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Banton S, Singh P, Seymour DJ, Saunders-Blades J, Shoveller AK. Postprandial Plasma and Whole Blood Amino Acids Are Largely Indicative of Dietary Amino Acids in Adult Dogs Consuming Diets with Increasing Whole Pulse Ingredient Inclusion. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00404-8. [PMID: 39025332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulse ingredients often replace grains in grain-free dog diets owing to their high-protein content. However, research to ascertain the benefit of this modification is limited. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to correlate food compounds in 1 corn-inclusive control diet and 3 grain-free diets with increasing inclusions of whole pulses (≤45%; Pulse15, Pulse30, and Pulse45), formulated to meet similar macronutrient and micronutrient targets with postprandial amino acids (AAs) in healthy dogs >20 wk. METHODS Diets were analyzed for biochemical compounds using tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight outdoor-housed, healthy, adult Siberian Huskies were allocated to diet, and meal responses were analyzed at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 8, 16, and 20 with samples collected at fasted and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after meal presentation. Blood AAs were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography and differences across week, treatment, and time postmeal were analyzed in SAS Studio. Partial least squares regression was performed in SAS Studio using biochemical compounds in the diet as predictor variables and blood AAs as response variables. RESULTS In plasma, Pulse45 had ∼32% greater postprandial Asn than Pulse15, and the control diet had ∼34% greater postprandial Leu and ∼35% greater Pro than Pulse15 (P < 0.05). In whole blood, Pulse30 had ∼23% greater postprandial Lys than the control diet, and the control diet had ∼21% greater postprandial Met and ∼18% greater Pro than Pulse45 and Pulse30, respectively (P < 0.05). Several phospholipids were correlated with postprandial AAs. Compounds in the urea cycle and glycine and serine metabolism were more enriched (P < 0.05) in plasma and whole blood, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In macronutrient-balanced and micronutrient-balanced canine diets that differ in their inclusion of corn-derived compared with pulse-derived ingredients, postprandial changes in circulating AAs are largely indicative of the dietary AAs. This helps further our understanding of AA metabolism in healthy dogs fed grain-free diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Banton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pawanpreet Singh
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dave J Seymour
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | | | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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McCauley SR, Clark SD, Leach SB, Quest BW, Streeter RM. Evaluation of taurine and carnitine concentrations in whole blood, plasma, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:999-1015. [PMID: 38432690 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about how plasma and whole blood taurine and plasma carnitine correlate to concentrations in skeletal and cardiac muscle and the effects of diet in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation among plasma, skeletal and cardiac muscle carnitine and taurine and whole blood taurine and determine the effect of diet. The study protocol was approved by the Pet Food Solutions Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty-three mixed-breed hounds and 32 beagles were evaluated at Day 0 then removed from their baseline diet and randomized to a test diet: high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), or high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Blood was drawn every 30 days and endomyocardial (mixed breeds only) and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected at Days 0 and 180. The correlations between plasma and whole blood taurine, or plasma carnitine and skeletal and cardiac muscle concentrations were weak (p < 0.01-0.05). Mixed-breed hounds had increased (p = 0.029) whole blood taurine compared to beagles. Plasma taurine was lower with diet HA-GF, (p = 0.009) however, all diets had increased taurine from Day 0 and were, on average within the laboratory reference range. Dogs fed the HA-GI diet had increased cardiac muscle carnitine esters (p = 0.014). Increased carnitine esters were also appreciated in cardiac muscle in all diets from Day 0 to 180 (p = 0.0001). On Day 180 mixed-breed hounds had increased skeletal total carnitine (p < 0.001) compared to all time points and breeds. This study observed no correlation between plasma, whole blood, skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine concentrations but noted some effects between time, breed and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacey B Leach
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Linde A, Lahiff M, Krantz A, Sharp N, Ng TT, Melgarejo T. Domestic dogs maintain clinical, nutritional, and hematological health outcomes when fed a commercial plant-based diet for a year. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298942. [PMID: 38625934 PMCID: PMC11020905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs can maintain health on complete and well-balanced canine plant-based nutrition (K9PBN). Novel insight on health outcomes in dogs consuming K9PBN is of relevance to veterinary professionals and consumers given a growing interest in non-traditional dog foods with perceived health benefits, while considering potential safety concerns. We aimed to investigate nutritional equivalence by measuring clinical health outcomes in adult dogs fed K9PBN over twelve months compared to a meat-based diet at baseline. We enrolled fifteen clinically healthy adult dogs living in households in Los Angeles County, California in a prospective cohort study and evaluated clinical, hematological, and nutritional parameters in dogs at 0, 6, and 12 months, including complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry, cardiac biomarkers, plasma amino acids, and serum vitamin concentrations. The study found that clinically healthy, client-owned, adult dogs maintain health, based on physical exams, complete blood count, serum chemistry, plasma amino acids, serum vitamins, and cardiac biomarkers combined with client-reported observations, when fed commercial K9PBN over a twelve-month period. This study is the most comprehensive and longest known K9PBN investigation to date and provides clinically relevant evidence-based nutrition data and new knowledge on outcomes in clinically healthy dogs who thrive without consumption of animal-derived ingredients. These results also provide a valuable foundation for the future study of K9PBN as a potential nutritional intervention for clinically relevant pathologies in canine medicine. Lastly, it is of major relevance to One Health paradigms since ingredients produced independent of industrial food animal production are both more sustainable and help to circumvent ethical dilemmas for maintenance of health in domestic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Linde
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Lahiff
- University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Krantz
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Nathan Sharp
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Theros T. Ng
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Tonatiuh Melgarejo
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, United States of America
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Anderson KM, Nadolny K, Mylniczenko ND, Estrada AH, Bissett LE, Jones AE. DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN SLENDER-TAILED MEERKATS ( SURICATA SURICATTA) UNDER HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:155-163. [PMID: 38453498 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) housed at two accredited zoological institutions in the United States were evaluated via echocardiography, thoracic radiography, and blood biomarkers-taurine and feline N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-to determine the prevalence and severity of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in both populations. In total, 24 meerkats were evaluated and 7 were diagnosed with DCM based on the following parameters: left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole > 1.30 cm, left ventricular internal diameter at end systole > 1.10 cm, and a fractional shortening of <18%. Echocardiographic parameters were identified and reported for normal and affected meerkats, whereas thoracic radiographs were not useful for screening for DCM. Meerkats with DCM were treated with pimobendan and/or benazepril and furosemide if indicated. Seven meerkats died during the study period, with the majority exhibiting myocardial fibrosis. Of the blood parameters tested, elevated taurine levels were associated with DCM. Further research is necessary to characterize the etiology of DCM in meerkats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie Nadolny
- Summit Veterinary Referral Center, Tacoma, WA 98409, USA
| | - Natalie D Mylniczenko
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Department of Animal Health, FL 32830, USA
| | - Amara H Estrada
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Lindsey E Bissett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Ashley E Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Wu G. Recent Advances in the Nutrition and Metabolism of Dogs and Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1446:1-14. [PMID: 38625522 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Domestic dogs (facultative carnivores) and cats (obligate carnivores) have been human companions for at least 12,000 and 9000 years, respectively. These animal species have a relatively short digestive tract but a large stomach volume and share many common features of physiological processes, intestinal microbes, and nutrient metabolism. The taste buds of the canine and feline tongues can distinguish sour, umami, bitter, and salty substances. Dogs, but not cats, possess sweet receptors. α-Amylase activity is either absent or very low in canine and feline saliva, and is present at low or substantial levels in the pancreatic secretions of cats or dogs, respectively. Thus, unlike cats, dogs have adapted to high-starch rations while also consuming animal-sourced foods. At metabolic levels, both dogs and cats synthesize de novo vitamin C and many amino acids (AAs, such as Ala, Asn, Asp, Glu, Gln, Gly, Pro, and Ser) but have a very limited ability to form vitamin D3. Compared with dogs, cats have higher requirements for AAs, some B-complex vitamins, and choline; greater rates of gluconeogenesis; a higher capacity to tolerate AA imbalances and antagonism; a more limited ability to synthesize arginine and taurine from glutamine/proline and cysteine, respectively; and a very limited ability to generate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from respective substrates. Unlike dogs, cats cannot convert either β-carotene into vitamin A or tryptophan into niacin. Dogs can thrive on one large meal daily and select high-fat over low-fat diets, whereas cats eat more frequently during light and dark periods and select high-protein over low-protein diets. There are increasing concerns over the health of skin, hair, bone, and joints (specialized connective tissues containing large amounts of collagen and/or keratin); sarcopenia (age-related losses of skeletal-muscle mass and function); and cognitive function in dogs and cats. Sufficient intakes of proteinogenic AAs and taurine along with vitamins, minerals, and PUFAs are crucial for the normal structures of the skin, hair, bone, and joints, while mitigating sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction. Although pet owners may have different perceptions about the feeding and management practice of their dogs and cats, the health and well-being of the companion animals critically depend on safe, balanced, and nutritive foods. The new knowledge covered in this volume of Adv Exp Med Biol is essential to guide the formulation of pet foods to improve the growth, development, brain function, reproduction, lactation, and health of the companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Connolly ED, Wu G. Functions and Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Hair and Skin of Dogs and Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1446:135-154. [PMID: 38625527 