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Wright E, Jessen LR, Tompson A, Rutland C, Singleton D, Battersby I, Gajanayake I, Mosher M, Pfleger S, Gemmill T, Sparks T, Sørensen TM, Allerton F. Influencing attitudes towards antimicrobial use and resistance in companion animals-the impact on pet owners of a short animation in a randomized controlled trial. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae065. [PMID: 38716404 PMCID: PMC11073752 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a vital One Health issue; the rational use of antimicrobials is essential to preserve their efficacy. Veterinarians cite pressure from pet owners as a contributor to antimicrobial prescription. Engaging pet owners in antimicrobial stewardship could reduce this pressure. A short educational animation could facilitate communication of this message. The impact of the animation on participant's opinions relating to antimicrobial prescribing and awareness of AMR was assessed via a randomized controlled trial. Methods A survey was created based on the health belief model. Owners attending six UK veterinary centres were randomized to the intervention or control group (ratio 1:1). All owners completed an agreement level survey of two questions followed by 18 statements scored using a Likert agreement scale. The control group responded without interruption, whereas the animation group was shown the animation after answering the first two questions and five statements. Results In total, 647 owners participated in the study; 350 complete responses were analysed. Responses to 10 of 13 statements asked after the animation were significantly different (all P < 0.050) between groups, whereas there was no significant difference between groups in response to any of the statements asked before the animation. The animation group were more likely to agree that lower antimicrobial use would help maintain future efficacy (P < 0.001) and that requesting antimicrobials from their vet could increase unnecessary use (P < 0.001). The animation group were more likely to disagree that they would expect antimicrobials if their pet had diarrhoea (P = 0.048). Conclusions Pet owners that watched a short AMR engagement animation displayed greater awareness of the impact of AMR and were more likely to support measures in line with antimicrobial stewardship. This behavioural-nudge resource could support owners towards contributing to a multi-faceted approach to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wright
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Lisbeth Rem Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
| | - Alice Tompson
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Catherine Rutland
- Simplyhealth, Hambledon House, Waterloo Court, Andover, Hampshire, SP10 1LQ, UK
| | - David Singleton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian Battersby
- Mars Veterinary Health, 18101 SE 6th Way, Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | - Isuru Gajanayake
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, UK
| | - Margo Mosher
- Mars Veterinary Health, 18101 SE 6th Way, Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | - Sharon Pfleger
- NHS Highland, Public Health Directorate, Larch House, Stoneyfield Business Park, Inverness, IV2 7PA, UK
| | - Toby Gemmill
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, UK
| | - Tim Sparks
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Tina M Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
| | - Fergus Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, UK
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2
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Best CM, Bard AM, Rees GM, Reyher KK. Validation, visibility, vagueness and variation: A qualitative assessment of existing veterinary guidelines for antimicrobial use in cattle and sheep in the UK. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294733. [PMID: 38032877 PMCID: PMC10688698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are essential in veterinary medicine to treat and control bacterial disease in animals. Their prudent use in food-producing animals has been encouraged to reduce the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. National and international guidelines for responsible antimicrobial use have been developed as tools to guide and rationalise antimicrobial prescribing decisions by veterinarians and usage decisions by farmers. Yet, there is little understanding of whether these existing guidelines are fit for purpose. Accordingly, this study rigorously assessed 128 veterinary guidelines for antimicrobial use in ruminants in the UK, following established qualitative methodologies. Findings revealed four pertinent themes: validation of the veterinarian as the prescriber, visibility of responsible use realities, vagueness in interpretation and variation in directing behaviour. These themes encompassed the roles and responsibilities of the veterinarian and the realities of prescribing scenarios, alongside concerns relating to the specificity within and variation between guidelines. Resultant recommendations to inform and support the future development of guidelines include establishing species-specific and disease-specific guidelines, expanding guidelines to include disease prevention measures, including definitions to resolve vagueness and promoting congruence in interpretation, encouraging the development of practice-level guidelines to endorse collaboration and ownership, and fostering active working between stakeholders to align priorities and messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Best
- University of Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M. Bard
- University of Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Gwen M. Rees
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen K. Reyher
- University of Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
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3
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Pegram C, Diaz-Ordaz K, Brodbelt DC, Chang YM, Tayler S, Allerton F, Prisk L, Church DB, O’Neill DG. Target trial emulation: Do antimicrobials or gastrointestinal nutraceuticals prescribed at first presentation for acute diarrhoea cause a better clinical outcome in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291057. [PMID: 37792702 PMCID: PMC10550114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Target trial emulation applies design principles from randomised controlled trials to the analysis of observational data for causal inference and is increasingly used within human epidemiology. Veterinary electronic clinical records represent a potentially valuable source of information to estimate real-world causal effects for companion animal species. This study employed the target trial framework to evaluate the usefulness on veterinary observational data. Acute diarrhoea in dogs was used as a clinical exemplar. Inclusion required dogs aged ≥ 3 months and < 10 years, presenting for veterinary primary care with acute diarrhoea during 2019. Treatment strategies were: 1. antimicrobial prescription compared to no antimicrobial prescription and 2. gastrointestinal nutraceutical prescription compared to no gastrointestinal nutraceutical prescription. The primary outcome was clinical resolution (defined as no revisit with ongoing diarrhoea within 30 days from the date of first presentation). Informed from a directed acyclic graph, data on the following covariates were collected: age, breed, bodyweight, insurance status, comorbidities, vomiting, reduced appetite, haematochezia, pyrexia, duration, additional treatment prescription and veterinary group. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to balance covariates between the treatment groups for each of the two target trials. The risk difference (RD) of 0.4% (95% CI -4.5% to 5.3%) was non-significant for clinical resolution in dogs treated with antimicrobials compared with dogs not treated with antimicrobials. The risk difference (RD) of 0.3% (95% CI -4.5% to 5.0%) was non-significant for clinical resolution in dogs treated with gastrointestinal nutraceuticals compared with dogs not treated with gastrointestinal nutraceuticals. This study successfully applied the target trial framework to veterinary observational data. The findings show that antimicrobial or gastrointestinal prescription at first presentation of acute diarrhoea in dogs causes no difference in clinical resolution. The findings support the recommendation for veterinary professionals to limit antimicrobial use for acute diarrhoea in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pegram
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Karla Diaz-Ordaz
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave C. Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Tayler
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Centre, Solihull, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Prisk
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Church
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Dan G. O’Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
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Bauck AG. Basic Postoperative Care of the Equine Colic Patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00022-6. [PMID: 37120332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3 time periods around colic surgery (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are all critical to successful outcomes. Although much focus is often paid to the first 2 time periods, the importance of sound clinical judgment and rational decision-making in the postoperative period cannot be overstated. This article will outline the basic principles of monitoring, fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, analgesia, nutrition, and other therapeutics routinely used in patients following colic surgery. Discussions of the economics of colic surgery and expectations for normal return to function will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anje G Bauck
- Large Animal Surgery, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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5
