Hematology and clinical chemistry values in pregnant Wistar Hannover rats compared with nonmated controls

Age-related changes in hematological and biochemical profiles of Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Wistar rats are extensively used as the model for assessing toxicity and efficacy in preclinical research. Hematological and biochemical laboratory data are essential for evaluating specific variations in the physiological and functional profile of a laboratory animal. Establishing hematological and biochemical reference values for Wistar (han) rats at various age intervals was the goal of this work. Male and female Wistar rats (n = 660) of ages 6-8 weeks, 10-14 weeks and > 6 months were used in the experiment. Blood and serum were collected from these rats under fasting conditions.

RESULTS

We observed that the majority of hematological and biochemical parameters were significantly influenced by sex and age. Hematological changes were significantly correlated to aging were increased red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils in both sexes, as well as decreased platelet, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and lymphocytes in both sexes. White blood cells of male rats were considerably higher than those of female rats in all age ranges. For biochemistry, increase in glucose, total protein and creatinine were seen in both sexes, along with increases in urea in females and alanine aminotransferase in males. Age was significantly associated with decreased alkaline phosphatase in both sexes.

CONCLUSIONS

When using Wistar rats as a model, these reference values may be useful in evaluating the results.

Evaluation of Anti-Hyperglycemia and Complications of Red and Black Thai Jasmine Rice Cultivars in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The phytochemical constituents of red (RR) and black (BR) rice extracts were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of catechin, rutin, isoquercetin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin and quercetin. The anti-diabetic activities of RR and BR extracts on diabetic complications were examined in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Rats (n = 80) were divided into 10 groups (n = 8 rats per group). Healthy and diabetic RR or BR-treated groups received 10, 50, or 200 mg of RR or BR per kg of body weight daily for 45 days. The results demonstrated significantly improved glucose control in rats administered RR or BR, while triglyceride and cholesterol levels were reduced in the diabetic groups. Moreover, RR or BR treatment led to decreased levels of malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Further, glutathione concentration was significantly increased in both serum and liver tissue from RR- and BR-treated diabetic rats.

Assessment of biosafety and toxicity of hydrophilic gel for implantation in experimental in vitro and in vivo models

BACKGROUND

The assessment of biosafety of pharmacologically active substances is crucial for determining the feasibility of their medical use. There are controversial issues regarding the use of substances of different origins as implants.

METHODS

We have conducted the comprehensive studies to determine the in vivo toxicity and in vitro genotoxicity of new generation of hydrophilic gel for implantation (production name of the substance "Activegel") to detail its characteristics and assess its biosafety.

RESULTS

In vivo studies have shown the absence of clinical manifestations of intoxication in animals and no abnormalities in their physiological condition, general and biochemical blood tests. Evaluation of the site of the gel application showed no inflammatory reaction and evidenced on normal state of tissues of animal skin. The results of the genotoxicity test indicated that the gel did not affect the parameters of DNA comets and the formation of micronuclei, accordingly, had no genotoxic effect on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. When studying the effect of the gel on malignantly transformed cells in vitro, it was found that the gel for implantation did not change the proliferative activity and viability of human breast cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo study using various experimental model systems showed that the hydrophilic gel for implantation "Activegel" is non-toxic.

Successful Pregnancy Outcome in Mares: The Potential Role of Body Conditional Score, Age and Biochemical Parameter's Adjustments

The objective of this research was to evaluate the changes in body condition score (BCS), age and the main biochemical parameters in pregnant Spanish Purebred mares. A total of 45 pregnant Spanish broodmares has been studied, classified in three different groups: group A (n = 15), aging 14-18 years old and BCS lower than 4 of 10, group B (n = 15), with ages of 4 to 8 years and a BCS of 5-6/10, and group C (n = 15), aging between 6 and 11 years and a BCS of 8 of 10. Three pregnancy periods were considered: the 1st period, from the 1st to the 3rd, the 2nd from the 4th to the 6th, and the last period, from the 7th month of pregnancy to delivery. Blood samples were taken every month along the pregnancy. The following plasma biochemical parameters were measured: triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total, direct and indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total plasma proteins, albumin, glucose, urea and creatinine. Pregnancy in the Spanish broodmare induced hyperlipidemia with hypertriglyceridemia and increased plasma concentrations of total, direct and indirect bilirubin (P < .05). Older pregnant mares showed biochemical changes probably consistent with decreased organ functionality (P < .05). Obesity did not influence lipidic metabolism during pregnancy (P > .05).

Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates

Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful resource for researchers, veterinary specialists, toxicologists, and clinical or anatomic pathologists.

Serial blood sampling effects in rat embryo-fetal development studies for toxicokinetics

Serial blood sampling for toxicokinetics is generally conducted in regulatory embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies in rats. EFD studies are designed to detect the potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on pregnant females and their fetuses; this information is useful for understanding the relationships between systemic exposure levels and toxicity profiles. However, additional satellite pregnant females are needed for toxicokinetics because comprehensive information regarding the potential impact of serial blood sampling on pregnant females is scarce. Here, in this study, we investigated the potential impact of serial blood sampling in pregnant female rats using a typical EFD study design. Additionally, we investigated the additional endpoints (clinical pathology, organ weights, and histopathology) that were deemed likely to be sensitive to blood sampling. Results indicated that serial blood sampling in pregnant females induced physiological adaptive changes and did not affect the general endpoints in EFD studies. Nevertheless, inclusion of satellite groups in EFD studies may be a more prudent approach considering the physiological changes in pregnant females and potential off-target effects of candidate pharmaceuticals. These results provide background information on the impact of serial blood sampling in pregnant females and will be useful to design the regulatory EFD studies.

Changes in Liver Mechanical Properties and Water Diffusivity During Normal Pregnancy Are Driven by Cellular Hypertrophy

During pregnancy, the body’s hyperestrogenic state alters hepatic metabolism and synthesis. While biochemical changes related to liver function during normal pregnancy are well understood, pregnancy-associated alterations in biophysical properties of the liver remain elusive. In this study, we investigated 26 ex vivo fresh liver specimens harvested from pregnant and non-pregnant rats by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in a 0.5-Tesla compact magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Water diffusivity and viscoelastic parameters were compared with histological data and blood markers. We found livers from pregnant rats to have (i) significantly enlarged hepatocytes (26 ± 15%, p < 0.001), (ii) increased liver stiffness (12 ± 15%, p = 0.012), (iii) decreased viscosity (−23 ± 14%, p < 0.001), and (iv) increased water diffusivity (12 ± 11%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, increased stiffness and reduced viscosity of the liver during pregnancy are mainly attributable to hepatocyte enlargement. Hypertrophy of liver cells imposes fewer restrictions on intracellular water mobility, resulting in a higher hepatic water diffusion coefficient. Collectively, MRE and DWI have the potential to inform on structural liver changes associated with pregnancy in a clinical context.

Productive performance, metabolic, and hematologic parameters of pregnant nulliparous rabbit does according to dietary protein level

OBJECTIVE

This study aims at investigating the productive performance, metabolic, and hematological profiles of Algerian local rabbits does during their first pregnancy and according to dietary protein content.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 52 nulliparous rabbit does, 3,116 ± 72.9 g live weight, were allocated individually to three groups (17/18 females per group) being on isoenergetic diets [2,600 kcal Digestible Energy (DE)/kg] that differ in their digestible protein content by 15%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, for L, M, and H diets. All these diets were provided ad libitum.

RESULTS

The use of a high protein diet did not affect does weight and feed intake during the pregnancy period. Statistically, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded in born or alive litter size and birth weight. There was no effect of diet and sampling time (p > 0.05) on plasma metabolites but there were significant effects of sampling time (p < 0.0001) on the metabolic parameters studied with prolificacy used as a covariate. Hematologic indices in pregnant rabbits were not affected by the diet exceeded the red blood cells rate that increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in dietary protein content during the different periods of gestation.

