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Ward JL, DeFrancesco TC. The Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Managing Cardiac Emergencies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1429-1443. [PMID: 37423842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a useful imaging tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiac emergencies. Unlike complete echocardiography, POCUS is a time-sensitive examination involving a subset of targeted thoracic ultrasound views to identify abnormalities of the heart, lungs, pleural space, and caudal vena cava. When integrated with other clinical information, POCUS can be helpful in the diagnosis of left-sided and right-sided congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and tamponade, and severe pulmonary hypertension and can help clinicians monitor resolution or recurrence of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Teresa C DeFrancesco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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2
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Pedro B, Mavropoulou A, Oyama MA, Linney C, Neves J, Dukes-McEwan J, Fontes-Sousa AP, Gelzer AR. Optimal rate control in dogs with atrial fibrillation-ORCA study-Multicenter prospective observational study: Prognostic impact and predictors of rate control. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:887-899. [PMID: 37128174 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal heart rate (HR) in dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. Impact of HR on survival needs elucidation. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Dogs with a 24 hours Holter-derived meanHR ≤125 beats per minute (bpm; rate controlled) survive longer than dogs with higher meanHR. We further aimed to determine which variables predict ability to achieving rate control. ANIMALS Sixty dogs with AF. METHODS Holter-derived meanHR, clinical, echocardiographic, and biomarker variables were analyzed prospectively. Survival was recorded from time of rate control, with all-cause mortality as primary endpoint. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan-Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR ≤125 bpm vs >125 bpm. Logistic regression explored baseline variables associated with inability to achieve rate control. RESULTS Structural heart disease was present in 56/60 dogs, 50/60 had congestive heart failure, and 45/60 died. Median time to all-cause death was 160 days (range, 88-303 days), dogs with meanHR >125 bpm (n = 27) lived 33 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 15-141 days), dogs with meanHR ≤125 bpm (n = 33) lived 608 days (95% CI, 155-880 days; P < .0001). Congenital heart disease and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were independently associated with higher risk of death (P < .01 and <.0001, respectively) whereas meanHR ≤125 bpm decreased the risk of death (P < .001). Increased left atrial size, increased C-reactive protein concentration and lower blood pressure at admission were associated with failure to achieve rate control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Rate control affects survival; an optimal target meanHR <125 bpm should be sought in dogs with AF. Baseline patient variables can help predict if rate control is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigite Pedro
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Centro de Cardiologia Veterinária do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Cardiologia Veterinária do Atlântico, Mafra, Portugal
- Virtual Veterinary Specialists Ltd, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Linney
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Paragon Veterinary Referrals, Wakefield, United Kingdom
| | - João Neves
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Centro de Cardiologia Veterinária do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Cardiologia Veterinária do Atlântico, Mafra, Portugal
- Virtual Veterinary Specialists Ltd, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ana P Fontes-Sousa
- ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UPVET, Hospital Veterinário da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna R Gelzer
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Total Bilirubin is an Independent Predictor of Death in Dogs with Degenerative Valvular Disease and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 43:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Reis LG, Morris T, Quilliam C, Rodrigues LA, Loewen ME, Weber LP. The Effects of Fermentation of Low or High Tannin Fava Bean-Based Diets on Glucose Response, Cardiovascular Function, and Fecal Bile Acid Excretion during a 28-Day Feeding Period in Dogs: Comparison with Commercial Diets with Normal vs. High Protein. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120878. [PMID: 34940637 PMCID: PMC8705793 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that feeding dogs fava bean (FB)-based diets for 7 days is safe and FB flour fermentation with Candida utilis has the potential to decrease FB anti-nutritional factors. In the present study, the effects of 28-day feeding of 4 different FB-based test dog foods containing moderate protein (~27% dry matter (DM)) were compared with two commercial diets with normal protein (NP, grain-containing, ~31% DM protein) or high protein (HP, grain-free, ~41% DM protein). Health parameters were investigated in beagles fed the NP or HP diets or using a randomized, crossover, 2 × 2 Latin square design of the FB diets: unfermented high-tannin (UF-HT), fermented high-tannin (FM-HT), unfermented low-tannin (UF-LT), and fermented low-tannin (FM-LT). The results showed that fermentation increased glucose tolerance, increased red blood cell numbers and increased systolic blood pressure, but decreased flow-mediated vasodilation. Taken together, the overall effect of fermentation appears to be beneficial and improved FB nutritional value. Most interesting, even though the HP diet was grain-free, the diet did contain added taurine, and no adverse effects on cardiac function were observed, while glucose tolerance was impaired compared to NP-fed dogs. In summary, this study did not find evidence of adverse cardiac effects of pulses in ‘grain-free’ diets, at least not in the relatively resistant beagle breed over a 28-day period. More importantly, fermentation with C. utilis shows promise to enhance health benefits of pulses such as FB in dog food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G. Reis
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (L.G.R.); (T.M.); (C.Q.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Tressa Morris
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (L.G.R.); (T.M.); (C.Q.); (M.E.L.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Chloe Quilliam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (L.G.R.); (T.M.); (C.Q.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Lucas A. Rodrigues
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
- Prairie Swine Center, Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (L.G.R.); (T.M.); (C.Q.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Lynn P. Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (L.G.R.); (T.M.); (C.Q.); (M.E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(306)-966-8734
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5
