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Novo Matos J, Sargent J, Silva J, Payne JR, Seo J, Spalla I, Borgeat K, Loureiro J, Pereira N, Simcock IC, Hutchinson JC, Arthurs OJ, Luis Fuentes V. Thin and hypokinetic myocardial segments in cats with cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 46:5-17. [PMID: 36893525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Thin and hypokinetic myocardial segments (THyMS) represent adverse ventricular (LV) remodeling in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We describe the echocardiographic features and outcome in cats with THyMS, and in a subpopulation, the echocardiographic phenotype before LV wall thinning was detected (pre-THyMS). ANIMALS Eighty client-owned cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective multicenter study. Clinical records were searched for cats with THyMS, defined as LV segment(s) with end-diastolic wall thickness (LVWT) <3 mm and hypokinesis in the presence of ≥one LV segment(s) with LVWT >4 mm and normal wall motion. When available, echocardiograms pre-THyMS were assessed. Survival time was defined as time from first presentation with THyMS to death. RESULTS Mean thickest LV wall segment (MaxLVWT) was 6.1 mm (95% CI 5.8-6.4 mm) and thinnest (MinLVWT) was 1.7 mm (95% CI 1.6-1.9 mm). The LV free wall was affected in 74%, apex in 13% and septum in 5%. Most cats (85%) presented with heart failure and/or arterial thromboembolism. Median circulating troponin I concentration was 1.4 ng/mL ([range 0.07-180 ng/mL]). Prior echocardiography results were available for 13/80 cats, a mean of 2.5 years pre-THyMS. In segments subsequently undergoing thinning, initial MaxLVWT measured 6.7 mm (95% CI 5.8-7.7 mm) vs. 1.9 mm (95% CI 1.5-2.4 mm) at last echocardiogram (P<0.0001). Survival data were available for 56/80 cats, median survival time after diagnosing THyMS was 153 days (95% CI 83-223 days). Cardiac histopathology in one cat revealed that THyMS was associated with severe transmural scarring. CONCLUSIONS Cats with THyMS had advanced cardiomyopathy and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Novo Matos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK; Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, London, UK.
| | - J Sargent
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Unit 6, Forest Corner Farm, Hangersley, BH24 3JW, Ringwood, Hampshire, UK
| | - J Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK; North Downs Specialist Referrals, The Friesian Buildings 3 & 4, Brewer Street, RH1 4QP, Bletchingley, Surrey, UK
| | - J R Payne
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford House, BS40 5DU, Langford, UK
| | - J Seo
- Animal Referral Centre, 224 Albany Highway, Schnapper Rock, 0632, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - I Spalla
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco, Via Feltrina, 29, 31038, Castagnole, Milan, Italy
| | - K Borgeat
- Langford Vets Small Animal Referral Hospital, University of Bristol, Langford House, BS40 5DU, Langford, UK
| | - J Loureiro
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, The Friesian Buildings 3 & 4, Brewer Street, RH1 4QP, Bletchingley, Surrey, UK
| | - N Pereira
- Freelance Cardiology, Salstrasse 92, 8400, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - I C Simcock
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH, London, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - J C Hutchinson
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH, London, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - O J Arthurs
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH, London, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH, London, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, London, UK
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Spalla I, Smith GW, Chang YM, Luis Fuentes V, Connolly DJ. Paroxysmal high-grade second-degree and persistent third-degree atrioventricular block in cats. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:20-31. [PMID: 34051641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both paroxysmal high-grade second-degree and persistent third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) are recognised in cats. Our aim was to document the presentation, echocardiographic data, comorbidities and outcome in affected cats from a single referral hospital, including those that underwent epicardial pacemaker implantation (EPI). ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 64 cats diagnosed with persistent third-degree or paroxysmal high-grade AVB, for which detailed patient history was available. Non-parametric testing, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard testing were performed. RESULTS Atrioventricular block was persistent in 43 cats (67%) and paroxysmal in 21 (33%). Forty-seven cats (74%) were referred for cardiac complaints (e.g. collapse, arrhythmia, tachypnea), 6 (9%) had non-specific complaints and AVB was an incidental finding in 11 cats (17%). Median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation was 21 days (1-1138 days). Thirty-nine (63%) cats had echocardiographic abnormalities; 13 (20%) presented with congestive heart failure. Forty-five (70%) cats had one or more comorbidities. Fifteen cats underwent EPI with immediate resolution of signs in 12 cats. Following EPI, two and four cats experienced major and minor complications, respectively. Forty-seven cats died; median survival time was 799 days (all-cause mortality). Cardiac-related death occurred in 17 cats (36%); median survival in these cats was 132 days. Heart failure on presentation was the only independent risk factor for cardiac death (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Outcome in cats with AVB was variable, although most had good medium- to long-term survival. Cardiac death occurred in a minority of cats. Pacemaker implantation was effective in relieving clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spalla
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco, via Isaac Newton 2, 20148 Milano, Italy.
