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El Sharkawy S, Dukes-McEwan J, Abdelrahman H, Stephenson H. Long-term outcome and troponin I concentrations in Great Danes screened for dilated cardiomyopathy: an observational retrospective epidemiological study. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 47:1-13. [PMID: 37099865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is common in Great Danes (GDs) but screening for this condition can be challenging. We hypothesised that cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) concentration is elevated in GDs with DCM and/or ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and is associated with reduced survival time in GDs. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-four client-owned GDs assigned echocardiographically as normal (n = 53), equivocal (n = 37), preclinical DCM (n = 21), or clinical DCM (n = 13). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective epidemiological study. Echocardiographic diagnosis, VAs, and contemporaneous cTnI concentrations were recorded. Diagnostic accuracy and cTnI cut-offs were determined with receiver operating characteristic analyses. Effects of the cTnI concentration and disease status on survival and cause of death were explored. RESULTS Median cTnI was greater in clinical DCM (0.6 ng/mL [25th-75th percentiles: 0.41-1.71 ng/mL]) and GDs with VAs (0.5 ng/mL [0.27-0.80 ng/mL], P<0.001). Elevated cTnI detected these dogs with good accuracy (area under the curve: 0.78-0.85; cut-offs 0.199-0.34 ng/mL). Thirty-eight GDs (30.6%) suffered a cardiac death (CD); GDs suffering CD (0.25 ng/mL [0.21-0.53 ng/mL]) and specifically sudden cardiac death (SCD) (0.51 ng/mL [0.23-0.72 ng/mL]) had higher cTnI than GDs dying of other causes (0.20 ng/mL [0.14-0.35 ng/mL]; P<0.001). Elevated cTnI (>0.199 ng/mL) was associated with shorter long-term survival (1.25 years) and increased risk of SCD. Great Danes with VAs had shorter survival times (0.97 years). CONCLUSIONS A cardiac troponin-I concentration is a useful adjunctive screening tool. Elevated cTnI is a negative prognostic indicator.
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M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements of Interventricular Septum, Left Ventricular Internal Diameter, and Left Ventricular Free-Wall Thickness in Normal Horses-A Meta-Analytical Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050809. [PMID: 36899666 PMCID: PMC10000052 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic meta-analysis on echocardiographic measurements in normal Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. The current systematic meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). All the available published papers on the reference values of echocardiographic assessment via M-mode echocardiography were searched, and fifteen studies were finally selected for analysis. In both fixed and random effect, the confidence interval (CI) for the interventricular septum (IVS) was 2.8-3.1 and 4.7-7.5; for the left ventricular free-wall (LVFW) thickness, it was 2.9-3.2 and 4.2-6.7; and for the left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), it was -5.0-4.6 and -10.0--6.7, respectively. For IVS, the Q statistic, I-squared, and tau-squared were 925.3, 98.1, and 7.9, respectively. Similarly, for LVFW, all the effects were on the positive side of zero, with a range of 1.3-68.1. The CI indicated a significant variation among the studies (fixed, 2.9-3.2; random, 4.2-6.7). The z-values of LVFW for fixed and random effects were, respectively, 41.1 (p < 0.001) and 8.5 (p < 0.001). However, the Q statistic was 886.6 (p < 0.001). Moreover, the I-squared was 98.08, and the tau-squared was 6.6. By contrast, the effects of LVID fell on the negative side of zero, (2.8-83.9). The present meta-analysis provides an overview of the echocardiographic measurements of cardiac diameters in healthy Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. The meta-analysis indicates variations in results among different studies. This result should be considered when evaluating a horse for heart disease and each case should be evaluated independently.
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Cardiovascular changes in horses with atrial fibrillation and high thyroid hormone concentration: a case-control study. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 43:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sadeghian Chaleshtori S, Mokhber Dezfouli MR, Najizadeh MH, Nikbakht Borujeni GR. Measurement of
ANP
,
BNP
and endothelin‐1 concentrations in jumping horses with heart valvular regurgitation and their correlation with the dimensions of heart structures. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Sadeghian Chaleshtori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Institute of Biomedical Research University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfouli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Institute of Biomedical Research University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Golam Reza Nikbakht Borujeni
- Institute of Biomedical Research University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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Possidonio G, Santos CA, Ferreira MA, Floriano BP, de Almeida BFM, Marques AEGW, Marques MG. Echocardiographic Assessment of Healthy Midazolam/Butorphanol or Midazolam/Morphine-Sedated Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100553. [PMID: 34175451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of midazolam combined with morphine or butorphanol on echocardiographic variables of healthy dogs. Twenty-four dogs of various breeds aged 34.33 ± 23.41 months and weighing 8.1 ± 4.7 kg were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomly allocated in one of two experimental groups of sedation with intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) combined with butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (GB, n = 12) or morphine (0.3 mg/kg) (GM, n = 12). Transthoracic echocardiographic examinations comprised B-Mode, M-Mode, spectral Doppler and pulsed tissue Doppler assessment. Data were recorded before sedation (TB) and 20 minutes following intramuscular administration of either sedation protocol (TS). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's posthoc test. Shortening fraction, ejection fraction, left ventricular diameter and volume did not differ among groups and time points. The A and E' waves were decreased in GM at TS compared to TB. Isovolumic relaxation time, Ae/Ao ratio, aortic and pulmonary flows and S' wave did not differ among time points and groups. These sedation protocols did not cause clinically relevant changes in echocardiographic variables, therefore can be used for sedation of uncooperative dogs during echocardiographic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovana Possidonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UNIFIO), Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Caroliny A Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UNIFIO), Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UNIFIO), Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Beatriz P Floriano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UNIFIO), Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Breno F M de Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UNIFIO), Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Marcel G Marques
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UNIFIO), Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Belachsen O, Bouvard J, Oliveira P, Sargent J. Segmental septal dyskinesia associated with an accessory pathway and preexcitation in two Golden Retriever dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:6-13. [PMID: 34034141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular preexcitation secondary to anterograde conduction through an accessory pathway was diagnosed in two Golden Retriever dogs. Both dogs demonstrated similar segmental myocardial thinning and systolic dyskinesia of the basal interventricular wall on echocardiography. These changes are widely recognised in people with ventricular preexcitation but have not been previously described in dogs. Ventricular preexcitation should be considered as a potential cause for segmental wall motion abnormalities in these two dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Belachsen
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood, BH24 3JW, UK.
