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Nebel Y, Williams K, Lyons LA, Reinero C, Ferriani R, Toschi Corneliani R, Spalla I. Developmental lung disease in a cat associated with high probability of severe pulmonary hypertension: natural history, histopathology and genetic analysis. JFMS Open Rep 2024; 10:20551169241249003. [PMID: 38827566 PMCID: PMC11141230 DOI: 10.1177/20551169241249003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Case summary This report describes the diagnostic findings, natural history and genetic analysis of the candidate gene Forkhead Box F1 (FOXF1) in a young cat with developmental lung disease and high probability of pulmonary hypertension. A 1-year-old male entire Chartreux cat was referred for cardiac murmur investigation and exercise intolerance. Echocardiography identified a high-velocity tricuspid regurgitant jet with right-sided cardiac changes, supporting a high probability of pulmonary hypertension. No congenital cardiac shunts or left-sided cardiac changes were found to support a primary cardiac cause of pulmonary hypertension. Extensive laboratory work, thoracic radiographs and CT were performed. Histopathological characterisation (lung biopsy and later post mortem) was necessary to reach the final diagnosis. Eight months after diagnosis, the cat developed right-sided congestive heart failure, eventually leading to euthanasia. Survival from diagnosis to death was 12 months. Relevance and novel information Developmental lung disease belongs to a group of diffuse lung diseases in humans associated with pulmonary hypertension. The veterinary literature describing lung growth disorders in cats is sparse, and the present report provides information on clinical presentation and progression alongside a thorough diagnostic workup, which may aid clinicians in identifying this condition. Lung biopsy was pivotal in reaching the final diagnosis. No causal variants in FOXF1 were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yari Nebel
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco, Milan, Italy
| | - Kurt Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Hartung BF, Mueller RS, Gauss J, Weitzer T, Boehm TMSA, Palić J, Schulz B. Reactions to environmental allergens in cats with feline lower airway disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1267496. [PMID: 38130436 PMCID: PMC10734688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1267496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aeroallergens have been discussed as potential triggers for feline asthma (FA), which can be induced experimentally by allergen sensitization. To date, only few studies have investigated reactions to environmental allergens in cats with naturally occurring feline lower airway disease (FLAD). The aim of the study was to compare results of intradermal testing (IDT) and serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E-(IgE) testing (SAT) in cats with FLAD, and to investigate possible associations with allergen exposure. Material and methods Eight cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation (EI), ten cats with mixed inflammation (MI), six with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), and 24 healthy cats (HC) were included. Cats diagnosed with FLAD were assigned to the different inflammatory groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF) cytology. SAT was performed in all cats; IDT was only carried out in cats with FLAD. Information about the cats' environment and potential allergen exposure was obtained using an owner questionnaire. Results In comparison to 83% of HC with positive reactions on SAT only 52% of cats with FLAD had positive responses (p = 0.051). Significantly more positive reactions per cat were detected on IDT than on SAT (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found for positive reactions per cat on SAT when compared between HC, NI, EI, and MI (p = 0.377). Only "slight" agreement was found for most allergens when reactions obtained in both tests in cats with FLAD were compared, except for "moderate" agreement for English plantain (k = 0.504) and Alternaria alternata (k = 0.488). Overall, no clear association between the cats' environment and allergen reactions were detected. Conclusions and clinical importance Interpretation of allergy test results in cats with FLAD should be done in the context of clinical signs and individual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte F. Hartung
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Gauss
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Weitzer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kelly D, Juvet F, Lamb V, Holdsworth A. Bronchial collapse and bronchial stenting in 9 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2460-2467. [PMID: 37695258 PMCID: PMC10658526 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Principal and lobar bronchial collapse is increasingly recognized as an isolated entity. OBJECTIVE Retrospectively describe the procedure and outcomes of dogs undergoing bronchial stenting at a single referral hospital. ANIMALS Nine client-owned dogs with variable degrees of collapse of the left principal bronchus (LPB), lobar bronchus 1 (LB1), and lobar bronchus 2 (LB2), and with clinically relevant signs of respiratory dysfunction. METHODS Data were collected from patient records. All dogs underwent stenting of the LPB and LB2. Anatomic and functional impairment grades were assigned to each case before and 4 weeks after stenting. Data regarding response to stenting and complications were evaluated. RESULTS Bronchial stenting was considered successful in all cases, with all dogs experiencing improved quality of life (QOL), and decreased functional impairment grade at 4 weeks post-stenting. Follow-up of >6 months was available for 6 dogs and of these, 5 were alive at 12 months, 3 were alive at 18 months, and 1 was alive at 24 months. Stent-related complications occurred in 4 dogs, and were resolvable in 3. Two dogs developed pneumothorax, 1 developed recurrent pneumonia, and 1 developed new-onset coughing. All dogs had mild and manageable coughing post-stenting. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Stenting of the LBP and LB2 might be an effective option for dogs with advanced collapse of these bronchi and associated signs. Although all included dogs had resolution or improvement of clinical signs considered life-threatening or as affecting QOL, ongoing coughing is expected. Patient selection appears important with regard to achieving successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Kelly
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsRingwoodUnited Kingdom
| | - Florence Juvet
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsRingwoodUnited Kingdom
| | - Valerie Lamb
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsRingwoodUnited Kingdom
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Westermann CM, de Bie AG, Olave C, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Couetil LL. Effect of Lavage Solution Type on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2637. [PMID: 37627428 PMCID: PMC10451886 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is usually performed with 250-500 mL of isotonic saline at pH 5.5. The acidic pH of saline may cause an increase in airway neutrophil count 48 h after BAL. Other isotonic solutions such as Ringer's solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Plasma-Lyte 148® have a neutral pH of 7.4 and might be a better choice for BAL by not provoking inflammation and the influx of neutrophils into airways. BAL was performed in four healthy horses in four different lung lobes using four different solutions in a randomized crossover design. In each lobe, BAL was performed twice with a 48 h interval using 250 mL of solution. Automated total nucleated cell counts (TNCs) were recorded, and differential cell counts in lavage fluid were determined by two investigators blinded to treatments. The mean volume of BAL fluid retrieved was 51 ± 14%. The mean neutrophil percentage (%N) increased from 1.5 ± 0.9% to 14.7 ± 9.6% at 48 h (p < 0.001) but was not significantly affected by the solution used or the lung lobe sampled. In conclusion, in this study, the influx of neutrophils into airways after BAL was independent of the type of isotonic solution used and the lung lobe sampled. Saline remains an appropriate solution for BAL in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornélie M. Westermann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke G. de Bie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dierenkliniek de Vijfsprong, Vijfsprongweg 28, 6733 JJ Wekerom, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Olave
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Janny C. de Grauw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent L. Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Chan JC, Johnson LR. Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of inhaled steroids administered via the AeroDawg spacing chamber in management of dogs with chronic cough. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:660-669. [PMID: 36892108 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are frequently required for management of cough because of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and airway collapse (AWC). OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine the efficacy and feasibility of inhaled administration of corticosteroids in controlling cough in dogs with noninfectious airway disease. ANIMALS Thirty-six client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs were prospectively recruited for this placebo-controlled cross-over study. Inflammatory airway disease was diagnosed through bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. Airway collapse was diagnosed through bronchoscopy, or if dogs were unsuitable anesthetic candidates, by crackles on auscultation, radiographic changes in airway diameter, or fluoroscopy. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive placebo or fluticasone propionate for the first 2 weeks of the trial then crossed over to fluticasone. A quality of life (QOL) survey (best score 0, worst score 85) was completed at 0 and 6 weeks. A visual-analog cough survey was submitted at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks to assess cough, feasibility, and adverse effects of treatment. RESULTS For 32 dogs, QOL score at study end (mean 28.1 ± 14.1) was significantly lower (P < .0001) compared to entry (mean 11.3 ± 9.7), with a median change of 69% in QOL score, indicating improved quality of life. Cough frequency, duration, and severity were significantly (P < .0001) decreased at study end. Feasibility of aerosolized delivery improved with continued use (P = .05) with only 1 dog unable to accept inhaled medication. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study supports the utility of fluticasone propionate by inhalation in management of cough in dogs with IAD and AWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Chan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Sailler A, Potier R, Risi E, Hue C. Suspected eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in a six‐banded armadillo (