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Rockow M, Griffenhagen G, Landolt G, Hendrickson D, Pezzanite L. Current Antimicrobial Use in Horses Undergoing Exploratory Celiotomy: A Survey of Board-Certified Equine Specialists. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091433. [PMID: 37174470 PMCID: PMC10177570 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been a considerable increase in the recognition of antimicrobial resistance in equine practice. The objective of this study was to survey the current clinical use of antimicrobials for a commonly performed surgical procedure (exploratory celiotomy) with the goal of understanding how recent literature and changes in microbial resistance patterns may have impacted antimicrobial selection practices. An electronic survey was distributed to veterinary professionals within the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) and the American College of Veterinary Surgery (ACVS). A total of 113 completed surveys were returned. Practitioners reported antimicrobials were most frequently given 30-60 min preoperatively (63.1%). Two antimicrobial classes were typically administered (95.5%), with gentamicin (98.2%) and potassium penicillin (74.3%) being the most common. Antimicrobials were typically not re-dosed intraoperatively (78.6%). Factors that affected overall treatment length postoperatively included resection (81.4%), bloodwork (75.2%), enterotomy (74.3%), fever (85.0%), incisional complications (76.1%), and thrombophlebitis (67.3%). The most common duration of antimicrobial use was 1-3 d for non-strangulating lesions (54.4% of cases) and inflammatory conditions such as enteritis or peritonitis (50.4%), and 3-5 d for strangulating lesions (63.7%). Peri-incisional and intra-abdominal antimicrobials were used by 24.8% and 11.5% of respondents, respectively. In summary, antimicrobial usage patterns were highly variable among practitioners and, at times, not concordant with current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Rockow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gregg Griffenhagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gabriele Landolt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dean Hendrickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lynn Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Kalnins NJ, Gibson JS, Stewart AJ, Croton C, Purcell SL, Rajapaksha B, Haworth M. Antimicrobials in dog‐to‐dog bite wounds: A retrospective study of 1526 dog bite events (1999‐2019). J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:2028-2041. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Kalnins
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Justine S. Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Allison J. Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Catriona Croton
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences University of Southern Queensland Darling Heights Queensland Australia
| | - Sarah L. Purcell
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Bandula Rajapaksha
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - Mark Haworth
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
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Gandini M, Cerullo A, Franci P, Giusto G. Changes in Perioperative Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Regimens for Colic Surgery in Horses: A Single Center Report. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100546. [PMID: 36288159 PMCID: PMC9607452 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The administration of postoperative anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs after colic surgery is based on an empirical approach, and for this reason, in recent years, it has been questioned. Recent guidelines recommend that antimicrobials should be administered for the shortest effective period possible. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is also discussed given the side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs administration in horses has changed in our practice over the years to modulate therapies according to the postoperative complications that eventually arise. The description of these changes and the reasons behind them can help define an appropriate stewardship. Over the years, the administration of postoperative antibiotics has been limited, and treatments have been started only in case of complications that justified their use. As for anti-inflammatories, there was a variation of dosages of flunixin meglumine and the addition of new types of anti-inflammatories, both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. These changes in prophylaxis protocols were not associated with an increase in postoperative complications. Abstract Reducing postoperative incisional infection is the main reason to administer postoperative antimicrobials (AMD) after emergency laparotomy in horses, while reducing inflammation and providing analgesia are the reasons to administer anti-inflammatory drugs (AID). The basis for postoperative AMD and AID administration is empirical and only recently has been questioned. Empirical approaches can be changed, and these changes, along with the description of their outcomes, can help produce appropriate stewardship. The aim of this study is to report the changes in AMD and AID regimens in horses undergoing emergency laparotomy at a referral teaching hospital between 2017 and 2021. Signalment, pathology, surgery, prophylactic AMD and AID administration were obtained from the medical records. Difference in AMD and AID regimens throughout the study period were also reported. In 234 postoperative records considered, ninety-two horses received prophylactic AMD, while 142 received pre-operative antimicrobials only. There was a progressive change in regimens throughout the years, increasing the number of AID molecules used. AMD and AID administration in horses has changed in our practice over the years to modulate therapies according to the postoperative complications that eventually arise. In this study, horses not receiving postoperative routine AMD treatment did not show an increased incidence of complications.
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8
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Lord J, Carter C, Smith J, Locke S, Phillips E, Odoi A. Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and Rhodococcus equi isolated from equine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Kentucky, USA. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13682. [PMID: 36164606 PMCID: PMC9508889 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among veterinary pathogens is necessary to identify clinically relevant patterns of AMR and to inform antimicrobial use practices. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Rhodococcus equi are bacterial pathogens of major clinical importance in horses and are frequently implicated in respiratory tract infections. The objectives of this study were to describe antimicrobial resistance patterns and identify predictors of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes) among equine S. zooepidemicus and R. equi isolates. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility data from equine specimens submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 2012 and 2017 were used in the study. Temporal trends in AMR and MDR were assessed using the Cochran-Armitage test. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between patient characteristics and the following outcomes: (a) MDR among S. zooepidemicus isolates, and (b) resistance to macrolides and ansamycins (rifampin) among R. equi isolates. Logistic regression was also used to investigate whether resistance of S. zooepidemicus and R. equi isolates to an antimicrobial class could be predicted by resistance to other drug classes. Results The vast majority of S. zooepidemicus (99.6%) and R. equi isolates (83%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, but no significant temporal trends in AMR were observed. Approximately half (53.3%) of the S. zooepidemicus isolates were multidrug-resistant, and there was a significant (p < 0.001) increasing temporal trend of MDR among S. zooepidemicus isolates. Resistance to penicillin, which is typically recommended for treatment of suspected S. zooepidemicus infections, also increased during the study period, from 3.3% to 9.5%. Among R. equi isolates, 19.2% were resistant to one or more macrolide antibiotics, 24% were resistant to rifampin, and 15.6% were resistant to both macrolide(s) and rifampin. For both organisms, resistance to an antimicrobial class could be predicted based on resistance profiles to other drug classes. For instance, significant (p < 0.01) predictors of β-lactam resistance among S. zooepidemicus isolates included resistance to macrolides (Odds Ratio (OR) = 14.7) and ansamycins (OR = 9.3). Resistance to phenicols (OR = 3.7) and ansamycins (OR = 19.9) were associated with higher odds of macrolide resistance among R. equi isolates. Conclusions The increase in MDR among S. zooepidemicus isolates is concerning. The observed levels of resistance to macrolides and rifampin among R. equi are also worrisome given the limited number of antimicrobials available for treatment of this organism. The findings of this study highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance of AMR to guide treatment decisions and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lord
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Stephan Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Erica Phillips
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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9
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Mocherniuk MM, Kukhtyn MD, Horiuk YV, Horiuk VV, Tsvigun OA, Tokarchuk TS. Microflora of boxes for holding veterinary patients in clinics. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant element of the prophylaxis of nosocomial infection in veterinary clinics is monitoring ambient objects, air, equipment, and instruments. In order to determine the role of boxes for keeping ill animals as a source of transmission of pathogens of nosocomial infections in veterinary clinics, we studied the microflora of surfaces of boxes and bioaerosol prior and after sanitation. For this purpose, we collected rinses from the surfaces of plastic and steel boxes, air samples prior to morning sanitation, after cleaning and wiping the surfaces with water and detergents and after disinfection. From the surfaces of the boxes for holding animals, we mostly isolated bacteria of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. Gram-negative species we found were bacteria of Escherichia spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacter spp. After wet cleaning and disinfection of plastic boxes, we detected species of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. in 5.4% of the samples, Micrococcus spp. in 8.1% and Bacillus spp. in 2.7%. Gram-negative bacteria of Enterobacter spp. were found in 2.7% of the samples. At the same time, the number of microorganisms in samples in which the bacteria were found after disinfection on the surfaces of stainless-steel boxes was 2.0 times lower than in such from the surfaces of plastic boxes. We determined that after wet disinfection of boxes’ surfaces, there occurred decrease in the microbial number in the air, equaling 3.7 times on average, compared with prior to disinfection. The basis of the air microflora after disinfection comprised species of Micrococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus spp., which can be airborne-transmitted. Bacteria that were isolated from the boxes after disinfection (Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.) formed highly dense biofilms, which probably ensure the survival of the microbial cells, thus making the boxes a probable source of nosocomial infection.