| | - J Bouvard
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Oliveira
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, SG5 3HR, UK
| | - J Sargent
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood, BH24 3JW, UK
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Patata V, Vezzosi T, Marchesotti F, Domenech O. Echocardiographic parameters in 50 healthy English bulldogs: preliminary reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:55-63. [PMID: 34111807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to provide echocardiographic reference intervals for English bulldogs (EBs) and to assess if age, sex, body weight (BW), and heart rate have an influence on echocardiographic variables. ANIMALS We prospectively enrolled client-owned EBs that were considered healthy based on unremarkable history, normal physical examination, six-lead electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breed-related reference intervals were provided, and associations between age, sex, BW, and heart rate and echocardiographic variables were tested using a multivariate analysis. Allometric scales were generated for echocardiographic variables showing correlation with BW. Moreover, echocardiographic variables obtained in our population of EBs and previous published reference ranges were compared. RESULTS Echocardiographic reference intervals were generated from 50 healthy adult EBs. As per the multivariate analysis, left atrial diameter (p = 0.015), left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (p = 0.002), aortic valve annulus (p = 0.032), and pulmonary valve annulus (p = 0.017) resulted influenced by BW, and reference intervals were generated using allometric scales. Our study suggests that EBs tend to have a smaller aortic root and sphericity index than other breeds. In addition, EBs seem to have smaller indexed left ventricular volumes and higher left ventricular ejection fraction than boxers and Doberman. CONCLUSION Preliminary reference intervals in the EBs are reported, which might be helpful for accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening purposes in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Patata
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
| | - T Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, Pisa, 56122, Italy.
| | - F Marchesotti
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
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Ro WB, Kang MH, Song DW, Lee SH, Park HM. Expression Profile of Circulating MicroRNAs in Dogs With Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:652224. [PMID: 33898546 PMCID: PMC8062772 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.652224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the expression profile of circulating microRNAs in dogs with eccentric or concentric cardiac hypertrophy. A total of 291 microRNAs in serum samples of five dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) and five dogs with pulmonic stenosis (PS) were compared with those of five healthy dogs using microarray analysis. Results of microarray analysis revealed up-regulation of cfa-miR-130b [fold change (FC) = 2.13, p = 0.014), down-regulation of cfa-miR-375 (FC = 1.51, p = 0.014), cfa-miR-425 (FC = 2.56, p = 0.045), cfa-miR-30d (FC = 3.02, p = 0.047), cfa-miR-151 (FC = 1.89, p = 0.023), cfa-miR-19b (FC = 3.01, p = 0.008), and cfa-let-7g (FC = 2.53, p = 0.015) in MMVD group which showed eccentric cardiac hypertrophy, up-regulation of cfa-miR-346 (FC = 2.74, p = 0.032), down-regulation of cfa-miR-505 (FC = 1.56, p = 0.016) in PS group which showed concentric cardiac hypertrophy, and down-regulation of cfa-miR-30c (FC = 3.45, p = 0.013 in MMVD group; FC = 3.31, p = 0.014 in PS group) and cfa-let-7b (FC = 11.42, p = 0.049 in MMVD group; FC = 5.88, p = 0.01 in PS group) in both MMVD and PS groups. In addition, the unsupervised hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed microRNAs in each group resulted in complete separation of healthy dogs from dogs with heart diseases. Therefore, eleven microRNAs among 291 microRNAs were identified as differentially expressed circulating microRNAs related to MMVD or PS in dogs. This pilot study demonstrates that the microRNAs identified in this study could be possible candidates for novel biomarker or therapeutic target related to cardiac hypertrophy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Bin Ro
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo-Won Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Lee
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Cancer Research Institute, Clinomics Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Myung Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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van Hoek IMJ, Laxalde J, Connolly DJ, Rush JE, Freeman LM. Echocardiographic, morphometric and biomarker changes in female cats followed from 6 to 24 months of life. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:278-286. [PMID: 32720562 PMCID: PMC10812201 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20943684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiac size and early growth through echocardiographic, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), morphometric and biomarker changes in cats followed from 6 to 24 months of age. METHODS Twenty-four female European shorthair colony cats were evaluated at birth for BW and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age for BW, BCS, head length (HL) and head width (HW), N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and echocardiographic measurements. RESULTS BCS, HW, left ventricular free wall in diastole, left atrium diameter and aortic diameter increased significantly between 6 and 12 months, while BW, HL and interventricular septum in diastole increased significantly between 6, 12 and 18 months, and BW decreased significantly between 18 and 24 months. NT-proBNP decreased significantly between 6 and 12 months. IGF-1 increased significantly between 6 and 12 months but decreased significantly between 12 and 18 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study prospectively evaluated changes in echocardiographic measurements, BW, BCS, HL, HW, IGF-1 and NT-proBNP in cats during the first 2 years of life. Results show a comparable change over time for different variables. These findings contribute to the understanding of a possible relationship between cardiac measures and body size from young age through to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Connolly
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - John E Rush
- Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Lisa M Freeman
- Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Musteata M, Ștefănescu R, Baisan AR, Mocanu D, Pașca SA, Hrițcu LD, Henea M, Solcan G. Acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis with secondary arterial hypertension in a 5-year-old male Siberian Husky. Vet Q 2021; 40:223-228. [PMID: 32886034 PMCID: PMC7534362 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1820099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute canine idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis (ACIP) is one of the most common generalised neuromuscular diseases affecting dogs. In this report, we describe a 5-year-old, 25-kg, male, intact, Siberian Husky dog with ACIP with secondary induced arterial hypertension {systolic blood pressure [mean (m) ± standard deviation (sd)], 214 ± 19 mmHg; mean blood pressure (m ± sd), 164 ± 6.36 mmHg; and diastolic blood pressure (m ± sd), 137 ± 0.7 mmHg} and sinus tachycardia. Heart rate variability analysis indicated decreased vagal activity (low root-mean-square values of successive RR interval differences and percentages of the RR intervals differing by more than 50 ms in the entire recording) and predominance of sympathetic activity. Arterial hypertension was treated with amlodipine but remained greater than the upper limit for 51 days until the dog recovered ambulation. This is the first case report of ACIP and secondary arterial hypertension in a dog. Routine blood pressure measurements should be included in the monitoring of patients with ACIP if arterial hypertension might interfere with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Musteata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Raluca Ștefănescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Andrei Radu Baisan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Diana Mocanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Sorin Aurelian Pașca
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Luminița Diana Hrițcu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Mădălina Henea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine" Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iași, Iași, Romania