Euphractus sexcinctus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sailler
- FauneVet, CHV Atlantia Nantes France
- Zoo de La Flèche La Flèche France
| | - Romain Potier
- FauneVet, CHV Atlantia Nantes France
- Zoo de La Flèche La Flèche France
| | - Emmanuel Risi
- FauneVet, CHV Atlantia Nantes France
- Zoo de La Flèche La Flèche France
| | - Cyril Hue
- FauneVet, CHV Atlantia Nantes France
- Zoo de La Flèche La Flèche France
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Falerno I, Paolini A, Tamburro R, Aste G, De Bonis A, Terragni R, Vignoli M. Imaging and endoscopic diagnosis of lung diseases in small animals. A review. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100701. [PMID: 36041659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, and endoscopy are important tools for achieving a diagnosis. The choice of diagnostic procedure varies according to the patient, the suspected diagnosis and the risk/benefit ratio. Culture, cytology and histology are nearly always necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Several biopsy sampling techniques are described. Surgical biopsies are the gold standard for the diagnosis of bronchiolitis or interstitial lung diseases but often not performed due to the high risk. In humans, the introduction of transbronchial cryobiopsies has led to excellent results in the study of interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Falerno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Paolini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Tamburro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Aste
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Andrea De Bonis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Massimo Vignoli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Hsieh PI, Chen HW, Yeh HN, Lam MC, Lo PY, Huang WH, Shih CH, Lin CH. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans with a presumptive etiology of preceding feline herpesvirus infection in a cat. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:258. [PMID: 35790990 PMCID: PMC9254555 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bronchiolar disorders are rarely recognized in cats. Constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans is characterized by concentric peribronchiolar fibrosis and inflammation of the bronchioles, but the underlying causes remain poorly understood in current small animal medicine.
Case presentation
A 9-year-old cat presented with paroxysmal tachypnea, infrequent cough and persistent labor breathing. Thoracic radiography showed lung hyperinflation and bronchointerstitial pattern, and pulmonary function assessment revealed flow limitation in the late-expiratory phase and poor response to short-acting bronchodilator. Dorsally distributed subpleural ground glass opacities with distinct margin and tree-in-bud opacities were observed on lung high-resolution computed tomography. The cat underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and showed severe neutrophilic inflammation. Feline herpesvirus was the only pathogen detected in the BAL fluid. Multiple therapeutic attempts were unsuccessful and the cat died 8 weeks after the initial presentation. Necropsy revealed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, obstruction of the bronchiolar lumen, and submucosal concentric fibrosis suggesting constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans. Combining the pre- and post-mortem findings, as well as the time from symptom onset or BAL to necropsy, constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans was possibly triggered by a preceding feline herpesvirus infection in this case.
Conclusions
The history of nonvaccinated status, lower airway neutrophilic inflammation, and presence of feline herpesvirus in the BAL fluid without coexistence of other pathogens led to the presumption that constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans was induced by a preceding feline herpesvirus infection in this cat. The pathological changes of bronchiolitis obliterans induced by a preceding feline herpesvirus infection could be different from that of cats with acute herpesvirus pneumonia, such as intranuclear inclusions would disappear over time and were no longer found 7–10 days after inoculation. The presence of patchy distribution of subpleural ground glass opacities on lung high-resolution computed tomography should raise the suspicion of peribronchiolar fibrosis. Clinical awareness of bronchiolar disorders as a differential diagnosis is important in cats with lung hyperinflation and labored breathing who show poor reversibility to bronchodilator.
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Bottero E, Ruggiero P, Benvenuti E, Mussi E, Falcioni D, De Lorenzi D, Di Girolamo N. Presence of bronchial nodules, younger age, and heavier body weight are associated with a diagnosis of eosinophilic lung disease in dogs with cough. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:414-421. [PMID: 34986119 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the association between a diagnosis of eosinophilic lung disease (ELD) in dogs with signalment and bronchoscopic features and evaluate the accuracy of visualization of nodules for the diagnosis of ELD. ANIMALS 781 dogs with cough that underwent bronchoscopy between 2014 and 2016. PROCEDURES Data were extracted from the medical records of each included dog. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate associations between ELD and patient characteristics. RESULTS ELD was diagnosed in 113 (14.5%) dogs. More than 3 nodular lesions of the bronchial mucosa were detected in 64 (8.2%) dogs. The odds of having ELD were greater in dogs with nodules (adjusted OR [aOR], 26.0; 95% CI, 13.0 to 52.0) and static bronchial collapse (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.6), and lower in dogs having focal versus diffuse inflammation (aOR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.37). The odds of having ELD decreased for each 1-year increase in age (aOR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.92), and increased for each 1-kg increase in weight (aOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.06). Visualization of nodules during bronchoscopy had a overall accuracy of 89.4% (95% CI, 87.0% to 91.4%), sensitivity of 41.6% (32.4% to 51.2%), and specificity of 97.5% (96.0% to 98.5%) for a diagnosis of ELD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE On the basis of high specificity and negative predictive value, lack of visualization of bronchial nodules during bronchoscopy can be used to preliminarily rule out ELD. However, visualization of bronchial nodules does not imply presence of ELD. This could be especially relevant when results of BAL cytology are available several days after the actual bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Di Girolamo
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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Howard J, Reinero CR, Almond G, Vientos-Plotts A, Cohn LA, Grobman M. Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2763-2771. [PMID: 34751462 PMCID: PMC8692172 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In dogs, antimicrobial drugs are widely prescribed for aspiration pneumonia (AP) despite poor documentation of bacterial infection in AP (b‐AP) using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis. Interpretating discordant cytology and culture results is challenging, contributing to lack of a criterion standard, and highlighting differences between veterinary and human medical criteria for b‐AP. Objectives Determine how many dogs with AP had BALF collection and differences in diagnosis of b‐AP using veterinary vs human medical criteria. Report findings of noninvasive markers (e.g. fever, band neutrophilia, radiographic severity score) in dogs with and without b‐AP. Animals Retrospective cohort study of client‐owned dogs (n = 429) with AP at 2 university veterinary hospitals. Twenty‐four dogs met enrollment criteria. Methods Inclusion criteria were radiographic diagnosis of AP, ≥1 risk factor, CBC findings, and BALF cytology and culture results. Veterinary medical b‐AP criteria were cytology findings compatible with sepsis with or without positive culture, or cytology findings not consistent with sepsis and positive culture (≥1.7 × 103 cfu/mL). Human medical b‐AP criteria required culture with ≥104 cfu/mL or > 7% cells with intracellular bacteria on cytology. Results Only 24/429 dogs met all enrollment criteria; 379/429 dogs lacked BALF collection. Diagnosis of b‐AP differed using veterinary (79%) vs human (29%) medical criteria. Fever, band neutrophils and high radiographic scores were noted in dogs with and without b‐AP. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lack of routine BALF collection hampers definitive recognition of bacterial infection in AP. Differences in dogs meeting veterinary vs human medical definitions for b‐AP and usefulness of noninvasive markers warrant further study to improve understanding of the role of bacteria in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Howard
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Greg Almond
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Aida Vientos-Plotts