CONCLUSION

The use of a high protein diet has no effect on weight during the pregnancy period. No effect of diet and sampling time on plasma metabolites and hematological profiles are recorded; however, significant effects of sampling time are recorded on the metabolic parameters.

In utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate suppresses blood glucose and leptin levels in the offspring of wild-type mice

Exposure of pregnant mice to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) induces maternal lipid malnutrition and decreases the number of live fetuses/pups. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between maternal lipid malnutrition and the nutritional status of the neonatal, lactational, and adult offspring, as well as the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in these relationships. Sv/129 wild-type (mPPARA), Ppara-null, and PPARα-humanized (hPPARA) mice were fed diets containing 0, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1% DEHP in utero and/or during the lactational stage. The male offspring were killed on postnatal day 2 or 21, or after 11 weeks. Exposure to either 0.05% or 0.1% DEHP during both the in utero and lactational periods decreased serum glucose concentrations in 2-day-old mPPARA offspring. These dosages also decreased both serum and plasma leptin levels in both 2- and 21-day-old mPPARA offspring. In contrast, exposure to DEHP only during the lactational period did not decrease leptin levels, suggesting the importance of in utero exposure to DEHP. Exposure to 0.05% DEHP during the in utero and lactational periods also increased food consumption after weaning in both mPPARA and hPPARA mice; this was not observed in Ppara-null offspring. In conclusion, in utero exposure to DEHP induces neonatal serum glucose malnutrition via PPARα. DEHP also decreases serum and plasma leptin concentrations in offspring during the neonatal and weaning periods, in association with PPARα, which presumably results in increased of food consumption after weaning.

Subchronic (90-day) repeated dose toxicity study of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in rats

2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a naturally occurring compound found in buckwheat, can protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress. In this study, 2-HOBA acetate was orally administered to male and female rats for 90 consecutive days at doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg·kg BW^-1·d^-1 (n = 20 per sex/group). Subchronic administration of 2-HOBA was well tolerated at all dose levels. 2-HOBA-treated male rats were slightly heavier in the last weeks of the study, but this difference was very small (<5%), did not show a dose-response relationship, and was not observed in female rats. Similarly, some statistically significant changes in serum biochemistry and hematology parameters were noted, but these were not considered to be of biological or toxicological significance. Sporadic differences in organ weights were observed between groups, but all were small (<10%) and unlikely to indicate toxicity. The incidence of histopathological lesions was similar between treated and control groups across all organs. Based upon these findings, the no-observed-adverse-effect level was determined to be ≥ 1000 mg·kg BW^-1·d^-1, which was the highest dose tested. These results further support no toxicity associated with oral consumption of 2-HOBA acetate in rats and the continued development of 2-HOBA as a dietary supplement or functional food.

Sex-specific reference intervals of hematologic and biochemical analytes in Sprague-Dawley rats using the nonparametric rank percentile method

BACKGROUND

Hematologic and biochemical analytes of Sprague-Dawley rats are commonly used to determine effects that were induced by treatment and to evaluate organ dysfunction in toxicological safety assessments, but reference intervals have not been well established for these analytes. Reference intervals as presently defined for these analytes in Sprague-Dawley rats have not used internationally recommended statistical method nor stratified by sex. Thus, we aimed to establish sex-specific reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute C28-A3 and American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guideline.

METHODS

Hematology and biochemistry blood samples were collected from 500 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats (250 males and 250 females) in the control groups. We measured 24 hematologic analytes with the Sysmex XT-2100i analyzer, 9 biochemical analytes with the Olympus AU400 analyzer. We then determined statistically relevant sex partitions and calculated reference intervals, including corresponding 90% confidence intervals, using nonparametric rank percentile method.