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10
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Donkey Uterine Infections, 2018–2021. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020067. [PMID: 35202320 PMCID: PMC8875120 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endometritis is a common reproductive disease in equine animals. No investigation about the bacterial characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of donkeys with endometritis has thus far been reported. Objectives: To determine the common uterine bacterial isolates from donkeys with endometritis and to evaluate their susceptibility to antimicrobials used for the treatment thereof. Study design: Retrospective case-series. Methods: Medical records at an equine clinical diagnostic center were retrospectively reviewed to identify submissions from donkeys with bacterial endometritis between 2018 and 2021. Data were extracted and analyzed descriptively in terms of the frequency of bacterial species, susceptibility to antimicrobials and multidrug resistance. Results: A total of 73 isolates were identified from 30 donkeys, of which 92% of the isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. Mixed cultures were found in 90% of the donkeys. The most common isolates were Escherichiacoli (31.5%) and Acinetobacter spp. (21.9%). Susceptibility testing revealed that amikacin (98%), cefoxitin (95%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78%) and gentamicin (74%) were the most efficient agents for donkeys. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 20% of all bacterial isolates, of which all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed a multidrug resistance profile. Main limitations: The sample size was relatively small, which means a bias of selection may exist. The antimicrobial resistance and MDR of agents without break points were not calculated, which means the relative results may be underestimated in our study. Conclusions: Severe infections were detected in donkeys with endometritis. Antimicrobial resistance and MDR bacteria are not rare in our study. This study demonstrated that bacteria identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are highly recommended before the treatment of uterine infections in donkeys. Further studies, including the epidemiological investigation of bacterial endometritis of donkeys, should be conducted to provide a better understanding of this critical problem.
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11
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Shinozuka Y, Suzuki N, Kaneko S, Kawai K, Kurumisawa T, Shimizu Y, Imanishi T, Ohno A, Takahashi M, Isobe N. Regression tree analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial components and the microbiota of normal milk from dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:310-318. [PMID: 35046240 PMCID: PMC8983300 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of antimicrobial components (immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and S100A7) in normal milk and their relation to host factors (Age, somatic cell count (SCC), days in milk, richness, and alpha diversity of the milk microbiota) in dairy cows using multivariate regression tree analyses, and to clarify how the milk microbiota is related to the obtained results. Thirty normal milk samples were collected from a commercial dairy farm in June 2020. The thresholds that predicted the concentration of each antimicrobial component in milk were obtained by regression tree analysis, and the beta-diversity of the milk microbiota composition between groups divided according to each threshold was compared by an analysis of similarities test. The IgA and LF concentrations were mainly predicted by the SCC (177,500 and 70,000 cells/ml, respectively), and the LAP and S100A7 concentrations were predicted by Age (29.667 and 40.3 months, respectively). No relationship was observed between the concentration of IgA, LAP, or S100A7 and the milk microbiota composition between the groups divided by the threshold for prediction, but the milk microbiota composition was significantly different between the groups divided by the threshold for predicting the LF concentration. Our results indicated that the LF concentration in normal milk may be associated with the milk microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Shinozuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center
| | - Tomomi Kurumisawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center
| | | | - Tadashi Imanishi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Mano Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
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12
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Kalnins NJ, Croton C, Haworth M, Gibson J, Purcell SL, Stewart AJ. A VetCompass Australia Study of Antimicrobial Use in Dog-to-Dog Bite Wounds (1998-2018). Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:55. [PMID: 35052931 PMCID: PMC8773322 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dog-to-dog bite wounds (DBW) are a common presentation to veterinary clinics, antimicrobial prescribing habits of Australian clinics have not been reported. This study determined the frequency and results of DBW cultures; antimicrobial selection; and importance class of antimicrobials prescribed relative to wound severity, geographic location, or year. A systematic sample of 72,507 patient records was retrieved from the VetCompass Australia database. Records for 1713 dog bite events involving 1655 dogs were reviewed for presenting signs, results of culture and susceptibility testing (C&S), antimicrobial treatment, geographical location, and outcome. A crossed random effects multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine if antimicrobial importance was associated with wound severity, year, and location, and to assess the differences in antimicrobial prescription between geographical locations, clinics, and veterinarians. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 86.1% of DBW. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was prescribed in 70% (1202/1713) with underdosing in 15.8% (191/1202). High-importance antimicrobial use was associated with wound severity (p < 0.001), year category (p = 0.007), and surgery (p = 0.03). C&S testing was recorded as having been performed in only one case. Differences in individual veterinarian prescribing habits were stronger than the clinic culture, suggesting that education utilizing clinic-wide antimicrobial guidelines may aid in improving antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Jacqueline Kalnins
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.J.K.); (M.H.); (J.G.); (S.L.P.)
| | - Catriona Croton
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Mark Haworth
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.J.K.); (M.H.); (J.G.); (S.L.P.)
| | - Justine Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.J.K.); (M.H.); (J.G.); (S.L.P.)
| | - Sarah Leonie Purcell
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.J.K.); (M.H.); (J.G.); (S.L.P.)
| | - Allison Jean Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.J.K.); (M.H.); (J.G.); (S.L.P.)
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Khina AG, Krutyakov YA. Similarities and Differences in the Mechanism of Antibacterial Action of Silver Ions and Nanoparticles. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kalnins NJ, Haworth M, Croton C, Gibson JS, Stewart AJ, Purcell SL. Treatment of moderate grade dog bite wounds using amoxicillin-clavulanic acid with and without enrofloxacin: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:369-377. [PMID: 34151420 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dog-to-dog bite wounds are a common veterinary emergency presentation: despite this, there is insufficient information to guide veterinarians on appropriate empirical antimicrobial management. OBJECTIVES Investigate the effectiveness of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid with and without enrofloxacin in the treatment of moderate grade dog bite wounds (DBW). To describe common pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a single-centre parallel group pragmatic trial, 50 dogs presenting with moderate grade DBW were prospectively randomised to receive amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (group A) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin (group B). Swabs were taken for culture and susceptibility testing at admission. Stabilisation, wound care and surgical debridement were performed at the discretion of admitting clinicians. The primary outcome was complication due to infection at 10 days, with Bayesian inference used to estimate the difference in proportions between treatment groups. RESULTS Of the 24 dogs in treatment group A, 1 required the addition of enrofloxacin at re-examination. None of the 26 dogs in group B required alteration of antimicrobial coverage. The difference in complication rate due to infection between treatment groups was 4.2%. Twenty-one different organisms were identified: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Neisseria spp., Pasteurella multocida and P. canis were the most common. Over 90% of gram-negative and gram-positive isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Ninety-six percent of gram-negative and 86% of gram-positive isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is an appropriate empirical antimicrobial choice for moderate DBW in South East Queensland. Reduced empirical enrofloxacin use will promote antimicrobial stewardship and potentially antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalnins
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Haworth
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Croton
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - J S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - S L Purcell
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Environmental antimicrobial resistance and its drivers: a potential threat to public health. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:101-111. [PMID: 34454098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Imprudent and overuse of clinically relevant antibiotics in agriculture, veterinary and medical sectors contribute to the global epidemic increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). There is a growing concern among researchers and stakeholders that the environment acts as an AMR reservoir and plays a key role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Various drivers are contributing factors to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their ARGs either directly through antimicrobial drug use in health care, agriculture/livestock and the environment or antibiotic residues released from various domestic settings. Resistant micro-organisms and their resistance genes enter the soil, air, water and sediments through various routes or hotspots such as hospital wastewater, agricultural waste or wastewater treatment plants. Global mitigation strategies primarily involve the identification of high-risk environments that are responsible for the evolution and spread of resistance. Subsequently, AMR transmission is affected by the standards of infection control, sanitation, access to clean water, access to assured quality antimicrobials and diagnostics, travel and migration. This review provides a brief description of AMR as a global concern and the possible contribution of different environmental drivers to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria or ARGs through various mechanisms. We also aim to highlight the key knowledge gaps that hinder environmental regulators and mitigation strategies in delivering environmental protection against AMR.