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Thorsrud JA, Huson HJ. Description of breed ancestry and genetic health traits in arctic sled dog breeds. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:8. [PMID: 34544496 PMCID: PMC8454093 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the presence and frequency of health traits among three populations of dogs traditionally used for sledding and explores their ancestry and breed composition as provided by the commercially available Embark dog DNA test. The three populations include the purebred Siberian Husky and the admixed populations of Alaskan sled dogs and Polar Huskies. While the Siberian Husky represents a well-established breed with extensive historical and health data, the Alaskan sled dog is less studied but has been the subject of nutritional, physiological, and genetic studies related to ancestry and performance. In contrast, the Polar Husky is a relatively obscure and rare group of dogs used for arctic exploration with very little-known information. The three populations were compared using Embark results, providing new insight into the health traits circulating within the populations and the potential ancestral linkage of the health traits between the sledding populations. Embark results are based upon 228,588 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the canine genome, characterized using a custom-designed Illumina beadchip array. Results Specifically, breed composition was summarized for the two admixed populations with most of the dogs being predominantly categorized as Alaskan husky- type dog or “Supermutt”. Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplogroups and haplotypes were found with Alaskan sled dogs carrying most of the haplogroups and types found in Siberian and Polar Huskies. Genomic principal component analysis reflected population structure corresponding to breed and substructure within the Alaskan sled dogs related to sprint or distance competition. Genetic markers associated with Alanine Aminotransferase activity, Alaskan Husky Encephalopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, Collie eye anomaly, degenerative myelopathy, ichthyosis, and factor VII deficiency were identified in the populations of sledding breeds. Conclusion These results provide a preliminary description of genetic characteristics found in sledding breeds, improving the understanding and care of working sled dogs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40575-021-00108-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Thorsrud
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 201 Morrison Hall, 507 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Heather J Huson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 201 Morrison Hall, 507 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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DeFrancesco TC, Ward JL. Focused Canine Cardiac Ultrasound. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:1203-1216. [PMID: 34511294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) is a useful point-of-care imaging tool to assess cardiovascular status in symptomatic dogs in the acute care setting. Unlike complete echocardiography, FCU is a time-sensitive examination involving a subset of targeted ultrasound views to identify severe cardiac abnormalities and is performed as part of an integrated thoracic ultrasound including interrogation of the pleural space and lungs. When integrated with other clinical information, FCU can be helpful in the diagnosis of left-sided and right-sided congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and tamponade, and severe pulmonary hypertension, and can provide estimates of fluid responsiveness in hypotensive dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C DeFrancesco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Dr, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Bonagura JD, Visser LC. Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:15-50. [PMID: 34750089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a frequent cause of cardiac disability, congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmic death in dogs. The etiology of DCM is usually idiopathic/genetic, but some causes of a DCM phenotype are reversible. The disease is classified into preclinical (occult) and clinical (overt) stages; the latter stems from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. DCM is further characterized by clinical, electrocardiographic, circulating biomarker, and imaging abnormalities. The diagnosis of clinical DCM with CHF is straightforward; however, identification of the preclinical stage can be challenging. Echocardiography is central to the diagnosis of both stages and characterized by left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction with progressive chamber dilation and variable enlargements of the left atrium and right-sided chambers. Left ventricular dilation is defined by increased LV end-diastolic volumes, areas, and internal dimensions normalized to body size or indexed to the aorta. Systolic dysfunction is characterized by decreased LV ejection fraction, increased end-systolic volume, and reduced shortening across minor and longitudinal LV axes. Dyssynchrony can confound the interpretation of linear indices of systolic function. A comprehensive echocardiogram in DCM includes two-dimensional and M-mode studies, spectral and tissue Doppler imaging, and potentially three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging. Echocardiographic findings should be interpreted within the context of identifiable risks and comorbidities, physical diagnosis, complementary diagnostic testing, and limitations of current reference intervals. Ambiguous examinations should be repeated. Specific echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of DCM are proposed to encourage discussion and additional outcome and breed-specific echocardiographic studies of canine DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bonagura
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Reis LG, Morris T, Quilliam C, Rodrigues LA, Loewen ME, Weber LP. The Effect of Fermentation of High- or Low-Tannin Fava Bean on Glucose Tolerance, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Function, and Blood Parameters in Dogs After 7 Days of Feeding: Comparison With Commercial Diets With Normal vs. High Protein. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:653771. [PMID: 34046444 PMCID: PMC8144709 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fava bean, which is available in high- and low-tannin varieties, is not an approved pet food ingredient and was not included in the "assumed to be safe" category based on its ability to cause favism and hemolytic anemia in susceptible humans. The effects of 7-day feeding of test canine diets containing moderate protein (~27%) were compared with two control commercial diets with normal (NP, grain-containing, ~25% protein) or high protein (HP, grain-free, ~41% protein). Fava bean diets were formulated either with or without Candida utilis fermentation processing to reduce antinutritional factors. Glucose tolerance, body weight, cardiovascular function, and blood parameters were investigated in beagles fed the NP or HP diets or a randomized, crossover, 2 × 2 Latin square design of the fava bean diets: unfermented high-tannin (UF-HT), fermented high-tannin (FM-HT), unfermented low-tannin (UF-LT), and fermented low-tannin (FM-LT). After 7 days, HP decreased red blood cells (RBC) (P < 0.05) compared with NP, while FM increased RBC compared with UF. HP increased blood bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, urea, cholesterol, and albumin:globulin ratio while decreasing bilirubin, liver enzymes, and total protein. Sodium:potassium ratio was increased in UF-HT, decreased in FM-HT, and intermediate in LT regardless of fermentation. Blood phosphorus was increased in HT. Blood amylase was increased in FM-HT and decreased in FM-LT, being intermediate in UF regardless of fava bean variety. Blood direct bilirubin was decreased in HT regardless of fermentation. Of note, left ventricular end-systolic volume and cardiac output were increased in NP compared with HP-fed dogs, but were normal and had no significant differences among the fava bean diets. As expected, plasma taurine, cystine, and cysteine levels were increased in HP- compared with NP-fed dogs. Plasma cysteine levels were increased in HT- compared with LT-fed dogs and in FM- compared with UF-fed dogs. Taken together, these results show that fava bean appears to be safe as a dog food ingredient at least in the short term, and its nutritional value appears improved by fermentation. Moreover, blood chemistry parameters and cardiovascular function were impacted by protein content which merits further investigation with longer term feeding trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G. Reis
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tressa Morris
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chloe Quilliam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lucas A. Rodrigues