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan Grobman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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A novel Filobacterium sp can cause chronic bronchitis in cats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251968. [PMID: 34106938 PMCID: PMC8189514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (CARB; now known as Filobacterium rodentium gen. nov., sp. nov.) is a primary pathogen of rodents. A CARB-like organism was reported in post-mortem lung samples of cats using light and electron microscopy. Here we explore by molecular procedures if a Filobacterium sp. is a part of the normal feline lower respiratory microbiome and whether it could in some cats contribute to the development of chronic bronchial disease. Methodology A Filobacterium sp. was identified in three Czech cats clinically diagnosed as having chronic neutrophilic bronchitis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens obtained from these cats were subjected to panbacterial 16S rDNA PCR followed by Sanger sequencing of the V5 to V8 region. After these cats were treated with specific antimicrobials, their clinical signs resolved promptly, without recurrence. Next, BALF specimens from 13 Australian and 11 Italian cats with lower respiratory disease and an additional 16 lung samples of Italian cats who died of various causes were examined using next generation sequencing (NGS). Subsequently, a Filobacterium-specific qPCR assay was developed and used to re-test BALF specimens from the 11 Italian cats and lung tissue homogenates from the additional 16 deceased cats. Principal findings An amplicon of 548 bp with 91.24% sequence agreement with Filobacterium rodentium was obtained from all three patients, suggesting the novel Filobacterium sp. was the cause of their lower respiratory disease. The novel Filobacterium sp., which we propose to call F. felis, was detected in 3/3 Czech cats with chronic neutrophilic bronchitis, 13/13 Australian cats and 6/11 Italian cats with chronic lower respiratory disease, and 14/16 necropsy lung specimens from Italian cats. NGS and qPCR results all showed identical sequences. The Filobacterium sp. was sometimes the preponderant bacterial species in BALF specimens from cats with lower airway disease. There was an association between the presence of large numbers (greater than 105 organisms/mL) of Filobacterium and the presence of neutrophilic and/or histiocytic inflammation, although only a subset of inflammatory BALF specimens had F. felis as the preponderant organism. Conclusion The novel Filobacterium sp. comprises a finite part of the normal feline lower respiratory microbiome. Under certain circumstances it can increase in absolute and relative abundance and give rise to neutrophilic and/or histiocytic bronchitis, bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. These findings strongly suggest that F. felis could be an underdiagnosed cause of feline bronchial disease.
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12
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Pavot V, Prost C, Dubost-Martin G, Thibault-Duprey K, Ramery E. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Healthy Cynomolgus Macaques. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:679248. [PMID: 34113679 PMCID: PMC8185213 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage, or BAL, is a minimally invasive procedure frequently used for clinical and non-clinical research, allowing studies of the respiratory system. Macaques are the most widely used non-human primate models in biomedical research. However, very little information is available in the literature concerning BAL cytology in macaques. The purpose of this study was to establish BAL reference values and document an atlas of BAL cytology from healthy cynomolgus macaques. BALs were obtained from 30 macaques and BAL fluid differential cell counts based on 400 nucleated cells/BAL sample were performed by a board-certified clinical pathologist. Results were analyzed using Reference Value Advisor macroinstructions and the effect of blood and oropharyngeal contaminations was investigated. Overall, nucleated cells interval percentages in BAL fluids were 55.8 to 93.7 for macrophages, 1.8 to 37.1 for lymphocytes, 0.4 to 8.7 for neutrophils, and 0.4 to 9.8 for eosinophils. Mild oropharyngeal contamination did not affect BAL differential cell counts, whilst a slight but significant increase of the percentage of lymphocytes was observed in samples with mild blood contamination. Mucus and variable numbers of ciliated epithelial cells were commonly present. Rarely, multinucleated macrophages and mastocytes were also observed. The reference intervals established in this study provide a useful baseline for the assessment of BAL cytological data in cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pavot
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research & Development Department, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Christine Prost
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research & Development Department, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Eve Ramery
- Laboratoire de Biologie Clinique, VetAgro-Sup, Campus vétérinaire Marcy l'Etoile, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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13
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Lo EJY, Schwarz T, Corcoran BM. Topographical distribution and radiographic pattern of lung lesions in canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:655-661. [PMID: 33739451 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the radiographic lung pattern and topographical distribution in canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs diagnosed with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy. Lateral thoracic radiographs were examined for the presence of increased radiopacity, classification of pattern, topography of lung changes (cranioventral, perihilar, caudodorsal, caudoventral) and severity of pulmonary lesions. RESULTS Forty-four cases were identified with the Labrador retriever being the most commonly affected breed; there was a mean age of 5 years and an equal gender distribution. Coughing was the most common clinical sign. Circulating eosinophilia was present in 39% of dogs, with a mean peripheral eosinophilia of 5.1×109 cells/L and a mean bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia of 40%. Eighty percent of dogs had an abnormal lung pattern in at least one of the four lung fields; the remaining had normal thoracic radiographs. The most common patterns were a bronchial and a bronchointerstitial pattern, with 41 and 89% distribution to the caudodorsal lung field, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A bronchial and bronchointerstitial pattern are the most common radiographic lung patterns seen in canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy with these patterns most frequently topographically distributed to at least the caudodorsal lung field. Furthermore, within the caudodorsal lung field, a bronchointerstitial pattern predominates. This radiographic and topographical finding may allow eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy to take precedence on a differential diagnoses list before confirmatory bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Y Lo
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.,Drove Veterinary Hospital, 252 Croft Road, Swindon, SN1 4RW, UK
| | - T Schwarz
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B M Corcoran
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
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14
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Wolfreys A, Kilgour J, Allen AD, Dudal S, Freke M, Jones D, Karantabias G, Krantz C, Moore S, Mukaratirwa S, Price M, Tepper J, Cauvin A, Manetz S, Robinson I. Review of the Technical, Toxicological, and PKPD Considerations for Conducting Inhalation Toxicity Studies on Biologic Pharmaceuticals-The Outcome of a Cross-Industry Working Group Survey. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:261-285. [PMID: 33535023 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321988841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhaled route is still a relatively novel route for delivering biologics and poses additional challenges to those encountered with inhaled small molecules, further complicating the design and interpretation of toxicology studies. A working group formed to summarize the current knowledge of inhaled biologics across industry and to analyze data collated from an anonymized cross-industry survey comprising 12 inhaled biologic case studies (18 individual inhalation toxicity studies on monoclonal antibodies, fragment antibodies, domain antibodies, oligonucleotides, and proteins/peptides). The output of this working group provides valuable insights into the issues faced when conducting toxicology studies with inhaled biologics, including common technical considerations on aerosol generation, use of young and sexually mature nonhuman primates, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, exposure and immunogenicity assessment, maximum dose setting, and no observed adverse effect levels determination. Although the current data set is too small to allow firm conclusions, testing of novel biologics remains an active area and is likely to remain so for molecules where delivery via the inhaled route is beneficial. In the future, it is hoped others will continue to share their experiences and build on the conclusions of this review to further improve our understanding of these complex issues and, ultimately, facilitate the safe introduction of inhaled biologics into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Kilgour
- 273049Regulatory Science Associates, Inverkip, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark Freke
- Charles River Laboratories, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Halliwell R, Banovic F, Mueller RS, Olivry T. Immunopathogenesis of the feline atopic syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:13-e4. [PMID: 33470018 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline diseases of possible allergic origin with similar clinical phenotypes can have a varied underlying pathogenesis. Clinical phenotype, precise aetiology and underlying immunopathogenesis all need to be considered if advances in this neglected area of dermatology are to be made. OBJECTIVES To document the status of research into the immunopathogenesis of the diseases that fall within the spectrum of the feline atopic syndrome (FAS ), to summarize the conclusions, identify the limitations and recommend future research directions. METHODS AND MATERIALS A search of the literature was undertaken. The strengths and validity of the data and the contributions to our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis were analysed. Skin diseases of presumed allergic aetiology and asthma were assessed separately, as was the role of antibodies, cells and cytokines in each. RESULTS The research varied in its quality and its impact often was limited by a failure to employ strict criteria in case selection. This reflected the difficulties of skin reaction patterns associated with a number of inciting causes. Research into feline asthma was handicapped by the difficulties of investigating clinical material, and much of the useful information was derived from experimental models. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The evidence reviewed was supportive of a role for immunoglobulin (Ig)E in the pathogenesis of both feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) and asthma, albeit not strongly so. The inflammation noted in both FASS and asthma is accompanied by eosinophils and lymphocytes, and these findings, together with the cytokine expression, are suggestive in some (not all) cats of T-helper type 2 immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Halliwell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr 13, Munich, Germany
