1
|
González KS, Warwick H, Conradie M, Alisauskaite N. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a French bulldog puppy with genetically confirmed congenital hypothyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1737-1743. [PMID: 38532265 PMCID: PMC11099762 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A 7-month-old male French bulldog was referred for abnormal mentation and gait. Physical examination revealed a dome shaped calvarium and persistent bregmatic fontanelle. Neurological examination revealed proprioceptive ataxia, pelvic limb paraparesis and strabismus with moderate ventriculomegaly, thinning of the cerebral parenchyma, and widened cerebral sulci on magnetic resonance imaging. Masses were identified in the region of the thyroid, which appeared heterogeneous and hyperintense in T1-weighted and T2-weighted compared with the adjacent muscle signal masses were identified. Radiological diagnosis was hydrocephalus "ex vacuo" and goiter. Blood test revealed abnormally low total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and normal thyrotropin concentration. A diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by positive genetic test for thyroid peroxidase mutation. Thyroxine supplementation treatment rapidly improved clinical signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Warwick
- Northwest Veterinary SpecialistsRuncornUnited Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bugbee A, Rucinsky R, Cazabon S, Kvitko-White H, Lathan P, Nichelason A, Rudolph L. 2023 AAHA Selected Endocrinopathies of Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:113-135. [PMID: 37167252 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine and feline endocrinopathies reflect an endocrine gland disease or dysfunction with resulting hormonal abnormali ties that can variably affect the patient's wellbeing, quality of life, and life expectancy. These guidelines provide consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of four canine and feline endocrinopathies commonly encountered in clini cal practice: canine hypothyroidism, canine hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome), canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addi son's disease), and feline hyperthyroidism. To aid the general practitioner in navigating these common diseases, a stepwise diagnosis and treatment algorithm and relevant background information is provided for managing each of these diseases. The guidelines also describe, in lesser detail, the diagnosis and treatment of three relatively less common endo crinopathies of cats: feline hyperaldosteronism, feline hypothyroidism, and feline hyperadrenocorticism. Additionally, the guidelines present tips on effective veterinary team utilization and client communication when discussing endocrine cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bugbee
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Renee Rucinsky
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Sarah Cazabon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Heather Kvitko-White
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Patty Lathan
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Amy Nichelason
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Liza Rudolph
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moura E, Tasqueti UI, Mangrich-Rocha RMV, Filho JRE, de Farias MR, Pimpão CT. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Van Poucke M, Van Renterghem E, Peterson ME, van den Berg MF, Stock E, Peelman LJ, Daminet S. Association of recessive c.430G>A (p.(Gly144Arg)) thyroid peroxidase variant with primary congenital hypothyroidism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1597-1606. [PMID: 36054182 PMCID: PMC9511070 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a rare endocrine disorder in cats with a largely unknown genetic cause. OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical presentation of CH in 11 affected cats and identify the causal genetic variant. ANIMALS Eleven CH-cats from 10 unrelated families, 11 CH-free family members, 21 unrelated CH-free cats, and 155 unrelated nondiagnosed cats from different breeds. METHODS Case control study of CH-cats and their siblings (2019-2021). Diagnosis was based on low to low-normal serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations, high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and clinical signs compatible with CH. We identified the causal variant using Sanger sequencing, genotyping via PCR-RFLP and variant interpretation using ACMG/AMP guidelines. RESULTS All CH-cats (5 weeks-8 years) had disproportionate dwarfism. A goiter was not palpable in all. Thyroid scintigraphy with radiopertechnetate showed abnormally high uptake by thyroid glands, whereas scintigraphy with radioiodine showed abnormally low uptake, compatible with a defect in iodine organification by thyroid peroxidase (TPO). All cases were homozygous for TPO variant XM_006930524.4:c.430G>A(p.(Gly144Arg)), while none of the CH-free cats were. All sampled parents were heterozygous for this recessive variant. This variant was found in 15 cat breeds with an estimated allele frequency of 9%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Disproportionate dwarfism, abnormally high TSH and abnormally low to low-normal T4 concentrations are diagnostic for CH in cats. All cases had dyshormonogenesis demonstrated by thyroid scintigraphy. This novel TPO missense variant (not described in humans) causes CH in cats and awareness of it can assist in diagnosis and breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Van Poucke