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mathew E. Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn P. Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Worsman FCF, Miller ZJ, Shaw DJ, Blissitt KJ, Keen JA. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for left atrial volume assessment in Thoroughbred racehorses: Observer variability and comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography. Equine Vet J 2020; 54:176-190. [PMID: 33345356 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial size predicts cardiac morbidity and mortality in humans and dogs. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) may be reliable for assessing left atrial volume (LAV) in horses. OBJECTIVES To determine intra- and interobserver variability estimates of 3DE-LAV and compare it to that of 2DE-LAV estimates. STUDY DESIGN Method comparison. METHODS 3DE datasets were obtained from 40 horses, then graded for quality, creating a final study population of 22 horses. The 3DE and 2DE maximum LAV (LAVmax ) and minimum LAV (LAVmin ) were measured, and left atrial emptying volume (LA EV) and left atrial ejection fraction (LA EF) were calculated, from the same 3D dataset on four occasions using (a) a semi-automatic surface recognition algorithm and (b) a modified Simpson's method of discs. 3DE LAV measurements were repeated by a second observer. RESULTS For 3DE, median LAVmax was 596cm3 for observer one, and 852 cm3 for observer two, LAVmin was 373 cm3 for observer one and 533 cm3 for observer two. Low intraobserver measurement variation was observed for LAVmax and LAVmin , with horse-level intraclass correlation coefficients (ICChorse ) for both observers between 76% and 85% (horse added as random effect). The interobserver ICC was 58% for LAVmax and 50% for LAVmin on averaged measurements (with observer added as random effect), indicating consistent differences between observers. While intraobserver variation was similar for 2DE LAVmax measurements, it was greater for LAVmin (ICChorse = 67%). The intermethod ICC for 3DE vs 2DE was low at 14% for LAVmax and ~0% for LAVmin , indicating less-consistent differences with method. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small study population, low observer number, use of different imaging modalities (fundamental frequency and octave harmonics). CONCLUSIONS 3DE assessment of LAV was reliable, suggesting suitability for longitudinal evaluation of clinical cases. Clinicians should be aware of differences in LAV measurements between observers. More defined measurement guidelines may improve repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca C F Worsman
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zack J Miller
- Companion Care Vets Gloucester, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Darren J Shaw
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Karen J Blissitt
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - John A Keen
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Diagnostic Imaging of Cardiovascular Disease in Small Animals. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122392. [PMID: 33333726 PMCID: PMC7765131 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Murphy SD, Ward JL, Viall AK, Tropf MA, Walton RL, Fowler JL, Ware WA, DeFrancesco TC. Utility of point-of-care lung ultrasound for monitoring cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:68-77. [PMID: 33270302 PMCID: PMC7848339 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Point‐of‐care lung ultrasound (LUS) is an effective tool to diagnose left‐sided congestive heart failure (L‐CHF) in dogs via detection of ultrasound artifacts (B‐lines) caused by increased lung water. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine whether LUS can be used to monitor resolution of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs, and to compare LUS to other indicators of L‐CHF control. Animals Twenty‐five client‐owned dogs hospitalized for treatment of first‐onset L‐CHF. Methods Protocolized LUS, thoracic radiographs (TXR), and plasma N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide were performed at hospital admission, hospital discharge, and recheck examinations. Lung ultrasound findings were compared between timepoints and to other clinical measures of L‐CHF. Results From time of hospital admission to discharge (mean 19.6 hours), median number of LUS sites strongly positive for B‐lines (>3 B‐lines per site) decreased from 5 (range, 1‐8) to 1 (range, 0‐5; P < .001), and median total B‐line score decreased from 37 (range, 6‐74) to 5 (range, 0‐32; P = .002). Lung ultrasound indices remained improved at first recheck (P < .001). Number of strong positive sites correlated positively with respiratory rate (r = 0.52, P = .008) and TXR edema score (r = 0.51, P = .009) at hospital admission. Patterns of edema resolution differed between LUS and TXR, with cranial quadrants showing more significant reduction in B‐lines compared to TXR edema score (80% vs 29% reduction, respectively; P = .003). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lung ultrasound could be a useful tool for monitoring resolution of pulmonary edema in dogs with L‐CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Melissa A Tropf
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rebecca L Walton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fowler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Present address: Jennifer L. Fowler, Idexx Laboratories, 1 Idexx Dr., Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Wendy A Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Teresa C DeFrancesco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Rubio CP, Saril A, Kocaturk M, Tanaka R, Koch J, Ceron JJ, Yilmaz Z. Changes of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in dogs with different stages of heart failure. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:433. [PMID: 33167963 PMCID: PMC7654180 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is associated with changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. This study aimed to evaluate the changes of a panel of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in dogs with different stages of HF and its relation with the severity of the disease and echocardiographic changes. A total of 29 dogs with HF as a result of myxomatous mitral valve degeneration or dilated cardiomyopathy were included and classified as stage-A (healthy), B (asymptomatic dogs), C (symptomatic dogs) and D (dogs with end-stage HF) according to the ACVIM staging system. In these dogs an ecnhocardiographic examination was performed and cytokines, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were evaluated in serum. Results KC-like was significantly increased in dogs of stage-C (P < 0.01) and -D (P < 0.05) compared with stage-A and -B. Stage-D dogs showed significantly higher serum CRP and Hp (P < 0.05) but lower serum antioxidant capacity (PON1, TEAC, CUPRAC, and thiol) compared to stage-A and -B (P < 0.05). After the treatment, serum levels of CRP, Hp and KC-like decreased and serum antioxidant levels increased compared to their pre-treatment values. Left ventricular dimension and LA/Ao ratio correlated positively with CRP, MCP-1, and KC-like but negatively with PON1, GM-CSF, IL-7 and antioxidant biomarkers (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our results showed that dogs with advanced HF show increases in positive acute-phase proteins and selected inflammatory cytokines such as KC-like, and decreases in antioxidant biomarkers, indicating that inflammation and oxidative stress act as collaborative partners in the pathogenesis of HF. Some of these biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress could have the potential to be biomarkers to monitor the severity of the disease and the effect of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ahmet Saril
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Meriç Kocaturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jorgen Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg - Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Zeki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
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13
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Diagnosis and management of canine atrial fibrillation. Vet J 2020; 265:105549. [PMID: 33129554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common non-physiological arrhythmia in dogs and humans. Its high prevalence in both species and the impact it has on survival time and quality of life of affected patients, makes it a very relevant topic for medical research. In dogs, the diagnosis of AF is usually fairly straightforward, but optimal management can be complicated. Rate control is the most commonly used strategy; rhythm control can also be considered in very specific cases. Concurrent congestive heart failure is frequently identified, which represents an extra challenge for the clinicians. This article reviews the current recommendations for the diagnosis and management considerations of AF in dogs. Future perspectives, focusing on new drugs that may prevent development of AF based on recent discoveries, will also be discussed.