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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16
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Buller MC, Johnson LR, Outerbridge CA, Vernau W, White SD. Serum immunoglobulin E responses to aeroallergens in cats with naturally occurring airway eosinophilia compared to unaffected control cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2671-2676. [PMID: 33140902 PMCID: PMC7694819 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic airway disease in cats is sometimes described as allergic in origin, but controversy exists in the documentation of allergy in cats and the utility of allergy testing for respiratory tract diseases. OBJECTIVE To examine serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to aeroallergens in cats with airway eosinophilia. ANIMALS Fifteen cats with idiopathic eosinophilic airway inflammation and 9 control cats. METHODS Prospective, case-control study. Surplus serum from cats with airway eosinophilia documented by bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage was submitted for IgE measurement using ELISA polyclonal antibody methodology. Responses for regional allergens (fungal organisms, weeds, grasses, trees, mites, insects) were assessed. Results were reported as ELISA absorbance units with scores 0 to 79 considered negative, scores between 80 and 300 considered intermediate, and scores >300 considered positive. RESULTS Cats with airway eosinophilia had significantly more positive serum IgE responses (25/720) than did healthy controls (5/432, P = .02); however, the number of cats with positive IgE responses (5/15) did not differ from controls (1/9, P = .35). The allergen that most commonly resulted in positive serum IgE response in cats with airway eosinophilia was dust mite (n = 4) followed by 2 types of storage mites (n = 3 each). No control cat tested positive for these allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Serum IgE production against aeroallergens was found in some cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation, but the number of affected cats with positive results did not differ from controls. Further investigation in cats with eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic airway disease in comparison to control cats is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Buller
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen D White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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17
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Poitout-Belissent F, Grant SN, Tepper JS. Aspiration and Inspiration: Using Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Toxicity Assessment. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:386-396. [PMID: 32519581 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320929318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a simple procedure that is used to investigate drug efficacy or lung toxicity. It is sensitive to lung changes and less invasive than histological evaluation. It can be performed repeatedly at interim time points or as a terminal procedure. Airborne contaminants and purposely inhaled compounds, resident and inflammatory cells, as well as different cellular soluble products can be harvested in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) and measured. Bronchoalveolar lavage can also be an important tool to understand drug exposure and its metabolism in the lung, although it should be rigorously performed and interpreted with caution, especially in the context of regulated toxicology studies. This review focuses on the methods and uses of BAL in animal research, primarily in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as for the assessment of drugs, pollutants, and chemical lung toxicity. Methods of collecting and analyzing BALF and parameters affecting variability are discussed in detail. Improved automated methods for cell counting and analysis of the inflammatory cellular differential using hematology analyzers, common markers of lung injury, and new methodologies are described. Correlation between BALF and histological evaluation should not be considered as repetitive but as complementary assessments in the context of efficacy and toxicity studies.
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18
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Lee EA, Johnson LR, Johnson EG, Vernau W. Clinical features and radiographic findings in cats with eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and mixed airway inflammation (2011-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1291-1299. [PMID: 32338397 PMCID: PMC7255660 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in cats often is described as asthmatic (eosinophilic) or bronchitic (neutrophilic), but this designation requires collection of airway fluid and it fails to consider cats with mixed airway inflammation. Objective To identify clinical features that would differentiate inflammatory disease types. Animals Forty‐nine cats with nonspecific airway inflammation identified by bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) between 2011 and 2018 were evaluated. Methods This is a retrospective study. Cats were categorized by BAL differential cytology as having eosinophilic (eosinophils >20% with neutrophils <14%, or eosinophils >50%), mixed (eosinophils 20%‐50% and neutrophils >14% or discordant inflammation from 2 BAL sites), or neutrophilic (neutrophils >14% and eosinophils <20%) inflammation. Type and duration of presenting complaints, signalment, body condition score, respiratory rate, CBC results, bronchoscopy, BAL results (% recovery, total nucleated cell count, differential cell count), and radiographic findings were compared among groups. Results Idiopathic IAD was diagnosed in 49 cats, with BAL eosinophilic inflammation in 23, mixed inflammation in 14, and neutrophilic inflammation in 12. Cough was the predominant presenting complaint with no difference in duration of signs among groups (median, 5.5 months). Respiratory rate and effort also did not differ. Cats with eosinophilic inflammation were significantly younger (4.4 ± 3.3 years) than those with neutrophilic (8.0 ±5.6 years) or mixed inflammation (7.5 ± 4.0 years; P = .03). Results of CBC and interpretation of radiographic findings did not differ among groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Substantial overlap exists in clinical and radiographic findings in cats with various forms of idiopathic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lee
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric G Johnson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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19
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Lin CH, Lo PY, Wu HD. An observational study of the role of indoor air pollution in pets with naturally acquired bronchial/lung disease. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:314-320. [PMID: 31901015 PMCID: PMC7397909 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor air pollution (IAP) is an emerging issue for both human and veterinary patients under the concept of ‘One Health’. The association between IAP and respiratory disease in companion animals has been reported. Objectives The present study investigated the relationship between quantifiable indoor air quality and clinical characteristics of naturally acquired bronchial/lung disease in pet dogs and cats. Methods A total of 36 clinical cases (20 dogs and 16 cats) with naturally acquired bronchial/lung disease were prospectively recruited. Lower airway samples were collected and analysed, and clinical signs and the information from pulmonary function testing were examined. Indoor air quality was estimated by the average concentration of particles measuring ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5, μg/m3) and volatile organic compounds (VOC, ppm) in the animals’ domestic microenvironments. Results Exposure to IAP was not found to be correlated with the severity of clinical signs, pulmonary function changes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in cats with bronchial/lung disease. However, a hypercellular response in canine lower airways was found to be associated with poor indoor air quality, including unacceptable indoor PM2.5 levels (>35 μg/m3) or increases in VOC concentration (>1 ppm) in places most commonly frequented by the dogs in the home. Conclusions Poor indoor air quality may exacerbate airway disease in pets and should not be ignored in modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Lin
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lo
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Dong Wu
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Abstract
Asthma is an important allergic lower-airway disease in cats affecting approximately 1% to 5% of the pet cat population. New diagnostics are being developed to help better differentiate asthma from other lower-airway diseases and improve monitoring. In addition, new treatments are being developed to help in refractory cases or in those cases in which traditional therapeutics are contraindicated. This article discusses potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of asthma. In addition, current literature investigating new diagnostic tests and therapies for feline asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Trzil
- IndyVet Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 5425 Victory Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46203, USA.