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Emilie Van Renterghem
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Marit F. van den Berg
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Luc J. Peelman
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
PRESUMPTIVE CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN RED PANDAS ( AILURUS FULGENS FULGENS) FROM FOUR SUCCESSIVE LITTERS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:795-805. [PMID: 34130428 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High neonatal mortality among red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) challenges the long-term sustainability of the Species Survival Plan population. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a rare condition in domestic animals, typically due to an inherited genetic defect. Nongoitrous CH was presumptively diagnosed in 75% (n = 6/8) of red panda neonates from four successive litters, with a common sire and two closely related dams. Antemortem diagnosis of CH was made in three cubs (n = 3/6) based on elevated thyroid stimulating hormone and decreased free thyroxine and total thyroxine levels. Affected cubs also had suggestive clinical signs, which included delayed growth with cretinous dwarf appearance, atonic bladder, delayed gastrointestinal motility, hypercholesterolemia, and hypocalcemia. With sodium levothyroxine therapy, two of the three cubs developed into normal adult red pandas in terms of body size, appearance, and behavior. On necropsy cubs (n = 4) were small with varying degrees of cretin dwarf appearance and hypoplastic thyroids with reduced to no colloid in follicles. These cases demonstrate the importance of collecting thyroid tissue, (or proximal trachea/larynx if gross visualization not possible), in neonates for histopathology. Further investigation into the role of thyroid disease in neonatal red panda mortality is warranted.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hermans M, Burger NC, Kromhout K, Bhatti SFM, Cornelis I. Clinical and diagnostic findings in a dog and a cat with congenital hypothyroidism. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hermans
- Small Animal DepartmentUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Kaatje Kromhout
- Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal OrthopaedicsUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Small Animal DepartmentUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Ine Cornelis
- Small Animal DepartmentUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kopke MA, Mukorera V, Leisewitz AL, Ruaux CG. Chronic lameness associated with congenital hypothyroidism in three dogs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kopke
- School of Veterinary ScienceMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Varaidzo Mukorera
- Companion Animal Clinical StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Companion Animal Clinical StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Craig G Ruaux
- School of Veterinary ScienceMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soler Arias EA, Castillo VA, Garcia JD, Fyfe JC. Congenital dyshormonogenic hypothyroidism with goiter caused by a sodium/iodide symporter (SLC5A5) mutation in a family of Shih-Tzu dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:1-8. [PMID: 29777899 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An iodide transport defect (ITD) in the thyroid gland was determined to cause congenital dyshormonogenic hypothyroidism with goiter (CDHG) in 2 members of a family of Shih-Tzu dogs. Strikingly, both dogs were also diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy at 24 and 1.5 mo of age. The only sign of hypothyroidism was a moderate growth delay in the adult dog. The ITD was recognized by the absence of uptake of technetium-99m in the salivary glands (sg) and goiter observed by scintigraphy. In the same scan, radiopharmaceutical uptake was found in the anterior mediastinum of both dogs and in the right axillary lymph node in the oldest dog. A follicular thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed by histopathology after thyroidectomy of the older dog. An adenomatous goiter with ectopic thyroid tissue, and degenerative changes in myocardium were the findings after necropsy in the youngest dog. A homozygous mutation of the intron 9 splice acceptor site of SLC5A5 gene, encoding the sodium/iodine symporter (NIS), was found in the DNA of one of the affected dogs. The mutation was a single base transition of guanine > adenine (G > A) at position 45,024,672 of dog chromosome 20 (CFA20). Five of eight healthy dogs, including both parents of one of the dogs exhibiting CDHG, were heterozygous A/G, and the other 3 were homozygous for the wild-type allele G/G. No sequence variant was found in thyroid peroxidase of the affected dog. Congenital dyshormonogenic hypothyroidism with goiter in this family is an autosomal recessive trait. Our findings are the first evidence of an SLC5A5 mutation in dogs and establish a new genetic cause of CDHG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Soler Arias