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Ontiveros ES, Whelchel BD, Yu J, Kaplan JL, Sharpe AN, Fousse SL, Crofton AE, Fascetti AJ, Stern JA. Development of plasma and whole blood taurine reference ranges and identification of dietary features associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers: A prospective, observational study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233206. [PMID: 32413894 PMCID: PMC7228784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A surge in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) consumer complaints identified concerns that legume-rich, grain-free diets were associated with nutritionally-mediated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Golden retrievers represent the most reported breed affected by this condition and previous studies documented the disease is responsive to dietary change and taurine supplementation. Although dietary findings across cases are compelling, prospective studies with control groups are lacking. The role of diet in developing taurine deficiency and echocardiographic changes consistent with DCM in healthy dogs is unknown. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that golden retrievers eating non-traditional diets are at a higher risk of having taurine deficiency and nutritionally-mediated DCM compared with those eating traditional commercial diets. We aimed to compare taurine concentrations and echocardiographic indices of systolic function between golden retrievers in each diet group and elucidate associations between diet and these variables. Additionally, we aimed to generate breed-specific reference intervals for whole blood and plasma taurine concentrations. ANIMALS 86 golden retrievers. METHODS Golden retrievers eating traditional or non-traditional diets were evaluated and diet history, taurine concentrations and echocardiographic data were collected. Dietary features, taurine concentrations and echocardiographic findings were compared between diet groups. Relative risks were calculated for the likelihood of echocardiographic abnormalities and taurine deficiency in each diet group. Breed-specific reference intervals were constructed for taurine concentrations in dogs from the traditional diet group. RESULTS Golden retrievers eating non-traditional diets had significantly lower taurine concentrations and more frequent systolic dysfunction. Breed specific reference intervals are higher than previously reported across breeds. CONCLUSIONS Non-traditional diets, which were typically grain-free and contained legumes in this study, were significantly associated with and have increased relative risk for the identification of taurine deficiency and echocardiographic abnormalities consistent with nutritionally-mediated DCM. These findings were identifiable in the absence of clinical signs and support the findings of multiple previous studies and the ongoing FDA investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Bradley D. Whelchel
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Joanna L. Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. Sharpe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Crofton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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15
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Rodríguez-Morales O, Roldán FJ, Vargas-Barrón J, Parra-Benítez E, Medina-García MDL, Vergara-Bello E, Arce-Fonseca M. Echocardiographic Findings in Canine Model of Chagas Disease Immunized with DNA Trypanosoma cruzi Genes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E648. [PMID: 32283649 PMCID: PMC7222844 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (ChD) is considered an emerging disease in the USA and Europe. Trypanosoma cruzi genes encoding a trans-sialidase protein and an amastigote-specific glycoprotein were tested as vaccines in canine model. The aim for this study was determining the prophylactic effect of these genes in experimentally infected dogs by echocardiography evaluation to compare with our findings obtained by other techniques published previously. Low fractional-shortening values of non-vaccinated dogs suggested an impairment in general cardiac function. Low left ventricular ejection fraction values found in infected dogs suggested myocardial injury regardless of whether they were vaccinated. Low left ventricular diastolic/systolic diameters suggested that progressive heart damage or heart dilation could be prevented by DNA vaccination. Systolic peak time was higher in non-vaccinated groups, increasing vulnerability to malignant arrhythmias and sudden death. High left ventricular volume suggested a decrease in wall thickness that might lead to increased size of the heart cavity, except in the pBCSP plasmid-vaccinated dogs. There was an echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dilation and reduction in systolic function in experimental chagasic dogs. Echocardiography allowed a more complete follow-up of the pathological process in the living patient than with other techniques like electrocardiography, anatomopathology, and histopathology, being the method of choice for characterizing the clinical stages of ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - Francisco-Javier Roldán
- Department of Echocardiography, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.-J.R.); (J.V.-B.)
| | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Department of Echocardiography, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.-J.R.); (J.V.-B.)
| | - Enrique Parra-Benítez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - María de Lourdes Medina-García
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - Emilia Vergara-Bello
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (E.P.-B.); (M.d.L.M.-G.); (E.V.-B.)
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16
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Stack JP, Fries RC, Kruckman L, Schaeffer DJ. Reference intervals and echocardiographic findings in Leonberger dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:22-32. [PMID: 32380411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leonbergers are large-breed dogs believed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy, yet the normal echocardiographic measurements of these dogs are unknown. The aim of this study was to describe echocardiographic findings and propose breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) for Leonbergers. ANIMALS A total of 42 clinically healthy dogs were involved in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed as a cross-sectional study of 42 Leonberger dogs undergoing complete transthoracic echocardiographic studies at a national show. Reference intervals were determined using robust method with bootstrapping. The effects of age, sex, and body weight (BW) on linear and volumetric dimensions were evaluated by regression analysis. Intra- and interobserver variability were evaluated by coefficient of variation from 10 of the studies. RESULTS There were significant linear correlations with BW for many of the cardiac variables evaluated. However, despite the statistical significance, most regression equations had small slopes, necessitating large changes in BW for small changes in two-dimensional echocardiographic variables. As such, this study resulted in breed-specific RIs irrespective of BW. Trace mitral insufficiency (n = 18), trace aortic insufficiency (n = 15), or both (n = 1) was identified in 81% of dogs in this population. Coefficients of variation were <9% for all two-dimensional, volumetric, and motion mode measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study describes echocardiographic findings and provides RIs, which may be useful in echocardiographic evaluations of Leonbergers and may aid in early identification of heart disease within the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - L Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - D J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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17
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Nemec Svete A, Verk B, Jazbec Križman P, Druzhaeva N, Bohanec N, Domanjko Petrič A. Blood variables associated with survival in canine congestive heart failure patients. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the blood variables: coenzyme Q10, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), electrolytes, cholesterol, triglyceride, glutathione peroxidase, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts and relative numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes that may be associated with survival of dogs in congestive heart failure (CHF). Twenty-one client-owned dogs in CHF were included in the study. Cox regression analysis showed significant association only between NT-proBNP blood concentration and survival.