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16
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Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Renaud DL, Viel L, Weese JS. A multidisciplinary approach to reduce and refine antimicrobial drugs use for diarrhoea in dairy calves. Vet J 2021; 274:105713. [PMID: 34216760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of a multidisciplinary intervention to reduce and refine antimicrobial drug use for treatment of diarrhoea in dairy calves. The intervention consisted of modification of management practices for disease prevention, health evaluation training of farm staff, implementation of an algorithm directed at antimicrobial therapy for diarrhoeic calves, and monthly farm visits. A combination of retrospective (before intervention period [BP], 1 year) and prospective (immediately after intervention period [AP], 1 year) cohorts were used. Health outcomes measured included incidence of diarrhoea and overall mortality. Antimicrobial treatment rates for diarrhoea and total mass of antimicrobial drugs used at the calf and farm level were also evaluated. Outcomes were assessed using the χ2 or Fisher's exact test, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Records of 2049 and 2251 calves from 10 farms were available in the BP and AP, respectively. Reduced antimicrobial treatment rates occurred on seven farms (P < 0.01), but not on three farms in the AP. A total of 85% (1303/1573) and 18% (310/1698) of diarrhoeic calves were treated with antimicrobial drugs in the BP and AP (P < 0.001), respectively. There were no differences in the incidence of diarrhoea or mortality between periods. In the AP, the use sulfamethazine and trimethoprim decreased on eight farms, one farm discontinued use of lincomycin and spectinomycin, while two farms discontinued use and one reduced use of cephalosporins. This multidisciplinary approach was effective in reducing antimicrobial drug use for calf diarrhoea on dairy farms without negative impacts on calf health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - L G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - L Viel
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643206. [PMID: 34267745 PMCID: PMC8276037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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18
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Income compensation options and partial budget analysis following a reduction of antimicrobial sales at the veterinary practice level. Prev Vet Med 2021; 192:105372. [PMID: 33991745 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the excessive consumption of antimicrobials (AM) by animals and humans has become a major concern at the global level, and several studies have highlighted the link between antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance. Previous studies showed that, in Switzerland, every calf in the fattening process received in average seven days of AM treatment, and mainly oral group treatments. Therefore, policies to reduce the consumption of AM among veal calves should be implemented and promoted to decrease AM pressure on the microbiome. This study aimed to assess how a potential loss of income due to a reduction of AM prescriptions and sales in the Swiss veal calves sector could potentially be compensated. Partial budget models at the veterinary practice level were built to evaluate the effect on the net profit of veterinary practices, following four different national policy interventions that aim to reduce AM prescriptions for veal calves. The best-case scenarios resulted in a positive net profit. The scenarios assuming complete loss of profit from AM sales resulted in very low or negative net profit. Therefore, without financial support (e.g. through the government or other entities), veterinarians are likely to find it difficult to fully compensate the economic losses. At the practice level, income compensation mechanisms require a fundamental change of the business model. New model should be largely independent of pharmaceutical sales and should promote paid counselling on herd health management.
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Courtice R, Sniatynski M, Rubin JE. Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections in dogs: Passive surveillance in Saskatchewan, Canada 2014 to 2018. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1389-1396. [PMID: 33751667 PMCID: PMC8162607 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in dogs and can be caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (E coli). OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among E coli causing UTIs in dogs in Western Canada during a 4-year surveillance period. ANIMALS Urine from 516 dogs. METHODS From November 2014 to 2018, 516 nonduplicate E coli isolates from the urine of dogs were collected from a diagnostic laboratory. Susceptibility testing was determined for a panel of 14 antimicrobials belonging to 7 drug classes. Resistant isolates were screened for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β-lactamases, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Epidemiological relationships were assessed by MLST. RESULTS 80.2% (414/516) of isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. There was no significant increase in the proportion of isolates resistant to any of the tested antimicrobials during the study period. Resistance to ampicillin was the most common (14.9%, 77/516). Overall, 12 isolates had blaCMY-2 -type AmpC β-lactamases, and 7 produced CTX-M-type ESBLs. A single isolate had the aac(6')-Ib-cr PMQR gene. The qnr and qepA determinants were not detected. A single isolate belonging to the pandemic lineage ST131 was identified. CONCLUSION Escherichia coli isolated from the urine of dogs in our region remain susceptible to first-line therapies, though resistance, particularly to the aminopenicillins, warrants monitoring. This is the first description of E coli ST131 from a companion animal in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Courtice
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Canadian Food Inspection AgencySaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Michelle Sniatynski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Joseph E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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20
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Ceriotti S, Westerfeld R, Bonilla AG, Pang DSJ. Use of Clinical Audits to Evaluate Timing of Preoperative Antimicrobials in Equine Surgery at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630111. [PMID: 33842572 PMCID: PMC8032889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on human surgical guidelines, intravenous antimicrobials are recommended to be administered within 60 min of surgical incision. Achieving this target in horses is reportedly challenging and influenced by hospital policies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and improve: (1) the timing of antimicrobial administration to surgical incision (tAB-INC), (2) contributions of anesthesia pre-induction (tPRI) and surgical preparation (tPREP) periods to tAB-INC, and the (3) completeness of antimicrobial recording. Two clinical audits were conducted before and after the policy changes (patient preparation and anesthesia record keeping). tPRI, tPREP, and tAB-INC were calculated and compared for elective arthroscopies and emergency laparotomies within and between the audits. The percentage of procedures with a tAB-INC <60 min was calculated. Antimicrobial recording was classified as complete or incomplete. A median tAB-INC <60 min was achieved in laparotomies (audit 1; 45 min, audit 2; 53 min) with a shorter tPREP than arthroscopies (p < 0.0001, both audits). The percentage of procedures with tAB-INC <60 min, tAB-INC, tPRI, and tPREP durations did not improve between the audits. There was a positive correlation between the number of operated joints and tPREP (audit 1, p <0.001, r = 0.77; audit 2, p < 0.001, r = 0.59). Between audits, antimicrobial recording significantly improved for elective arthroscopies (82–97%, p = 0.008) but not emergency laparotomies (76–88%, p = 0.2). Clinical audits successfully quantified the impact of introduced changes and their adherence to antimicrobial prophylaxis guidelines. Antimicrobial recording was improved but further policy changes are required to achieve a tAB-INC <60 min for arthroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ceriotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Westerfeld
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Alvaro G Bonilla
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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21
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Trachsel DS, Calloe K, J Rgensen E, Lunddahl CS, Pedersen PJ, Kanters JRK, Klaerke DA, Buhl R. Evaluation of electrocardiographic repolarization parameters after administration of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, detomidine, or their combination in horses. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:207-217. [PMID: 33629897 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether administration of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS), detomidine (DET), or TMS plus DET would be associated with changes in ECG repolarization parameters in horses. ANIMALS 9 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Each horse received 4 treatments in a blinded, randomized, crossover study design as follows: TMS, 16 to 24 mg/kg, IV; DET, 0.015 to 0.02 mg/kg, IV; TMS plus DET; and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Surface ECG traces were obtained over 24 hours, and repolarization parameters were measured at predefined time points after each treatment and compared with a 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures. RESULTS Heart rate-corrected QT intervals (QTc) were significantly increased after administration of DET (mean ± SD difference in QTc, 36.57 ± 23.07 milliseconds; increase of 7%) and TMS plus DET (44.96 ± 29.16 milliseconds; increase of 9%), compared with baseline (before treatment) values and values after administration of saline solution. Saline solution and TMS alone did not affect QTc. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of DET or TMS plus DET was associated with a significant and possibly clinically relevant prolongation of QTc, with prolongation of 7% to 9%, a range that is considered as a risk factor for the development of cardiac arrhythmias in people. Results were unexpected because DET is considered to be a safe sedative for horses.