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21
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Crisi PE, Johnson LR, Di Cesare A, De Santis F, Di Tommaso M, Morelli S, Pantaleo S, Luciani A, Schaper R, Pampurini F, Boari A. Evaluation of Bronchoscopy and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Findings in Cats With Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in Comparison to Cats With Feline Bronchial Disease. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:337. [PMID: 31632989 PMCID: PMC6783500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cat lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is a cause of lower respiratory tract disease worldwide. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are important tools for diagnosing respiratory diseases in cats. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the usefulness of bronchoscopy and BAL in the diagnosis of A. abstrusus. Findings from bronchoscopic examination and BAL of 24 naturally infected cats were evaluated and compared with those of 12 cats with idiopathic Feline Bronchial Diseases (FBDs). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney or Fisher's exact tests. No significant bronchoscopic differences were detected between cats with aelurostrongylosis and FBDs in bronchial mucus, nodular lesions, and airway collapse. On the other hand, airway hyperemia, epithelial irregularities, and bronchial stenosis were observed more frequently in cats affected by FBDs than aelurostrongylosis, while bronchiectasis was found only in cats infected by A. abstrusus. Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, lymphocytic, and mixed inflammation were recorded in both groups. Bacteria or bacterial DNA was identified regardless of the presence or absence of A. abstrusus with no significant differences between groups. Larvae of A. abstrusus were cytologically detected in 5 of the 24 cats (20.8%) with aelurostrongylosis. These results indicate that, although some findings on bronchoscopic examination (i.e., bronchiectasis) can be described more frequently in cats infected by A. abstrusus, bronchial alterations and cytological findings in aelurostrongylosis are not specific unless larvae are observed and overlap with those of other feline airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca De Santis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Morena Di Tommaso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Pantaleo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Luciani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Teaching Veterinary Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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22
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Johnson LR, Johnson EG, Hulsebosch SE, Dear JD, Vernau W. Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2006-2016). J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2217-2226. [PMID: 31468629 PMCID: PMC6766508 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophilic lung disease is a poorly understood inflammatory airway disease that results in substantial morbidity. Objective To describe clinical findings in dogs with eosinophilic lung disease defined on the basis of radiographic, bronchoscopic, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) analysis. Categories included eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), eosinophilic granuloma (EG), and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP). Animals Seventy‐five client owned dogs. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs with idiopathic BAL fluid eosinophilia. Information abstracted included duration and nature of clinical signs, bronchoscopic findings, and laboratory data. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated for the pattern of infiltrate, bronchiectasis, and lymphadenomegaly. Results Thoracic radiographs were normal or demonstrated a bronchial pattern in 31 dogs assigned a diagnosis of EB. Nine dogs had intraluminal mass lesions and were bronchoscopically diagnosed with EG. The remaining 35 dogs were categorized as having EBP based on radiographic changes, yellow green mucus in the airways, mucosal changes, and airway collapse. Age and duration of cough did not differ among groups. Dogs with EB were less likely to have bronchiectasis or peripheral eosinophilia, had lower total nucleated cell count in BAL fluid, and lower percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid compared to dogs in the other 2 groups. In contrast to previous reports, prolonged survival (>55 months) was documented in dogs with EG. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with eosinophilic lung disease can be categorized based on imaging, bronchoscopic and BAL fluid cytologic findings. Further studies are needed to establish response to treatment in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Eric G Johnson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, The University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Jonathan D Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, The University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
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23
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van Leenen K, Van Driessche L, De Cremer L, Gille L, Masmeijer C, Boyen F, Deprez P, Pardon B. Factors associated with lung cytology as obtained by non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage in group-housed calves. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:167. [PMID: 31126282 PMCID: PMC6534843 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections are the main indication for antimicrobial use in calves. As in humans and horses, studying inflammation of the deep airways by lung cytology raises the possibility of preventing respiratory disease and targeting its treatment in the future. Whether lung cytology findings coincide with clinical signs and lung ultrasonographic findings is currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the association of lung cytology with clinical signs, lung consolidation and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALf) characteristics (including bacteriology). A total of 352 indoor group-housed calves aged between 1 and 6 months from 62 conveniently selected commercial herds were included in this cross-sectional study. Clinical examination, thoracic ultrasound and bacteriology and cytology on non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage (nBAL) samples were performed. RESULTS Pneumonia, defined as presence of ultrasonographic lung consolidations ≥1 cm in depth, affected 42.4% of the calves. Mean BALf neutrophil percentage was 36.6% (SD 23.8; R 0-97.4) and only a positive induced tracheal cough reflex (P = 0.04), standing posture (P = 0.03) increased breathing rate (P = 0.02) and isolation of Pasteurella multocida (P = 0.005), were associated with increased neutrophil percentage. No significant associations between lung ultrasonographic findings and cytology results were present, except for presence of basophils in BALf and consolidation of > 3 cm in depth (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.2-5.6; P = 0.01). Abnormal lung sounds were associated with detection of eosinophils in BALf (OR = 2.8; CI = 1.0-8.1; P = 0.05). Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) (P < 0.001) was positively and macrophage percentage (P = 0.02) negatively associated with volume of lavage fluid recovered. Macroscopic blood staining of BALf increased TNCC (P = 0.002) and lymphocyte percentage (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Only a limited number of clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings were associated with nBAL cytology. BALf cytology offers additional and distinct information in calves aiding in detection and prevention of respiratory conditions. In this population, selected from herds not reporting any recent respiratory illness, a high number of calves had ultrasonographic lung consolidation and high neutrophil percentage in BALf, suggesting that subclinical disease presentations frequently occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christien Masmeijer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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24
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Johnson LR, Vernau W. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016). J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1315-1321. [PMID: 30912207 PMCID: PMC6524393 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology and culture are used to characterize respiratory diseases in dogs. Little is known about disorders associated with increased numbers of lymphocytes in BAL fluid. OBJECTIVE To evaluate duration of clinical signs and detection of specific respiratory diagnoses in dogs with BAL lymphocytosis. ANIMALS One-hundred four client-owned dogs evaluated for respiratory signs. METHODS Medical records of dogs that had >300 cells/μL and >20% lymphocytes on a differential cell count of BAL fluid between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were evaluated for the duration of clinical signs and respiratory diagnoses, including aspiration injury, infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease, and airway collapse. RESULTS Dogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 16 years (median, 7.9 years) and had a median body weight of 11.4 kg (range, 2.0-42.7 kg). Eosinophilic lung disease was documented in 13 of 104 dogs (Group 1) and airway neutrophilia associated with infectious or inflammatory disease was found in 59 of 104 dogs (Group 2). Lymphocytosis alone in BAL fluid was described in 32 dogs (Group 3). Duration of cough did not differ among groups, but airway collapse was significantly more common in dogs with solitary lymphocytosis than in those with other types of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lymphocytosis in BAL fluid is common in dogs and, in many cases, likely represents a common response to airway injury, independent of the type or duration of insult. It is unknown whether airway collapse leads to lymphocytosis or if the inflammatory process causes airway collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
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25
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Hooi KS, Defarges AM, Sanchez AL, Nykamp SG, Weese JS, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Bienzle D. Comparison of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1209-1216. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.11.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Mortier JR, Mesquita L, Ferrandis I, McConnell JF, Maddox TW. Accuracy of and interobserver agreement regarding thoracic computed tomography for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:757-762. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.6.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Haysom LZ, Lee-Fowler TM, Spangler EA. Evaluation of Histogel- and Gelfoam-embedded bronchoalveolar lavage and transtracheal wash fluids compared with cytocentrifuged and sediment smear preparations. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:471-476. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Z. Haysom