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18
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Bouvard J, Thierry F, Culshaw GJ, Schwarz T, Handel I, Martinez Pereira Y. Assessment of left atrial volume in dogs: comparisons of two-dimensional and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography with ECG-gated multidetector computed tomography angiography. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:64-77. [PMID: 31405556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesized that real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) was superior to two-dimensional echocardiography for the estimation of left atrial volume (LAV), using electrocardiographic (ECG)-gated multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) as a volumetric gold standard. The aim was to compare maximum LAV (LAVmax) and minimum LAV (LAVmin) measured by biplane area-length method (ALM), biplane method of disk (MOD) and RT-3DE with 64-slice ECG-gated MDCTA in dogs ANIMALS: The study included twenty dogs, anaesthetized for various diagnostic purposes and without evidence of cardiovascular disease. METHODS Left atrial volume was estimated by ALM, MOD and RT-3DE following ECG-gated MDCTA. The results were compared with LAV from MDCTA and correlations were performed. The limits of agreement (LoA) between methods were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlations. Coefficients of variation were calculated. RESULTS Area-length method (r = 0.79 and 0.72), MOD (r = 0.81 and 0.70) and RT-3DE (r = 0.94 and 0.82) correlated with MDCTA for LAVmax and LAVmin, respectively (all p < 0.05). Biases for LAVmax (-0.96 mL, 95% LoA: -5.6 to 3.7) and LAVmin (-0.67 mL, 95% LoA: -5.4 - 4.1) were minimal with RT-3DE, reflecting a slight underestimation. Conversely, MOD (LAVmaxbias = 3.19 mL, 95% LoA: -5.7 - 12.1; LAVminbias = 1.96 mL, 95% LoA: -4.6 - 8.5) and ALM (LAVmaxbias = 4.05, 95% LoA: -5.7 - 13.8; LAVminbias = 2.80 mL, 95% LoA: -3.9 - 9.5) suggested LAV overestimation. Intraobserver and interobserver variability were adequate. CONCLUSIONS Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography is a non-invasive, accurate and feasible method with superior accuracy to two-dimensional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bouvard
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Florence Thierry
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Culshaw
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yolanda Martinez Pereira
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Mansilla WD, Marinangeli CPF, Ekenstedt KJ, Larsen JA, Aldrich G, Columbus DA, Weber L, Abood SK, Shoveller AK. Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:983-997. [PMID: 30615118 PMCID: PMC6396252 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2018, the Food and Drug Administration warned about a possible relationship between dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs and the consumption of dog food formulated with potatoes and pulse ingredients. This issue may impede utilization of pulse ingredients in dog food or consideration of alternative proteins. Pulse ingredients have been used in the pet food industry for over 2 decades and represent a valuable source of protein to compliment animal-based ingredients. Moreover, individual ingredients used in commercial foods do not represent the final nutrient concentration of the complete diet. Thus, nutritionists formulating dog food must balance complementary ingredients to fulfill the animal's nutrient needs in the final diet. There are multiple factors that should be considered, including differences in nutrient digestibility and overall bioavailability, the fermentability and quantity of fiber, and interactions among food constituents that can increase the risk of DCM development. Taurine is a dispensable amino acid that has been linked to DCM in dogs. As such, adequate supply of taurine and/or precursors for taurine synthesis plays an important role in preventing DCM. However, requirements of amino acids in dogs are not well investigated and are presented in total dietary content basis which does not account for bioavailability or digestibility. Similarly, any nutrient (e.g., soluble and fermentable fiber) or physiological condition (e.g., size of the dog, sex, and age) that increases the requirement for taurine will also augment the possibility for DCM development. Dog food formulators should have a deep knowledge of processing methodologies and nutrient interactions beyond meeting the Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and should not carelessly follow unsubstantiated market trends. Vegetable ingredients, including pulses, are nutritious and can be used in combination with complementary ingredients to meet the nutritional needs of the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jennifer A Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Greg Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Lynn Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sarah K Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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20
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Corda A, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Sotgiu G, Zobba R, Gomez Ochoa P, Prieto Ramos J, French A. Use of 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricular systolic function in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:423-431. [PMID: 30773683 PMCID: PMC6430955 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early identification of systolic dysfunction in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) potentially could improve the outcome and decrease mortality. Objective To compare 2‐dimensional speckle tracking (2D‐STE) with 2‐dimensional (2D) and M‐mode echocardiography in the evaluation of systolic function in SIRS dogs. Animals Seventeen SIRS and 17 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective observational case‐control study. Each dog underwent physical examination, conventional echocardiography, 2D‐STE, and C‐reactive protein measurement. Results Dogs with SIRS had lower 2D‐STE ejection fraction (X4D‐EF; 44 ± 8 versus 53 ± 8; P = .003), endocardial global longitudinal strain (ENDO‐G‐Long‐St; −14.6 ± 3.2 versus −18.5 ± 4.1; P = .003), and normalized left ventricular diameter in diastole (1.38 ± 0.25 versus 1.54 ± 0.17; P = .04) and systole (0.85 ± 0.18 versus 0.97 ± 0.11; P = .03) as compared to healthy dogs. Simpson method of disks (SMOD) right parasternal EF (55 ± 9 versus 60 ± 6; P = .07) and end systolic volume index (ESVI; 23 ± 10 versus 21 ± 6; P = .61), SMOD left apical EF (59 ± 9 versus 59 ± 6; P = .87) and ESVI (20 ± 8 versus 22 ± 6; P = .25), fractional shortening (FS; 34 ± 5 versus 33 ± 4; P = .39), M‐mode EF (64 ± 7 versus 62 ± 5; P = .35), and ESVI (23 ± 11 versus 30 ± 9; P = .06) were not significantly different between SIRS and control group, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Speckle tracking X4D‐EF and ENDO‐G‐Long‐St are more sensitive than 2D and M‐Mode FS, EF, and ESVI in detecting systolic impairment in dogs with SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pablo Gomez Ochoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Prieto Ramos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne French
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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21