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Unidad de Endocrinología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - V A Castillo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Unidad de Endocrinología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Garcia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Unidad de Endocrinología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J C Fyfe
- Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Major S, Pettigrew RW, Fyfe JC. Molecular Genetic Characterization of Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis in a French Bulldog. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1534-40. [PMID: 26478542 PMCID: PMC4895686 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A case of congenital hypothyroidism with goiter (CHG) in a juvenile French bulldog was identified and hypothesized to be caused by dyshormonogenesis of genetic etiology. Objectives To describe case management, unusual phenotypic aspects, and a CHG‐causing mutation in a French bulldog. Animals Thyroid tissue and blood from a CHG‐affected French bulldog and 4 normal control dogs and buccal brush samples of 125 French bulldogs were studied. Methods Standard clinical assessment and laboratory tests were applied. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) iodide oxidation activity was measured in vitro, and TPO protein was assessed on Western blots. Thyroid peroxidase exons and flanking splice sites were amplified from genomic DNA and sequenced. Thyroid peroxidase cDNA was amplified from thyroid RNA and sequenced. Results At 9 months of age, the affected dog had signs of cretinism, but near‐normal skeletal maturation. The enlarged thyroid glands exhibited noninflammatory fibrosis and aberrant follicular organization. Thyroid peroxidase activity and immunocrossreactive protein were undetectable. There was a T>C mutation of the intron 12 splice donor consensus that caused abnormally spliced mRNA, consistent with absent TPO function. The mutant allele was not observed in 125 clinically normal French bulldogs. Conclusions Presumptive CHG in a French bulldog with unusual clinical presentation is described. Genetic etiology was confirmed by identifying the underlying TPO mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Major
- Rancho Regional Veterinary Hospital, Rancho Cucamonga, CA
| | - R W Pettigrew
- Southern California Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Irvine, CA
| | - J C Fyfe
- Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bianchi M, Dahlgren S, Massey J, Dietschi E, Kierczak M, Lund-Ziener M, Sundberg K, Thoresen SI, Kämpe O, Andersson G, Ollier WER, Hedhammar Å, Leeb T, Lindblad-Toh K, Kennedy LJ, Lingaas F, Rosengren Pielberg G. A Multi-Breed Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Canine Hypothyroidism Identifies a Shared Major Risk Locus on CFA12. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134720. [PMID: 26261983 PMCID: PMC4532498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a complex clinical condition found in both humans and dogs, thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this study we present a multi-breed analysis of predisposing genetic risk factors for hypothyroidism in dogs using three high-risk breeds—the Gordon Setter, Hovawart and the Rhodesian Ridgeback. Using a genome-wide association approach and meta-analysis, we identified a major hypothyroidism risk locus shared by these breeds on chromosome 12 (p = 2.1x10-11). Further characterisation of the candidate region revealed a shared ~167 kb risk haplotype (4,915,018–5,081,823 bp), tagged by two SNPs in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. This breed-shared risk haplotype includes three genes (LHFPL5, SRPK1 and SLC26A8) and does not extend to the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II gene cluster located in the vicinity. These three genes have not been identified as candidate genes for hypothyroid disease previously, but have functions that could potentially contribute to the development of the disease. Our results implicate the potential involvement of novel genes and pathways for the development of canine hypothyroidism, raising new possibilities for screening, breeding programmes and treatments in dogs. This study may also contribute to our understanding of the genetic etiology of human hypothyroid disease, which is one of the most common endocrine disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bianchi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Dahlgren
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Massey
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Dietschi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Kierczak
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martine Lund-Ziener
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katarina Sundberg
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stein Istre Thoresen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William E. R. Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna J. Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Frode Lingaas
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerli Rosengren Pielberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Galgano M, Spalla I, Callegari C, Patruno M, Auriemma E, Zanna G, Ferro S, Zini E. Primary hypothyroidism and thyroid goiter in an adult cat. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:682-6. [PMID: 24417675 PMCID: PMC4857985 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Galgano