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Vezzosi T, Ghinelli R, Ferrari P, Porciello F. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the American Staffordshire Terrier. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:656-660. [PMID: 33563862 PMCID: PMC8111344 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the echocardiographic reference intervals in the American Staffordshire Terrier (AST). The echocardiographic variables obtained in 57 healthy adult AST were compared with published data from the general canine population and other breeds. In the AST, the left ventricular volumes were lower than values reported in Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but higher than in small breeds (P<0.0001). The left ventricular ejection fraction was higher than Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but lower than small breed dogs (P=0.027). The aortic peak velocity values were similar to Boxers (P=0.55) but higher than the general canine population (P<0.0001). The reference intervals presented in this study are clinically useful for an accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening in the AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Anicura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Clinica Veterinaria Orobica, Viale Isonzo 2/E, 24052 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Berthoud D, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and systolic function in Warmblood horses using linear measurements, area-based indices, and volume estimates: A retrospective database analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:504-520. [PMID: 33247461 PMCID: PMC7848374 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) size and function using area‐based indices and volumetric estimates is not well established in horses. Objective To report reference intervals and measurement variability for uni‐, 2‐, and 3‐dimensional echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables to body weight. Unidimensional indices were to be compared to area‐based indices and LV volume estimates to establish their clinical use. Animals Thirty healthy Warmblood horses and 70 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation. Methods Echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function were measured using an existing echocardiography database. Weight‐related variables were scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals and measurement variability were calculated, the influence of valvular regurgitation on LV size and function was investigated and agreement between different variables for detection of reduced, normal, and increased LV size and systolic function was assessed. Results Reference values for healthy Warmblood horses were reported. Measurement variability was sufficiently low for clinical use of all variables. Allometric scaling was effective to correct diastolic LV dimensions and cardiac output for differences in BWT. Various echocardiographic indices resulted in different conclusions regarding identification of LV enlargement and systolic dysfunction in healthy horses and horses with valvular regurgitation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Echocardiographic assessment of LV size and systolic function should include joint assessment of multiple uni‐ and multidimensional indices. Area‐based or volumetric indices that reflect LV long‐axis motion should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Berthoud
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Madruga F, Martinez-Pereira Y, Schoeffmann G, Culshaw G. Spontaneous torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation in a dog during pacemaker implantation. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 32:60-65. [PMID: 33137661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Torsade de pointes is an unusual complication seen in dogs during pacemaker implantation, although ventricular fibrillation has been previously reported. This case report describes torsade de pointes in a dog during pacemaker implantation that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation and discusses the possible contributory factors. It also illustrates the relevance of a pre-emptive resuscitation plan and how this might have affected the outcome in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Madruga
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Y Martinez-Pereira
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Schoeffmann
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Culshaw
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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14
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Esser LC, Borkovec M, Bauer A, Häggström J, Wess G. Left ventricular M-mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population-wide and selected breed-specific values. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2242-2252. [PMID: 33009675 PMCID: PMC7694859 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a common method to measure heart size in dogs. The heart dimensions are influenced by body weight (BW) and potentially by breed. OBJECTIVES To establish BW-dependent prediction intervals (PIs) of the left ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in a population of dogs of many breeds in multicenter environment, and to identify breeds deviating from these intervals. DOGS: Seven thousand six hundred and fifty-one dogs. METHODS Retrospectively, data from heart screens conducted between 2009 and 2016 were included. Cardiac dimensional PIs were generated using allometric scaling including all nonsighthound dogs and values were compared to previously published PIs. The values measured in dogs of respective breeds, including sighthounds, were then compared to the overall nonsighthound PIs to identify deviant breeds. The interobserver-variability of the measurements was determined using the explained residual variance. RESULTS Prediction intervals for the nonsighthound dogs were in agreement with previously published cardiac PIs, although the upper limits of the generated PIs of our study were slightly below those currently applied (except the interventricular septum in systole and the left ventricular free wall in diastole below 10.0 kg and 15.0 kg, respectively). Values measured in the nonsighthound breed Newfoundland deviated for most dimensions. Most of the sighthound breeds analyzed had greater cardiac dimensions, with the exception of the Irish Wolfhound. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE Findings of our study reinforces the value of BW-dependent PIs for cardiac dimensions in dogs and suggest that these PIs are valid for most nonsighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Borkovec
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLMU UniversityMunichGermany
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Love BA, Thierry F, Schwarz T, Martinez-Pereira Y, Culshaw GJ. Aortic sinus aneurysm communicating with the main pulmonary artery, and a concurrent patent ductus arteriosus, in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:300-304. [PMID: 31943231 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of an aortic sinus aneurysm with a communication to the main pulmonary artery, resulting in left-to-right shunting, diagnosed in vivo in a dog. There was also a second left-to-right shunt through a patent ductus arteriosus. Computed tomography (CT) angiography was used to confirm both congenital anomalies and assess the relative contributions of the two left-to-right shunts to left-sided volume overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Love
- Wear Referrals, Veterinary Hospital, Bradbury, Stockton-on-Tees, TS21 2ES, UK
| | - F Thierry
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - T Schwarz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Y Martinez-Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G J Culshaw
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
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Pankov A. WAS THE CLASSIFICATION ABLE TO DIVIDE DOGS WITH MYXOMATOUS MITRAL VALVE DISEASE ACCORDING TO THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE? BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/tjs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the simultaneous readings of the left ventricular remodeling model and the left ventricular weight to body weight ratio, the Gaasch and Zile classification was able to distinguish almost completely (95%) the dogs without pulmonary edema from those with pulmonary edema in cases of MMVD (myxomatous mitral valve disease) with an established limit for the left ventricular mass of 7.478 g/kg between the two groups. In one of the twenty animals surveyed, the classification failed. We assume that this is related to the exacerbation of the disease and the change of its chronic course due to an additional cause.