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Association between atrial fibrillation and right-sided manifestations of congestive heart failure in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 21:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Vollmar C, Vollmar A, Keene BW, Fox PR, Reese S, Kohn B. Dilated cardiomyopathy in 151 Irish Wolfhounds: Characteristic clinical findings, life expectancy and causes of death. Vet J 2018; 245:15-21. [PMID: 30819421 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important cause of morbidity in Irish Wolfhounds (IW), a breed also predisposed to neoplastic and orthopedic diseases that shorten life expectancy. The objective of this study was to investigate survival and causes of death in IW with DCM and to characterise the clinical findings of DCM over time. Data from cardiovascular examinations performed in 1591 IW, including echocardiography and electrocardiography, were retrospectively evaluated. IW with DCM on medical therapy with long term longitudinal follow-up were included in this study (n=151; 95 males, 56 females). Based on their clinical status at initial diagnosis, IW were classified into one of three groups: preclinical DCM with sinus rhythm (PC-DCM-SR, n=35), preclinical DCM with atrial fibrillation (PC-DCM-AF, n=87), and congestive heart failure with DCM and AF (CHF-DCM-AF, n=29). Survival data were analyzed using cumulative incidence functions, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. CHF was predominantly characterized by chylous pleural and mild pericardial effusions. Causes of death were cardiac (CD) in 73/151 and non-cardiac (non-CD) in 62/151; 16 dogs remained alive at study end. The majority of deaths in both preclinical DCM groups were non-CD (PC-DCM-AF=51.9% non-CD, 48.1% CD; PC-DCM-SR, 65.5% non-CD, 34.5% CD). In the CHF-DCM-AF group most dogs (89.6%) experienced a CD. Median survival of the CHF-DCM-AF group (7.3 months) was significantly shorter than in the PC-DCM-AF group (21.9 months) or PC-DCM-SR group (29.1 months, P=0.001). CHF-DCM-AF in IW was associated with reduced life expectancy and CD, while most IW with preclinical DCM died from non-cardiac causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vollmar
- Clinic for Small Animals, Freie Universität Berlin, Oerztenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Small Animal Veterinary Clinics, Sankt Augustiner Str. 74, 53225 Bonn, and Heisterstr. 5, 57537 Wissen, Germany
| | - A Vollmar
- Small Animal Veterinary Clinics, Sankt Augustiner Str. 74, 53225 Bonn, and Heisterstr. 5, 57537 Wissen, Germany.
| | - B W Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - P R Fox
- The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - B Kohn
- Clinic for Small Animals, Freie Universität Berlin, Oerztenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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23
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McAulay G, Borgeat K, Sargent J, Mõtsküla P, Neves J, Dukes-McEwan J, Luis Fuentes V. Phenotypic description of cardiac findings in a population of Dogue de Bordeaux with an emphasis on atrial fibrillation. Vet J 2018; 234:111-118. [PMID: 29680382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical phenotype of Dogue de Bordeaux (DdB) referred for cardiac investigation, with particular reference to the prevalence of atrial fibrillation and associated features. Review of canine medical records of two United Kingdom veterinary referral hospitals identified 64 DdB with available echocardiographic and electrocardiographic (ECG)/Holter data. Atrial fibrillation was documented in 25 (39%) dogs and supraventricular tachycardia was recorded in five (7.8%) dogs. In a subset of 34 dogs, excluding congenital heart disease (n=17), presence of a cardiac mass (n=7) and non-cardiac neoplasia (n=6), 19 (56%) dogs had atrial fibrillation, with a median heart rate of 200 beats per min (bpm) on presentation. Atrial fibrillation was inconsistently associated with cardiac chamber remodelling, but was frequently associated with systolic dysfunction (13/19, 68.4%) and right sided atrial or ventricular dilatation (14/19, 73.7%) in dogs with atrial fibrillation in this subset. No dogs in this subset had right sided atrial or ventricular dilatation in the absence of supraventricular arrhythmia or systolic dysfunction. The absence of structural heart disease in some dogs with supraventricular arrhythmias suggests that an underlying primary arrhythmic process might be responsible for initiating remodelling, although a primary cardiomyopathy cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McAulay
- Cardio-respiratory Referrals, New Priory Vets Brighton, BN1 8QR, UK.
| | - K Borgeat
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J Sargent
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - P Mõtsküla
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J Neves
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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24
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Dutton E, López-Alvarez J. An update on canine cardiomyopathies - is it all in the genes? J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:455-464. [PMID: 29665072 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the second most common cardiac disease in dogs and causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Primary dilated cardiomyopathy is suspected to be familial, and genetic loci have been associated with the disease in a number of breeds. Because it is an adult-onset disease, usually with late onset, testing breeding dogs and bitches before breeding for a genetic mutation that could lead to dilated cardiomyopathy would be helpful to prevent disease. There is growing evidence that the genetic basis may be multigenic rather than monogenic in the majority of studied breeds. This review article describes the known genetic aspects of canine dilated cardiomyopathy and the implications of genetic tests on heart testing and the future of veterinary cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dutton
- Cheshire Cardiology, Cheshire, WA16 8NE, UK
| | - J López-Alvarez
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Hospital Veterinari Canis Mallorca, Palma 07010, Illes Balears, Spain
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Birettoni F, Patata V, Giorgi M, Porciello F. Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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An online health survey of Dogue de Bordeaux owners and breeders with special emphasis on cardiac disease. Vet J 2018; 232:78-82. [PMID: 29428097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A questionnaire-based study was undertaken to assess health problems affecting the Dogue de Bordeaux breed of dog and, in particular, the potential impact of cardiac disease. An online survey tool was used to design a questionnaire for Dogue de Bordeaux owners and breeders. After 1year of response time, information was collected on 278 dogs owned by 215 individuals, mostly based in the United Kingdom. Of the 278 dogs, veterinary attention had been sought for chronic skin disease in 63 (22.7%), lameness in 43 (15.5%), gastrointestinal signs in 37 (13.3%) and neoplasia in 28 (10.1%). Cardiac disease was reported in 13/278 dogs (4.7%). At the time of completion of the survey, 55 (19.8%) dogs were dead, 17 (31%) of which were reported to have died suddenly and unexpectedly. Respondents expressed interest in a formal cardiac health screening scheme in the Dogue de Bordeaux breed, but would be reluctant to volunteer for such a scheme if information on disease detected during screening was open access. The incidence of sudden unexpected death was high; although there was no corroboration that the sudden deaths were related to cardiac disease, a possible connection should be explored further.
