transcriptional response, including its autoregulation. The sensor distinguishes between Fe(II), Fe(III), and other dipositive cations [Ca(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Zn(II)] under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The gene that is most upregulated by BqsR/BqsS, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), is PA14_04180, which is predicted to encode a periplasmic oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding domain (OB-fold) protein. Coincident with phenazine production during batch culture growth, Fe(II) becomes the majority of the total iron pool and bqsS is upregulated. The existence of a two-component system that senses Fe(II) indicates that extracellular Fe(II) is an important environmental signal for P. aeruginosa.
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Schalk IJ, Hannauer M, Braud A. New roles for bacterial siderophores in metal transport and tolerance. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:2844-54. [PMID: 21883800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Siderophores are chelators with extremely strong affinity for ferric iron and are best known for their capacity to feed microorganisms with this metal. Despite their preference for iron, they can also chelate numerous other metals with variable affinities. There is also increasing evidence that metals other than iron can activate the production of siderophores by bacteria, thereby implicating siderophores in the homeostasis of metals other than iron and especially heavy metal tolerance. This article considers this new concept that siderophores play a role in protecting bacteria against metal toxicity and discusses the possible contribution of these chelators to the transport of biological relevant metals in addition to iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Schalk
- UMR7242, University of Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brant, F-67413 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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Nader M, Journet L, Meksem A, Guillon L, Schalk IJ. Mechanism of Ferripyoverdine Uptake by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outer Membrane Transporter FpvA: No Diffusion Channel Formed at Any Time during Ferrisiderophore Uptake. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2530-40. [DOI: 10.1021/bi101821n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Nader
- UMR7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brandt, F-67513 Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Journet
- UMR7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brandt, F-67513 Illkirch, France
| | - Ahmed Meksem
- UMR7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brandt, F-67513 Illkirch, France
| | - Laurent Guillon
- UMR7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brandt, F-67513 Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- UMR7242, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, ESBS, Blvd Sébastien Brandt, F-67513 Illkirch, France
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Hannauer M, Yeterian E, Martin LW, Lamont IL, Schalk IJ. An efflux pump is involved in secretion of newly synthesized siderophore by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4751-5. [PMID: 21035449 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes the fluorescent siderophore, pyoverdine (PVD), to enable iron acquisition. Epifluorescence microscopy and cellular fractionation were used to investigate the role of an efflux pump, PvdRT-OpmQ, in PVD secretion. Bacteria lacking this efflux pump accumulated PVD, or a fluorescent precursor, in the periplasm, due to their inability to efficiently secrete into the media newly synthesized PVD. PvdRT-OpmQ is only the second system identified for secretion of newly synthesized siderophores by Gram negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Hannauer
- Métaux et Microorganismes: Chimie, Biologie et Applications, FRE 3211, ESBS, Strasbourg, France
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The ferrichrome uptake pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves an iron release mechanism with acylation of the siderophore and recycling of the modified desferrichrome. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:1212-20. [PMID: 20047910 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01539-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of iron into Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by two major siderophores produced by the bacterium, pyoverdine and pyochelin. The bacterium is also able of utilize several heterologous siderophores of bacterial or fungal origin. In this work, we have investigated the iron uptake in P. aeruginosa PAO1 by the heterologous ferrichrome siderophore. (55)Fe uptake assays showed that ferrichrome is transported across the outer membrane primarily (80%) by the FiuA receptor and to a lesser extent (20%) by a secondary transporter. Moreover, we demonstrate that like in the uptake of ferripyoverdine and ferripyochelin, the energy required for both pathways of ferrichrome uptake is provided by the inner membrane protein TonB1. Desferrichrome-(55)Fe uptake in P. aeruginosa was also dependent on the expression of the permease FiuB, suggesting that this protein is the inner membrane transporter of the ferrisiderophore. A biomimetic fluorescent analogue of ferrichrome, RL1194, was used in vivo to monitor the kinetics of iron release from ferrichrome in P. aeruginosa in real time. This dissociation involves acylation of ferrichrome and its biomimetic analogue RL1194 and recycling of both modified siderophores into the extracellular medium. FiuC, an N-acetyltransferase, is certainly involved in this mechanism of iron release, since its mutation abolished desferrichrome-(55)Fe uptake. The acetylated derivative reacts with iron in the extracellular medium and is able to be taken up again by the cells. All these observations are discussed in light of the current knowledge concerning ferrichrome uptake in P. aeruginosa and in Escherichia coli.
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