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The hair and skin of domestic cats or dogs account for 2% and 12-24% of their body weight, respectively, depending on breed and age. These connective tissues contain protein as the major constituent and provide the first line of defense against external pathogens and toxins. Maintenance of the skin and hair in smooth and elastic states requires special nutritional support, particularly an adequate provision of amino acids (AAs). Keratin (rich in cysteine, serine and glycine) is the major protein both in the epidermis of the skin and in the hair. Filaggrin [rich in some AAs (e.g., serine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, arginine, and histidine)] is another physiologically important protein in the epidermis of the skin. Collagen and elastin (rich in glycine and proline plus 4-hydroxyproline) are the predominant proteins in the dermis and hypodermis of the skin. Taurine and 4-hydroxyproline are abundant free AAs in the skin of dogs and cats, and 4-hydroxyproline is also an abundant free AA in their hair. The epidermis of the skin synthesizes melanin (the pigment in the skin and hair) from tyrosine and produces trans-urocanate from histidine. Qualitative requirements for proteinogenic AAs are similar between cats and dogs but not identical. Both animal species require the same AAs to nourish the hair and skin but the amounts differ. Other factors (e.g., breeds, coat color, and age) may affect the requirements of cats or dogs for nutrients. The development of a healthy coat, especially a black coat, as well as healthy skin critically depends on AAs [particularly arginine, glycine, histidine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and serine, sulfur AAs (methionine, cysteine, and taurine), phenylalanine, and tyrosine] and creatine. Although there are a myriad of studies on AA nutrition in cats and dogs, there is still much to learn about how each AA affects the growth, development and maintenance of the hair and skin. Animal-sourced foodstuffs (e.g., feather meal and poultry by-product meal) are excellent sources of the AAs that are crucial to maintain the normal structure and health of the skin and hair in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Connolly
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Li P, Wu G. Characteristics of Nutrition and Metabolism in Dogs and Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1446:55-98. [PMID: 38625525 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Domestic dogs and cats have evolved differentially in some aspects of nutrition, metabolism, chemical sensing, and feeding behavior. The dogs have adapted to omnivorous diets containing taurine-abundant meat and starch-rich plant ingredients. By contrast, domestic cats must consume animal-sourced foods for survival, growth, and development. Both dogs and cats synthesize vitamin C and many amino acids (AAs, such as alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, and serine), but have a limited ability to form de novo arginine and vitamin D3. Compared with dogs, cats have greater endogenous nitrogen losses and higher dietary requirements for AAs (particularly arginine, taurine, and tyrosine), B-complex vitamins (niacin, thiamin, folate, and biotin), and choline; exhibit greater rates of gluconeogenesis; are less sensitive to AA imbalances and antagonism; are more capable of concentrating urine through renal reabsorption of water; and cannot tolerate high levels of dietary starch due to limited pancreatic α-amylase activity. In addition, dogs can form sufficient taurine from cysteine (for most breeds); arachidonic acid from linoleic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from α-linolenic acid; all-trans-retinol from β-carotene; and niacin from tryptophan. These synthetic pathways, however, are either absent or limited in all cats due to (a) no or low activities of key enzymes (including pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, cysteine dioxygenase, ∆6-desaturase, β-carotene dioxygenase, and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase) and (b) diversion of intermediates to other metabolic pathways. Dogs can thrive on one large meal daily, select high-fat over low-fat diets, and consume sweet substances. By contrast, cats eat more frequently during light and dark periods, select high-protein over low-protein diets, refuse dry food, enjoy a consistent diet, and cannot taste sweetness. This knowledge guides the feeding and care of dogs and cats, as well as the manufacturing of their foods. As abundant sources of essential nutrients, animal-derived foodstuffs play important roles in optimizing the growth, development, and health of the companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Bokshowan E, Olver TD, Costa MDO, Weber LP. Oligosaccharides and diet-related dilated cardiomyopathy in beagles. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183301. [PMID: 37565080 PMCID: PMC10411538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2018 the US Food and Drug Administration reported a potential link between grain-free, legume-containing dog foods and the development of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in atypical breeds. One hypothesis was that high oligosaccharide content in legumes reduced bioavailability of taurine, an amino acid with some previous links to canine dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods To address this hypothesis, in the present study, 8 Beagle dogs consumed four diets: a husbandry commercial dental diet, and three test diets formulated with either 30% rice (control), 30% pea (grain-free) or 30% rice with the addition of 1% raffinose (the predominant oligosaccharide found in peas). The study was conducted in a randomized, crossover design with 5 week feeding periods. Measurement of basic health parameters (weight, body condition score, complete blood cell count, chemistry panel), plasma amino acids, cardiac biomarkers (plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac-specific troponin I), fecal bile acids and echocardiographic exams were completed pre-study after feeding the husbandry diet as well as after each test feeding period. Results Echocardiography showed 9-11% reduction in ejection fraction and 17- 20% greater left ventricular end systolic volume with the husbandry diet compared to both grain-containing test diets. Concentrations of plasma NT-proBNP were 1.3-2 times greater after the husbandry diet compared to the grain-based diet, with the oligosaccharide and pea-based diets showing intermediate levels. Plasma taurine levels were unchanged across diets, while plasma methionine levels were highest and cysteine/cystine levels were lowest after dogs ate the husbandry diet. Discussion Results indicate that raffinose in the diet is sufficient, but not required to see an increase NT-proBNP, but did not induce any changes in cardiac function after 5 weeks of feeding. Whether this could progress to reduction in cardiac function with longer term feeding is uncertain. A reduced cardiac function along with the greatest increase in NT-proBNP was observed after feeding the husbandry diet that contained the highest amount of insoluble fiber but did not contain legumes or oligosaccharide. Further research into the impact of insoluble fiber in the dental diet is needed to support these novel observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bokshowan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - T. Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Matheus de O. Costa
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn P. Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Brethel S, Locker S, Girens R, Rivera P, Meurs K, Adin D. The effect of taurine supplementation on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of dogs with congestive heart failure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10700. [PMID: 37400490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of taurine in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs without systemic deficiency is unexplored. Taurine might have beneficial cardiac effects aside from deficit replacement. We hypothesized that oral taurine supplementation administered to dogs with naturally-occurring CHF would suppress the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Oral taurine was administered to 14 dogs with stable CHF. Serum biochemical variables, blood taurine concentrations, and comprehensive analysis of RAAS variables were compared before and 2 weeks after taurine supplementation added to background furosemide and pimobendan therapy for CHF. Whole blood taurine concentrations increased after supplementation (median 408 nMol/mL, range 248-608 before and median 493 nMol/mL, range 396-690 after; P = .006). Aldosterone to angiotensin II ratio (AA2) was significantly decreased after taurine supplementation (median 1.00, range 0.03-7.05 before and median 0.65, range 0.01-3.63 after; P = .009), but no other RAAS components significantly differed between timepoints. A subset of dogs showed marked decreases in RAAS metabolites after supplementation and these dogs were more likely to have been recently hospitalized for CHF treatment than dogs that did not show marked decreases in classical RAAS metabolites. Overall, taurine only lowered AA2 in this group of dogs, however, response heterogeneity was noted, with some dogs showing RAAS suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Charlotte Animal Referral and Emergency, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Seth Locker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Summit Veterinary Referral Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Paulo Rivera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Aherne M. Cardiac Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00074-8. [PMID: 37353418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquired and congenital heart diseases are relatively common in dogs, particularly in certain breeds. Modes of inheritance and genetic causes have been established for several cardiac diseases within various breeds. Breed screening is used to try and reduce the prevalence of certain canine cardiac diseases. Although breed screening seems to help reduce the prevalence of canine heart disease, the outcomes of specific breeding programs are variable and depend on multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Kriström K, Häggström J, Tidholm A, Yu JZ, Fascetti AJ, Ljungvall I. Impact of blood tube additives and timing of sampling on blood taurine concentrations in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 45:59-70. [PMID: 36702086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy can be associated with taurine deficiency in dogs. Blood taurine concentrations can be analyzed in whole blood (WB) and plasma. The study objectives were to investigate agreement between taurine concentrations measured in WB, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma, determine intraindividual variation in healthy dogs, and evaluate if time from feeding to sampling impacts concentrations. ANIMALS Ten English Cocker spaniels and 10 dogs of various breeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were fasted 12 h prior to initial blood sampling, and the blood was collected at five occasions over eight h. Food was offered immediately after first and one h after fourth sampling time point. RESULTS Agreement between taurine concentrations in EDTA plasma and heparinized plasma was good (mean difference 4.5 nmol/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) 36.8-45.8 nmol/mL). Whole blood concentrations were systematically higher than EDTA and heparin plasma concentrations (mean difference 132.7 nmol/mL, 95% CI 23.6-241.8 nmol/mL, and 127.6 nmol/mL, 95% CI 28.6-226.6 nmol/mL, respectively, all P < 0.001). Intraindividual daily variations in taurine concentration were seen in all additives, with largest variations in plasma (P < 0.001). Taurine concentration in heparinized plasma was higher at first and fifth sampling time points compared to the fourth (P = 0.014). DISCUSSION Agreement was found between taurine concentrations measured in different additives, with expected higher concentration in WB than plasma. Taurine concentrations measured in heparinized plasma varied with sampling time point. Intraindividual daily variations were observed in all additives, but mainly in plasma samples. CONCLUSION Taurine concentrations in dogs with suspected deficiency should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kriström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21A, SE-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden.