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - Tekla M. Lee-Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Spangler
- Department of Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
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Lim S, Sung S, Min K, Jung Y, Cho Y, Lee K. Bronchoalveolar lavage affects computed tomographic and radiographic characteristics of the lungs in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:564-570. [PMID: 29931791 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage is a common diagnostic test for dogs with suspected pulmonary disease, however there is no published information on whether this procedure could affect the imaging characteristics of the lungs. Aims of this prospective experimental study were to describe computed tomography (CT) and radiographic features of the lungs after bronchoalveolar lavage in a sample of healthy dogs. Thoracic CT and radiographic images of eight healthy Beagles were acquired at the following time points: before bronchoalveolar lavage, immediately following bronchoalveolar lavage, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h following bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung consolidation or interstitial patterns were seen in CT and radiographic images immediately after the procedure. Radiographic lung patterns resolved within 2 h and CT patterns resolved within 24 h. Resolution of the CT pulmonary patterns in the ventral areas of the lungs was delayed compared to the dorsal areas. Mean CT imaging scores differed over time (P < 0.001), while mean radiographic imaging scores did not differ over time. This study suggests that thoracic radiography and CT imaging assessments should precede bronchoalveolar lavage procedures if possible, or be performed at least 24 h afterward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suneui Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjun Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yechan Jung
- Office of Research Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkwon Cho
- College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Bernhard C, Masseau I, Dodam J, Outi H, Krumme S, Bishop K, Graham A, Reinero C. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and 30% inspired oxygen on pulmonary mechanics and atelectasis in cats undergoing non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:665-671. [PMID: 27250742 PMCID: PMC11128820 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16651471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if modification of inspired oxygen concentration or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) would alter bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-induced changes in pulmonary mechanics or atelectasis, as measured using ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics and thoracic CT. Methods Six experimentally asthmatic cats underwent anesthesia and non-bronchoscopic BAL, each under four randomized treatment conditions: 100% oxygen, zero PEEP; 30% oxygen, zero PEEP; 100% oxygen, PEEP 2 cmH2O; and 30% oxygen, PEEP 2 cmH2O. Pulse oximetry was used to estimate oxygen saturation (SpO2). Ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics and thoracic CT scans were collected prior to BAL and at 1, 5 and 15 mins post-BAL. Results While receiving 100% oxygen, no cat had SpO2 <91%. Some cats receiving 30% oxygen had decreased saturation immediately post-BAL (mean ± SD 70.8 ± 31%), but 6/8 of these had SpO2 >90% by 1 min later. There was a significant increase in airway resistance and a decrease in lung compliance following BAL, but there was no significant difference between treatment groups. Cats receiving no PEEP and 30% oxygen conserved better aeration of the lung parenchyma in BAL-sampled areas than those receiving no PEEP and 100% oxygen. Conclusions and relevance Alterations in pulmonary mechanics or atelectasis may not be reflected by SpO2 following BAL. The use of 30% inspired oxygen concentration failed to show any significant improvement in pulmonary mechanics but did diminish atelectasis. In some cats, it was also associated with desaturation of hemoglobin. The use of PEEP in this study did not show any effect on our outcome parameters. Further studies using higher PEEP (5-10 cmH2O) and intermediate inspired oxygen concentration (40-60%) are warranted to determine if they would confer clinical benefit in cats undergoing diagnostic BAL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Current address: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol Reinero
- Carol Reinero DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Canonne AM, Billen F, Tual C, Ramery E, Roels E, Peters I, Clercx C. Quantitative PCR and Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica Infection. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 30:1204-9. [PMID: 27461723 PMCID: PMC5108481 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and demonstration of bacteria adhering to ciliated epithelial cells in BALF or bronchial brushing fluid (BBF) has not been assessed in a series of affected dogs. Coinfections can worsen the clinical severity in bordetellosis, but the specific association with Mycoplasma cynos has not been evaluated. Objectives To assess the utility of culture, qPCR and cytologic examination of cytospin preparations in the diagnosis of bordetellosis in dogs and the influence of coinfection by M. cynos on disease severity. Animals Twenty‐four referred dogs with B. bronchiseptica infection and 10 healthy dogs. Methods Retrospective case series. qPCR (B. bronchiseptica and M. cynos) and culture results from BALF were recorded. Cytospin preparations from BALF and BBF were reviewed. qPCR on BALF from 10 healthy dogs were used as negative control. Results The BALF culture and qPCR detected B. bronchiseptica in 14/24 and 18/18 dogs, respectively. Coccobacilli were found adhering to ciliated epithelial cells in 20 of the 21 BALF cytologic preparations where epithelial cells were found, and 2/3 BBF cytologic preparations. Quantitative PCR detected a low level of B. bronchiseptica in one healthy dog. The frequency of detection of M. cynos was not significantly different in B. bronchiseptica (9/17 dogs) compared with healthy dogs (2/10 dogs) (P = .09). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Quantitative PCR detection of B. bronchiseptica in BALF appears to be a useful diagnostic tool. Cytologic examination of BALF or BBF, when positive, allows a rapid and reliable diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Canonne
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - F Billen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Tual
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - E Ramery
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - E Roels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - I Peters
- TDDS Ltd., Unit G, The Innovation Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - C Clercx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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31
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Scarabelli S, Rigotti C, Alderson B. Severe bradycardia after hypoxaemia and endotracheal intubation and cardiac arrest following glycopyrrolate in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Rigotti
- University of Liverpool School of Veterinary ScienceCH647TENestonUK
| | - Briony Alderson
- University of Liverpool School of Veterinary ScienceCH647TENestonUK
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Kardia E, Zakaria N, Sarmiza Abdul Halim NS, Widera D, Yahaya BH. The use of mesenchymal stromal cells in treatment of lung disorders. Regen Med 2017; 12:203-216. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represents a promising alternative clinical strategy for treating acute and chronic lung disorders. Several preclinical reports demonstrated that MSCs can secrete multiple paracrine factors and that their immunomodulatory properties can support endothelial and epithelial regeneration, modulate the inflammatory cascade and protect lungs from damage. The effects of MSC transplantation into patients suffering from lung diseases should be fully evaluated through careful assessment of safety and associated risks, which is a prerequisite for translation of preclinical research into clinical practice. In this article, we summarize the current status of preclinical research and review initial MSC-based clinical trials for treating lung injuries and lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egi Kardia
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norashikin Zakaria
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Shuhaidatul Sarmiza Abdul Halim
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6UB Reading, UK
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bandar Putra Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Grobman M, Reinero C. Investigation of Neurokinin‐1 Receptor Antagonism as a Novel Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:847-52. [PMID: 26995558 PMCID: PMC4913560 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Grobman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia MO
| | - C. Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia MO
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Johnson LR, Johnson EG, Vernau W, Kass PH, Byrne BA. Bronchoscopy, Imaging, and Concurrent Diseases in Dogs with Bronchiectasis: (2003-2014). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:247-54. [PMID: 26682874 PMCID: PMC4913641 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchiectasis is a permanent and debilitating sequel to chronic or severe airway injury, however, diseases associated with this condition are poorly defined. Objective To evaluate results of diagnostic tests used to document bronchiectasis and to characterize underlying or concurrent disease processes. Animals Eighty‐six dogs that had bronchoscopy performed and a diagnosis of bronchiectasis. Methods Retrospective case series. Radiographs, computed tomography, and bronchoscopic findings were evaluated for features of bronchiectasis. Clinical diagnoses of pneumonia (aspiration, interstitial, foreign body, other), eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP), and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) were made based on results of history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis and microbiology. Results Bronchiectasis was diagnosed in 14% of dogs (86/621) that had bronchoscopy performed. Dogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 14 years with duration of signs from 3 days to 10 years. Bronchiectasis was documented during bronchoscopy in 79/86 dogs (92%), thoracic radiology in 50/83 dogs (60%), and CT in 34/34 dogs (100%). Concurrent airway collapse was detected during bronchoscopy in 50/86 dogs (58%), and focal or multifocal mucus plugging of segmental or subsegmental bronchi was found in 41/86 dogs (48%). Final diagnoses included pneumonia (45/86 dogs, 52%), EBP (10/86 dogs, 12%) and IAD (31/86 dogs, 36%). Bacteria were isolated in 24/86 cases (28%), with Streptococcus spp, Pasteurella spp, enteric organisms, and Stenotrophomonas isolated most frequently. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bronchiectasis can be anticipated in dogs with infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease. Advanced imaging and bronchoscopy are useful in making the diagnosis and identifying concurrent respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - E G Johnson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - W Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - B A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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35
