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Vizi Z, Lányi K, Bagi M, Laczay P, Balogh N, Sterczer Á. Serum hepcidin measurements in healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:292-298. [PMID: 32537798 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron homeostasis. The measurement of this hormone is essential for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and might be useful as a prognostic factor in many diseases. Serum hepcidin levels have been infrequently evaluated in dogs. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure serum hepcidin in a population of healthy dogs using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), considered the gold standard assay for measuring hepcidin like in human medicine. METHODS Blood samples from 86 healthy dogs of 25 different breeds were measured with the LC-MS/MS method. Synthetic canine hepcidin was used as the standard reagent. Reference values were calculated based on the results. RESULTS The mean hepcidin concentration of the study population was 16.6 ± 7.7 ng/mL. There reference interval (RI) was defined as 5.3-36.4 ng/mL. No significant difference was found between male and female dogs, or between different age and body weight groups. Hepcidin concentrations did not correlate with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, iron levels, iron-binding capacities, and C-reactive protein concentrations in this healthy population. A weak negative correlation was found between hepcidin and the mean corpuscular volume. CONCLUSION LC-MS/MS proved to be a reliable and time-effective method for the detection of canine hepcidin. The RI was similar but narrower compared with that of human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Vizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lányi
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Bagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Laczay
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ágnes Sterczer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Chikazawa S, Hoshi F, Kanai K. Repeated phlebotomies decrease body iron storage in adult dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1652-1655. [PMID: 28804090 PMCID: PMC5658553 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine changes in body iron storage in adult dogs
following phlebotomy. We performed repeated phlebotomies by removing 1% body weight
(approximately 10% of the total blood volume) weekly for a total of 12 times using adult
beagle dogs without an iron-restricted diet. After treatment, stored iron was decreased,
as demonstrated by gradual reductions in serum ferritin levels and hepatic iron contents.
Anemia and abnormalities in blood chemistry analysis were not observed; therefore, this
method was considered safe and useful for control of stored iron levels in adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishiro Chikazawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Fumio Hoshi
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Chikazawa S, Dunning MD. A review of anaemia of inflammatory disease in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 57:348-53. [PMID: 27385622 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia of inflammatory disease is a common cause of anaemia in routine veterinary practice. It is most often mild to moderate, normocytic, normochromic and non-regenerative. Shortened red cell life span, inhibition of iron metabolism and impaired bone marrow response to erythropoietin all contribute to its development. Although anaemia of inflammatory disease is a well-known cause of anaemia in dogs and cats, there is a lack of epidemiological information because specific diagnostic criteria have not been established in veterinary species. Anaemia of inflammatory disease is associated with a poor outcome in various disease states in human medicine; however, its clinical significance and treatment in veterinary medicine are not well understood. This review article describes anaemia of inflammatory disease in dogs and cats and considers its potential significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chikazawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - M D Dunning
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD
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Frowde PE, Gow AG, Burton CA, Powell R, Lipscomb VJ, House AK, Mellanby RJ, Tivers MS. Hepatic hepcidin gene expression in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1203-5. [PMID: 24962818 PMCID: PMC4857939 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microcytic anemia is common in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) and typically resolves after surgical attenuation of the anomalous vessel. However, the pathophysiology of the microcytic anemia remains poorly understood. Hepcidin has been a key role in controlling iron transport in both humans and animals and in mediating anemia of inflammatory disease in humans. The role of hepcidin in the development of microcytic anemia in dogs with a cPSS has not been examined. Hypothesis To determine whether hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression decreases, while red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increase in dogs after surgical attenuation of a cPSS. Animals Eighteen client‐owned dogs with confirmed cPSS undergoing surgical attenuation. Method Prospective study. Red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), together with hepatic gene expression of hepcidin, were measured in dogs before and after partial attenuation of a cPSS. Results There was a significant increase in both RBC (median pre 6.17 × 1012/L, median post 7.08 × 1012/L, P < .001) and MCV (median pre 61.5fl, median post 65.5fl, P = .006) after partial surgical attenuation of the cPSS. Despite the increase in both measured red blood cell parameters, hepatic gene expression of hepcidin remained unchanged. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study found no evidence that dysregulated production of hepcidin was associated with anemia in dogs with a cPSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Frowde
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Ma SF, Miasniakova G, Sergueeva A, Ammosova T, Xu M, Nekhai S, Nourai M, Wade MS, Prchal JT, Garcia JGN, Machado RF, Gordeuk VR. Iron deficiency modifies gene expression variation induced by augmented hypoxia sensing. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 52:35-45. [PMID: 23993337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In congenital Chuvash polycythemia (CP), VHL(R200W) homozygosity leads to elevated hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) levels at normoxia. CP is often treated by phlebotomy resulting in iron deficiency, permitting us to examine the separate and synergistic effects of iron deficiency and HIF signaling on gene expression. We compared peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles of eight VHL(R200W) homozygotes with 17 wildtype individuals with normal iron status and found 812 up-regulated and 2120 down-regulated genes at false discovery rate of 0.05. Among differential genes we identified three major gene regulation modules involving induction of innate immune responses, alteration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and down-regulation of cell proliferation, stress-induced apoptosis and T-cell activation. These observations suggest molecular mechanisms for previous observations in CP of lower blood sugar without increased insulin and low oncogenic potential. Studies including 16 additional VHL(R200W) homozygotes with low ferritin indicated that iron deficiency enhanced the induction effect of VHL(R200W) for 50 genes including hemoglobin synthesis loci but suppressed the effect for 107 genes enriched for HIF-2 targets. This pattern is consistent with potentiation of HIF-1α protein stability by iron deficiency but a trend for down-regulation of HIF-2α translation by iron deficiency overriding an increase in HIF-2α protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Galina Miasniakova
- Chuvash Republic Clinical Hospital 2, Cheboksary, Russian Federation, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Adelina Sergueeva
- Cheboksary Children's Hospital, Cheboksary, Russian Federation, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Tatiana Ammosova
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Mehdi Nourai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Michael S Wade
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Genetics, University of Utah and VAH
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor R Gordeuk
- Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chikazawa S, Nakazawa T, Hori Y, Hoshi F, Kanai K, Ito N, Orino K, Watanabe K, Higuchi S. Change in serum ferritin concentration in experimentally induced anemia of chronic inflammation in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1419-26. [PMID: 23803460 PMCID: PMC3942990 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, hyperferritinemia is often observed in dogs with various diseases
(e.g., histiocytic sarcoma and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia) without evidence of iron
overload. The mechanism underlying hyperferritinemia development is not well understood.