RESULTS

We observed that most hematologic and biochemical analytes of Sprague-Dawley rats were significantly influenced by sex. Males had higher hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, percentage of neutrophils, percentage of monocytes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and triglycerides compared to females. Females had higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, plateletcrit, platelet count, eosinophils, percentage of lymphocytes, percentage of eosinophils, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol and urea compared to males. Sex partition was required for most hematologic and biochemical analytes in Sprague-Dawley rats. We established sex-specific reference intervals, including corresponding 90% confidence intervals, for Sprague-Dawley rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding the significant discrepancies in hematologic and biochemical analytes between male and female Sprague-Dawley rats provides important insight into physiological effects in test rats. Establishment of locally sex-specific reference intervals allows a more precise evaluation of animal quality and experimental results of Sprague-Dawley rats in our toxicology safety assessment.

The effect of alkaloids present in blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds on the growth rate, selected biochemical blood indicators and histopathological changes in the liver of rats

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alkaloids present in blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds on the growth rate, selected indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and liver morphology in rats. The experimental material comprised 32 Wistar rats at around 3 weeks of age, with an initial body weight of 81 g. During a 28-day feeding trial, the rats were fed diets containing the seeds of three blue lupine cultivars, Baron, Zeus and Wersal, with different alkaloid concentrations (0.36, 0.41, 0.56 mg/kg, respectively). Diets containing the seeds of three blue lupine cultivars reduced the feed intake and significantly limited the growth rate of experimental rats, compared to the control group. Lupine alkaloids had no effect on the serum concentrations of glucose and total cholesterol in rats, whereas elevated triglyceride concentrations were noted in experimental groups, relative to the control group. Diets containing the seeds of blue lupine cultivars Zeus and Wersal induced changes in alanine transaminase activity. A histopathological analysis of the liver revealed parenchymatous degeneration, which was more advanced in rats fed diets with the seeds of blue lupine cultivars Zeus and Wersal than in the control group, and congestion of portal vessels, which was more severe in rats fed the seeds of blue lupine cultivars Baron and Zeus.

Nontraditional Applications in Clinical Pathology

Most published reviews of preclinical toxicological clinical pathology focus on the fundamental aspects of hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis in routine toxicology animal species, for example, rats, mice, dogs, and nonhuman primates. The objective of this continuing education course was to present and discuss contemporary examples of nonroutine applications of clinical pathology endpoints used in the drug development setting. Area experts discussed bone turnover markers of laboratory animal species, clinical pathology of pregnant and growing laboratory animals, clinical pathology of nonroutine laboratory animal species, and unique applications of the Siemens Advia® hematology analyzer. This article is a summary based on a presentation given at the 31st Annual Symposium of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, during the Continuing Education Course titled “Nontraditional Applications of Clinical Pathology in Drug Discovery and Preclinical Toxicology.”

[Relationship of maternal malnutrition caused by Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure with lifestyle disease in offspring]

The hypothesis that offspring growing up malnourished during their fetal period have a high risk of lifestyle diseases in later life has been attracting great attention. Although animal experiments and epidemiological studies have been reported, most of them focused on the deficiency of maternal malnutritional elements or starvation. We found that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) decreased maternal plasma triglyceride levels, which is a significant source of nutrients for fetuses, in mice. Therefore, we analyzed how offspring exposed to malnutritional status during their fetal period develop potential adverse effects in later life. Male and female wild-type (mPPARα), Pparα-null, and hPPARα mice were treated with diets containing 0 or 0.05% DEHP. After 4 weeks, males and females in the same genotype and dose group were mated. After continued exposure until weaning, each group was divided into two groups, and one of them was dissected. The remaining was further divided into two subgroups; one was fed normal feed (control-diet group), while the other was fed a high-fat diet (HFD group). After 8-week feeding, all the mice were dissected. In the control-diet group, DEHP exposure at the fetal and pup stages increased food consumption in mPPARα and hPPARα mice, but not in Ppara-null mice. In contrast, DEHP exposure decreased plasma leptin levels in mPPARα and hPPARα mice at the weaning stage. In the HFD group, DEHP exposure at the fetal and pup stages influenced neither food consumption nor leptin levels. These findings suggest that maternal malnutrition may be caused by not only nutritional deficiency but also exposure to some chemicals such as DEHP, and the latter case may also influence feeding behavior in offspring. These effects may be related to hepatic PPARα and diminished by HFD feeding. Further study is warranted as to whether such feeding behavior influences the risk of lifestyle diseases such as obesity.