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Tidholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21A, SE-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden
| | - J Z Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A J Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wesselowski S, Blake AB, Gordon SG, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Whole blood and plasma taurine reference intervals in adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and correlations between taurine concentration, diet and mitral valve disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S71-S76. [PMID: 36136933 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine breed-specific reference intervals for whole blood (WB) and plasma taurine concentrations in adult, overtly healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) and determine whether taurine concentrations differ across preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) stages or between CKCSs eating diets that meet World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) nutritional guidelines versus other diets. ANIMALS 200 privately owned CKCSs. PROCEDURES Clinically healthy adult CKCSs were recruited prospectively. Diet and supplement history was collected. Dogs were staged by echocardiography using MMVD consensus guidelines. Taurine concentrations were measured in deproteinized lithium heparin WB and plasma samples with the postcolumn ninhydrin derivatization method on a dedicated amino acid analyzer. RESULTS There were 12 stage A (6%), 150 stage B1 (75%), and 38 stage B2 (19%) CKCSs. Seventy-eight dogs (39%) were reported by their owners to be eating diets meeting WSAVA nutritional guidelines; 116 (58%) were not. Taurine concentrations in plasma (P = .444) and WB (P = .073) were not significantly different across MMVD stages or between CKCSs eating diets meeting WSAVA nutritional guidelines versus other diets (P = .345 and P = .527, respectively). Reference intervals for WB taurine (152 to 373 µM) and plasma taurine (51 to 217 µM) concentrations in CKCSs were generated. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In CKCSs, taurine concentrations do not differ significantly based on preclinical MMVD stage, nor do they differ significantly based on consumption of a diet that does or does not meet WSAVA nutritional guidelines.
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Tôrres CL, Biourge VC, Backus RC. Plasma and Whole Blood Taurine Concentrations in Dogs May Not Be Sensitive Indicators of Taurine Deficiency When Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Content Is Reduced. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:873460. [PMID: 35615252 PMCID: PMC9125078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.873460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taurine status is impacted by dietary supply of methionine and cysteine (SAA) and possibly intestinal microbial activity, where plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations are currently used to evaluate taurine status. Objective We determined effects of dietary SAA restriction on rate and extent of taurine depletion of blood and skeletal muscle in dogs of two body sizes, and whether oral antibiotic administration affected the taurine depletion and fecal bile acid excretion of the dogs. Methods Adult, male, Beagles (n = 6; 10.1–13.1 kg) and larger mixed-breed dogs (n = 6; 28.5–41.1 kg) were given four dry-expanded diets, whereby each successive diet contained lower protein and/or SAA concentration. After receiving the final diet for 44 weeks, all dogs were orally administered a mixture of ampicillin, neomycin sulfate, and metronidazole for 12 weeks. Taurine concentrations were determined every 2–4 weeks in venous blood and voided urine and every 4 to 16 weeks in biopsied semimembranosus muscle. Fecal bile acid excretion before and after antibiotics administration were quantified. Results When given for 36 weeks the lowest SAA diet, 3.4% methionine and 2.9% cystine, taurine concentrations in whole blood were not different between groups, while taurine in plasma declined (P < 0.05) in large but not in small dogs, and taurine in biopsied muscle decreased (P < 0.05) by 50% in large and by 37% in small dogs. Concentrations of taurine in muscle were lower (P < 0.01) and fecal bile acids greater (P = 0.001) in large than small dogs. Antibiotic administration restored plasma and muscle taurine to initial concentrations and halved fecal bile acid excretion by dogs of both groups. Conclusions Blood taurine concentration may not be a sensitive indictor of taurine depletion caused by low intake of bioavailable SAA in dogs, especially in large dogs. Taurine status and dietary SAA requirements of dogs may substantively depend on taurine loss mediated by intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L. Tôrres
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Robert C. Backus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Backus
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14
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Müller K, Mancinelli E. Cardiology in Rabbits and Rodents-Common Cardiac Diseases, Therapeutic Options, and Limitations. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:525-540. [PMID: 35422265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Information about heart diseases and their treatment is still sparce for rabbits and rodents. Dilated cardiomyopathy seems to occur more frequently in rabbits, whereas in guinea pigs pericardial effusion is often diagnosed. There are still no available therapeutic studies for heart diseases in rabbits and rodents, and treatment is often extrapolated from dogs and cats. Consideration should be given to the off-label use of drugs, mostly not licensed in the species mentioned in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Müller
- Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin 14163, Germany.
| | - Elisabetta Mancinelli
- Valley Exotics, Valley Veterinary Hospital, Gwaelod y Garth Ind Est., Cardiff CF15 9AA, UK
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15
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Bakke AM, Wood J, Salt C, Allaway D, Gilham M, Kuhlman G, Bierer T, Butterwick R, O'Flynn C. Responses in randomised groups of healthy, adult Labrador retrievers fed grain-free diets with high legume inclusion for 30 days display commonalities with dogs with suspected dilated cardiomyopathy. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:157. [PMID: 35484585 PMCID: PMC9047289 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early responses in healthy adult dogs fed grain-free diets with high inclusion of split peas (20%) and lentils (40%) that may lead to canine diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were investigated. To help understand the clinical relevance of the findings, a survey of electronic health records (EHR) was conducted of dogs with and without suspected DCM for comparison. Control and Test diets were fed to Labrador retriever dogs for 30 days (n = 5 and 6, respectively). Blood and urine samples collected at baseline and days 3, 14 and 28/30 were analyzed for hematology, clinical biochemistry and taurine concentrations. The EHRs of dogs at Banfield® Pet Hospitals in the 2-year period 2018-2019 were surveyed, revealing 420 dogs diagnosed with DCM, which were compared with 420 breed, gender and age-matched healthy control dogs. Compared to baseline values, feeding the Test diet for 28 days caused progressive, significant (p < 0.001) decreases in red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit and total hemoglobin by 7.7, 8.3 and 6.3%, respectively, and a 41.8% increase in plasma inorganic phosphate. Commonalities in these parameters were observed in clinical DCM cases. Regarding taurine status, Test dogs transiently increased whole-blood (23.4%) and plasma (47.7%) concentrations on day 14, while taurine:creatinine ratio in fresh urine and taurine in pooled urine were reduced by 77 and 78%, respectively, on day 28/30. Thus grain-free, legume-rich Test diets caused reduced RBC and hyperphosphatemia, findings also indicated in dogs with suspected DCM. Changes in taurine metabolism were indicated. The data will aid in generating hypotheses for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Bakke
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Joshua Wood
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Carina Salt
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - David Allaway
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Matt Gilham
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Butterwick
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Ciaran O'Flynn
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
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16
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Haimovitz D, Vereb M, Freeman L, Goldberg R, Lessard D, Rush J, Adin D. Effect of diet change in healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac biomarker or echocardiographic abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1057-1065. [PMID: 35420218 PMCID: PMC9151466 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent study showed higher high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) concentrations in healthy dogs eating grain‐free (GF) compared to those eating grain‐inclusive (GI) diets. Hypothesis/Objectives Healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities eating GF diets at baseline will show improvements in cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic variables after diet change, whereas healthy dogs eating GI diets at baseline will not improve. Animals Twenty healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (12 Golden Retrievers, 5 Doberman Pinschers, 3 Miniature Schnauzers). Methods This prospective study included dogs with increased hs‐cTnI or N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentrations, or echocardiographic abnormalities. Mixed modeling was used to evaluate echocardiographic, hs‐cTnI, and NT‐proBNP differences between groups (GF or GI diet at baseline) over time (1 y after diet change). Results Ten GF and 10 GI dogs were evaluated. There were statistically significant time: group interactions for hs‐cTnI (P = .02) and normalized left ventricular internal systolic diameter (LVIDsN; P = .02), with GF dogs showing larger decreases in these variables than GI dogs. Median (range) hs‐cTnI (ng/mL) for GF dogs was 0.141 (0.012‐0.224) at baseline and 0.092 (0.044‐0.137) at 1 y, and for GI dogs was 0.051 (0.016‐0.195) at baseline and 0.060 (0.022‐0.280) at 1 y. Median LVIDsN for GF dogs was 1.01 (0.70‐1.30) at baseline and 0.87 (0.79‐1.24) at 1 y, and for GI dogs was 1.05 (0.84‐1.21) at baseline and 1.10 (0.85‐1.28) at 1 y. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased hs‐cTnI and LVIDsN in GF dogs after diet change supports reversibility of these subclinical myocardial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Haimovitz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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17
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Walker AL, DeFrancesco TC, Bonagura JD, Keene BW, Meurs KM, Tou SP, Kurtz K, Aona B, Barron L, McManamey A, Robertson J, Adin DB. Association of diet with clinical outcomes in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 40:99-109. [PMID: 33741312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been associated with feeding of grain-free (GF), legume-rich diets. Some dogs with presumed diet-associated DCM have shown improved myocardial function and clinical outcomes following a change in diet and standard medical therapy. HYPOTHESIS Prior GF (pGF) diet influences reverse cardiac remodeling and clinical outcomes in dogs with DCM and congestive heart failure (CHF). ANIMALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed with 67 dogs with DCM and CHF for which diet history was known. Dogs were grouped by diet into pGF and grain-inclusive (GI) groups. Dogs in the pGF group were included if diet change was a component of therapy. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS The median survival time was 344 days for pGF dogs vs. 253 days for GI dogs (P = 0.074). Statistically significant differences in median survival were identified when the analysis was limited to dogs surviving longer than one week (P = 0.033). Prior GF dogs had a significantly worse outcome the longer a GF diet was fed prior to diagnosis (P = 0.004) or if they were diagnosed at a younger age (P = 0.017). Prior GF dogs showed significantly greater improvement in normalized left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (P = 0.038) and E-point septal separation (P = 0.031) measurements and significant decreases in their furosemide (P = 0.009) and pimobendan (P < 0.005) dosages over time compared to GI dogs. CONCLUSIONS Prior GF dogs that survived at least one week after diagnosis of DCM, treatment of CHF, and diet change had better clinical outcomes and showed reverse ventricular remodeling compared to GI dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Walker
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis,1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - T C DeFrancesco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - J D Bonagura