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Two-dimensional echocardiographic left- atrial-to-aortic ratio in healthy adult dogs: a reexamination of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 26:29-38. [PMID: 31794915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left atrial-to-aortic ratios (LA:Ao) provide a body weight independent estimate of left atrial size. However, reference intervals were established with small sample populations and for only single points in the cardiac cycle. More robust reference intervals are warranted. ANIMALS Two hundred and thirty eight apparently healthy adult dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS LA:Ao measurements were obtained at 3 points in the cardiac cycle - maximal dimension, at the closing of the aortic valve (or just before opening of the mitral valve) (LA:AoMAX); minimal dimension, at the onset of the QRS complex (LA:AoMIN) and at the onset of atrial systole (LA:AoP). LA:AoMAX was obtained from right parasternal short and long-axis views, and LA:AoMIN and LA:AoP were obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view. Dogs were excluded from analyses of reference intervals if weight-based left atrial and left ventricular diastolic dimensions exceeded reference interval limits. Effects of breed and body weight on LA:Ao measurements were examined. RESULTS Upper LA:Ao reference limits mostly agreed with previously published limits, although 10% of dogs had LA:AoMAX in the short-axis view exceeding 1.6. These dogs had smaller aortae than expected for their body weight, and included mostly boxers and English setters. Reference limits for LA:AoMIN and LA:AoP were smaller than those for LA:AoMAX in either view. No LA:Ao measurements were associated with body weight. CONCLUSIONS Reference limits were either confirmed or established for the common two-dimensional methods of assessing relative left atrial size in healthy dogs. Clinicians should use caution when diagnosing mild left atrial enlargement in certain dog breeds and should examine the weight-based aortic dimensions in such cases.
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Marchesotti F, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Marchetti F, Patata V, Contiero B, Zini E, Domenech O. Left atrial anteroposterior diameter in dogs: reference interval, allometric scaling, and agreement with the left atrial-to-aortic root ratio. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1655-1662. [PMID: 31611490 PMCID: PMC6895628 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is a well-known negative prognostic factor in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) is the most commonly
used method to evaluate left atrial (LA) size in dogs, while the left atrial anteroposterior diameter (LAD) has been proposed as an additional measurement of LA size in different species.
The aim of this study was to establish a normal reference range of LAD normalized to body weight (LADn) in dogs using allometric scales, and to evaluate the agreement between LADn and LA/Ao
in the detection of LAE in dogs with MMVD. This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. We included 330 healthy dogs, 30 dogs with MMVD in ACVIM stage B1, 30 dogs in ACVIM
stage B2, and 30 dogs in ACVIM stage C. The reference range for the LAD, depending on body weight, was between 16.91 mm and 49.68 mm. The reference range for the LADn in healthy dogs was
between 10.49 and 15.72. LADn was significantly greater in dogs with MMVD compared to healthy dogs, and a significant difference in LADn was noted between different ACVIM stages
(P<0.001). The most accurate cut-off value of LADn to differentiate between dogs in groups B2 and C was 20.3 (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 83.3%). There was a
misclassification rate of 37% between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in group B1. This study provides a normal reference range for LAD in dogs, which can be used as an additional
tool to assess LAE in dogs with MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marchesotti
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Patata
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Domenech
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
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Visser LC, Ciccozzi MM, Sintov DJ, Sharpe AN. Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: A prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1909-1920. [PMID: 31313382 PMCID: PMC6766555 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Broadly applicable reference intervals (RIs) for measurements of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and function generated prospectively using statistically appropriate methods are limited. Objectives To generate body size‐independent RIs for linear, area, and volume measurements of LA size and LV size and function. Animals Healthy adult dogs (n = 122) of variable size and somatotype. Methods Prospective study. All dogs underwent an echocardiogram performed by the same examiner. Effects of body weight, sex, age, and heart rate were evaluated by regression and correlation analyses. Scaling exponents and prediction intervals were generated for linear measurements using the allometric equation. After normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits (each with 90% confidence intervals), respectively. Results Linear LA and LV measurements were strongly correlated (R2 ≥ 0.79) with body weight. Scaling exponents were close to the expected 1/3 (0.299‐0.392). Prediction intervals for linear measurements of LV chamber size were considerably narrower than previously reported. Weak correlations (r = −0.42 to −0.50) among LV fractional shortening, fractional area change, and ejection fraction and body weight were identified. No other meaningful relationships were identified between the measurements and sex, age, and heart rate. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Body size‐independent RIs for several linear, area, and volume measurements of LA and LV size and function were generated prospectively from a large and diverse reference population and are available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Marisa M Ciccozzi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Daniel J Sintov
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ashley N Sharpe
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Abstract
This article provides an overview on the principles of transthoracic echocardiography in horses. Indications for echocardiography, equipment, and technical considerations are discussed and a systematic approach for a complete echocardiographic examination in horses is described. Methods for assessment of chamber dimensions, allometric scaling of measurements, assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular function, assessment of atrial function, hemodynamic assessment, and evaluation of valvular regurgitation are explained, focusing on traditional 2-dimensional (2D), motion-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic methods. Selected applications of newer echocardiographic methods, such as tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department, Swiss Equine Cardiology Consulting, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Usefulness of pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging at the mitral annulus for prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:425-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Two-dimensional, long-axis echocardiographic ratios for assessment of left atrial and ventricular size in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:330-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Birettoni F, Patata V, Giorgi M, Porciello F. Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Caivano D, Dickson D, Pariaut R, Stillman M, Rishniw M. