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Faccin M, Landsgaard KA, Milliron SM, Jennings AH, Keith Chaffin M, Giaretta PR, Rech RR. Myosin heavy-chain myopathy in 2 American quarter horses. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:462-467. [PMID: 37818977 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231204253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A 1.5-year-old American quarter horse gelding (case 1) and an 11-month-old American quarter horse filly (case 2) were presented for acute onset pelvic lameness and lethargy. Case 1 had nasal discharge, while case 2 developed rapid muscle atrophy. Both horses had elevated serum creatine kinase activity. The horses showed similar polyphasic histiocytic and lymphoplasmacytic myositis with necrosis, mineralization, and regeneration. Additionally, case 1 had Streptococcus equi subsp. equi-induced suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis with renal purpura hemorrhagica and myoglobinuric nephropathy. A focal pulmonary abscess caused by Actinobacillus equuli was found in case 2. Genetic testing revealed case 1 as heterozygous and case 2 as homozygous for the E321G MYH1 variant, supporting the diagnosis of myosin heavy-chain myopathy, with concomitant bacterial disease as potential triggers.
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Valberg SJ, Schultz AE, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Hughes SS. Prevalence of clinical signs and factors impacting expression of myosin heavy chain myopathy in Quarter Horse-related breeds with the MYH1 E321G mutation. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1152-1159. [PMID: 35426178 PMCID: PMC9151494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of clinical signs and factors triggering muscle atrophy and rhabdomyolysis associated with an MYH1E321G mutation in Quarter Horses and related breeds (QH) remain poorly understood. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Determine the prevalence and potential triggers of atrophy and stiffness in horses homozygous reference (N/N), heterozygous (My/N), and homozygous (My/My) for the MYH1E321G mutation. ANIMALS Two-hundred seventy-five N/N, 100 My/N, and 10 My/My QH. METHODS A retrospective case-control study using a closed-ended questionnaire completed by clients of the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory at the University of California, Davis. History of clinical signs, disease, vaccination and performance were analyzed by genotype using contingency testing. RESULTS Atrophy occurred in proportionately more horses with MYH1E321G (My) than N/N QH and more frequently in My/My than My/N QH (P < .001; My/My 8/10 [80%], My/N 17/100 [17%], N/N 29/275 [11%]). More My/My horses had rapid atrophy (P < .001), with recurrence in 50%. Fewer My/My horses recovered versus My/N QH (P < .001). Stiffness was common across genotypes (P = .100; My/My 4/10 [40%], My/N 18/100 [18%], N/N 48/275 [17%]). Three months before the observed atrophy and stiffness, 47% of MYH1E321G QH were vaccinated or had respiratory or gastrointestinal disease. Horses achieving 100% expected performance did not differ across genotypes (50% My/My, 71% My/N, 55% N/N), but, only 4/10 My/My QH were competing. My/N horses achieved national or world championships or both. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Approximately 20% of My/N QH develop rapid atrophy. Atrophy is more common (80%) in homozygous My/My QH and less likely to resolve. Inciting causes such as vaccination and infection are inapparent in over half of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Abigail E. Schultz
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rebecca R. Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Veterinary Genetics LaboratorySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Myofibre Hyper-Contractility in Horses Expressing the Myosin Heavy Chain Myopathy Mutation, MYH1E321G. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123428. [PMID: 34943936 PMCID: PMC8699922 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosinopathies are defined as a group of muscle disorders characterized by mutations in genes encoding myosin heavy chains. Their exact molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we have focused our attention on a MYH1-related E321G amino acid substitution within the head region of the type IIx skeletal myosin heavy chain, associated with clinical signs of atrophy, inflammation and/or profound rhabdomyolysis, known as equine myosin heavy chain myopathy. We performed Mant-ATP chase experiments together with force measurements on isolated IIx myofibres from control horses (MYH1E321G−/−) and Quarter Horses homozygous (MYH1E321G+/+) or heterozygous (MYH1E321G+/−) for the E321G mutation. The single residue replacement did not affect the relaxed conformations of myosin molecules. Nevertheless, it significantly increased its active behaviour as proven by the higher maximal force production and Ca2+ sensitivity for MYH1E321G+/+ in comparison with MYH1E321G+/− and MYH1E321G−/− horses. Altogether, these findings indicate that, in the presence of the E321G mutation, a molecular and cellular hyper-contractile phenotype occurs which could contribute to the development of the myosin heavy chain myopathy.