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22
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Boles JE, Ellaby RJ, Shepherd HJ, Hiscock JR. Supramolecular self-associating amphiphiles (SSAs) as enhancers of antimicrobial agents towards Escherichia coli ( E. coli). RSC Adv 2021; 11:9550-9556. [PMID: 35423441 PMCID: PMC8695399 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular self-associating amphiphiles (SSAs) are a class of amphiphilic salt which have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, we show that SSAs are also able to increase the efficacy of a range of currently used antimicrobial/therapeutic agents with a range of different chemical structures and modes of antimicrobial action against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, which include: octenidine (an antiseptic); ampicillin (an antibiotic); and cisplatin (a DNA chelating agent). Additionally, we show these effects to be dependent on the order of agent addition. Finally, through completion of a range of 1 : 1 SSA : antimicrobial/therapeutic agent physicochemical studies we gain an understanding as to how the self-association events and resultant SSA aggregate structure are effected by the presence of these secondary molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Boles
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Rebecca J Ellaby
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Helena J Shepherd
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
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23
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Allen N, White LJ, Boles JE, Williams GT, Chu DF, Ellaby RJ, Shepherd HJ, Ng KKL, Blackholly LR, Wilson B, Mulvihill DP, Hiscock JR. Towards the Prediction of Antimicrobial Efficacy for Hydrogen Bonded, Self-Associating Amphiphiles. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2193-2205. [PMID: 32930504 PMCID: PMC7756459 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report 50 structurally related supramolecular self-associating amphiphilic (SSA) salts and related compounds. These SSAs are shown to act as antimicrobial agents, active against model Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and/or Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria of clinical interest. Through a combination of solution-state, gas-phase, solid-state and in silico measurements, we determine 14 different physicochemical parameters for each of these 50 structurally related compounds. These parameter sets are then used to identify molecular structure-physicochemical property-antimicrobial activity relationships for our model Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, while simultaneously providing insight towards the elucidation of SSA mode of antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyasha Allen
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | - Lisa J. White
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | - Jessica E. Boles
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | | | | | - Rebecca J. Ellaby
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | | | - Kendrick K. L. Ng
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | - Laura R. Blackholly
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
| | - Ben Wilson
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
- School of Physical SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NHUK
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Davies PR, Singer RS. Antimicrobial use in wean to market pigs in the United States assessed via voluntary sharing of proprietary data. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67 Suppl 1:6-21. [PMID: 33201609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Data on antimicrobial use were collected for the 2016 and 2017 calendar years from swine producers in the United States. Nine large systems, collectively producing over 20 million market pigs annually, voluntarily provided data to advance understanding of antimicrobial use in the industry and to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. The scope of the study was limited to growing pigs, and the granularity of data varied across the systems. Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively by antimicrobial class, active ingredient and route of administration (injection, water and feed). Data on the purpose of administration, doses and durations of administration were not available, but some information was provided by the responsible veterinarians. Aggregate data were similar both qualitatively and quantitatively in 2016 and 2017, although marked changes between years were evident within systems for some antimicrobials. Antimicrobial use (by weight) was dominated by the tetracycline class (approximately 60% of total use). Antimicrobials in classes categorized as critically important constituted 4.5% and 5.3% of total use in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In both years, fluoroquinolone (0.23%, 0.46%) and 3rd generation cephalosporin (0.15%, 0.11%) use collectively accounted for <1% of total use. Administration was predominantly oral in feed and water, and injection comprised approximately 2% of use overall, but around 12% for critically important antimicrobials. There was considerable variability among systems in patterns of antimicrobial use. This pilot project demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring antimicrobial use data via voluntary sharing. It is currently being expanded among larger swine production systems, and further efforts to enable confidential data sharing and benchmarking for smaller producers are being pursued by the swine industry. Recognized biases in the data caution against over-interpretation of these data as an index of national use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Epitome Consulting, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, Falcon Heights, MN, USA
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25
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Redpath A, Hallowell GD, Bowen IM. Use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in equine clinical practice; a questionnaire-based study of current use. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:279-288. [PMID: 33099884 PMCID: PMC8025607 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinary use of the aminoglycoside antibiotics is under increasing scrutiny. This questionnaire-based study aimed to document the use of aminoglycosides with a particular focus on gentamicin. An online questionnaire was delivered to generalist equine veterinary surgeons and specialists in internal medicine to determine the perceived importance, frequency of use and routes of administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. A series of hypothetical scenarios were also evaluated regarding gentamicin. Data were compared to evaluate the impact of the level of specialisation on prescribing practices for different antibiotics using Chi-squared and Fischer's exact tests. Data were analysed from 111 responses. Gentamicin was commonly used empirically without culture and susceptibility testing. Generalists were more likely to use gentamicin only after susceptibility testing than specialists in a variety of clinical presentations including respiratory diseases, septic peritonitis, acute febrile diarrhoea, cellulitis and contaminated limb wounds (p < 0.01). Intravenous administration of gentamicin was most common, although inhaled and regional administration of gentamicin and amikacin were also described. Amikacin was most commonly used by intra-articular administration. Gentamicin was more likely to be used in high-risk procedures or contaminated surgeries (86% and 74%, respectively) compared with clean surgery (32%; p < 0.0001). Gentamicin was often used perioperatively in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy and more commonly used in horses undergoing an enterotomy (90%) than without and enterotomy (79%; p = 0.04). Most respondents (86%) used gentamicin at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg in adults, with few changing their dosing strategies based on the presence of sepsis, although higher doses were more reported in foals (7-15 mg/kg) irrespective of the presence of sepsis. Aminoglycosides are widely used in equine practice and use outside current EU marketing authorisations is common. Stewardship of the aminoglycoside antibiotics could be enhanced in both generalists and specialists through the more frequent use of susceptibility testing, regional administration and dose adjustment, especially in foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Redpath
- Oakham Veterinary HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Gayle D. Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Ian Mark Bowen
- Oakham Veterinary HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
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Saei A, Javadi A, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Mirzaei H, Nemati M. Development of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating droplets of a ternary component deep eutectic solvent for the analysis of antibiotic residues in sausage samples prior to ion mobility spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4220-4228. [PMID: 32812538 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a combination of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of a deep eutectic solvent has been utilized as an efficient method for the extraction of three widely used antibiotics (oxytetracycline, penicillin G, and tilmicosin) from sausage samples. In this method, initially the antibiotics are extracted from the powdered sausage sample into acetonitrile and then, to concentrate the analytes and achieve a high sensitivity, the obtained acetonitrile is mixed with an extraction solvent (a newly synthesized water-immiscible deep eutectic solvent with a melting point near room temperature), and the obtained mixture is rapidly injected into deionized water. In the next step, the mixture is transferred into an ice bath and the solidified extraction solvent containing the analytes is removed and dissolved in ACN. For quantitative analysis, this phase is taken and injected into an ion mobility spectrometer which operated in the positive mode and is equipped with a continuous corona discharge ionizer. This instrumental technique characterizes molecules based on the gaseous phase mobility of their ions formed at ambient pressure and under an electric field. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detection and quantification were achieved in the ranges of 1.52-2.73 and 5.1-9.1 ng g-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations were less than 8% for intra- (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 4) precisions at a concentration of 20 ng g-1 of each analyte. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the analysis of the studied antibiotics in fifteen different sausage samples marketed in Tabriz, Iran. Oxytetracycline was determined in three of the studied sausage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Tsuyuki Y, Nakazawa S, Kubo S, Goto M, Takahashi T. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacteria identified from clinical specimens of diseased dogs and cats. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1316-1320. [PMID: 32713891 PMCID: PMC7538322 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to clarify antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobes from diseased companion animals. Bacterial identification was based on the Japanese 2012
guidelines for the testing of anaerobic bacteria. AST was performed using the broth microdilution method. The anaerobe-containing samples collected from 2014 to
2018 included blood (anaerobe recovery rate, 5.0%), bile (9.4%), joint fluids (0.6%), pleural effusions (42.6%), ascites (64.1%), cerebrospinal fluids (3.0%),
and punctures (75.0%). The anaerobes identified included Bacteroides spp. (33.2%), Peptostreptococcus spp. (19.6%),
Prevotella spp. (13.6%), Propionibacterium spp. (10.3%), Clostridium spp. (9.3%), and
Fusobacterium spp. (7.5%). Bacteroides fragilis group isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), ampicillin (100%),
cefmetazole (63.6%), ceftizoxime (90.0%), and clindamycin (40.0%). Our observations demonstrated antimicrobial susceptibility in anaerobes isolated from
Japanese companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Tsuyuki
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 3-5-5 Ogibashi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0011, Japan.,Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Laboratory, 1353-25 Kamitakano, Yachio, Chiba 276-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nakazawa