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - B W Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - K M Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - S P Tou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - K Kurtz
- MedVet Chicago, 3305 N, California Ave., Chicago, IL, 60618, USA
| | - B Aona
- MedVet Columbus, 300 E, Wilson Bridge Rd., Worthington, OH, 43085, USA
| | - L Barron
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - A McManamey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - J Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - D B Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave., Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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18
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Freeman L, Rush J, Adin D, Weeks K, Antoon K, Brethel S, Cunningham S, Santos LD, Girens R, Goldberg R, Karlin E, Lessard D, Lopez K, Rouben C, Vereb M, Yang V. Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:451-463. [PMID: 35297103 PMCID: PMC8965249 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have investigated dogs with presumed diet‐associated dilated cardiomyopathy (daDCM), but prospective studies of multiple breeds are needed. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate baseline features and serial changes in echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets (NTDs) or traditional diets (TDs), and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (SCA) eating NTD. Animals Sixty dogs with DCM (NTD, n = 51; TDs, n = 9) and 16 dogs with SCA eating NTDs. Methods Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and measurement of taurine, cardiac troponin I, and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide were performed in dogs with DCM or SCA. Diets were changed for all dogs, taurine was supplemented in most, and echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers were reassessed (3, 6, and 9 months). Results At enrollment, there were few differences between dogs with DCM eating NTDs or TDs; none had low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations. Improvement in fractional shortening over time was significantly associated with previous consumption of a NTD, even after adjustment for other variables (P = .005). Median survival time for dogs with DCM was 611 days (range, 2‐940 days) for the NTD group and 161 days (range, 12‐669 days) for the TD group (P = .21). Sudden death was the most common cause of death in both diet groups. Dogs with SCA also had significant echocardiographic improvements over time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with DCM or SCA previously eating NTDs had small, yet significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters after diet changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Rush
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelsey Weeks
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen Antoon
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne Cunningham
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luis Dos Santos
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Karlin
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Lopez
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Camden Rouben
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vicky Yang
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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McGurk KA, Kasapi M, Ware JS. Effect of taurine administration on symptoms, severity, or clinical outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in humans: a systematic review. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35855073 PMCID: PMC9257265 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17505.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an amino acid found in animal products. Taurine is produced for human consumption as a supplement and ingredient in beverages. Supplementation is a safe, inexpensive, and effective treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in domestic mammals, however it is currently unlicensed in Europe and the United States for human medical treatment. Recent genome-wide association studies of DCM have identified the locus of the taurine transporter ( SLC6A6). To assess whether taurine supplementation may be a novel therapeutic option for DCM, we undertook a systematic review. Methods: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register, Web of Science, Biomed Central) were searched until 11/03/21. Included studies of human participants reported measured phenotypes or symptoms for cardiomyopathy, heart failure (HF), or altered left ventricle structure or function, administering taurine in any formulation, by any method. Non-English articles were excluded. Meta-analysis was completed in R software (version 3.6.0). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment score (NOQAS) tool was used to assess bias. Results: 285 articles were identified, of which eleven met our criteria for inclusion. Only one paper was deemed "high quality" using the NOQAS tool. Taurine supplementation varied across studies; by dose (500 mg to 6g per day), frequency (once to thrice daily), delivery method (tablet, capsule, drink, powder), and duration (2 to 48 weeks). Patient inclusion was all-cause HF patients with ejection fraction (EF) <50% and no study was specific to DCM. While improvements in diastolic and systolic function, exercise capacity, and haemodynamic parameters were described, only EF and stroke volume were measured in enough studies to complete a meta-analysis; the association was not significant with all-cause HF (P<0.05). No significant safety concerns were reported. Conclusions: A formal clinical trial is needed to address whether taurine supplementation is beneficial to the approximately 1/250 individuals with DCM in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A McGurk
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Melpomeni Kasapi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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20
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McGurk KA, Kasapi M, Ware JS. Effect of taurine administration on symptoms, severity, or clinical outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in humans: a systematic review. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35855073 PMCID: PMC9257265 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17505.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an amino acid found in animal products. Taurine is produced for human consumption as a supplement and ingredient in beverages. Supplementation is a safe, inexpensive, and effective treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in domestic mammals, however it is currently unlicensed in Europe and the United States for human medical treatment. Recent genome-wide association studies of DCM have identified the locus of the taurine transporter ( SLC6A6). To assess whether taurine supplementation may be a novel therapeutic option for DCM, we undertook a systematic review. Methods: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register, Web of Science, Biomed Central) were searched until 11/03/21. Included studies of human participants reported measured phenotypes or symptoms for cardiomyopathy, heart failure (HF), or altered left ventricle structure or function, administering taurine in any formulation, by any method. Non-English articles were excluded. Meta-analysis was completed in R software (version 3.6.0). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment score (NOQAS) tool was used to assess bias. Results: 285 articles were identified, of which eleven met our criteria for inclusion. Only one paper was deemed "high quality" using the NOQAS tool. Taurine supplementation varied across studies; by dose (500 mg to 6g per day), frequency (once to thrice daily), delivery method (tablet, capsule, drink, powder), and duration (2 to 48 weeks). Patient inclusion was all-cause HF patients with ejection fraction (EF) <50% and no study was specific to DCM. While improvements in diastolic and systolic function, exercise capacity, and haemodynamic parameters were described, only EF and stroke volume were measured in enough studies to complete a meta-analysis; the association was not significant with all-cause HF (P<0.05). No significant safety concerns were reported. Conclusions: A formal clinical trial is needed to address whether taurine supplementation is beneficial to the approximately 1/250 individuals with DCM in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A McGurk
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Melpomeni Kasapi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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21
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McGurk KA, Kasapi M, Ware JS. Effect of taurine administration on symptoms, severity, or clinical outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in humans: a systematic review. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35855073 PMCID: PMC9257265 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17505.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an amino acid found in animal products. Taurine is produced for human consumption as a supplement and ingredient in beverages. Supplementation is a safe, inexpensive, and effective treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in domestic mammals, however it is currently unlicensed in Europe and the United States for human medical treatment. Recent genome-wide association studies of DCM have identified the locus of the taurine transporter ( SLC6A6). To assess whether taurine supplementation may be a novel therapeutic option for DCM, we undertook a systematic review. Methods: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register, Web of Science, Biomed Central) were searched until 11/03/21. Included studies of human participants reported measured phenotypes or symptoms for cardiomyopathy, heart failure (HF), or altered left ventricle structure or function, administering taurine in any formulation, by any method. Non-English articles were excluded. Meta-analysis was completed in R software (version 3.6.0). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment score (NOQAS) tool was used to assess bias. Results: 285 articles were identified, of which eleven met our criteria for inclusion. Only one paper was deemed "high quality" using the NOQAS tool. Taurine supplementation varied across studies; by dose (500 mg to 6g per day), frequency (once to thrice daily), delivery method (tablet, capsule, drink, powder), and duration (2 to 48 weeks). Patient inclusion was all-cause HF patients with ejection fraction (EF) <50% and no study was specific to DCM. While improvements in diastolic and systolic function, exercise capacity, and haemodynamic parameters were described, only EF and stroke volume were measured in enough studies to complete a meta-analysis; the association was not significant with all-cause HF (P<0.05). No significant safety concerns were reported. Conclusions: A formal clinical trial is needed to address whether taurine supplementation is beneficial to the approximately 1/250 individuals with DCM in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A McGurk
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Melpomeni Kasapi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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22
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Wess G. Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:51-68. [PMID: 34732313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiac disease in large breed dogs. The disease can start with arrhythmias or with systolic dysfunction of the myocardium. OBJECTIVE To describe screening methods for DCM in various breeds and provide a new, modified staging system. RECOMMENDATIONS Screening for occult DCM should start at three years of age and use Holter monitoring in Boxers and Dobermans and might be useful also in other breeds. Single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) can be detected in many healthy dogs, but healthy animals typically have <50 VPCs in 24 h and demonstrate minimal complexity most often occurring only as single ectopic beats. In general, >100 VPCs in 24 h was recommended as the cut-off value for establishing a diagnosis of DCM. However, there are breed-specific recommendations related to Holter recording diagnosis of DCM in Dobermans and Boxers. Yearly screening over the life of a dog is recommended, as a one-time screening is not sufficient to rule out the future development of DCM. Several echocardiographic methods such as M-mode derived measurements, the measurement of the left ventricular (LV) volume by Simpson's method of discs (SMOD), and E-point to septal separation (EPSS) are recommended for screening purposes. The value of additional tests such as cardiac biomarkers (troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) as well as a 5-min resting electrocardiogram (ECG) or newer echocardiographic methods such as strain measurements is discussed. CONCLUSION This review suggests some guidelines for screening for DCM in various breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, Munich, 80539, Germany.