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de Albuquerque AL, Zanzarini Delfiol DJ, Andrade DGA, Albertino LG, Sonne L, Borges AS, Valberg SJ, Finno CJ, Oliveira-Filho JP. Prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant in Brazilian Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:952-957. [PMID: 34606642 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Quarter Horse (QH), myosin heavy chain myopathy (MYHM), which is characterised by nonexertional rhabdomyolysis or immune-mediated myositis (IMM) with acute muscle atrophy, is strongly associated with the missense E321G MYH1 mutation. OBJECTIVES To document the existence of MYHM in the Brazilian QH population, this study includes a case report of two related QH foals with the E321G MYH1 mutation that had clinical signs of MYHM, with histological confirmation of IMM in one of the foals. This prompted an investigation the aim of which was to determine the allele frequency of the E321G MYH1 variant across QHs using a DNA archive in Brazil. STUDY DESIGN Cross sectional. METHODS To estimate the allele frequency of the E321G MYH1 variant in Brazilian QHs, 299 DNA samples from QHs used in different disciplines (reining, barrel racing, halter, cutting and racing) were analysed. DNA fragments containing the region with the mutation were amplified by PCR and used for direct genomic sequencing. RESULTS Of the 299 genotyped QHs, 44 animals (14.7%) were heterozygous (My/N) for the E321G MYH1 variant, and 255 (85.3%) were homozygous for the wild-type allele (N/N), implying an allele frequency of 0.074. Reining horses had a significantly higher prevalence of heterozygosity than horses in other disciplines (P = .008). MAIN LIMITATIONS The DNA samples were collected from 2010 to 2014. As only registered QHs were evaluated, the results may not reflect the actual incidence in the general population of Brazilian QHs. CONCLUSIONS The reported cases of MYHM and the high prevalence of the MYH1 mutation found in the assessed Brazilian QH population, particularly in reining QHs, suggests that MYHM should be included in genetic screening. Reasonable control measures are important to prevent an increase in the incidence of MYHM in QHs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L de Albuquerque
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo G A Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lukas G Albertino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Sector of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stephanie J Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jose P Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Veronesi F, Di Palma S, Gabrielli S, Morganti G, Milardi GL, Middleton B, Lepri E. Sarcocystis gigantea infection associated with granulomatous eosinophilic myositis in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:611-615. [PMID: 32687008 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720935847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The only Sarcocystis species currently known to inhabit the fibers of skeletal and cardiac muscles in horses are S. fayeri, S. bertrami, and S. asinus. We describe herein the invasion of myofibers in a horse by S. gigantea, a sheep-specific species with low virulence in the original host. A hunter gelding was referred to a veterinary surgeon in Newmarket (UK). The anamnestic data reported that the horse had an initial history of swelling of the right forelimb with fluid on the front of the carpus and edema spreading up the forearm. Subsequently, 2 firm lumps were found on the left pectoral muscle adjacent to the axilla of the left forelimb. Histologic examination of biopsies from the lumps revealed multifocal granulomatous eosinophilic myositis associated with intact and degenerate encysted parasites, consistent with Sarcocystis spp. Based on amplification and DNA sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, S. gigantea was identified. The presence of sarcocysts in equine skeletal muscles has been considered an incidental finding, and there are only sporadic associated reports of myositis. Our finding suggests that some Sarcocystis spp. have a wider intermediate host range than believed previously, and that Sarcocystis of other species (not considered horse-associated) can invade the muscle fibers of equids, leading to myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
| | - Stefano Di Palma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
| | - Giulia Morganti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
| | - Giovanni L Milardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
| | - Bruce Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (Veronesi, Morganti, Lepri).,Department of Preclinical Development, Aptuit (Verona), Verona, Italy (Di Palma).,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Gabrielli, Milardi).,Blackdown Equine Clinic, Fernhurst, Haslemere, UK (Middleton)
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Abstract
There are 5 single-gene mutations that are known to cause muscle disease in horses. These mutations alter the amino acid sequence of proteins involved in cell membrane electrical conduction, muscle energy metabolism, muscle contraction, and immunogenicity. The clinical signs depend on the pathway affected. The likelihood that an animal with a mutation will exhibit clinical signs depends on the mode of inheritance, environmental influences, and interactions with other genes. Selection of a genetic test for use in diagnostic or breeding decisions requires a knowledge of clinical signs, mode of inheritance, breeds affected, and proper scientific test validation.