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 3-5-5 Ogibashi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0011, Japan
| | - Setsuko Kubo
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Laboratory, 1353-25 Kamitakano, Yachio, Chiba 276-0022, Japan
| | - Mieko Goto
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Izzo L, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Tolosa J, Graziani G, Gaspari A, Ritieni A. Target analysis and retrospective screening of mycotoxins and pharmacologically active substances in milk using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:1250-1260. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
The veterinary profession's use of critically important antimicrobials is a One Health issue that has come under the scrutiny of the World Health Organization and the European Parliament. Failure by the veterinary profession to demonstrate the ability to self-regulate may result in restriction on the freedom to dispense antimicrobials, in an effort to protect human health. The implementation of such legislation would have a considerable impact on veterinary practices and would likely impair our ability to treat some conditions. These concerns, and the increasing frequency of multi-resistant bacterial infections in equine patients, should prompt implementation and audit of antimicrobial stewardship practices and measures to limit the development and spread of multi-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rendle
- European Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine, Rainbow Equine Hospital
| | - Sarah Gough
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 6SG
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Pucken VB, Schüpbach-Regula G, Gerber M, Salis Gross C, Bodmer M. Veterinary peer study groups as a method of continuous education-A new approach to identify and address factors associated with antimicrobial prescribing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222497. [PMID: 31536527 PMCID: PMC6752762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the dairy industry, most antimicrobials are used for dry-cow therapy or mastitis treatment. To reduce antimicrobial usage in dairy cows, increasing awareness and behaviour change is necessary. As veterinarians are known to be influenced by their peers, peer study groups as a continuous education might contribute to this. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse written records of veterinary peer study group meetings to identify factors associated with antimicrobial prescribing decisions, and to analyse veterinarians' attitude towards the benefits of this continuous education method. Twenty-three participating Swiss cattle practitioners were divided into three groups. Each group met every two to five months, together with a facilitator and an expert on the topic to be discussed. Written records from every meeting were taken and analysed qualitatively to identify factors influencing veterinarians' decisions on antimicrobial prescribing and mastitis therapy. In addition, focus group discussions were conducted after the last meeting, to assess the veterinarians' learning achievements gained during the peer study group meetings. Extrinsic factors such as external pressure, competition, farmer, individual animal, farm and diagnostics as well as intrinsic factors such as own experience/attitude, knowledge and change of mindset during career could be shown to influence veterinarians' decisions on antimicrobial prescribing. In the focus group discussions, the veterinarians stated that they gained new knowledge, received new stimuli, exchanged with their peers and felt supported in their relationship to their farmers. Since the identified factors are partly interrelated, it is not sufficient to change a single factor to achieve a change in the antimicrobial prescription behaviour of veterinarians. Veterinary peer study groups could contribute to the intention to change, because veterinarians experienced multiple benefits from this method of continuous education. In order to quantify this, the prescription data of the veterinarians are analysed in a next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie-Beau Pucken
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuela Gerber
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Corina Salis Gross
- Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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McGovern DA, Gaschen F, Habil D, Roy A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Clinical Parameters in 208 Dogs with Positive Urine Cultures (2012-2014). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:306-313. [PMID: 31525091 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur commonly in dogs, and gram-negative enteric bacteria are the most prevalent pathogens. Clinical parameters, urinalysis, and urine culture and sensitivity results were retrieved from the medical records of 208 dogs with positive urine cultures over a 3 yr period at the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Several groups were defined including dogs presented for primary care versus referred cases; simple UTI, complicated UTI, and pyelonephritis; dogs pretreated with antimicrobials; and dogs having an indwelling catheter in place prior to sampling. Nearly 80% of dogs had complicated UTI. Of all dogs, 70% had no documented clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD), with 68% of them showing hematuria and/or pyuria. Based on clinical signs or urinalysis, 19% of all dogs had no evidence of lower UTI. In dogs without LUTD signs the most common comorbidities were immunosuppressive treatment and severely restricted mobility (23%). Chronic recurring UTI were present in 19% of dogs with LUTD signs. Distribution of bacterial species was comparable with the existing literature and not significantly different between clinical subgroups. Isolates from dogs pretreated with antimicrobials showed decreased susceptibility to enrofloxacin. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. was moderate (29%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A McGovern
- From Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orlando, Florida (D.A.M.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (F.G.), and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (A.R.), Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Frédéric Gaschen
- From Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orlando, Florida (D.A.M.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (F.G.), and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (A.R.), Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Dr Habil
- From Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orlando, Florida (D.A.M.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (F.G.), and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (A.R.), Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Alma Roy
- From Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Orlando, Florida (D.A.M.); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (F.G.), and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (A.R.), Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Pugliese M, Voslarova E, Biondi V, Passantino A. Clinical Practice Guidelines: An Opinion of the Legal Implication to Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E577. [PMID: 31430919 PMCID: PMC6720978 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The strengthening of the bond between humans and animals has changed the landscape of the veterinary profession. This has, in turn, led the legal system to assess damages in veterinary malpractice and liability cases more carefully, paying attention to the possibility of using clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) to prove whether the defendant veterinarian contravened or not the standard of care. In this era of evidence-based veterinary medicine, CPGs are becoming an integral part of many aspects of veterinary practice, even if CPGs do not have the force of law and are situated halfway between ethical rules and legal requirements. Although guidelines have been used for several years, there seems to be a general lack of recognition of the medical and legal ramifications of CPGs for veterinarians. This creates ambiguity and inconsistency in the care that veterinary practitioners provide, compromises the care animals receive, and prevents the courts from assessing veterinarian competence in a systematic and rational way. On the basis of these considerations, this article discusses the legal implications of CPGs in veterinary medicine for dogs and cats and explores how the law may treat CPGs in the future. Redefining the CPGs should be a priority for veterinary profession. NOTE: The authors chose to use the terms "companion animal," "pet," and "small animal" interchangeably throughout this article, as all three are commonly in use and refer to the same animals (dogs and cats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Eva Voslarova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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Pisello L, Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Beccati F, Hyatt DR, Coletti M, Passamonti F. Temporal efficacy of antimicrobials against aerobic bacteria isolated from equine endometritis: an Italian retrospective analysis (2010-2017). Vet Rec 2019; 185:598. [PMID: 31409748 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe bacteria isolated from the reproductive tract of mares and to identify changes in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to those antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of equine endometritis. A total of 4122 equine uterine swabs were collected from mares suffering from reproductive tract disorders in the period 2010-2017. Aerobic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using agar disc diffusion were performed on each sample. Aerobic bacteria were isolated from 3171 of 4122 (76.9 per cent) samples. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli (885/3171, 27.9 per cent) and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (791/3171, 24.9 per cent), confirming previous findings from the literature. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E coli, S equi subspecies zooepidemicus and Klebsiella pneumoniae changed over time. A statistically significant decrease in antimicrobial efficacy of cefquinome against E coli was observed over the years, as well as of ampicillin, cefquinome and penicillin against S equi subspecies zooepidemicus The high frequency of resistant bacteria isolated in the present work proceeds in the same way as indicated by surveillance data on the huge antibiotic use in Italy. As a result, testing and monitoring programmes of antimicrobial efficacy are crucial to consciously using antibiotics and preserving their effectiveness both for veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Rampacci
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Doreene Rose Hyatt
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Berggren K, Wallin Håkansson N. A surgical approach for extensive orbital exenteration in dogs; a description of technique and its application in 4 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:238-245. [PMID: 30701695 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a surgical approach for preplanned orbital exenteration. ANIMALS STUDIED Indications included intraconal orbital mass lesions. Four dogs were included, 3 with neoplasia and one with retro bulbar nodular fasciitis. PROCEDURE To facilitate complete removal of lesions, exenteration was performed by a new procedure for wide access. The frontalis and temporalis muscles were elevated and retracted through a single U-shaped skin incision. Zygomatic arch osteotomy was performed, followed by a 360-degree peritomy and zygomatic process osteotomy. The eyelids were divided from each other through the lateral cantus and then folded forward to expose the globe. The orbit was exenterated by blunt and sharp dissection. Osteotomies were closed with cerclage wires, soft tissues closed and the skin wound sutured in a T-shape. RESULTS The present exenteration procedure gave excellent access to remove orbital contents flush with the optic foramen and orbital fissure. Postoperative swelling and pain were limited and healing uneventful. Two of the 3 neoplasia cases experienced tumor recurrence involving the brain at 18 and 20 months postoperatively, respectively. Both of these had optic canal or intracranial tumor extension preoperatively. Long-term complications included mild concavity of the operated side of the face. CONCLUSIONS The present approach for preplanned exenteration offers excellent access for complete removal of orbital contents to the level of the optic foramen. Complications due to the surgical method are few and limited.