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion-to-aortic ratio provides a bodyweight-independent measure of right ventricular systolic function in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:79-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Baron Toaldo M, Romito G, Guglielmini C, Diana A, Pelle NG, Contiero B, Cipone M. Prognostic value of echocardiographic indices of left atrial morphology and function in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:914-921. [PMID: 29572938 PMCID: PMC5980607 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic relevance of left atrial (LA) morphological and functional variables, including those derived from speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), has been little investigated in veterinary medicine. Objectives To assess the prognostic value of several echocardiographic variables, with a focus on LA morphological and functional variables in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Animals One‐hundred and fifteen dogs of different breeds with MMVD. Methods Prospective cohort study. Conventional morphologic and echo‐Doppler variables, LA areas and volumes, and STE‐based LA strain analysis were performed in all dogs. A survival analysis was performed to test for the best echocardiographic predictors of cardiac‐related death. Results Most of the tested variables, including all LA STE‐derived variables were univariate predictors of cardiac death in Cox proportional hazard analysis. Because of strong correlation between many variables, only left atrium to aorta ratio (LA/Ao > 1.7), mitral valve E wave velocity (MV E vel > 1.3 m/s), LA maximal volume (LAVmax > 3.53 mL/kg), peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS < 30%), and contraction strain index (CSI per 1% increase) were entered in the univariate analysis, and all were predictors of cardiac death. However, only the MV E vel (hazard ratio [HR], 4.45; confidence interval [CI], 1.76‐11.24; P < .001) and LAVmax (HR, 2.32; CI, 1.10‐4.89; P = .024) remained statistically significant in the multivariable analysis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The assessment of LA dimension and function provides useful prognostic information in dogs with MMVD. Considering all the LA variables, LAVmax appears the strongest predictor of cardiac death, being superior to LA/Ao and STE‐derived variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nazzareno G Pelle
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Al-Haidar A, Moula N, Leroux A, Farnir F, Deleuze S, Sandersen C, Amory H. Reference values of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements as a function of body size in various equine breeds and in ponies. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Eason B, Hogan D, Lim C, Hogan M. Use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate to reduce left to right shunting of an abdominal arteriovenous malformation in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:396-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Baron Toaldo M, Romito G, Guglielmini C, Diana A, Pelle NG, Contiero B, Cipone M. Assessment of Left Atrial Deformation and Function by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Healthy Dogs and Dogs With Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:641-649. [PMID: 28455877 PMCID: PMC5435061 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The assessment of left atrial (LA) function by 2‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) holds important clinical implications in human medicine. Few similar data are available in dogs. Objectives To assess LA function by STE in dogs with and without myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), analyzing LA areas, systolic function, and strain. Animals One hundred and fifty dogs were divided according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine classification of heart failure: 23 dogs in class A, 52 in class B1, 36 in class B2, and 39 in class C + D. Methods Prospective observational study. Conventional morphologic and Doppler variables, LA areas, and STE‐based LA strain analysis were performed in all dogs and results were compared among groups. Correlation analysis was carried out between LA STE variables and other echocardiographic variables. Results Variability study showed good reproducibility for all the tested variables (coefficient of variation <16%). Left atrial areas, fractional area change, peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), peak atrial contraction strain, and contraction strain index (CSI) differed significantly between groups B2 and C + D and all the other groups (overall P < .001), whereas only PALS differed between groups B1 and A (P = .01). Left atrial areas increased with progression of the disease, whereas LA functional parameters decreased. Only CSI increased nonsignificantly from group A to group B1 and then progressively decreased. Thirty‐one significant correlations (P < .001, r > .3) were found between conventional left heart echocardiographic variables and LA areas and strain variables. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Left atrial STE analysis provides useful information on atrial function in the dog, highlighting a progressive decline in atrial function with worsening of MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Romito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - N G Pelle
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Lee Y, Choi W, Lee D, Chang J, Kang JH, Choi J, Chang D. Correlation between caudal pulmonary artery diameter to body surface area ratio and echocardiography-estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:243-51. [PMID: 26645336 PMCID: PMC4921673 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caudal pulmonary artery diameter (CPAD) to body surface area (BSA) ratios were measured in ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs to assess the correlation between CPAD to BSA ratios and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in dogs. Thoracic radiographs of 44 dogs with systolic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and 55 normal dogs were evaluated. Systolic PAP was estimated by Doppler echocardiography. CPADs were measured at their largest point at the level of tracheal bifurcation on ventrodorsal radiographs. Both right and left CPAD to BSA ratios were significantly higher in the PAH group than in the normal group (p < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed positive associations between PAP and right and left CPAD to BSA ratio (right, p = 0.0230; left, p = 0.0012). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the CPAD to BSA ratio had moderate diagnostic accuracy for detecting PAH. The operating point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were 28.35, 81.40%, 81.82%, and 0.870; respectively, for the right side and 26.92, 80.00%, 66.67%, and 0.822, respectively, for the left. The significant correlation of CPAD to BSA ratio with echocardiography-estimated systolic PAP supports its use in identifying PAH on survey thoracic radiographs in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Lee
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Wooshin Choi
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Donghoon Lee
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jinhwa Chang
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chang
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Strunz CMC, Marcondes-Santos M, Takada JY, Fragata FS, Mansur ADP. Quality of Life Score as a Predictor of Death in Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 108:347-353. [PMID: 28380134 PMCID: PMC5421474 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The knowledge of the variables predicting mortality is important in clinical
practice and for therapeutic monitoring in mitral valve disease. Objectives To determine whether a quality of life score evaluated with the Functional
Evaluation of Cardiac Health questionnaire would predict mortality in dogs
with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). Methods Thirty-six client-owned dogs with mitral valve disease underwent clinical,
laboratory, and echocardiographic evaluations at baseline and were monitored
for 6 months. Cardiovascular death was the primary outcome. Results The 36 dogs were classified as survivors or nonsurvivors. Higher values of
the following variables were obtained at baseline in the nonsurviving group
(12 dogs): amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels,
plasma norepinephrine, heart rate, quality of life score, diastolic left