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O’Neill DG, Seah WY, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Rottweilers under primary veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017; 4:13. [PMID: 29201384 PMCID: PMC5698930 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rottweilers are reportedly predisposed to many disorders but accurate prevalence information relating to the general population are lacking. This study aimed to describe demography, mortality and commonly recorded diseases in Rottweilers under UK veterinary care. Clinical health records within the VetCompass Programme were explored for disorders recorded during 2013. RESULTS Rottweilers comprised 5321 (1.17%) of 455,557 dogs attending 304 clinics. Annual proportional birth rates dropped from 1.75% in 2006 to 1.07% in 2013. Median adult bodyweight overall was 44.9 kg (IQR 39.55-51.00, range 20.00-88.80). Median male adult bodyweight (48.5 kg, interquartile range [IQR] 43.0-54.0, range 20.0-88.8) was heavier than female (41.5 kg, IQR 37.0-46.4, range 21.1-73.5) (P < 0.001). Median longevity overall was 9.0 years (IQR 7.2-10.5, range 0.0-17.0). Median female longevity (9.5 years, IQR 7.8-11.0) was greater than male (8.7 years, IQR 6.8-10.1) (P = 0.002). The most common causes of death were neoplasia (33.0%), inability to stand (16.0%) and mass-associated disorder (7.1%).At least one disorder was recorded for 60.31% of Rottweilers. The most prevalent specific disorders recorded were aggression (7.46%, 95% CI 6.40-8.64), overweight/obesity (7.06%, 95% CI: 6.02-8.21), otitis externa (6.14%, 95% CI: 5.18-7.23) and degenerative joint disease (4.69%, 95% CI: 3.84-5.66). Male Rottweilers had higher prevalence than females for aggression (9.36% versus 5.47%, P = 0.001) and pyotraumatic dermatitis (4.05% versus 1.76%, P = 0.001). Aggression was more prevalent in neutered than entire females (7.5% versus 3.1%, P = 0.003) but did not differ between neutered and entire males (9.6% versus 9.0%, P = 0.773). The most frequent disorder groups were musculoskeletal (12.01%, 95% CI: 10.69-13.45), dermatological (10.96%, 95% CI: 9.69-12.35), gastro-intestinal (195, 8.87%, 95% CI: 7.72-10.14), undesirable behaviour (7.96%, 95% CI: 6.87-9.18) and neoplasia (7.96%, 95% CI: 6.87-9.18). CONCLUSIONS The current study assists prioritisation of health issues within Rottweilers. Rottweilers are relatively short-lived and neoplasia is a common cause of death. The most common disorders were aggression, overweight/obesity, otitis externa and degenerative joint disease. Males were significantly heavier, shorter-lived and predisposed to aggression than females. These results can alert prospective owners to potential health issues and optimise sex selection decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G. O’Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Wee Yin Seah
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - David B. Church
- Department of Clinical Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
| | - Dave C. Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA UK
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Patata V, Giorgi M, Birettoni F, Porciello F. Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stephenson H, Fonfara S, López-Alvarez J, Cripps P, Dukes-McEwan J. Screening for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Great Danes in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1140-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H.M. Stephenson
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science
| | | | | | - P. Cripps
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston
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30
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Saunders AB. The diagnosis and management of age-related veterinary cardiovascular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:655-68, vi. [PMID: 22720807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The American Veterinary Medical Association reported 81.7 million cats and 72.1 million dogs in the United States, with more than 10% over 11 years of age. Disorders of the cardiovascular system are one of the most commonly encountered disease entities in the aging pet population. This article reviews the diseases affecting older cats and dogs including how to make the diagnosis and when to treat while keeping in mind the unique aspects of comorbid conditions and polypharmacy situations encountered while managing pets with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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31
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Cunningham S, Rush J, Freeman L. Systemic Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:547-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Cunningham
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton; MA
| | - J.E. Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton; MA
| | - L.M. Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton; MA
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32
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Henjes CR, Hungerbühler S, Bojarski IB, Nolte I, Wefstaedt P. Comparison of multi-detector row computed tomography with echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular function in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:393-403. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Borgarelli M, Crosara S, Lamb K, Savarino P, La Rosa G, Tarducci A, Haggstrom J. Survival characteristics and prognostic variables of dogs with preclinical chronic degenerative mitral valve disease attributable to myxomatous degeneration. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:69-75. [PMID: 22211523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) includes a heterogeneous group of dogs. Therefore, identifying risk factors for progression of the disease is of clinical importance. OBJECTIVES To investigate survival time and risk factors for clinical and echocardiographic variables taken at initial examination for clinical progression in preclinical MMVD dogs. ANIMALS A total of 256 dogs with stage B1 or B2 MMVD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of 256 dogs with preclinical MMVD were reviewed retrospectively. Long-term outcome was assessed by telephone interview. Dogs alive at the time of phone interview were asked to return to the hospital for re-evaluation of their cardiac status. RESULTS Seventy of 256 (27.3%) dogs died during the observation period. The median survival time, regardless of cause of death, was 588 (range 75-1,668) days. The presence of a murmur was associated with an increased risk of death (AHR 2.14; 95% CI 1.12, 4.11; P = 0.022). Thirty (12%) deaths were considered cardiac related. LA/Ao > 1.4 was the only negative predictor (AHR 2.64; 1.13, 6.13; P = 0.024) for cardiac-related deaths. Eighty-three dogs were re-examined, of which 34 progressed to a more advanced stage of MMVD. The presence of Emax > 1.2 (AHR 2.75; 95% CI 1.01, 7.48; P = 0.047) and cough (AHR 7.89; 95% CI 3.18, 20.07; P < 0.001) were significant in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Preclinical MMVD represents a relatively benign condition in dogs. Clinicians might find stratification of this dog population according to risk factors based on clinical and echocardiographic findings helpful in determining treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borgarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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34