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Zhu BY, Johnson LR, Vernau W. Tracheobronchial brush cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs and cats with chronic cough: 45 cases (2012-2014). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:526-32. [PMID: 25818208 PMCID: PMC4895494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animals with chronic cough can have normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology when small airway disease is absent. Cytology of a tracheobronchial brushing can detect inflammation in larger airways; however, evaluation of this technique has been limited in veterinary medicine. Objective To compare airway brush cytology to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in dogs and cats with chronic cough. Animals Forty dogs and five cats undergoing bronchoscopic investigation of chronic cough. Methods Prospective study. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed followed by tracheobronchial brushing of central airways. Results of cytologic assessment of BAL fluid and brush cytology were compared for the presence or absence of inflammation and concordance of inflammatory cell type. Results Brush cytology detected central airway inflammation in 34 of 40 (85%) dogs with inflammatory BAL fluid. However, the type of inflammation reported differed in 23 of 34 dogs. In five cats with inflammation in BAL fluid, brush cytology detected inflammation in four; the type of inflammation was discordant in all cats. Conclusions and clinical relevance Brush cytology has good agreement with BAL regarding the presence of inflammation, although the type of inflammation detected with the different sampling techniques commonly varies. Brush cytology can provide supplementary information to BAL, and additional studies will provide further information on the role of tracheobronchial brush cytology in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Zhu
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
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36
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Nafe LA, Leach SB. Treatment of feline asthma with ciclosporin in a cat with diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1073-6. [PMID: 25527351 PMCID: PMC10816346 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14563342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old domestic shorthair cat that had been previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was presented for episodes of coughing and respiratory distress. Diagnostic testing revealed congestive heart failure secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and concurrent asthma. All clinical signs and eosinophilic airway inflammation resolved with oral ciclosporin while the cat was concurrently receiving medications for treatment of heart failure (furosemide and enalapril). Ciclosporin should be considered for treatment of feline asthma in patients with concurrent diseases (eg, diabetes mellitus, severe heart disease) that may contraindicate use of oral glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Nafe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Braun JP, Bourgès-Abella N, Geffré A, Concordet D, Trumel C. The preanalytic phase in veterinary clinical pathology. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:8-25. [PMID: 25438659 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the general causes of preanalytic variability with a few examples showing specialists and practitioners that special and improved care should be given to this too often neglected phase. The preanalytic phase of clinical pathology includes all the steps from specimen collection to analysis. It is the phase where most laboratory errors occur in human, and probably also in veterinary clinical pathology. Numerous causes may affect the validity of the results, including technical factors, such as the choice of anticoagulant, the blood vessel sampled, and the duration and conditions of specimen handling. While the latter factors can be defined, influence of biologic and physiologic factors such as feeding and fasting, stress, and biologic and endocrine rhythms can often not be controlled. Nevertheless, as many factors as possible should at least be documented. The importance of the preanalytic phase is often not given the necessary attention, although the validity of the results and consequent clinical decision making and medical management of animal patients would likely be improved if the quality of specimens submitted to the laboratory was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Braun
- Sciences cliniques, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, ENVT, UMS 0006, Toulouse, France
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38
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Mesquita L, Lam R, Lamb CR, McConnell JF. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 15 DOGS WITH EOSINOPHILIC BRONCHOPNEUMOPATHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:33-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mesquita
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Richard Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London North Mymms; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London North Mymms; Herts AL9 7TA
| | - J. Fraser McConnell
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus; Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
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Woods KS, Defarges AMN, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Viel L, Brisson BA, Bienzle D. Comparison of manual and suction pump aspiration techniques for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in 18 dogs with respiratory tract disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1398-404. [PMID: 25056240 PMCID: PMC4895568 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different aspiration techniques to retrieve bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) affect sample quality in healthy dogs. Studies evaluating these techniques in dogs with respiratory disease are lacking. Objectives To compare sample quality of BALF acquired by manual aspiration (MA) and suction pump aspiration (SPA). Animals Eighteen client‐owned dogs with respiratory disease. Methods Randomized, blinded prospective clinical trial. Manual aspiration was performed with a 35‐mL syringe attached directly to the bronchoscope biopsy channel and SPA was performed with a maximum of 50 mmHg negative pressure applied to the bronchoscope suction valve using the suction trap connection. Both aspiration techniques were performed in each dog on contralateral lung lobes, utilizing 2 mL/kg lavage volumes per site. Samples of BALF were analyzed by percentage of retrieved infusate, total nucleated cell count (TNCC), differential cell count, semiquantitative assessment of slide quality, and diagnosis score. Data were compared by paired Student's t‐test, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, chi‐squared test, and ANOVA. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess agreement. Results The percentage of retrieved BALF (P = .001) was significantly higher for SPA than MA. Substantial agreement was found between cytologic classification of BALF obtained with MA and SPA (kappa = 0.615). There was no significant difference in rate of definitive diagnosis achieved with cytologic assessment between techniques (P = .78). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Suction pump aspiration, compared to MA, improved BALF retrieval, but did not significantly affect the rate of diagnostic success of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in dogs with pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Woods
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
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Shibly S, Klang A, Galler A, Schwendenwein I, Christian M, Guija A, Tichy A, Hirt RA. Architecture and inflammatory cell composition of the feline lung with special consideration of eosinophil counts. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:408-15. [PMID: 24529513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is a hallmark of feline asthma; however, a wide range in the percentage of eosinophils in BALF has been documented in healthy cats. In this study, BALF and lung tissue were collected from 15 cats without respiratory disease, BALF was taken from 15 cats with asthma and lung tissue was collected from six different asthmatic cats. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and inflammatory cell percentages were measured in BALF and lung tissue was evaluated microscopically. Asthmatic cats had a significantly higher eosinophil count in lung tissue, but BALF TNCC did not differ significantly between groups. Cats without respiratory signs had significantly more numerous macrophages and lymphocytes in BALF than asthmatics, but significantly lower percentages of eosinophils (4.2 ± 7.8% versus 49.4 ± 20.6%, P <0.001). In healthy feline airways a BALF eosinophil percentage of <5% can be expected. Dominant microscopical findings in feline asthma include high eosinophil counts, airway remodelling and inflammation. There is good correlation between the findings in BALF and tissue in feline asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibly
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - A Klang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Galler
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - I Schwendenwein
- Department for Pathobiology, Central Diagnostic Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Christian
- Department for Pathobiology, Central Diagnostic Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Guija
- Department for Pathobiology, Central Diagnostic Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Platform of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R A Hirt