Artesunate and artelinic acid: association of embryotoxicity, reticulocytopenia, and delayed stimulation of hematopoiesis in pregnant rats

The artemisinin antimalarials cause embryo death and malformations in animals by killing embryonic erythroblasts. Groups of pregnant rats (N = 4) were administered 35 and 48 µmol/kg artesunate and 17.2, 28.7, 48, 96, and 191 µmol/kg artelinic acid as a single oral dose on gestational day (GD) 12. Litters were examined on GD21. The ED(50) for embryo death with artelinic acid (23.4 µmol/kg) was just slightly lower than that for decreased reticulocyte count at 24 hr postdose (33.5 µmol/kg) and both had similarly steep dose responses (maximal effects of total litter loss and ∼60% decreases in reticulocyte count at 48 µmol/kg). Results with artesunate were similar. The correlation coefficient between embryo death and decreased reticulocyte count was 0.82 (p<0.01). The close relationship between embryotoxicity and reticulocytopenia is suggestive of a common mechanism-artemisinin-induced mitochondrial damage leading to cell death. At 9 days postdose, treatment with artesunate and artelinic acid also caused increases in counts of reticulocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and monocytes (up to 3.7 ×, 1.7 ×, 4.7 ×, and 1.7 × control, respectively). This stimulation of hematopoiesis may have been mediated by the direct oxidative conversion of artesunate or artelinic acid to the artemisininyl hydroperoxide within the bone marrow cells or by an indirect increase in reactive oxygen species. The high correlation between embryotoxicity and reticulocytopenia further supports the assertion that therapeutic dosage regimens of artemisinins that cause decreases in reticulocyte count in pregnant women during the putative critical period (approximately postconception wk 3 to 9) are at risk of also causing adverse effects on the embryo.

Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α may have an important role in the toxic effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on offspring of mice

Maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is associated with adverse effects on offspring, and the metabolites are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, which exhibits species differences in expression and function. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of DEHP-induced adverse effects on offspring in relation to maternal mouse and human PPARα. Male and female Sv/129 wild-type (mPPARα), Pparα-null and humanized PPARα (hPPARα) mice were treated with diets containing 0%, 0.01%, 0.05% (medium) or 0.1% (high) DEHP. After 4 weeks, males and females were mated. Dams were killed on gestational day 18 and postnatal day (PND) 2. High-dose DEHP decreased the number of total and live fetuses, and increased resorptions in mPPARα mice. In hPPARα mice, resorptions were increased above the medium dose, and the number of births was decreased at the high dose. The number of live pups on PND2 was decreased over the medium dose in mPPARα and at the high dose in hPPARα mice. No such findings were observed in Pparα-null mice. High-dose DEHP decreased plasma triglyceride in pregnant mPPARα mice, but not in Pparα-null and hPPARα ones. Above the medium dose in mPPARα mice significantly reduced hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) expression. Medium- and/or high-dose DEHP increased the levels of maternal PPARα target genes in mPPARα and hPPARα mice. Taken together, PPARα expression is required for the toxicity of DEHP in fetuses and pups and altered plasma triglyceride levels, through regulation of MTP may be important in mPPARα mice and not in hPPARα mice.