ventricular internal dimension to aortic root ratio, systolic left
ventricular internal dimension to aortic root ratio, and left atrium to
aortic root ratio. NT-proBNP levels and quality life score were
independently associated with death in the multivariable analysis. Conclusion The quality life score was an independent variable for cardiac death in dogs
with DMVD. This result is encouraging, as this score is easy to apply and
does not require any technology, only a veterinarian and an observant owner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda S Fragata
- Hospital Veterinário Sena Madureira, Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
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Shave R, Howatson G, Dickson D, Young L. Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling: Lessons from Humans, Horses, and Dogs. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010009. [PMID: 29056668 PMCID: PMC5606617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is dependent upon the cardiovascular system adequately delivering blood to meet the metabolic and thermoregulatory demands of exercise. Animals who regularly exercise therefore require a well-adapted heart to support this delivery. The purpose of this review is to examine cardiac structure, and the potential for exercise-induced cardiac remodeling, in animals that regularly engage in strenuous activity. Specifically, we draw upon the literature that has studied the "athlete's heart" in humans, horses, and dogs, to enable the reader to compare and contrast cardiac remodeling in these three athletic species. The available literature provides compelling evidence for exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in all three species. However, more work is required to understand the influence of species/breed specific genetics and exercise-related hemodynamics, in order to fully understand the impact of exercise on cardiac structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Shave
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne TN1 8ST, UK.
- Water Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | | | - Lesley Young
- Specialist equine Cardiology Services, Moulton, Suffolk CB8 8SD, UK.
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Lim CK, Fosgate GT, Green HW, Kirberger RM. Two-dimensional left atrium-to-aorta ratios and left ventricular M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in clinically normal adult Dachshunds. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:374-82. [PMID: 27027836 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the left atrium-to-aorta ratio (LA:Ao) and establish 95% prediction intervals for left ventricular M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in clinically normal adult Dachshunds. ANIMALS 40 healthy Dachshunds. PROCEDURES For each dog, 3 standard 2-D echocardiographic methods (diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area) were used to measure the left atrium and aorta and calculate the LA:Ao from right parasternal short axis (RPSA) images obtained at the level of the aortic valve cusps. Left ventricular M-mode measurements were acquired from RPSA images obtained at the chordal level immediately below the mitral valve. Descriptive data were generated, and the 95% prediction intervals were calculated by use of an allometric scaling equation and linear regression and compared with those calculated on the basis of data obtained from dogs of multiple breeds in a previous study. RESULTS The mean (SD) LA:Ao was 1.40 (0.13), 2.09 (0.17), and 2.85 (0.48) for the diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area methods, respectively. The 95% prediction intervals for the left ventricular M-mode measurements determined by an allometric scaling equation on the basis of Dachshund-specific data were narrower than those determined on the basis of data obtained from dogs of multiple breeds. For that allometric equation, scaling exponents on the basis of Dachshund-specific data ranged from 0.129 to 0.397 and did not absolutely conform to the presumed index for linear measurements (ie, body weight(0.333)). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The LA:Aos and 95% prediction intervals calculated in this study can be used as preliminary guidelines for echocardiographic measurements of clinically normal Dachshunds.
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Pinkos A, Stauthammer C, Rittenberg R, Barncord K. High-pressure balloon dilation in a dog with supravalvular aortic stenosis. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 19:88-94. [PMID: 27806903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 6-month-old female intact Goldendoodle was presented for diagnostic work up of a grade IV/VI left basilar systolic heart murmur. An echocardiogram was performed and revealed a ridge of tissue distal to the aortic valve leaflets at the sinotubular junction causing an instantaneous pressure gradient of 62 mmHg across the supravalvular aortic stenosis and moderate concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Intervention with a high-pressure balloon dilation catheter was pursued and significantly decreased the pressure gradient to 34 mmHg. No complications were encountered. The patient returned in 5 months for re-evaluation and static long-term reduction in the pressure gradient was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinkos
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - C Stauthammer
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - R Rittenberg
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - K Barncord
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
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Mazzotta E, Guglielmini C, Menciotti G, Contiero B, Baron Toaldo M, Berlanda M, Poser H. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Hematology, and Serum Biochemistry in Dogs with Echocardiographically Estimated Precapillary and Postcapillary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1806-1815. [PMID: 27747929 PMCID: PMC5115192 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative measurement of anisocytosis. RDW has prognostic value in humans with different cardiovascular and systemic disorders, but few studies have investigated this biomarker in dogs. Objectives To compare the RDW in dogs with precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) and a control population of dogs and to correlate RDW with demographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables. Animals One hundred and twenty‐seven client‐owned dogs including 19 healthy dogs, 82 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (50 dogs without PH and 32 dogs with postcapillary PH), and 26 dogs with precapillary PH. Methods Prospective study. Dogs were allocated to groups according to clinical and echocardiographic evaluation. RDW and selected laboratory and echocardiographic variables were compared among dog groups. Associations between RDW and demographic, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results Median RDW in dogs with precapillary PH (13.8%, interquartile range 13.2–14.9%) and postcapillary PH (13.7, 13.2–14.7%) was significantly increased compared to healthy dogs (13.3, 12.3–13.7%; P < .05 for both comparisons), but only dogs with severe PH had significantly increased RDW compared to dogs without PH (P < .05). Peak tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient was significantly associated with increased RDW (rho = 0.263, P = .007). Serum urea concentration, hematocrit, age, and white blood cell number were significantly associated with RDW in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Underlying pathophysiologic processes associated with PH instead of severity of PH are likely responsible for increased RDW in dogs with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mazzotta
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - C Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - G Menciotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Berlanda
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - H Poser