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo Con Monticello, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fyfe JC, Lynch M, Olsen J, Louёr E. A thyroid peroxidase (TPO) mutation in dogs reveals a canid-specific gene structure. Mamm Genome 2012; 24:127-33. [PMID: 23223904 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter (CHG) occurring as an autosomal recessive disorder is typically due to a defect of thyroid hormone synthesis (aka dyshormonogenesis). Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is a multifunctional, heme-containing enzyme whose activity is required, and several inactivating TPO mutations causing CHG in humans and dogs have been described. Recently, two half-sib Spanish water dog (SWD) pups were diagnosed with CHG based on clinical signs, endocrine testing, and thyroid histology. TPO enzyme activity was absent, and immuno-cross-reactive TPO was undetectable in affected-dog thyroid tissue. A single guanosine insertion was observed in the first exon of the affected-dog TPO cDNA at a site not previously thought to be within the coding sequence. The insertion allele segregated with the deduced disease allele in the SWD breed and was not observed in unrelated dogs of various breeds. Comparison of the insertion site (an 8-nt poly-G tract) with the orthologous sequences of other mammalian reference genomes revealed that the octa-G tract obliterated the intron 1 splice acceptor site and the exon 2 translation initiation codon found at that position in other species. An in-frame ATG in strong Kozak consensus context was observed in the normal dog sequence 12 codons 5' of the usual mammalian start site, suggesting that dogs have lost the noncoding exon 1 demonstrated in human and mouse. A survey of TPO sequences in other carnivore species indicates that the poly-G tract necessitating an alternative translation initiation site is a canid-specific feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Fyfe
- Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics, Biomedical & Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dodgson SE, Day R, Fyfe JC. Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter in Tenterfield terriers. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1350-7. [PMID: 23113744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cluster of cases of congenital hypothyroidism with goiter (CHG) in Tenterfield Terriers was identified and hypothesized to be dyshormonogenesis of genetic etiology with autosomal recessive inheritance. OBJECTIVES To describe the phenotype, thyroid histopathology, biochemistry, mode of inheritance, and causal mutation of CHG in Tenterfield Terriers. ANIMALS Thyroid tissue from 1 CHG-affected Tenterfield Terriers, 2 affected Toy Fox Terriers, and 7 normal control dogs. Genomic DNA from blood or buccal brushings of 114 additional Tenterfield Terriers. METHODS Biochemical and genetic segregation analysis of functional gene candidates in a Tenterfield Terrier kindred. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) iodide oxidation activity was measured, and TPO protein and SDS-resistant thyroglobulin aggregation were assessed on western blots. TPO cDNA was amplified from thyroid RNA and sequenced. Exons and flanking splice sites were amplified from genomic DNA and sequenced. Variant TPO allele segregation was assessed by restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products. RESULTS Thyroid from an affected pup had lesions consistent with dyshormonogenesis. TPO activity was absent, but normal sized immunocrossreactive TPO protein was present. Affected dog cDNA and genomic sequences revealed a homozygous TPO missense mutation in exon 9 (R593W) that was heterozygous in all obligate carriers and in 31% of other clinically normal Tenterfield Terriers. CONCLUSIONS The mutation underlying CHG in Tenterfield Terriers was identified, and a convenient carrier test made available for screening Tenterfield Terriers used for breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Dodgson
- Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuczynski LA, Schwartz P, Peddle G, Huang S, Mai W, Giger U. Goiter with vascular anomalies in a litter of Polish Lowland sheepdogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:278-83. [PMID: 22611215 PMCID: PMC3395427 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
At approximately 4-5 mo of age, three Polish Lowland sheepdog puppies from a single litter of eight puppies presented to their respective primary veterinarians with bilateral subcutaneous masses in their ventral cervical regions. Evaluation, including thyroid function testing, surgical exploration with resection, computed tomography, and angiography, identified the masses as enlarged thyroid glands with severely dilated and abnormal vasculature in the regions of the glands. The dogs were also found to have serum concentrations of thyroid hormones that were below the reference ranges. None of the three dogs showed clinical signs of hypothyroidism, except for the presence of goiter. One dog also had a patent ductus arteriosus that was surgically repaired. All dogs were clinically normal at 2 yr of age. This is the first report of major vascular anomalies associated with goiter in any species. The mechanism is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Anne Kuczynski