Potent and selective inhibition of polycythemia by the quinoxaline JAK2 inhibitor NVP-BSK805

The recent discovery of an acquired activating point mutation in JAK2, substituting valine at amino acid position 617 for phenylalanine, has greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Strikingly, the JAK2(V617F) mutation is found in nearly all patients suffering from polycythemia vera and in roughly every second patient suffering from essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. Thus, JAK2 represents a promising target for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and considerable efforts are ongoing to discover and develop inhibitors of the kinase. Here, we report potent inhibition of JAK2(V617F) and JAK2 wild-type enzymes by a novel substituted quinoxaline, NVP-BSK805, which acts in an ATP-competitive manner. Within the JAK family, NVP-BSK805 displays more than 20-fold selectivity towards JAK2 in vitro, as well as excellent selectivity in broader kinase profiling. The compound blunts constitutive STAT5 phosphorylation in JAK2(V617F)-bearing cells, with concomitant suppression of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In vivo, NVP-BSK805 exhibited good oral bioavailability and a long half-life. The inhibitor was efficacious in suppressing leukemic cell spreading and splenomegaly in a Ba/F3 JAK2(V617F) cell-driven mouse mechanistic model. Furthermore, NVP-BSK805 potently suppressed recombinant human erythropoietin-induced polycythemia and extramedullary erythropoiesis in mice and rats.

Time-course changes of hematology and clinical chemistry values in pregnant rats

The aim of this study is to report how pregnancy alters hematology and clinical chemistry values in rats. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were mated; the day of copulation was designated as Day 0. Hematology and clinical chemistry measurements were conducted on Days 7, 14, 17 and 21 in pregnant rats. Measurements were also conducted in non-pregnant rats. Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), total protein and albumin decreased on Days 7, 14, 17 and 21; sodium, chloride and glucose decreased on Days 14, 17 and 21; iron decreased on Days 17 and 21; hemoglobin content of reticulocytes (CHr), calcium, inorganic phosphorus and the albumin/globulin ratio decreased on Day 21; and total cholesterol, phospholipid and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased on Day 14 in pregnant rats compared with non-pregnant rats. Reticulocyte increased on Days 7, 14 and 17; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, neutrophil count and rate increased on Days 14, 17 and 21; platelets, fibrinogen, triglyceride and free fatty acid increased on Days 17 and 21; and activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged on Days 17 and 21 in pregnant rats compared with non-pregnant rats. The decreased RBC, Hb, Ht, CHr and iron in pregnant rats indicated that they suffered from iron deficiency anemia. These data can be used as background information for effective evaluation in reproductive toxicology studies.

Dynamic changes in lipids and proteins of maternal, fetal, and pup blood and milk during perinatal development in CD and Wistar rats

An understanding of the physiological factors that regulate perinatal dosimetry is essential to improve the ability of physiologically based (PB) pharmacokinetic (PK) models to predict chemical risks to children. However, the impact of changing maternal/offspring physiology on PK during gestation and lactation remains poorly understood. This research determined lipid and protein changes in blood, milk and amniotic fluid of CD and Wistar dams, fetuses and neonates to improve the precision of perinatal PBPK modeling. Samples were collected from time-mated CD dams, fetuses, and pups on gestation day (GD) 18 and 20 (sperm positive = GD 0) or lactation day 0 (day of birth), 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 (n > or = 5 per time point). Fewer time points were sampled in Wistar rats, which showed similar patterns to CDs. Relative to nonpregnant dams, maternal serum protein levels (albumin, total protein and globulin) each decreased by approximately 20% during late gestation, whereas maternal serum lipids (triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and phospholipids) increased up to fourfold. These physiological changes can impact maternal PK of both protein-bound and lipophilic chemicals. During lactation, triglycerides in milk were greater than 100-fold higher than maternal serum, favoring the disposition of lipophilic chemicals into milk and potentially increasing neonatal rodent exposure during critical stages of postnatal development. Serum protein levels in pups were two- to threefold lower than adults at birth, which may increase the bioavailability of protein-bound compounds. These data will aid in the interpretation of perinatal toxicity studies and improve the accuracy of predictive perinatal PBPK models.