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23
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Smith CE, Parnell LD, Lai CQ, Rush JE, Freeman LM. Investigation of diets associated with dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs using foodomics analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15881. [PMID: 34354102 PMCID: PMC8342479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that affects both humans and dogs. Certain canine diets have been associated with DCM, but the diet-disease link is unexplained, and novel methods are needed to elucidate mechanisms. We conducted metabolomic profiling of 9 diets associated with canine DCM, containing ≥ 3 pulses, potatoes, or sweet potatoes as main ingredients, and in the top 16 dog diet brands most frequently associated with canine DCM cases reported to the FDA (3P/FDA diets), and 9 non-3P/FDA diets. We identified 88 named biochemical compounds that were higher in 3P/FDA diets and 23 named compounds that were lower in 3P/FDA diets. Amino acids, amino acid-derived compounds, and xenobiotics/plant compounds were the largest categories of biochemicals that were higher in 3P/FDA diets. Random forest analyses identified the top 30 compounds that distinguished the two diet groups with 100% predictive accuracy. Four diet ingredients distinguished the two diet groups (peas, lentils, chicken/turkey, and rice). Of these ingredients, peas showed the greatest association with higher concentrations of compounds in 3P/FDA diets. Moreover, the current foodomics analyses highlight relationships between diet and DCM in dogs that can identify possible etiologies for understanding diet-disease relationships in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Lisa M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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24
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Banton S, Pezzali JG, Verbrugghe A, Bakovic M, Wood KM, Shoveller AK. Addition of dietary methionine but not dietary taurine or methyl donors/receivers to a grain-free diet increases postprandial homocysteine concentrations in adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6333283. [PMID: 34333630 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain based ingredients are replaced in part by pulse ingredients in grain-free pet foods. Pulse ingredients are lower in methionine and cysteine, amino acid (AA) precursors to taurine synthesis in dogs. While recent work has investigated plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations when feeding grain-free diets, supplementation of a grain-free diet with various nutrients involved in the biosynthesis of taurine has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing a complete grain-free dry dog food with either methionine (MET), taurine (TAU), or methyl donors (choline) and methyl receivers (creatine and carnitine; CCC) on postprandial AA concentrations. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed 1 of 3 treatments or the control grain-free diet (CON) for 7 d in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. On d7, cephalic catheters were placed and one fasted sample (0 min) and a series of 9 post-meal blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the PROC GLIMMIX function in SAS (Version 9.4). Dogs fed MET had greater plasma and whole blood methionine concentrations from 30 - 360 min after a meal (P < 0.0001) and greater plasma homocysteine concentrations from 60 - 360 min after a meal (P < 0.0001) compared to dogs fed CON, TAU and CCC. Dogs fed TAU had greater plasma taurine concentrations over time compared to dogs fed CON (P = 0.02), but were not different than dogs fed MET and CCC (P > 0.05). In addition, most AA remained significantly elevated at 6 h post-meal compared to fasted samples across all treatments. Supplementation of creatine, carnitine and choline in grain-free diets may play a role in sparing the methionine requirement without increasing homocysteine concentrations. Supplementing these nutrients could also aid in the treatment of disease that causes metabolic or oxidative stress, including cardiac disease in dogs, but future research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Banton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Júlia G Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Basili M, Pedro B, Hodgkiss-Geere H, Navarro-Cubas X, Graef N, Dukes-McEwan J. Low plasma taurine levels in English cocker spaniels diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:570-579. [PMID: 33594697 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate taurine levels in English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy and assess their survival time and natural progression of their disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective comparison of English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype with and without taurine deficiency at the cardiology department of a UK academic referral centre between 2008 and 2018. RESULTS Taurine plasma concentration was available in 16 English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype; 13 of 16 had congestive heart failure and three of 16 did not. Taurine concentration was low (<50 μmol/L) in 13 of 16 and normal in three of 16. Deficient dogs received taurine supplementation in addition to conventional cardiac medications. Eight dogs were still alive at the end of this study and eight were dead. MST for all dogs included in the study was 2800 days. Left ventricular systolic function improved and left ventricular dimensions reduced in English cocker spaniels with taurine deficiency following taurine supplementation and conventional cardiac therapy, although similar results were observed in English cocker spaniels with normal taurine concentration on cardiac therapy alone. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Based on laboratory reference intervals, low taurine concentrations were common in English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy, showing a possible association between dilated cardiomyopathy in English cocker spaniels and taurine deficiency; supplementation with taurine was not curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basili
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B Pedro
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK.,Cardiology Service, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, UK
| | - H Hodgkiss-Geere
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - X Navarro-Cubas
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK.,Cardiology Service, Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Basildon, Essex, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - N Graef
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Cardiology Service, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Chester, CH64 7TE, UK
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26
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Freid KJ, Freeman LM, Rush JE, Cunningham SM, Davis MS, Karlin ET, Yang VK. Retrospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:58-67. [PMID: 33345431 PMCID: PMC7848368 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The United States Food and Drug Administration is investigating possible diet‐associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs and cats. Objectives To retrospectively review DCM cases for signalment, diet information, echocardiographic changes, and survival. Animals Client‐owned dogs (n = 71). Methods Medical records of dogs diagnosed with DCM between January 1, 2014 and September 30, 2018 were reviewed. Dogs were grouped into “traditional” or “nontraditional” diet categories and whether or not diet was changed after diagnosis. Results For dogs eating nontraditional diets, those that had their diets changed had a larger percentage decrease in normalized systolic left ventricular internal dimension (P = .03) and left atrial:aorta ratio (P < .001) compared to those that did not have their diets changed. Survival time was significantly longer for dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets that had their diets changed (median survival, 337 days; range, 9‐1307 days) compared to dogs eating nontraditional diets that did not have their diets changed (median survival, 215 days; range, 1‐852 days; P = .002). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets can experience improvement in cardiac function after diet change but additional research is needed to examine possible associations between diet and DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Freid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne M Cunningham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan S Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily T Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vicky K Yang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Donadelli RA, Pezzali JG, Oba PM, Swanson KS, Coon C, Varney J, Pendlebury C, Shoveller AK. A commercial grain-free diet does not decrease plasma amino acids and taurine status but increases bile acid excretion when fed to Labrador Retrievers. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa141. [PMID: 32832860 PMCID: PMC7433909 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain-free diets tend to have greater inclusions of pulses in contrast to grain-based diets. In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a statement that grain-free diets may be related to the development of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, all dog foods met regulatory minimums for nutrient inclusion recommended by the Association of American Feed Controls Official. In some FDA case reports, but not all, dogs diagnosed with DCM also had low concentrations of plasma or whole blood taurine; thus, we hypothesized that feeding these diets will result in reduced taurine status from baseline measures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a grain-free diet to large-breed dogs on taurine status and overall health. Eight Labrador Retrievers (four males and four females; Four Rivers Kennel, MO) were individually housed and fed a commercial complete and balanced grain-free diet (Acana Pork and Squash formula; APS) for 26 wk. Fasted blood samples were collected prior to the start of the trial (baseline; week 0) and at weeks 13 and 26 for analyses of blood chemistry, hematology, plasma amino acids, and whole blood taurine. Urine was collected by free catch at weeks 0 and 26 for taurine and creatinine analyses. Fresh fecal samples were collected at weeks 0 and 26 for bile acid analyses. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures in SAS (v. 9.4). Plasma His, Met, Trp, and taurine and whole blood taurine concentrations increased over the course of the study (P < 0.05). Urinary taurine to creatinine ratio was not affected by diet (P > 0.05). Fecal bile acid excretion increased after 26 wk of feeding APS to dogs. Despite the higher fecal excretion of bile acids, plasma and whole blood taurine increased over the 26-wk feeding study. These data suggest that feeding APS, a grain-free diet, over a 26-wk period improved taurine status in Labrador Retrievers and is not the basis for the incidence of DCM for dogs fed APS. Other factors that may contribute to the etiology of DCM should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Donadelli
- Animal Biosciences Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Julia G Pezzali
- Animal Biosciences Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | | | - Anna K Shoveller
- Animal Biosciences Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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28
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McCauley SR, Clark SD, Quest BW, Streeter RM, Oxford EM. Review of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the wake of diet-associated concerns. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa155. [PMID: 32542359 PMCID: PMC7447921 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been in the literature and news because of the recent opinion-based journal articles and public releases by regulatory agencies. DCM is commonly associated with a genetic predisposition in certain dog breeds and can also occur secondary to other diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Recent communications in veterinary journals have discussed a potential relationship between grain-free and/or novel protein diets to DCM, citing a subjective increase in DCM in dog breeds that are not known to have a genetic predisposition for the disease. This literature review describes clinical presentations of DCM, common sequelae, treatment and preventative measures, histopathologic features, and a discussion of the varied etiological origins of the disease. In addition, current literature limitations are addressed, in order to ascertain multiple variables leading to the development of DCM. Future studies are needed to evaluate one variable at a time and to minimize confounding variables and speculation. Furthermore, to prevent sampling bias with the current FDA reports, the veterinary community should be asked to provide information for all cases of DCM in dogs. This should include cases during the same time period, regardless of the practitioner's proposed etiology, due to no definitive association between diets with specific characteristics, such as, but not limited to, grain-free diets and those containing legumes, novel protein diets, and those produced by small manufacturers to DCM in dogs. In summary, in order to determine if certain ingredients, categories of diets, or manufacturing processes are related to an increased risk of DCM, further studies investigating these variables are necessary.