- Section of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism is a rare and underdiagnosed congenital endocrine disorder in dogs and cats and the true incidence is unknown. The disorder may cause a range of clinical signs depending on the primary defect, which affect production of thyroid hormones; some cases present when adult. Hallmark clinical signs of congenital hypothyroidism are mental impairment and skeletal developmental abnormalities, resulting in disproportionate dwarfism; goitre may or may not be present. Documented causes of congenital hypothyroidism in dogs include deficiency of, or unresponsiveness to, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid dysgenesis, dyshormonogenesis and iodine deficiency. In cats, TSH unresponsiveness, thyroid dysgenesis, dyshormonogenesis and iodine deficiency have been confirmed. Adequate replacement therapy results in a successful outcome in the majority of cases, especially when started early in life, as permanent developmental abnormalities can be prevented. This review describes reported cases in dogs and cats, diagnostic investigation, and recommendations for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bojanic
- Veterinary Clinic Fiziovet, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is recognised as an important endocrine disorder of dogs, and a frequent differential for numerous presenting complaints. Its diagnosis has never been straight forward as results suggestive of hypothyroidism can occur for a variety of reasons in dogs with normal thyroid function (euthyroid). As a consequence, the accurate investigation of hypothyroidism has been hindered by the potential inclusion of a number of cases not truly hypothyroid. In recent years, the development of newer diagnostic tests, e.g. free thyroxine, canine thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin autoantibodies, has significantly improved our ability to reliably differentiate hypothyroidism from other clinically similar disorders. This has led to a marked increase in our knowledge of the phenotypic, genotypic and aetiological aspects of this disorder in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Mooney
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Unit, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Taeymans O, O'Marra SK. Imaging diagnosis--acquired goitrous hypothyroidism following treatment with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:442-4. [PMID: 19697612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Taeymans
- Foster Hospital for Small Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Diagnostic Imaging, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Traas AM, Abbott BL, French A, Giger U. Congenital thyroid hypoplasia and seizures in 2 littermate kittens. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1427-31. [PMID: 19000252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M Traas
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Seelig DM, Whittemore JC, Lappin MR, Myers AM, Avery PR. Goitrous hypothyroidism associated with treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a young dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:1181-5. [PMID: 18412530 DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.8.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 16-week-old female Boxer that had been treated for 5 weeks with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol because of aspiration pneumonia was evaluated for bilaterally symmetric masses in the subcutaneous tissues of the ventral neck, in the region of the larynx. CLINICAL FINDINGS Fine-needle aspirates were obtained from the neck masses; cytologic examination revealed well-differentiated thyroid epithelial tissue. A blood sample was collected for serum biochemical and thyroid function analyses. Mild hyperphosphatemia, severe hypercholesterolemia, mild hyperkalemia, and a mild increase in creatine kinase activity were identified. Serum concentration of total thyroxine was less than the lower reference limit, and that of thyroid-stimulating hormone was greater than the upper reference limit. Findings were consistent with a diagnosis of clinical hypothyroidism in a skeletally immature dog. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was discontinued. The dog was reevaluated 3 weeks later, at which time the neck masses were markedly decreased in size. Serum concentrations of cholesterol and potassium were lower; serum concentrations of total thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone were near or within respective reference ranges. Age-appropriate increases in serum phosphorus concentration and serum alkaline phosphatase activity were also detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of antimicrobial-induced goiter in a dog. Cytologic examination of fine-needle aspirates and interpretation of data from serum biochemical and thyroid function analyses were needed to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Practitioners should include goiter among the differential diagnoses for ventral neck swellings in young dogs receiving potentiated sulfonamide antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis M Seelig