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Association of QRS duration and survival in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 266 clinical cases. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:243-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Schober KE, Hart TM, Stern JA, Li X, Samii VF, Zekas LJ, Scansen BA, Bonagura JD. Effects of treatment on respiratory rate, serum natriuretic peptide concentration, and Doppler echocardiographic indices of left ventricular filling pressure in dogs with congestive heart failure secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:468-79. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.4.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Locatelli C, Santini A, Bonometti GA, Palermo V, Scarpa P, Sala E, Brambilla PG. Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:246-53. [PMID: 21539569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of body surface area, age and gender on echocardiographic parameters and to establish echocardiographic reference values for dogue de Bordeaux dogs. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy dogue de Bordeaux dogs of both sexes, older than one year, were recruited and 31 of these were included in the study. The classic linear regression model proved to be the best way to analyse the data. The reference limits of the echocardiographic measurements were calculated using the regression equations. The difference between the mean values of body surface area in both gender groups was evaluated by using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS A significant correlation was seen between several echocardiographic parameters and body surface area or body surface area and age, and high coefficients of determination (R2) were found. No effect of gender was detected on echocardiographic variables, except for the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall at end diastole. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The echocardiographic parameters related to body surface area, in the absence of correlation with other independent variables (gender and age) should be interpreted with caution because their variation could be significant for the presence of heart disease. The proposed statistical model allows estimation of echocardiographic parameters in dogue de Bordeaux dogs with different body surface areas and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Milan, Italy
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37
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Martin MWS, Stafford Johnson MJ, Strehlau G, King JN. Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of prognostic findings in 367 clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:428-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Sleeper MM, Bish LT, Sweeney HL. Status of therapeutic gene transfer to treat canine dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:717-24. [PMID: 20610021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene transfer holds promise as a way to treat dilated cardiomyopathy from any underlying cause because the approach attempts to address metabolic disturbances that occur at the molecular level of the failing heart. Calcium-handling abnormalities and increased rates of apoptosis are abnormalities that occur in many types of heart disease, and gene therapies that target these metabolic defects have proven to be beneficial in numerous rodent models of heart disease. The authors are currently evaluating this approach to treat canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg M Sleeper
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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39
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Martin MWS, Stafford Johnson MJ, Celona B. Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 50:23-9. [PMID: 19037887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the clinical and diagnostic findings and survival of dilated cardiomyopathy from a large population of dogs in England. METHODS A retrospective study of the case records of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy collected between January 1993 and May 2006. RESULTS There were 369 dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy of which all were pure-bred dogs except for four. The most commonly affected breeds were dobermanns and boxers. Over 95 per cent of dogs weighed more than 15 kg and 73 per cent were male. The median duration of signs before referral was three weeks with 65 per cent presenting in stage 3 heart failure. The most common signs were breathlessness (67 per cent) and coughing (64 per cent). The majority of dogs (89 per cent) had an arrhythmia at presentation and 74 per cent of dogs had radiographic signs of pulmonary oedema or pleural effusion. The median survival time was 19 weeks. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dilated cardiomyopathy occurs primarily in medium to large breed pure-bred dogs, and males are more frequently affected than females. The duration of clinical signs before referral is often short and the survival times are poor. Greater awareness of affected breeds, clinical signs and diagnostic findings may help in early recognition of this disease which often has a short clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W S Martin
- Veterinary Cardiorespiratory Centre, Thera House, Waverley Road, Kenilworth CV8 1JL
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40
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Chetboul V, Gouni V, Sampedrano CC, Tissier R, Serres F, Pouchelon JL. Assessment of Regional Systolic and Diastolic Myocardial Function Using Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hansen BD, Lascelles BDX, Keene BW, Adams AK, Thomson AE. Evaluation of an accelerometer for at-home monitoring of spontaneous activity in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:468-75. [PMID: 17472445 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the correlation between activity as measured by an accelerometer and videographic measurements of movement and mobility in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 4 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES After determination that accelerometers had good agreement, 5 identical accelerometers were used simultaneously to test their output at 8 locations (rotated among collar, vest, and forelimb stocking locations) on each dog. Movement and mobility for each dog were recorded continuously with a computerized videography system for 7-hour sessions on 4 consecutive days. Accelerometer values were combined into 439 fifteen-minute intervals and compared with 3 videographic measurements of movement and mobility (distance traveled, time spent walking > 20 cm/s, and time spent changing position by > 12% of 2-dimensional surface area during 1.5 seconds). RESULTS 96% of values compared between the most discordant pair of accelerometers were within 2 SDs of the mean value from all 5 accelerometers. All mounting locations provided acceptable correlation with videographic measurements of movement and mobility, and the ventral portion of the collar was determined to be the most convenient location. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of an accelerometer was adequate for at-home activity monitoring, an important end point in clinical trials of treatment for chronic disease, and provided information about daily activity that is unattainable by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard D Hansen
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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42
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Munday JS, Dyer CB, Hartman AC, Orbell GMB. A possible predisposition to dilated cardiomyopathy in Huntaway dogs. N Z Vet J 2006; 54:231-4. [PMID: 17028660 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2006.36702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in New Zealand Huntaway dogs with the prevalence of DCM in other breeds of dog. METHODS The necropsy database at Massey University was used to identify cases of DCM diagnosed between January 1999 and March 2006. Dogs were considered to have DCM if echocardiographic, gross necropsy, or histological findings were consistent with this diagnosis. The prevalence in Huntaways was then compared with the prevalence observed in all breeds of dog, as well as the prevalence observed in large breeds of dog. RESULTS Twelve dogs were identified with DCM. One was diagnosed using echocardiography, while the other 11 were diagnosed by gross necropsy examination. The gross diagnosis of DCM was confirmed histologically in 6/11 dogs. The prevalence of DCM in Huntaways was significantly higher than the prevalence seen in all breeds of dog (p=0.008), and the prevalence in large breeds of dog (p=0.025). All four Huntaways diagnosed with DCM were male, and had an average age of 4 years. Three dogs presented with symptoms attributable to impaired heart function while one presented with symptoms of chronic renal failure. The duration of clinical symptoms prior to presentation ranged between 1 day and 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that Huntaways may be predisposed to the development of DCM. Although the increased prevalence in this breed was significant, only small numbers of affected Huntaways were identified, and additional cases are required to confirm these preliminary findings. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Huntaways are the most common working dog in New Zealand. The premature loss of a working dog is expected to have a significant economic impact on farmers. Further investigation of DCM in Huntaways may allow measures to reduce the prevalence in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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