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Pereira CER, Resende TP, Vasquez E, Marshall‐Lund L, Guedes RMC, Gebhart CJ. In vitro antimicrobial activity against equine
Lawsonia intracellularis
strains. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:665-668. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. R. Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Veterinary School Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - T. P. Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - E. Vasquez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - L. Marshall‐Lund
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - R. M. C. Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Veterinary School Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - C. J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
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ul Ain N, Aslam Z, Yousuf M, Waseem WA, Bano S, Anis I, Ahmed F, Faizi S, Malik MI, Shah MR. Green synthesis of methyl gallate conjugated silver nanoparticles: a colorimetric probe for gentamicin. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient colorimetric sensor for gentamicin is proposed based on methyl gallate conjugated silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor ul Ain
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Zara Aslam
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | | | - Samina Bano
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Itrat Anis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Bagh
- Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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Bourély C, Fortané N, Calavas D, Leblond A, Gay É. Why do veterinarians ask for antimicrobial susceptibility testing? A qualitative study exploring determinants and evaluating the impact of antibiotic reduction policy. Prev Vet Med 2018; 159:123-134. [PMID: 30314775 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For public health reasons, increasing attention has focused on more rational use of antimicrobials in farm animals. Guidance concerning the prescription of antibiotics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (antibiograms in this case) are beneficial tools to help control the development of antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, even though there are already several qualitative studies analysing the determinants of antimicrobial prescription and use in veterinary medicine, little is known about decision-making concerning the use of antibiograms. The aim of this study was to provide a better understanding of veterinarians' motivations and role-players' influence concerning the choice of whether to ask for an antibiogram in the bovine, porcine, poultry and equine sectors in France. We concurrently evaluated the impact of a new French decree (2016) requiring an antibiogram before certain critically important antimicrobial agents can be used in veterinary medicine. Semi-structured interviews with veterinarians were conducted in France. Thematic analysis was used to analyse transcripts. In all, we surveyed 66 veterinarians. Use of antibiograms in veterinary medicine was multifactorial - 46 factors grouped into 11 categories were identified - and differed between animal sectors: use was almost systematic in poultry, frequent in pigs and rare in both the bovine and equine sectors. The decree has not increased the use of antibiograms but has induced a change in prescriptions due to field constraints and the time needed to obtain the results of antibiograms. Respondents see the decree as an aid in promoting responsible and rational use of antibiotics, fostering the use of alternatives. Our findings provide the basis of veterinarians' position regarding antibiogram use and antimicrobial resistance, pointing out levers to facilitate the use of antibiograms in veterinary medicine (for example communication on the benefits of this test and external financial support). Furthermore, the evaluation of the impact of the decree aimed at reducing the use of critically important antibiotic highlights key factors for a successful change in regulations, such as advance planning, precise and adapted communication, and demonstration of the measure's legitimacy. These results will be useful in guiding representative veterinary bodies and regulatory authorities during their decision-making, communication, and policy and regulation choices to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Bourély
- École Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, VetagroSup, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France; Lyon University-ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France; EPIA, Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques, INRA, VetagroSup, Université de Lyon, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Nicolas Fortané
- IRISSO, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Didier Calavas
- Lyon University-ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Leblond
- EPIA, Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques, INRA, VetagroSup, Université de Lyon, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Émilie Gay
- Lyon University-ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Épidémiologie, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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Minocycline Resistance in Streptococcus equi Subsp. zooepidemicus Isolated From Thoroughbred Racehorses With Respiratory Disease in Japan. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Barzelai ID, Whittem T. Survey of systemic antimicrobial prescribing for dogs by Victorian veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:375-385. [PMID: 28948625 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the current antimicrobial prescribing patterns of veterinarians in Victoria for dogs and compare these results to patterns described 20 years ago. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to 1380 veterinarians in Victoria. The first section collected demographic information of respondents. The second and third sections evaluated respondents' approach to use of antimicrobial drugs for scenarios in dogs in which 'clinical evidence suggests bacterial infection is the likely cause' and where 'it is unknown whether bacterial infection plays a role'. The final section evaluated respondents' approach to use of antimicrobial drugs during dental extraction in a dog. RESULTS Of the 1380 veterinarians who were contacted, 259 responses were received (response rate 19%). Of these respondents, 95% (246/259) completed their veterinary degree at the University of Melbourne. The ratio of female to male respondents was 2.1 : 1 (171 : 82) and of urban to rural respondents was 1.9 : 1 (159 : 85). Drug selection for some scenarios was open to criticism. For example, to treat chronic prostatitis 16% (42/259) of respondents selected amoxicillin-clavulanate even though it has poor penetration of prostatic tissues. Some prescribing choices have changed since 1997; for example, for acute tracheobronchitis, 36% (73/204) of respondents indicated they would use antimicrobials, compared with 87% of respondents in 1997. For the treatment of idiopathic vestibular disease, only 5% (10/197) of respondents in the current study versus 45% (294/654) in the 1997 survey opted to use antimicrobials. CONCLUSION Antimicrobial drug selection for treatment of dogs by registered veterinarians in Victoria was generally consistent with recent recommendations, although some details were widely variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Barzelai
- OurVet Maribyrnong, Maribyrnong, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Whittem
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trials Group (TRACTs), Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee 3030, Victoria, Australia
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Hudson JA, Frewer LJ, Jones G, Brereton PA, Whittingham MJ, Stewart G. The agri-food chain and antimicrobial resistance: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lappin M, Blondeau J, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt E, Guardabassi L, Lloyd D, Papich M, Rankin S, Sykes J, Turnidge J, Weese J. Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:279-294. [PMID: 28185306 PMCID: PMC5354050 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract disease can be associated with primary or secondary bacterial infections in dogs and cats and is a common reason for use and potential misuse, improper use, and overuse of antimicrobials. There is a lack of comprehensive treatment guidelines such as those that are available for human medicine. Accordingly, the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases convened a Working Group of clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, and internists to share experiences, examine scientific data, review clinical trials, and develop these guidelines to assist veterinarians in making antimicrobial treatment choices for use in the management of bacterial respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lappin
- Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCODenmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M.G. Papich
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCDenmark
| | - S.C. Rankin
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAAustralia
| | - J.E. Sykes
- University of CaliforniaDavisCAAustralia
| | - J. Turnidge
- The Women's and Children HospitalAdelaideSA,Australia
| | - J.S. Weese
- Ontario Veterinary CollegeGuelphONAustralia
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Jacob ME, Crowell MD, Fauls MB, Griffith EH, Ferris KK. Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid immunoassay for point of-care detection of urinary tract infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:162-6. [PMID: 27027710 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid immunoassay (RIA) for point-of-care detection of urinary tract infection (UTI) of dogs, compared with criterion-referenced diagnosis with bacterial culture. SAMPLE 200 urine samples obtained from dogs and submitted to a veterinary microbiology diagnostic laboratory for routine bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility determination. PROCEDURES Samples were evaluated by use of quantitative bacterial culture and the RIA. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the RIA were calculated; results of bacterial culture were the criterion-referenced outcome. A κ statistic was calculated to determine agreement between bacterial culture and RIA results. RESULTS 56 of 200 (28%) urine samples had positive results for bacterial growth by use of culture methods; there were 38 (19%) positive results likely to be associated with bacterial UTI on the basis of sample collection method and bacterial concentration. Sensitivity and specificity of the RIA for detecting samples likely to be associated with UTI (≥ 1,000 CFUs/mL) were 97.4% and 98.8%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the RIA for bacterial cultures with likely UTI were 0.949 and 0.994, respectively. Agreement between bacterial culture and RIA outcome for UTI was substantial (weighted κ, 0.718). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The RIA test evaluated in this study accurately detected UTI of dogs, compared with detection with the criterion-referenced bacterial culture method. Use of this point-of-care RIA could allow clinicians to diagnose UTI at the time of a patient visit and provide information useful for immediately initiating empirical antimicrobial treatment.