Anemia caused by inflammation is termed as anemia of chronic disease (ACD), and
experimentally induced ACD is known to cause slight hyperferritinemia. However, almost all
these studies were based on short-term acute inflammation. Hepcidin, a protein mainly
produced by hepatocytes, is thought to be a key regulator in iron release from
reticuloendothelial cells (RECs), and its expression is related to ACD. We hypothesized
that in the case of long-term ACD, iron deposition in RECs increases through hepcidin,
causing a diachronic increase in serum ferritin levels. In the present study, we used a
canine model with repeated subcutaneous administration of turpentine oil every 3 days over
a period of 42 days (15 injections) and induced long-term inflammatory conditions;
furthermore, we evaluated the change in serum ferritin concentration. Hypoproliferative
anemia, bone marrow iron deposition and hypoferremia, which are characteristic of ACD,
were observed on administering the turpentine injections. Hepatic iron content, hepatic
hepcidin mRNA expression and serum ferritin concentration increased during the early
period after turpentine injection, but returned to normal levels later. These results show
that experimentally induced long-term ACD caused hypoproliferative anemia without
sustained increase in hepcidin expression and did not cause systemic iron overload. Thus,
chronic inflammation may not contribute greatly to increase in hyperferritinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishiro Chikazawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Grimes CN, Giori L, Fry MM. Role of hepcidin in iron metabolism and potential clinical applications. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:85-96. [PMID: 22285159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relatively recent discovery of hepcidin has stimulated renewed research interest in iron metabolism and iron-related disorders, emphasizing the importance of this hormone in many normal and pathologic processes. Important questions still remain to be answered; however, research to date offers promising diagnostic and therapeutic implications for both humans and veterinary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn N Grimes
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4542, USA
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Transferrin receptor 1 in the zoonosis and pathogenesis of New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:476-82. [PMID: 21807555 PMCID: PMC3159852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At least five New World arenaviruses cause severe human hemorrhagic fevers. These viruses are transmitted to humans through contact with their respective South American rodent hosts. Each uses human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) as its obligate receptor. Accidental similarities between human TfR1 and TfR1 orthologs of arenaviral host species enable zoonoses, whereas mice and rats are not infectable because they lack these TfR1 determinants of infection. All pathogenic New World arenaviruses bind to a common region of the apical domain of TfR1. The ability of a New World arenavirus to use human TfR1 is absolutely predictive of its ability to cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Nonpathogenic arenaviruses, closely related to hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses, cannot utilize human TfR1 but efficiently enter cells through TfR1 orthologs of their native rodent hosts. Mutagenesis studies suggest that minor changes in the entry glycoproteins of these nonpathogenic viruses may allow human transmission. TfR1 is upregulated as a result of iron sequestration during the acute-phase response to infection, and the severity of disease may result from amplification of viral replication during this response.
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Oyama MA, Chittur SV, Reynolds CA. Decreased triadin and increased calstabin2 expression in Great Danes with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1014-9. [PMID: 19674278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cardiac disease of Great Dane dogs, yet very little is known about the underlying molecular abnormalities that contribute to disease. OBJECTIVE Discover a set of genes that are differentially expressed in Great Dane dogs with DCM as a way to identify candidate genes for further study as well as to better understand the molecular abnormalities that underlie the disease. ANIMALS Three Great Dane dogs with end-stage DCM and 3 large breed control dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Transcriptional activity of 42,869 canine DNA sequences was determined with a canine-specific oligonucleotide microarray. Genome expression patterns of left ventricular tissue samples from affected Great Dane dogs were evaluated by measuring the relative amount of complementary RNA hybridization to the microarray probes and comparing it with expression from large breed dogs with noncardiac disease. RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-three transcripts were differentially expressed (> or = 2-fold change). The transcript with the greatest degree of upregulation (+61.3-fold) was calstabin2 (FKBP12.6), whereas the transcript with the greatest degree of downregulation (-9.07-fold) was triadin. Calstabin2 and triadin are both regulatory components of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and are critical to normal intracellular Ca2+ release and excitation-contraction coupling. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Great Dane dogs with DCM demonstrate abnormal calstabin2 and triadin expression. These changes likely affect Ca2+ flux within cardiac cells and may contribute to the pathophysiology of disease. Microarray-based analysis identifies calstabin2, triadin, and RyR2 function as targets of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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