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Trachsel DS, Giraudet A, Maso D, Hervé G, Hauri DD, Barrey E, Robert C. Relationships between body dimensions, body weight, age, gender, breed and echocardiographic dimensions in young endurance horses. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:226. [PMID: 27724944 PMCID: PMC5057441 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart's physiological adaptation to aerobic training leads to an increase in heart chamber size, and is referred to as the Athlete's heart. However, heart dimensions are also related to body weight (BWT), body size, growth and (in some species) breed. There are few published data on the relationships between heart dimensions and growth or aerobic training in Arabian and Arabian-related endurance horses. Therefore the objective of the present study was to describe the influence of body dimensions (body length (BL), thoracic circumference (TC), withers height (WH)), BWT, age, gender, breed (purebred Arabians, part-bred Arabians, Anglo-Arabians, and Others) and the initiation of endurance training on echocardiographic measurements in competition-fit endurance horses aged 4 to 6 years. RESULTS Most left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) dimensions increased with age, whereas LA and LV functional indices did not. Although there was no gender difference for LV dimensions, females had larger LA dimensions. In terms of breed, Anglo-Arabians had the largest LV dimensions. Regression models indicated that the included explanatory factors had a weak influence on heart dimensions. Age, body dimensions, breed and gender showed the most consistent influence on LA dimensions, whereas BWT, breed and kilometres covered in competition showed the most consistent influence on LV dimensions. CONCLUSION The increase in echocardiographic dimensions with age indicates on-going growth in our population of 4 to 6 year-old horses. We also observed small changes associated with the initiation of endurance training. Morphometric dimensions had a greater influence on LA dimensions, whereas LV dimensions were also influenced (albeit weakly) by parameters associated with exercise intensity. These results may therefore reflect early adaptations linked to the initiation of endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Trachsel
- CIRALE-Hippolia, Médecine Sportive, RD 674, F-14430, Goustranville, France. .,Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - A Giraudet
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Maso
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Hervé
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D D Hauri
- Office Fédéral de la Statistique, Espace de l'Europe 10, CH-2010, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Barrey
- INRA, GABI-UMR1313, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Robert
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94704, Maisons-Alfort, France.,INRA, GABI-UMR1313, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Roberts SL, Dukes-McEwan J. Echocardiographic reference ranges for sedentary donkeys in the UK. Vet Rec 2016; 179:332. [PMID: 27539939 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Roberts
- SLR Cardiology Referrals, Plumpton Farm; Pecket Well Hebden Bridge West Yorkshire HX7 8QU UK
| | - J. Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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Gentile-Solomon J, Abbott J. Conventional echocardiographic assessment of the canine right heart: reference intervals and repeatability. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:234-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, Harris J, Patteson M. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the English springer spaniel: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:520-528. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Shave
- Cardiff School of Sport; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff CF23 6XD
| | - M. Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Huesler IM, Mitchell KJ, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Atrial Size and Function in Warmblood Horses: Reference Intervals, Allometric Scaling, and Agreement of Different Echocardiographic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1241-52. [PMID: 27362277 PMCID: PMC5108425 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial (LA) size and function in horses is not standardized. Objectives The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for echocardiographic indices of LA size and function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables and for the clinical use of area‐based indices. Animals Thirty‐one healthy Warmblood horses and 91 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation (MR) or aortic regurgitation (AR). Methods Retrospective study. Echocardiographic indices of LA size and function were measured and scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals were calculated, the influence of BWT, age, and valvular regurgitation on LA size and function was investigated and agreement between different measurements of LA size was assessed. Results Allometric scaling of variables of LA size allowed for correction of differences in BWT. Indices of LA size documented LA enlargement with moderate and severe MR and AR, whereas most indices of LA mechanical function were not significantly altered by valvular regurgitation. Different indices of LA size were in fair to good agreement but still lead to discordant conclusions with regard to assessment of LA enlargement in individual horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Allometric scaling of echocardiographic variables of LA size is advised to correct for differences in BWT among Warmblood horses. Assessment of LA dimensions should be based on an integrative approach combining subjective evaluation and assessment of multiple measurements, including area‐based variables. The clinical relevance of indices of LA mechanical function remains unclear when used in horses with mitral or aortic regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Huesler
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Mitchell
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Dickson D, Caivano D, Patteson M, Rishniw M. The times they are a-changin': Two-dimensional aortic valve measurements differ throughout diastole. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:15-25. [PMID: 26810488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diastolic aortic valve measurements are used to obtain weight-independent cardiac ratiometric indices. However, whether clinically important variations in valve measurements occur during diastole remains undetermined. ANIMALS One hundred sixty-three dogs and 40 cats; a mixture of healthy animals and patients with heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aortic valve diameter and area were measured at three time-points: early diastole {AoMAX}, during the P-wave {AoP} and at end-diastole {AoMIN}. Measurement beat-to-beat variability was determined. Difference plots were generated for each measurement pair. Aortic measurements were compared by repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS In dogs, normalised aortic diameters showed a fixed bias of approximately 14% for AoMAX-AoMIN, 6% for AoMAX-AoP and 8% for AoP-AoMIN. In cats, the aortic diameter and area biases were all less than 2.5% and less than 7% respectively. AoMAX was the largest measurement in 78% patients and AoMIN was the smallest measurement in 73% patients. In dogs, AoMAX > AoP > AoMIN (p < 0.0001). Median within-patient measurement variability was 5% for linear dimensions and 8% for area measurements in dogs and 4.5% for linear and 10.4% for area in cats. DISCUSSION Aortic measurements in dogs differ significantly throughout diastole, with Ao(A)MAX > Ao(A)P > Ao(A)MIN. These differences could clinically impact cardiac ratiometric indices. The difference in cats is less than the within-patient measurement variability and unlikely to be of clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS Operators should adopt a single diastolic time-point for measurement of the aorta to ensure consistency in measuring and reporting in echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dickson
- HeartVets, The Animal Hospital, Dursley, Gloucestershire, GL11 6AJ, UK.