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29
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Ontiveros ES, Whelchel BD, Yu J, Kaplan JL, Sharpe AN, Fousse SL, Crofton AE, Fascetti AJ, Stern JA. Development of plasma and whole blood taurine reference ranges and identification of dietary features associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers: A prospective, observational study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233206. [PMID: 32413894 PMCID: PMC7228784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A surge in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) consumer complaints identified concerns that legume-rich, grain-free diets were associated with nutritionally-mediated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Golden retrievers represent the most reported breed affected by this condition and previous studies documented the disease is responsive to dietary change and taurine supplementation. Although dietary findings across cases are compelling, prospective studies with control groups are lacking. The role of diet in developing taurine deficiency and echocardiographic changes consistent with DCM in healthy dogs is unknown. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that golden retrievers eating non-traditional diets are at a higher risk of having taurine deficiency and nutritionally-mediated DCM compared with those eating traditional commercial diets. We aimed to compare taurine concentrations and echocardiographic indices of systolic function between golden retrievers in each diet group and elucidate associations between diet and these variables. Additionally, we aimed to generate breed-specific reference intervals for whole blood and plasma taurine concentrations. ANIMALS 86 golden retrievers. METHODS Golden retrievers eating traditional or non-traditional diets were evaluated and diet history, taurine concentrations and echocardiographic data were collected. Dietary features, taurine concentrations and echocardiographic findings were compared between diet groups. Relative risks were calculated for the likelihood of echocardiographic abnormalities and taurine deficiency in each diet group. Breed-specific reference intervals were constructed for taurine concentrations in dogs from the traditional diet group. RESULTS Golden retrievers eating non-traditional diets had significantly lower taurine concentrations and more frequent systolic dysfunction. Breed specific reference intervals are higher than previously reported across breeds. CONCLUSIONS Non-traditional diets, which were typically grain-free and contained legumes in this study, were significantly associated with and have increased relative risk for the identification of taurine deficiency and echocardiographic abnormalities consistent with nutritionally-mediated DCM. These findings were identifiable in the absence of clinical signs and support the findings of multiple previous studies and the ongoing FDA investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Bradley D. Whelchel
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Joanna L. Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. Sharpe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Crofton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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30
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Zafalon RVA, Risolia LW, Vendramini THA, Ayres Rodrigues RB, Pedrinelli V, Teixeira FA, Rentas MF, Perini MP, Alvarenga IC, Brunetto MA. Nutritional inadequacies in commercial vegan foods for dogs and cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227046. [PMID: 31951617 PMCID: PMC6968870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the macronutrients composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and essential minerals content of all vegan foods for dogs and cats available in the Brazilian market, and to compare results with FEDIAF (2019) and AAFCO (2019) recommendations. Four vegan pet foods were assessed (three for dogs and one for cats). The comparisons were made in a descriptive manner. All foods met the minimum recommendations for macronutrients. Arachidonic acid was not reported in any food label. Regarding the FEDIAF recommendations, one food for dogs had low calcium, another had low potassium and a third had low sodium. The cat food presented potassium content lower than recommended. The Ca:P ratio did not meet the minimum recommendation of FEDIAF (2019) and AAFCO (2019) in any of the dog’s foods analyzed, and the cat food also did not present the minimum recommendation based on FEDIAF (2019). Copper concentrations exceeded the legal limit in all foods. Zinc concentrations exceeded this limit in two foods (one for dogs and one for cats) and iron levels exceeded the legal limit in one dog food. One of the dog foods did not meet the minimum recommendation for methionine and the cat food did not meet the minimum recommendation for arginine. In addition, when the amount of nutrients consumed by animals with low energy requirements was simulated, in addition to the same non-conformities described above, it was observed that the cat food does not meet the minimum recommended of protein and taurine in unit/Kg0.67. It was concluded that all foods analyzed had one or more nutrients below the recommended levels and some presented zinc and copper excess, therefore, these foods should not be recommended for dogs and cats, because dietary deficiencies found may lead to health risks for dogs and cats. Furthermore, manufacturers should review their formulations to ensure the nutritional adequacy of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Wünsche Risolia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pamplona Perini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Isabella Corsato Alvarenga
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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31
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Mansilla WD, Marinangeli CPF, Ekenstedt KJ, Larsen JA, Aldrich G, Columbus DA, Weber L, Abood SK, Shoveller AK. Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:983-997. [PMID: 30615118 PMCID: PMC6396252 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2018, the Food and Drug Administration warned about a possible relationship between dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs and the consumption of dog food formulated with potatoes and pulse ingredients. This issue may impede utilization of pulse ingredients in dog food or consideration of alternative proteins. Pulse ingredients have been used in the pet food industry for over 2 decades and represent a valuable source of protein to compliment animal-based ingredients. Moreover, individual ingredients used in commercial foods do not represent the final nutrient concentration of the complete diet. Thus, nutritionists formulating dog food must balance complementary ingredients to fulfill the animal's nutrient needs in the final diet. There are multiple factors that should be considered, including differences in nutrient digestibility and overall bioavailability, the fermentability and quantity of fiber, and interactions among food constituents that can increase the risk of DCM development. Taurine is a dispensable amino acid that has been linked to DCM in dogs. As such, adequate supply of taurine and/or precursors for taurine synthesis plays an important role in preventing DCM. However, requirements of amino acids in dogs are not well investigated and are presented in total dietary content basis which does not account for bioavailability or digestibility. Similarly, any nutrient (e.g., soluble and fermentable fiber) or physiological condition (e.g., size of the dog, sex, and age) that increases the requirement for taurine will also augment the possibility for DCM development. Dog food formulators should have a deep knowledge of processing methodologies and nutrient interactions beyond meeting the Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and should not carelessly follow unsubstantiated market trends. Vegetable ingredients, including pulses, are nutritious and can be used in combination with complementary ingredients to meet the nutritional needs of the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jennifer A Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Greg Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Lynn Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sarah K Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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32
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Söder J, Höglund K, Dicksved J, Hagman R, Eriksson Röhnisch H, Moazzami AA, Wernersson S. Plasma metabolomics reveals lower carnitine concentrations in overweight Labrador Retriever dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:10. [PMID: 30808390 PMCID: PMC6390349 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of overweight is increasing in dogs, but the metabolic events related to this condition are still poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to investigate the postprandial response of plasma metabolites using a meal-challenge test and to identify metabolic variations related to spontaneous overweightness in privately owned dogs. Results Twenty-eight healthy male intact Labrador Retriever dogs were included, 12 of which were classified as lean (body condition score (BCS) 4–5 on a 9-point scale) and 16 as overweight (BCS 6–8). After an overnight fast (14–17 h), blood samples were collected and dogs were thereafter fed a high-fat meal. Postprandial blood samples were collected hourly four times. Plasma metabolites were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Postprandial metabolomes differed from the fasting metabolome in multivariate discriminant analysis (PLS-DA: Q2Y = 0.31–0.63, cross-validated ANOVA: P ≤ 0.00014) Eleven metabolites, all amino acids, contributed to the separations. Carnitine was identified as a metabolite related to overweight (stepwise logistic regression analysis P ≤ 0.03) and overweight dogs had overall lower carnitine response (mixed model repeated measures analysis P = 0.005) than lean dogs. Notably, mean fasting carnitine concentration in overweight dogs (9.4 ± 4.2 µM) was close to a proposed reference limit for carnitine insufficiency. Conclusions A postprandial amino acid response was detected but no time-dependent variations with regards to body condition groups were found. Lower carnitine concentrations were found in overweight compared to lean dogs. The latter finding could indicate a carnitine insufficiency related to spontaneous adiposity and altered lipid metabolism in overweight dogs in this cohort of otherwise healthy Labrador Retrievers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13028-019-0446-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kaplan JL, Stern JA, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA, Skolnik H, Peddle GD, Kienle RD, Waxman A, Cocchiaro M, Gunther-Harrington CT, Klose T, LaFauci K, Lefbom B, Machen Lamy M, Malakoff R, Nishimura S, Oldach M, Rosenthal S, Stauthammer C, O’Sullivan L, Visser LC, William R, Ontiveros E. Taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers fed commercial diets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209112. [PMID: 30543707 PMCID: PMC6292607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Golden retrievers are over-represented in cases of taurine-deficient dilated cardiomyopathy and recently a surge in cases has prompted further investigation. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, dietary, and echocardiographic features in golden retrievers diagnosed with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy, and to determine specific dietary associations. A second aim was to determine the whole blood taurine concentrations in a representative sample of healthy golden retrievers. ANIMALS Twenty-four client-owned golden retrievers with documented taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy and 52 healthy client-owned golden retrievers. METHODS In this multicenter prospective observational study, baseline and follow-up echocardiographic data, complete diet and medical histories, and whole blood, plasma, or serum taurine concentrations were obtained. Baseline and follow-up echocardiographic data were compared. Associations were evaluated between specific diets and taurine deficiency or congestive heart failure. The prevalence of low whole blood taurine concentrations in the healthy golden retrievers was calculated. RESULTS Twenty-three of 24 dogs diagnosed with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy were fed diets that were either grain-free, legume-rich, or a combination of these factors. None of these diets were feeding trial tested using Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) procedures. Twenty-three of 24 dogs had significant improvement in their echocardiographic parameters and normalization of taurine concentrations following diet change and taurine supplementation. Nine of 11 dogs diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) had resolution of their congestion at follow-up with five no longer requiring diuretic therapy and four tolerating diuretic dose reduction by >50%. CONCLUSIONS Certain diets and diet characteristics were associated with the development of taurine deficiency. Taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers is likely multifactorial, including a combination of dietary, metabolic, and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Kaplan