Clinical chemistry reference database for Wistar rats and C57/BL6 mice

Clinical chemistry data are decisive for evaluating altered organ function or damage in experimental animals. Few publications provide reliable clinical chemistry reference intervals, and analytical methods are often not described. Here, we investigated common clinical chemistry values in adult male and female Wistar rats and C57/BL6 mice (n=30/group). Blood samples were taken and analysed for electrolytes, substrates, metabolites and enzymes. In addition, we investigated cystatin C, an important marker of glomerular dysfunction. All data were obtained using commercially available kits frequently employed in most clinical chemistry laboratories and compared with data from other studies, as well as with human data. Significant gender-specific differences were observed in rats (electrolytes, retention parameters and transaminases) and in mice (cholesterol, glucose). High variability was noted for sodium, potassium, glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase levels. Both rodent species showed markedly higher alpha-amylase activity than humans. This report demonstrates significant differences between genders for many analytes in rats and for fewer parameters in mice. Some reference values displayed major discrepancies between rodents and humans.

Comparative renal, hepatic, and bone marrow toxicity of Cisplatin and radioactive Cisplatin (191Pt) in Wistar rats

The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility to increase the therapeutic gain of the cytotoxic agent, cisplatin, by incorporation of radioactive platinum. In this study, we investigated how organs at risk (i.e., kidneys, bone marrow, and liver) are affected by treatment with 191Pt-cisplatin, compared to treatment with conventional cisplatin. Rats (total, n = 69) were divided into three groups and given 5 mg/kg 191Pt-cisplatin and 5 mg/kg nonradioactive cisplatin or saline. The weight of the animals and blood samples, including analysis of creatinine, bilirubin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and platelet count, was followed for 6 weeks after treatment. Histopathology examinations of kidney and liver tissues were performed. An initial decrease in weight gain was seen from 3 days after treatment with cisplatin and 191Pt-cisplatin and for 1 week onward; thereafter, the weight gain continued, following the same pattern as for the control group. Concentration of plasma creatinine was increased for both cisplatin groups but with no significant difference between treatment groups. No other significant differences in effect parameters were found. There was no increase in toxicity for radioactive cisplatin on liver, kidneys, and bone marrow, compared to conventional cisplatin. Further experimental and clinical studies on preparations of this type are thus warranted.

Effects of oral androstenedione on phospholipid fatty acids, ATP, caspase-3, prostaglandin E(2) and C-reactive protein in serum and livers of pregnant and non-pregnant female rats

Androstenedione, a steroidal dietary supplement taken to enhance athletic performance, could affect serum and liver lipid metabolism, induce liver toxicity or alter inflammatory response depending on dose and duration of exposure. Pregnancy could further exaggerate these effects. To examine this, mature female rats were gavaged with 0, 5, 30 or 60 mg/kg/day androstenedione beginning two weeks prior to mating and continuing through gestation day 19. Non-pregnant female rats were gavaged over the same time frame with 0 or 60 mg/kg/day androstenedione. Serum was collected and livers were removed from dams on gestation day 20 and from non-pregnant rats after 5 weeks of treatment. Androstenedione had no effect on serum total cholesterol, triglycerides or HDL-cholesterol, but significantly decreased C-reactive protein in pregnant rats and prostaglandin E(2) in serum of both pregnant and non-pregnant rats. There were treatment related decreases in liver ATP and, to a lesser degree, caspase-3 and no change in alkaline phosphatase of pregnant female rats. Androstenedione decreased docosahexaenoic acid in both serum and liver phospholipids of pregnant female rats. In conclusion, oral androstenedione did not result in overt hepatotoxicity in pregnant female rats, but produced modest changes in lipid metabolism and may impair regeneration of injured hepatic cells or tissue.