| | - G W Smith
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Y-M Chang
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - D J Connolly
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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Spalla I, Locatelli C, Zanaboni AM, Brambilla P, Bussadori C. Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs With Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Effect of Percutaneous Closure on Cardiac Mechanics. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 30:714-21. [PMID: 27177625 PMCID: PMC4913567 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is 1 of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs and percutaneous closure is effective in achieving ductal closure; PDA closure is associated with abrupt hemodynamic changes. HYPOTHESIS A marked decrease in standard parameters of systolic function as assessed by M- or B-mode echocardiography after PDA closure was identified in previous studies. Speckle tracking echocardiography can provide further insight into the effect of PDA closure on cardiac mechanics in dogs affected by PDA. ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned dogs with PDA. METHODS Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2-year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed before and 24 hours after PDA closure, including standard (end-diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B- and M-mode [EDVIB /M ], end-systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B- and M-mode [ESVIB /M ], allometric scaling in diastole [AlloD] and systole [AlloS], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qs/Qp], ejection fraction [EF], and fractional shortening [FS]), and advanced speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE): global longitudinal, radial, circumferential and transverse strain (S), and strain rate (SR). RESULTS Patent ductus arteriosus closure was associated with statistically significant decreases in EDVIM /B and ESVIM /B , AlloD and AlloS, SI, EF, and FS. A statistically significant decrease in the absolute values of radial, transverse, and circumferential S and SR was observed, whereas longitudinal S and SR did not change significantly. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Patent ductus arteriosus closure by percutaneous approach is associated with marked decreases of conventional echocardiographic parameters as a result of the changes in loading conditions, but no evidence of systolic dysfunction was identified by means of STE, as none of the S and SR values were below reference ranges. In the short term, contractility is enhanced in the long axis (long S/SR values were not statistically different before and after closure) and decreases to normal values in short axis (circumferential, radial, and transversal S/SR decreased to normal reference range).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spalla
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Locatelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - P Brambilla
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Bussadori
- Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milano, Italy
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Martinelli E, Locatelli C, Bassis S, Crosara S, Paltrinieri S, Scarpa P, Spalla I, Zanaboni AM, Quintavalla C, Brambilla P. Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular-Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 30:1612-1618. [PMID: 27717188 PMCID: PMC5032878 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Veterinary literature lacks data about cardiovascular–renal disorders (CvRD) and cardiorenal‐anemia syndrome (CRAS) in dogs. Hypothesis A direct correlation exists between ACVIM class and IRIS stage; chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) more often than does anemia in dogs. Animals One hundred and fifty‐eight client‐owned dogs with CMVD. Methods Signalment, physical examination findings, electrocardiography, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and blood analysis were retrospectively evaluated to assess the prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD and to investigate the relationships among ACVIM class, IRIS stage, and survival. Results The prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD was significantly higher than in the general population of dogs. Dogs being treated for heart failure had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than did dogs that had not received treatment. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between ACVIM class and IRIS stage. Severe heart disease, severe renal disease or both, furosemide administration, and advanced age at diagnosis of heart disease were associated with shorter survival time. Survival time of dogs affected by CvRD was statistically shorter than survival time of dogs affected by CMVD alone. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Chronic mitral valve disease is associated with increased prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs. Treatment for medical management of heart failure may play a role in inducing CKD. Class of heart disease and IRIS stage were directly correlated. Cardiovascular–renal disorders decrease survival time compared to the only presence of CMVD alone, whereas anemia does not play a central role in worsening heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martinelli
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - C Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Bassis
- Computer Science Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Crosara
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - S Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - I Spalla
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - A M Zanaboni
- Computer Science Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Quintavalla
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Spalla I, Locatelli C, Zanaboni AM, Brambilla P, Bussadori C. Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function by Conventional and Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 30:706-13. [PMID: 27177624 PMCID: PMC4913585 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs. Advanced echocardiographic techniques such as speckle‐tracking echocardiography (STE) have not been extensively used to evaluate cardiac function in affected dogs. Hypothesis Advanced echocardiographic techniques are more sensitive than standard echocardiographic techniques in analyzing systolic function in dogs with PDA. Animals Forty‐four client‐owned dogs: 34 dogs with PDA (preoperative evaluation) and 10 healthy sex‐ and weight‐matched controls. Methods Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2‐year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed, including conventional (end‐diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B and M‐mode [EDVIB/M], end‐systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B and M‐mode [ESVIB/M], allometric scaling in diastole and systole [AlloD/S], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qp/Qs], ejection fraction [EF] and fractional shortening [FS]) and speckle‐tracking echocardiography ([STE]: global longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain [S] and strain rate [SR]). Results Dogs with PDA had significantly different EDVIB/M, ESVIB/M, AlloD/S, Qp/Qs and all STE‐derived parameters (global longitudinal S and SR, global circumferential S and SR, global radial S and SR)compared to healthy dogs. No correlation was found between standard techniques (EDVIB/M, ESVIB/M, AlloD/S, Qp/Qs) and STE‐derived parameters (global longitudinal, circumferential and radial S and SR). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Conventional parameters routinely used to assess systolic function (EF and FS) were not different between the groups; STE‐derived parameters identified subtle changes in cardiac systolic function and contractility between the 2 groups of dogs. Based on these findings, STE may be a more appropriate tool to assess cardiac contractility in dogs with PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spalla