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Fowler H, Davis MA, Perkins A, Trufan S, Joy C, Buswell M, McElwain TF, Moore D, Worhle R, Rabinowitz PM. A survey of veterinary antimicrobial prescribing practices, Washington State 2015. Vet Rec 2016; 179:651. [PMID: 27807211 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health issue. It is also a recognised problem in veterinary medicine. Between September and December 2015 the authors administered a cross-sectional survey to licensed veterinarians in Washington State to assess factors affecting antimicrobial prescribing practices among veterinarians in Washington State. Two hundred and three veterinarians completed the survey. The majority of respondents (166, 82 per cent) were engaged in small animal or exotic animal practice. 24 per cent of respondents reported not ordering culture and sensitivity (C/S) testing in practice. Of the 76 per cent of veterinarians who reported ordering C/S tests, 36 per cent reported ordering such testing 'often' or 'always' when treating presumptive bacterial infections. Most respondents (65 per cent) mentioned cost as the most common barrier to ordering a C/S test. Only 16 (10 per cent) respondents reported having access to or utilising a clinic-specific antibiogram. This survey demonstrated that while antimicrobials are commonly used in veterinary practice, and veterinarians are concerned about antimicrobial resistance, cost is a barrier to obtaining C/S tests to guide antimicrobial therapy. Summaries of antimicrobial resistance patterns are rarely available to the practising veterinarian. Efforts to promote antimicrobial stewardship in a 'One Health' manner should address barriers to the judicious use of antimicrobials in the veterinary practice setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fowler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for One Health Research (COHR), University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M A Davis
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - A Perkins
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - S Trufan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for One Health Research (COHR), University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C Joy
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - M Buswell
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - T F McElwain
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - D Moore
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - R Worhle
- Washington State One Health Veterinary Workgroup
| | - P M Rabinowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for One Health Research (COHR), University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kuzi S, Blum SE, Kahane N, Adler A, Hussein O, Segev G, Aroch I. Multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex infection outbreak in dogs and cats in a veterinary hospital. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:617-625. [PMID: 27709647 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex cause severe outbreaks in humans, and are increasingly reported in animals. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS A retrospective study, describing a severe outbreak in dogs and cats caused by a multidrug resistant member of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex in a veterinary hospital, between July 2010 and November 2012. RESULTS The study included 19 dogs and 4 cats. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex bacteria were isolated from urine (9 animals), respiratory tract (11), tissues (3) and blood (1). The most common infection-associated findings included fever, purulent discharge from endotracheal tubes, hypotension, and neutropaenia. Infections led to pneumonia, urinary tract infection, cellulitis and sepsis. Infection was transmitted in the intensive care unit, where 22 of 23 animals were initially hospitalised. The mortality rate was 70% (16 of 23 animals), and was higher in cases of respiratory infection compared to other infections. Aggressive environmental cleaning and disinfection, with staff education for personal hygiene and antisepsis, sharply decreased the infection incidence. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Health care-associated outbreaks with multidrug resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex in dogs and cats are potentially highly fatal and difficult to eradicate, warranting monitoring, antiseptic techniques and judicious antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuzi
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - S E Blum
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5020000, Israel
| | - N Kahane
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Adler
- National Center of Infection Control, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - O Hussein
- National Center of Infection Control, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - G Segev
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - I Aroch
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Wu D, Du D, Lin Y. Recent progress on nanomaterial-based biosensors for veterinary drug residues in animal-derived food. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wallin-Håkansson N, Berggren K. Orbital reconstruction in the dog, cat, and horse. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:316-328. [PMID: 27520591 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an adaptable method for reconstruction of the orbit following partial orbitectomy. ANIMALS STUDIED One horse, one cat, and four dogs. PROCEDURE(S) Following partial orbitectomy for removal of bone and soft tissue affected by pathologic processes, reconstruction was achieved. Cerclage wires were used to reconstitute the orbital rim and other salient facial contours involved in excisions. These wires were then covered with a prolene mesh, first inside the orbit and then outwards over the affected extraorbital areas. Thereafter, a collagen sheet was placed over the mesh. Finally, subcutis and skin were closed over the construct. RESULTS All operated eyes remained visual with normal position, direction, and mobility. Eyelid function, tear production, and nasolacrimal function were preserved. Side effects were mild and temporary, but animals requiring a lateral-posterior surgical approach experienced concavity to the side of the head posterior to the orbital ligament region. One bone tumor out of three recurred. CONCLUSIONS The reconstruction method presented offers excellent results tectonically, cosmetically, and functionally, even following extensive orbitectomy. By adapted application of three reconstruction steps using readily available materials, large defects may be surgically repaired. Once orbitectomy is mastered, reconstruction requires no additional specialized techniques or equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Berggren
- Referral Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Djursjukhusvägen 11, Strömsholm, 73494, Sweden
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Postma M, Speksnijder DC, Jaarsma ADC, Verheij TJM, Wagenaar JA, Dewulf J. Opinions of veterinarians on antimicrobial use in farm animals in Flanders and the Netherlands. Vet Rec 2016; 179:68. [PMID: 27313178 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Veterinarians play an important role in the reduction of antimicrobial use in farm animals. This study aims to quantify opinions of veterinarians from the Netherlands and Flanders regarding antimicrobial use and resistance issues in farm animals. An online survey was sent out to 678 and 1100 farm animal veterinarians in Flanders and the Netherlands, of which 174 and 437 were returned respectively. Suboptimal climate conditions were regarded as the most important cause for high antimicrobial use in farm animals. Flemish veterinarians also regarded insufficient biosecurity measures and farmers' mentality as important determinants, while the Dutch respondents ranked insufficient immunity of young animals and economic considerations of farmers as major causes. The majority of Dutch respondents (63.8 per cent) supported the existing national policy, which aimed to halve veterinary antimicrobial use, while the Flemish (32.9 per cent) were less supportive of such a policy. Improvements in housing and climate conditions, biosecurity measures and strict control of specific infectious diseases were seen as important and promising measures to reduce antimicrobial use. To reduce antimicrobial use in farm animals, some shared approaches might be applicable in both countries. However, cultural, political and societal differences between Flanders and the Netherlands require differentiated approaches to reduce veterinary antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D C Speksnijder
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A D C Jaarsma
- Center for Research and Innovation in Medical Education, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T J M Verheij
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bowen M, Marr C, Clegg P. Letter to the Editor:Equine Veterinary Journal'santimicrobial stewardship policy. Equine Vet J 2016; 48:532-3. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bowen
- British Equine Veterinary Association; Fordham Ely UK
| | - C.M. Marr
- Equine Veterinary Journal; Fordham Ely UK
| | - P.D. Clegg
- Equine Veterinary Journal; Fordham Ely UK
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Kessels J, Cha E, Johnson S, Welcome F, Kristensen A, Gröhn Y. Economic comparison of common treatment protocols and J5 vaccination for clinical mastitis in dairy herds using optimized culling decisions. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3838-3847. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hughes KJ. Peri-anaesthetic complications in an equine referral hospital: Risk factors for post anaesthetic colic. Equine Vet J 2016; 48:394. [PMID: 27062524 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Hughes
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
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