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah Skolnik
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gordon D. Peddle
- Animal Emergency & Referral Associates, Fairfield, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Kienle
- Mission Valley Veterinary Cardiology, Gilroy, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Waxman
- SAGE Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care, Dublin, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Cocchiaro
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catherine T. Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tyler Klose
- Lakeshore Veterinary Specialists, Glendale, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kendra LaFauci
- CVCA Cardiac Care for Pets Annapolis, Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Lefbom
- The Regional Veterinary Referral Center, CVCA Cardiac Care for Pets, Springfield, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maggie Machen Lamy
- Veterinary Cardiopulmonary Care Center, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Malakoff
- MSPCA Angell West, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Satoko Nishimura
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Oldach
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Rosenthal
- CVCA Cardiac Care for Pets, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Stauthammer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lynne O’Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Lance C. Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Regan William
- Veterinary Emergency Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Adin D, DeFrancesco TC, Keene B, Tou S, Meurs K, Atkins C, Aona B, Kurtz K, Barron L, Saker K. Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 21:1-9. [PMID: 30797439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) can result from numerous etiologies including genetic mutations, infections, toxins, and nutritional imbalances. This study sought to characterize differences in echocardiographic findings between dogs with DCM fed grain-free (GF) diets and grain-based (GB) diets. ANIMALS Forty-eight dogs with DCM and known diet history. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of dogs with DCM from January 1, 2015 to May 1, 2018 with a known diet history. Dogs were grouped by diet (GF and GB), and the GF group was further divided into dogs eating the most common grain-free diet (GF-1) and other grain-free diets (GF-o). Demographics, diet history, echocardiographic parameters, taurine concentrations, and vertebral heart scale were compared between GB, all GF, GF-1, and GF-o groups at diagnosis and recheck. RESULTS Dogs eating GF-1 weighed less than GB and GF-o dogs, but age and sex were not different between groups. Left ventricular size in diastole and systole was greater, and sphericity index was less for GF-1 compared with GB dogs. Diastolic left ventricular size was greater for all GF compared with that of GB dogs. Fractional shortening, left atrial size, and vertebral heart scale were not different between groups. Taurine deficiency was not identified in GF dogs, and presence of congestive heart failure was not different between groups. Seven dogs that were reevaluated after diet change (6 received taurine supplementation) had clinical and echocardiographic improvement. CONCLUSIONS Dietary-associated DCM occurs with some GF diets and can improve with nutritional management, including diet change. The role of taurine supplementation, even without deficiency, is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Teresa C DeFrancesco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Bruce Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Sandra Tou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kathryn Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Clarke Atkins
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Brent Aona
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kari Kurtz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Lara Barron
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Korinn Saker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Freeman LM, Stern JA, Fries R, Adin DB, Rush JE. Diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs: what do we know? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1390-1394. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dutton E, López-Alvarez J. An update on canine cardiomyopathies - is it all in the genes? J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:455-464. [PMID: 29665072 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the second most common cardiac disease in dogs and causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Primary dilated cardiomyopathy is suspected to be familial, and genetic loci have been associated with the disease in a number of breeds. Because it is an adult-onset disease, usually with late onset, testing breeding dogs and bitches before breeding for a genetic mutation that could lead to dilated cardiomyopathy would be helpful to prevent disease. There is growing evidence that the genetic basis may be multigenic rather than monogenic in the majority of studied breeds. This review article describes the known genetic aspects of canine dilated cardiomyopathy and the implications of genetic tests on heart testing and the future of veterinary cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dutton
- Cheshire Cardiology, Cheshire, WA16 8NE, UK
| | - J López-Alvarez
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Hospital Veterinari Canis Mallorca, Palma 07010, Illes Balears, Spain
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PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A CAPTIVE POPULATION OF BANDED MONGOOSES (MUNGOS MUNGO). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:829-841. [PMID: 28920815 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0244.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2006 and 2015, a high incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was diagnosed in a captive population of banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) at Chester Zoo, United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to characterize DCM in these mongooses in order to raise awareness of this condition and help inform management and clinical decisions. Prospective clinical assessments, including echocardiography, radiography, and cardiac biomarkers, were carried out in four mongooses remaining in the collection. Radiographs from 15 mature mongooses were reviewed and cardiac size and metrics assessed. Ten postmortem reports and the histologic sections from nine of these cases were reviewed for cardiac lesions. Echocardiographic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of preclinical DCM in one out of the four cases assessed, and it was considered equivocal in a second case. Taurine levels were within normal limits for domestic carnivores. Radiographs in seven mongooses showed right-sided or generalized cardiomegaly. The width of the heart in intercostal spaces and vertebral-tracheal angle on the lateral view were the most-discriminatory radiographic variables for diagnosis of cardiac disease. At necropsy, there was gross pathological evidence consistent with DCM in seven out of 10 mongooses examined. Histopathologically, mild multifocal fibrosis and rare intermyofiber edema were observed. This study provides preliminary evidence that DCM occurs in captive banded mongoose, but etiology and wider prevalence need to be determined.
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Harmon MW, Leach SB, Lamb KE. Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Standard Schnauzers: Retrospective Study of 15 Cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:38-44. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common myocardial disorder of dogs, typically affecting large and giant breeds. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of DCM in standard schnauzers. Medical records for 15 standard schnauzers diagnosed with DCM were reviewed. The median age at diagnosis of DCM was 1.6 yr, with all dogs developing left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). The median age of onset of CHF was 1.6 yr, and was significantly shorter in males (1.5 yr) than for females (2.35 yr). The median survival time after diagnosis of CHF was 22 days, and was shorter in males (13 days) than females (62 days). The occurrence of early onset DCM in multiple closely related standard schnauzers suggests a familial predisposition in this breed. Pedigree analysis confirmed common ancestry for all DCM affected dogs with a most likely autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Harmon
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (S.B.L., M.W.H.); and Lamb Consulting, West St. Paul, Minnesota (K.E.L.)
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (S.B.L., M.W.H.); and Lamb Consulting, West St. Paul, Minnesota (K.E.L.)
| | - Kenneth E. Lamb
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (S.B.L., M.W.H.); and Lamb Consulting, West St. Paul, Minnesota (K.E.L.)
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Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), characterized by chamber dilatation and myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction, is one of the most common heart diseases in dogs. The clinical diagnosis is based on findings on echocardiographic and Doppler examinations, with the active exclusion of other acquired or congenital heart diseases. However, the echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of DCM are not wholly specific for the disease, and histologic examination may be necessary for final diagnosis. Review of reports on histologic findings in dogs with clinically diagnosed DCM reveals two histologically distinct forms of DCM: 1) cardiomyopathy of Boxers and Doberman Pinschers, corresponding to the “fatty infiltration-degenerative” type and 2) the form seen in many giant, large-, and medium-sized breeds, including some Boxers and Doberman Pinschers, classified as the “attenuated wavy fiber” type of DCM. The histologic changes of the attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM may precede clinical and echocardiographic signs of heart disease, thus indicating an early stage of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tidholm
- Albano Animal Hospital of Stockholm, Rinkbyvägen 23, S-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden.
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Abstract
In this overview of success stories in veterinary clinical nutrition topics in cats and dogs reviewed include the dietary management of chronic kidney disease, dissolution of urinary tract uroliths by dietary modification, the recognition that taurine and L-carnitine deficiencies can cause dilated cardiomyopathy; that clinical signs associated with feline hyperthyroidism (caused by a benign adenoma) can be controlled by a low-iodine diet alone; that dietary management of canine osteoarthritis can also reduce non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug doses; and that disease-free intervals and survival times can be statistically longer in dogs with Stage III lymphoma managed with diet. As we discover more about nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, and as we expand our basic understanding of idiopathic diseases we are bound to identify more nutritionally related causes, and be able to develop novel dietary strategies to manage disease processes, including the formulation of diets designed to alter gene expression to obtain beneficial clinical outcomes.