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Gallarate, Italy
| | - C Locatelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Gallarate, Italy
| | - A M Zanaboni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Gallarate, Italy
| | - P Brambilla
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Gallarate, Italy
| | - C Bussadori
- Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milano, Italy
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Spalla I, Payne JR, Borgeat K, Pope A, Fuentes VL, Connolly DJ. Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:691-699. [PMID: 28370313 PMCID: PMC5435071 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is associated with increased risk of death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Mitral and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE and TAPSE, respectively) are measures of longitudinal systolic function and are reduced in human patients with HCM. Hypotheses Cats with HCM have lower MAPSE and TAPSE compared to control cats; lower MAPSE and TAPSE are associated with the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) and reduced survival time. Animals 64 cats with HCM and 27 healthy cats. Forty‐five cats with HCM were not showing clinical signs, and 19 had CHF. Methods Retrospective study. Anatomic M‐mode from the left apical 4‐chamber view was used to record MAPSE from the free wall (MAPSE FW) and septum (MAPSE IVS) and TAPSE. Results Compared to controls, cats with HCM had lower MAPSE IVS (controls 5.2 [4.6–5.6] mm, asymptomatic HCM 4.7 [4.1–5.2] mm, HCM with CHF 2.6 [2.5–3.2] mm, P < .001), MAPSE FW (controls 5.9 [5.3–6.2] mm, asymptomatic HCM 4.7 [4.1–5.1] mm, HCM with CHF 2.8 [2.4–3.2] mm) and TAPSE (controls 8.6 [7.4–10.2] mm, asymptomatic HCM 7.2 [6.3–8.2] mm, HCM with CHF 4.6 [4.1–5.4] mm), with the lowest in the CHF group. Univariate survival analysis showed a shorter survival in cats displaying lower MAPSE IVS, MAPSE FW, and TAPSE. Conclusions and Clinical Importance MAPSE and TAPSE were lower in cats with HCM than in control cats and were lowest in CHF, suggesting that systolic longitudinal dysfunction is present in cats with HCM. MAPSE and TAPSE have potential prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spalla
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J R Payne
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, Whitchurch, Bristol, UK
| | - K Borgeat
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, Whitchurch, Bristol, UK
| | - A Pope
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - D J Connolly
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Di Marcello M, Terzo E, Locatelli C, Palermo V, Sala E, Dall'Aglio E, Bussadori CM, Spalla I, Brambilla PG. Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1206-13. [PMID: 24934609 PMCID: PMC4857959 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative and semiquantitative methods have been proposed for the assessment of MR severity, and though all are associated with limitations. Measurement of vena contracta width (VCW) has been used in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To measure the VCW in dogs with different levels of MR severity. ANIMALS Two hundred and seventy-nine dogs were classified according to 5 levels of MR severity. METHODS This was a retrospective study. EROA and regurgitant volume calculated by the PISA method, were measured and indexed to BSA. Descriptive statistics were calculated for VCW and VCW index for all categories of MR severity. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρs ) were calculated to compare the results of the different methods (VCW and VCW index vs RV PISA, RV PISA index, EROA, EROA index), and between VCW and VCW index versus MR severity. RESULTS All Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were significant (P < .001). The median values of VCW resulted of 2.9 mm (IQR 3.4-2.5) and of 4.6 mm (IQR 5.4-4.1) in the groups previously classified as mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe, respectively. The median values of VCW index resulted of 4.4 mm/m(2) (IQR = 5.5-4.2) in mild-to-moderate MR and of 10.8 mm/m(2) (IQR = 12.8-9.4) in moderate-to-severe MR. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This is not a validation study against any previously validated invasive gold standard, the VCW method has proved easy to employ and it might be an additional tool in quantifying disease severity that supports, rather than replace, data coming from other techniques in daily clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Marcello
- Centro Medico Veterinario Cellatica, Cellatica, Brescia, Italy
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Galgano M, Spalla I, Callegari C, Patruno M, Auriemma E, Zanna G, Ferro S, Zini E. Primary hypothyroidism and thyroid goiter in an adult cat. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:682-6. [PMID: 24417675 PMCID: PMC4857985 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Galgano
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo Con Monticello, Italy
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Locatelli C, Spalla I, Domenech O, Sala E, Brambilla PG, Bussadori C. Pulmonic stenosis in dogs: survival and risk factors in a retrospective cohort of patients. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:445-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Salute Pubblica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Celoria 10 20133 Milano Italy
| | - I. Spalla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Salute Pubblica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Celoria 10 20133 Milano Italy
| | - O. Domenech
- Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso; Via Donatello 26 20131 Milano Italy
| | - E. Sala
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Busto Arsizio; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - P. G. Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Salute Pubblica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via Celoria 10 20133 Milano Italy
| | - C. Bussadori
- Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso; Via Donatello 26 20131 Milano Italy
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