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scott-Moncrieff JC. Clinical Signs and Concurrent Diseases of Hypothyroidism in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37:709-22, vi. [PMID: 17619007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine hypothyroidism may present with a wide range of clinical signs. The most common clinical signs are those of a decreased metabolic rate and dermatologic manifestations; however, many other clinical signs have been associated with hypothyroidism. There is strong evidence for a causal relation between hypothyroidism and a variety of neurologic abnormalities; however, the association between hypothyroidism and other manifestations, such as reproductive dysfunction, clinical heart disease, and behavioral abnormalities, is less compelling. Further studies are necessary to determine the full spectrum of disorders caused by hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Catharine Scott-Moncrieff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, VCS/LYNN, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taeymans O, Peremans K, Saunders J. Thyroid Imaging in the Dog: Current Status and Future Directions. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
22
|
Graham PA, Refsal KR, Nachreiner RF. Etiopathologic Findings of Canine Hypothyroidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37:617-31, v. [PMID: 17619002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The causes of canine hypothyroidism are varied, but most cases result from irreversible acquired thyroid pathologic changes and only a small proportion arise from congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland or pituitary. Of primary thyroid failure, at least half is the result of immune-mediated thyroiditis. Recent research has focused on the genetics and immunology of canine thyroid disease, adding to what is known from experimental and human studies. Epidemiologic and diagnostic laboratory studies continue to provide information on contributing factors and raise questions for future research directions. Serum antibodies against thyroid components are common in thyroid pathologic conditions and dysfunction, and understanding their properties and frequency is important in the interpretation of thyroid diagnostic test results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Graham
- NationWide Laboratories, 23 Mains Lane, Poulton-Le-Fylde, Lancashire FY6 7LJ, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pettigrew R, Fyfe JC, Gregory BL, Lipsitz D, Delahunta A, Summers BA, Shelton GD. CNS hypomyelination in Rat Terrier dogs with congenital goiter and a mutation in the thyroid peroxidase gene. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:50-6. [PMID: 17197623 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-1-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arrested physical development and neurologic abnormalities were identified in 3 of 5 Rat Terrier puppies at 9 weeks of age. Bilaterally firm symmetrical masses were palpated in the region of the thyroid glands. Low serum total (T4) and free thyroxine (FT4, by equilibrium dialysis) and markedly elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations supported the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. At necropsy, the thyroid gland was grossly enlarged and histologically exhibited severe, diffuse hyperplasia of the follicular epithelium. Gross examination of the central nervous system revealed a myelin deficiency, most evident in the corpus callosum. Regional distribution of hypomyelination was confirmed histologically, affecting the corpus callosum and, to a lesser degree, the corona radiata, the longitudinal fibers of the pons, the pyramids, and the lateral funiculi of the spinal cord. Myelin reduction was paralleled by axon reduction, suggesting that hypomyelination was a consequence of reduced axonal formation. A homozygous nonsense mutation in the thyroid peroxidase gene was identified in the affected puppies. The dam and a clinically normal litter mate were heterozygous for this mutation, confirming simple autosomal recessive inheritance of the disease trait. The same mutation, causing congenital hypothyroidism with a goiter was previously described in the Toy Fox Terrier breed. Given the ongoing practice of introducing the Toy Fox Terrier genetic background into some Rat Terrier breeding programs to obtain a smaller stature and the apparent relative incidence of the disorder in the 2 breeds, it is likely that this mutation crossed into the Rat Terrier breed from Toy Fox Terriers fairly recently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pettigrew
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gregory BL, Shelton GD, Bali DS, Chen YT, Fyfe JC. Glycogen Storage Disease Type IIIa in Curly-Coated Retrievers. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
25
|
Kurien BT, Kurien JT. A possible animal model of naturally occurring multinodular goitre in the Nilgiris of southern India. Med J Aust 2006; 185:677. [PMID: 17181529 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biji T Kurien
- Arthritis and Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. biji-kurienATomrf.ouhsc.edu
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The whole genome sequence of the dog is complete, and partial sequencing of the cat genome is underway. Sequences allow the molecular basis for inherited diseases to be more easily determined, leading to development of DNA tests to verify carrier and affected states as well as potential gene therapy for the treatment of those diseases. To help veterinarians provide genetic services to their clients, the molecular genetic tests currently available are listed in this article. In addition, cloning of small animals is now available to clients on a commercial basis. Information about the cloning process and possible health issues in clones are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Bannasch
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|