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Proulx A, Hume DZ, Drobatz KJ, Reineke EL. In vitro bacterial isolate susceptibility to empirically selected antimicrobials in 111 dogs with bacterial pneumonia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 24:194-200. [PMID: 24382329 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the proportion of airway bacterial isolates resistant to both empirically selected and recently administered antimicrobials, and to assess the impact of inappropriate initial empiric antimicrobials selection on length of hospital stay and survival to discharge in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and eleven dogs with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia that had aerobic bacterial culture and susceptibility testing performed from a tracheal wash sample. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Overall, 26% (29/111) of the dogs had at least 1 bacterial isolate that was resistant to empirically selected antimicrobials. In dogs with a history of antimicrobial administration within the preceding 4 weeks, a high incidence (57.4%, 31/54) of in vitro bacterial resistance to those antimicrobials was found: 64.7% (11/17) in the community-acquired pneumonia group, 55.2% (16/29) in the aspiration pneumonia group, and 50.0% (4/8) in the other causes of bacterial pneumonia group. No statistically significant association was found between bacterial isolate resistance to empirically selected antimicrobials and length of hospital stay or mortality. CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of in vitro airway bacterial resistance to empiric antimicrobials would suggest that airway sampling for bacterial culture and susceptibility testing may be helpful in guiding antimicrobial therapy and recently administered antimicrobials should be avoided when empirically selecting antimicrobials. Although no relationship was found between inappropriate initial empiric antimicrobial selection and length of hospital stay or mortality, future prospective studies using standardized airway-sampling techniques, treatment modalities, and stratification of disease severity based on objective values, such as arterial blood gas analysis in all dogs with pneumonia, would be needed to determine if a clinical effect of in vitro bacterial resistance to empirically administered antimicrobials truly exists or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Proulx
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
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42
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Woods KS, Defarges AMN, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dobson H, Brisson BA, Viel L, Bienzle D. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained by manual aspiration with a handheld syringe with that obtained by automated suction pump aspiration from healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 75:85-90. [PMID: 24370250 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained by manual aspiration (MA) with a handheld syringe with that obtained by suction pump aspiration (SPA) in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 13 adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Each dog was anesthetized and bronchoscopic BAL was performed. The MA technique was accomplished with a 35-mL syringe attached to the bronchoscope biopsy channel. The SPA technique was achieved with negative pressure (5 kPa) applied to the bronchoscope suction valve with a disposable suction trap. Both aspiration techniques were performed in each dog in randomized order on opposite caudal lung lobes. Two 1 mL/kg aliquots of warm saline (0.9% NaCl) solution were infused per site. For each BAL fluid sample, the percentage of retrieved fluid was calculated, the total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and differential cell count were determined, and semiquantitative assessment of slide quality was performed. Comparisons were made between MA and SPA techniques for each outcome. RESULTS 1 dog was removed from the study because of illness. The mean percentage of fluid retrieved (mean difference, 23%) and median TNCC (median distribution of differences, 100 cells/μL) for samples obtained by SPA were significantly greater than those for samples obtained by MA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, BAL by SPA resulted in a significantly higher percentage of fluid retrieval and samples with a higher TNCC than did MA. Further evaluation of aspiration techniques in dogs with respiratory tract disease is required to assess whether SPA improves the diagnostic yield of BAL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine S Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Respiratory endoscopy is a useful diagnostic tool to evaluate the airways for the presence of mass lesions or foreign material while allowing for sample collection for cytologic and microbiologic assessment. While bronchial disease (eosinophilic or neutrophilic) is the most common lower respiratory disease identified in cats, infectious, anomalous and neoplastic conditions can clinically mimic inflammatory bronchial disease. Diagnostic imaging is unable to define the etiology for clinical signs of cough, tachypnea or respiratory difficulty, necessitating visual evaluation and collection of airway samples. Endoscopy allows intervention that can be life-saving and also confirmation of disease, which is important given that life-long medication is likely to be required for management of inflammatory airway disease. Patient group: Cats with either airway or pulmonary disease benefit from laryngoscopy, tracheoscopy and bronchoscopy to determine an etiologic diagnosis. In the best situation, animals that require these procedures present early in the course of disease before clinical decompensation precludes anesthetic intervention. However, in some instances, these tests must be performed in unstable cats, which heightens the risk of the procedure. Cats that do not respond to empiric medical therapy can also benefit from bronchoscopic evaluation. Clinical challenges: Due to the small size of feline airways and the tendency for cats to develop laryngospasm, passage of endoscopic equipment can be difficult. Bronchoconstriction can lead to hemoglobin desaturation with oxygen and respiratory compromise. Evidence base: This article reviews published studies and case reports pertaining to the diagnostic approach to feline respiratory disease, focusing specifically on endoscopic examination of the lower airways in cats. It also discusses appropriate case selection, equipment, endoscopic techniques and visual findings based primarily on the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Dear
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of feline asthma. The authors discuss the potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of feline asthma. In addition, current literature investigating new therapies for the treatment of feline asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Bottero E, Bellino C, De Lorenzi D, Ruggiero P, Tarducci A, D'Angelo A, Gianella P. Clinical Evaluation and Endoscopic Classification of Bronchomalacia in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:840-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bottero
- Poliambulatorio Veterinario Argentina; Imperia Italy
| | - C. Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; Grugliasco Italy
| | - D. De Lorenzi
- Veterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi”; Bologna Italy
| | - P. Ruggiero
- Centro Veterinario Specialistico; Roma Italy
| | - A. Tarducci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; Grugliasco Italy
| | - A. D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; Grugliasco Italy
| | - P. Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; Grugliasco Italy
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Woods KS, Defarges AMN, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dobson H, Viel L, Brisson BA, Bienzle D. Comparison between manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing and aspiration via a suction pump with a suction trap connection for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:523-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ybarra WL, Johnson LR, Drazenovich TL, Johnson EG, Vernau W. Interpretation of multisegment bronchoalveolar lavage in cats (1/2001-1/2011). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1281-7. [PMID: 23106475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytologic results from bronchoscopic BAL in cats with naturally occurring respiratory disease have not been reported, and the clinical utility of multisegment lavage has not been evaluated. HYPOTHESIS BAL cytology from 2 separate lung segments in cats will have similar cell counts, cytologic interpretation, or both. ANIMALS Eighty-seven cases in 85 cats (2 examined twice) with naturally occurring lower respiratory disease. METHODS A combined prospective/retrospective evaluation of all cats with multisegment BAL was performed. BAL fluid was evaluated for total nucleated cell counts, differential cell counts, and cytologic characteristics at each lavage site. BAL fluid was categorized as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, lymphocytic, hypercellular, or mixed. Radiographs were assessed for diffuse or focal disease. RESULTS Clinical diagnoses included inflammatory airway disease (n = 63), pneumonia (n = 15), neoplasia (n = 6), and undetermined (n = 3). Total nucleated cell counts varied between sites regardless of radiographic evidence of focal or diffuse radiographic disease. In 28/87 cases (32%), cell counts differed between lavage sites by 2.2-40 fold. BAL yielded similar cytologic interpretation of inflammation in 45/87 (52%) cases. In 8/14 cases that had BAL performed at the site of a focal radiographic infiltrate, as well as at a site of diffuse infiltrates, the same inflammatory interpretation was made at each site. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid often differ between lung segments in cats with lower respiratory disease, and caution is warranted when using a single BAL cytology to define the inflammatory response in cats with spontaneously occurring lower respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Ybarra
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA, USA
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Singh M, Johnson L, Kittleson M, Pollard R. Bronchomalacia in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:312-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.K. Singh
- Cardiology Service; William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
| | | | | | - R.E. Pollard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California Davis; School of Veterinary Medicine; Davis; California,
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Adamama-Moraitou KK, Pardali D, Day MJ, Prassinos NN, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Patsikas MN, Rallis TS. Canine bronchomalacia: A clinicopathological study of 18 cases diagnosed by endoscopy. Vet J 2012; 191:261-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Respiratory and Thoracic Medicine. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158197 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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