| | - D Caivano
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Patteson
- HeartVets, The Animal Hospital, Dursley, Gloucestershire, GL11 6AJ, UK
| | - M Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Reference intervals and allometric scaling of echocardiographic measurements in Bengal cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Trachsel DS, Grenacher B, Schwarzwald CC. Plasma atrial/A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in horses with various heart diseases. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:216-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Visser LC, Scansen BA, Schober KE, Bonagura JD. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in conscious healthy dogs: Repeatability and reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:83-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Canola PA, Valadão CA, Borges JHS, Canola JC. Evaluation of Cardiovascular Function During S(+)-Ketamine Constant Rate Infusion in Dorsally Recumbent Halothane-Anesthetized Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pradelli D, Quintavalla C, Crosta MC, Mazzoni L, Oliveira P, Scotti L, Brambilla P, Bussadori C. The influence of emotional stress on Doppler-derived aortic peak velocity in boxer dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1724-30. [PMID: 25312007 PMCID: PMC4895642 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is a common congenital heart disease in Boxers. Doppler‐derived aortic peak velocity (AoPV) is a diagnostic criterion for the disease. Objectives To investigate the influence of emotional stress during echocardiographic examination on AoPV in normal and SAS‐affected Boxers. To evaluate the effects of aortic root diameters on AoPV in normal Boxers. Dogs Two hundred and fifteen normal and 19 SAS‐affected Boxers. Methods The AoPV was recorded at the beginning of echocardiographic examination (T0), and when the emotional stress of the dog was assumed to decrease based on behavioral parameters and heart rate (T1). AoPV0–AoPV1 was calculated. In normal dogs, stroke volume index was calculated at T0 and T1. Aortic root diameters were measured and their relationship with AoPV and AoPV0–AoPV1 was evaluated. Results In normal dogs, AoPV was higher at T0 (median, 1.95 m/s; range, 1.60–2.50 m/s) than at T1 (median, 1.76 m/s; range, 1.40–2.20 m/s; P < .0001; reduction 9.2%). The stroke volume index at T0 also was greater than at T1 (P < .0001). Weak negative correlations were detected between aortic root size and aortic velocities. In SAS‐affected dogs, AoPV0 was higher than AoPV1 (P < .0001; reduction 7.3%). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Aortic peak velocity was affected by emotional stress during echocardiographic examination both in SAS‐affected and normal Boxers. In normal Boxers, aortic root size weakly affected AoPVs, but did not affect AoPV0–AoPV1. Stroke volume seems to play a major role in stress‐related AoPV increases in normal Boxers. Emotional stress should be taken into account when screening for SAS in the Boxer breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pradelli
- Clinica Veterinaria "Gran Sasso", Milan, Italy
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide as an Indicator of the Severity of Valvular Regurgitation and Heart Failure in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ljungvall I, Rishniw M, Porciello F, Ferasin L, Ohad DG. Murmur intensity in small-breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease reflects disease severity. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:545-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Science; SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - F. Porciello
- Department of Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia; Perugia 06100 Italy
| | - L. Ferasin
- Wey Referrals; 25 Chertsey Rd, Woking Surrey GU21 5BP
| | - D. G. Ohad
- Department of Clinical Sciences; The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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De Vleeschauwer S, De Praetere H, Meuris B, Herijgers P, Herregods MC. Post-operative echocardiographic evaluation of bioprosthetic mitral valve implantation in sheep. Lab Anim 2014; 49:20-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677214547405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ovine model is generally considered to be the best for testing bioprosthetic heart valve durability. Although echocardiography is the method of choice for the interim evaluation of the valve, literature on sheep echocardiography is scarce. Within the context of a study on treatment of pericardial heart valve prostheses, 19 adolescent sheep underwent transthoracic echocardiography six days after mitral implantation of bioprosthetic valves. Echocardiographic examination was performed under mild anesthesia and animals were put in a right lateral decubitus position. Four images were obtained: right parasternal long axis four and five chamber views, right parasternal long axis view with left ventricular outflow, and right parasternal short axis view through the mitral valve. We measured aortic annulus and velocity time integral over the aortic valve to determine stroke volume, cardiac output and cardiac index. The mitral valve was evaluated through color Doppler imaging for valvular and paravalvular leakages. Pulsed wave spectral Doppler was used for the measurement of velocities, pressures and velocity time integrals. For the evaluation of valve stenosis deceleration time and pressure half-time were determined. Effective orifice area of the mitral valve was derived. And, although not measured, other structures could clearly be visualized: right and left ventricle and atrium, wall thicknesses, tricuspid valve. This study shows that echocardiography in sheep is feasible, and that right parasternal images, obtained in animals in a right lateral decubitus position, are well qualified for the interim evaluation of bioprosthetic valves implanted in the mitral position. Besides the implanted valve, other cardiac structures like atria and ventricles can be visualized and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Vleeschauwer
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Animal Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H De Praetere
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Animal Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Meuris
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Animal Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Herijgers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Animal Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M-C Herregods
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Animal Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:91-100. [PMID: 24834861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI). ANIMALS 134 healthy adult CKCS. METHODS Ultrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio.
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Comparative study of 4 echocardiographic methods of left ventricular measurement in German Shepherd dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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