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Kanakubo K, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA. Assessment of protein and amino acid concentrations and labeling adequacy of commercial vegetarian diets formulated for dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016. [PMID: 26225610 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine measured crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) concentrations and assess labeling adequacy of vegetarian diets formulated for dogs and cats. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE 13 dry and 11 canned vegetarian diets for dogs and cats. PROCEDURES Concentrations of CP and AAs were determined for each diet. Values were compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Dog and Cat Food Nutrient Profiles. Product labels were assessed for compliance with AAFCO regulations. RESULTS CP concentration (dry-matter basis) ranged from 19.2% to 40.3% (median, 29.8%). Minimum CP concentrations for the specified species and life stage were met by 23 diets; the remaining diet passed appropriate AAFCO feeding trials. Six diets did not meet all AA minimums, compared with the AAFCO nutrient profiles. Of these 6 diets, 1 was below AAFCO minimum requirements in 4 AAs (leucine, methionine, methionine-cystine, and taurine), 2 were below in 3 AAs (methionine, methionine-cystine, and taurine), 2 were below in 2 AAs (lysine and tryptophan), and 1 was below in 1 AA (tryptophan). Only 3 and 8 diets (with and without a statement of calorie content as a requirement, respectively) were compliant with all pet food label regulations established by the AAFCO. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most diets assessed in this study were not compliant with AAFCO labeling regulations, and there were concerns regarding adequacy of AA content. Manufacturers should ensure regulatory compliance and nutritional adequacy of all diets, and pets fed commercially available vegetarian diets should be monitored and assessed routinely.
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Janus I, Noszczyk-Nowak A, Nowak M, Ciaputa R, Kandefer-Gola M, Pasławska U. A comparison of the histopathologic pattern of the left atrium in canine dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic mitral valve disease. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:3. [PMID: 26728624 PMCID: PMC4700601 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) in dogs are associated with heart chamber enlargement, also of the left atrium. DCM is often accompanied by rhythm disturbances (mainly atrial fibrillation or ventricular arrhythmias). In CMVD, arrhythmias are observed less frequently. It is still unclear whether left atrial enlargement in these diseases results from volume overload or if it is also connected with other factors (e.g. rhythm disturbances). This study was conducted on the left atrial myocardial specimens from 31 dogs, including those from 16 dogs with clinically diagnosed DCM and 15 dogs with CMVD. After fixation and staining (using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson-Goldner trichrome stain), the specimens underwent evaluation. Parenchymal changes (fibrosis, fatty infiltration, and vessel narrowing), degenerative changes (loss of striation, changes in cardiomyocyte structure, and abnormal cell nuclei) and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates were assessed. RESULTS More interstitial fibrosis (median 4 vs. 2.5 grid fields; p < 0.05) and less perivascular fibrosis (median score 1 vs. 2; p < 0.05) was observed in the DCM group compared to the CMVD group. Moreover, less distinct vessel narrowing was observed in the DCM group than in the CMVD group (median lumen area ratio 0.3 vs. 0.26 respectively; p < 0.05). Dogs with DCM showed more strongly defined degenerative changes than the CMVD dogs (median nuclei enlargement score 3 vs. 1, median loss of striation score 3 vs. 2 and median structural alterations score 3 vs. 2, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The obtained results indicate a different nature of changes occurring in the left atrial myocardium of dogs with DCM compared to dogs with mitral valve disease, including differences in vessel narrowing, cardiomyocyte degeneration and in the distribution of connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Janus
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366, Poland
| | - Marcin Nowak
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375, Poland
| | - Rafał Ciaputa
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kandefer-Gola
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375, Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366, Poland
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Caivano D, Birettoni F, Giorgi ME, Porciello F. What is your diagnosis? Intracardiac thrombus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 245:1003-5. [PMID: 25313809 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.9.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Schaffer SW, Ramila KC, Jong CJ, Shetewy A, Shimada K, Ito T, Azuma J, Cioffi E. Does taurine prolong lifespan by improving heart function? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:555-70. [PMID: 25833527 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA,
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Amino acid content of selected plant, algae and insect species: a search for alternative protein sources for use in pet foods. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e39. [PMID: 26101608 PMCID: PMC4473169 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to global economic duress and heightened consumer awareness of nutrition and health, sustainable and natural ingredients are in demand. Identification of alternative sources of nitrogen and amino acids, including taurine, may help meet dietary requirements while fostering sustainability and natural feeding approaches. Twenty plants, eighteen marine algae and five insect species were analysed. All samples were freeze-dried, hydrolysed and filtered prior to amino acid analysis. Samples for amino acids were analysed in duplicate and averaged. Nitrogen was analysed and crude protein (CP) determined by calculation. With the exception of taurine concentration in soldier fly larvae, all insects exceeded both the National Research Council's canine and feline minimal requirements (MR) for growth of all essential amino acids (EAA) and CP. Although some plants and marine algal species exceeded the canine and feline MR for growth for EAA and CP, only very low concentrations of taurine were found in plants. Taurine concentration in insects was variable but high, with the greatest concentration found in ants (6·42 mg/g DM) and adult flesh flies (3·33 mg/g DM). Taurine was also high in some macroalgae, especially the red algal species: Mazaella spp. (4·11 mg/g DM), Porphyra spp. (1·22 mg/g DM) and Chondracanthus spp. (6·28 mg/g DM). Preliminary results suggest that insects and some marine algal species may be practical alternatives to traditional protein and supplemental taurine sources in pet foods. Safety, bioavailability, palatability and source variability of alternative items as food ingredients should be investigated prior to incorporation into canine and feline diets.
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DeFrancesco TC. Management of cardiac emergencies in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:817-42. [PMID: 23747262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac emergencies are life-threatening conditions that must be diagnosed quickly to avoid delays in therapy. A timely and accurate diagnosis leads to early relief of symptoms and improved survival. This article provides both a comprehensive review and updated management recommendations for common cardiac emergencies in dogs and cats. Specifically, the article confers updates for the efficient clinical recognition of decompensated cardiac patients, including focused echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and electrocardiogram interpretation. This article also reviews the latest recommendations for the treatment of heart failure (including the use of pimobendan) and the management of arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and aortic thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C DeFrancesco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Determination of the prevalence of whole blood taurine in Irish wolfhound dogs with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2013; 15:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Buchanan JW. The history of veterinary cardiology. J Vet Cardiol 2013; 15:65-85. [PMID: 23453139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Throughout civilization, animals have played a pivotal role in the advancement of science and medicine. From as early as 400 BC when Hippocrates recognized that diseases had natural causes, the steadfast advances made by biologists, scientists, physicians and scholars were fueled by timely and important facts and information- much of it gained through animal observations that contributed importantly to understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology. There have been many breakthroughs and historic developments. For example, William Harvey in the 16th and 17th centuries clarified the importance of the circulatory system, aided by observations in dogs and pigs, which helped to clarify and confirm his concepts. The nineteenth century witnessed advances in physical examination techniques including auscultation and percussion. These helped create the basis for enhanced proficiency in clinical cardiology. An explosion of technologic advances that followed in the 20th century have made possible sophisticated, accurate, and non-invasive diagnostics. This permitted rapid patient assessment, effective monitoring, the development of new cardiotonic drugs, clinical trials to assess efficacy, and multi-therapy strategies. The latter 20th century has marshaled a dizzying array of advances in medical genetics and molecular science, expanding the frontiers of etiologies and disease mechanisms in man, with important implications for animal health. Veterinary medicine has evolved during the last half century, from a trade designed to serve agrarian cultures, to a diverse profession supporting an array of career opportunities ranging from private, specialty practice, to highly organized, specialized medicine and subspecialty academic training programs in cardiology and allied disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Buchanan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Waldenberger FR, Freudenthaler A, Ginouvès-Guerdoux A, McGahie D, Gatto H. The natural antioxidants, pomegranate extract and soy isoflavones, favourably modulate canine endothelial cell function. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:590328. [PMID: 23762588 PMCID: PMC3671723 DOI: 10.5402/2012/590328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, preceded by vascular endothelial dysfunction, is a prominent cause of death in dogs. L-carnitine and taurine, well known for their antioxidative capacity, beneficially affect cardiovascular disease as well as certain dog cardiomyopathies. It is well established that vascular endothelial dysfunction precedes cardiovascular disease and that “vasoprotective factors” (NO and antioxidants) prevent apoptosis, whereas “risk factors” such as oxidized LDL, hyperglycemia, and free fatty acids trigger it in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Whereas human vascular cell in vitro models are widely established and used for the characterisation of potential vasoprotective substances, such models are not available for canine endothelial cells. In the present study we therefore developed an in vitro model, which allows the testing of the effects of different substances on proliferation and apoptosis in canine aortic endothelial cells. This model was used to test L-carnitine, taurine, pomegranate extract, and Soy Isoflavones in comparison to reference substances (glutathione and pioglitazone) previously shown to modulate human endothelial cell function. L-carnitine and taurine neither exhibited antiproliferative nor antiapoptotic activities in the context of this study. However extracts from pomegranate and soy isoflavones dramatically reduced proliferation and apoptosis in a dose dependent fashion, being in line with a vasoprotective activity in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina M Baumgartner-Parzer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of taurine as a feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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