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Gianino GM, Valberg SJ, Perumbakkam S, Henry ML, Gardner K, Penedo C, Finno CJ. Prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant for immune-mediated myositis and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis in performance subgroups of American Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:897-901. [PMID: 30623495 PMCID: PMC6430863 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune‐mediated myositis (IMM) in American Quarter Horses (QHs) causes acute muscle atrophy and lymphocytic infiltration of myofibers. Recently, an E321G mutation in a highly conserved region of the myosin heavy chain 1 (MYH1) gene was associated with susceptibility to IMM and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis. Objectives To estimate prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant in the QH breed and performance subgroups. Animals Three‐hundred seven elite performance QHs and 146 random registered QH controls. Methods Prospective genetic survey. Elite QHs from barrel racing, cutting, halter, racing, reining, Western Pleasure, and working cow disciplines and randomly selected registered QHs were genotyped for the E321G MYH1 variant and allele frequencies were calculated. Results The E321G MYH1 variant allele frequency was 0.034 ± 0.011 in the general QH population (6.8% of individuals in the breed) and the highest among the reining (0.135 ± 0.040; 24.3% of reiners), working cow (0.085 ± 0.031), and halter (0.080 ± 0.027) performance subgroups. The E321G MYH1 variant was present in cutting (0.044 ± 0.022) and Western Pleasure (0.021 ± 0.015) QHs at lower frequency and was not observed in barrel racing or racing QHs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Knowing that reining and working cow QHs have the highest prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant and that the variant is more prevalent than the alleles for hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in the general QH population will guide the use of genetic testing for diagnostic and breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana M Gianino
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Stephanie J Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sudeep Perumbakkam
- McPhail Equine Neuromuscular Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, McPhail Equine Performance Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Marisa L Henry
- McPhail Equine Neuromuscular Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, McPhail Equine Performance Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Keri Gardner
- McPhail Equine Neuromuscular Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, McPhail Equine Performance Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cecilia Penedo
- Service Department, Veterinary Genetics Lab (Penedo), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Valberg SJ, Henry ML, Perumbakkam S, Gardner KL, Finno CJ. An E321G MYH1 mutation is strongly associated with nonexertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1718-1725. [PMID: 30079499 PMCID: PMC6189380 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An E321G mutation in MYH1 was recently identified in Quarter Horses (QH) with immune-mediated myositis (IMM) defined by a phenotype of gross muscle atrophy and myofiber lymphocytic infiltrates. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the MYH1 mutation also was associated with a phenotype of nonexertional rhabdomyolysis. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of the MYH1 mutation in QH with exertional (ER) and nonexertional (nonER) rhabdomyolysis. ANIMALS Quarter Horses: 72 healthy controls, 85 ER-no atrophy, 56 ER-atrophy, 167 nonER horses selected regardless of muscle atrophy. METHODS Clinical and histopathologic information and DNA was obtained from a database for (1) ER > 2 years of age, with or without atrophy and (2) nonER creatine kinase (CK) ≥ 5000 U/L, <5 years of age. Horses were genotyped for E321G MYH1 by pyrosequencing. RESULTS The MYH1 mutation was present in a similar proportion of ER-no atrophy (1/56; 2%) and in a higher proportion of ER-atrophy (25/85; 29%) versus controls (4/72; 5%). The MYH1 mutation was present in a significantly higher proportion of nonER (113/165; 68%) than controls either in the presence (39/42; 93%) or in absence (72/123; 59%) of gross atrophy. Lymphocytes were present in <18% of muscle samples with the MYH1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although not associated with ER, the MYH1 mutation is associated with atrophy after ER. The MYH1 mutation is highly associated with nonER regardless of whether muscle atrophy or lymphocytic infiltrates are present. Genetic testing will enhance the ability to diagnose MYH1 myopathies (MYHM) in QH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Valberg
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Marisa L. Henry
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Sudeep Perumbakkam
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Keri L. Gardner
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCalifornia
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10
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A missense mutation in MYH1 is associated with susceptibility to immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horses. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:7. [PMID: 29510741 PMCID: PMC5838957 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cause of immune-mediated myositis (IMM), characterized by recurrent, rapid-onset muscle atrophy in Quarter Horses (QH), is unknown. The histopathologic hallmark of IMM is lymphocytic infiltration of myofibers. The purpose of this study was to identify putative functional variants associated with equine IMM. Methods A genome-wide association (GWA) study was performed on 36 IMM QHs and 54 breed matched unaffected QHs from the same environment using the Equine SNP50 and SNP70 genotyping arrays. Results A mixed model analysis identified nine SNPs within a ~ 2.87 Mb region on chr11 that were significantly (Punadjusted < 1.4 × 10− 6) associated with the IMM phenotype. Associated haplotypes within this region encompassed 38 annotated genes, including four myosin genes (MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, and MYH13). Whole genome sequencing of four IMM and four unaffected QHs identified a single segregating nonsynonymous E321G mutation in MYH1 encoding myosin heavy chain 2X. Genotyping of additional 35 IMM and 22 unaffected QHs confirmed an association (P = 2.9 × 10− 5), and the putative mutation was absent in 175 horses from 21 non-QH breeds. Lymphocytic infiltrates occurred in type 2X myofibers and the proportion of 2X fibers was decreased in the presence of inflammation. Protein modeling and contact/stability analysis identified 14 residues affected by the mutation which significantly decreased stability. Conclusions We conclude that a mutation in MYH1 is highly associated with susceptibility to the IMM phenotype in QH-related breeds. This is the first report of a mutation in MYH1 and the first link between a skeletal muscle myosin mutation and autoimmune disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0155-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Trimble AC, Delph KM, Beard LA, Davis EG. Staphyloccocus aureus
‐associated infarctive purpura haemorrhagica, immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and myocarditis in a Quarter Horse mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Trimble
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - K. M. Delph
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - L. A. Beard
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - E. G. Davis
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
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Pasolini MP, Pagano TB, Costagliola A, Biase DD, Lamagna B, Auletta L, Fatone G, Greco M, Coluccia P, Vincenzo V, Pirozzi C, Raso GM, Santoro P, Manna G, Papparella S, Paciello O. Inflammatory Myopathy in Horses With Chronic Piroplasmosis. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:133-143. [PMID: 28718360 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817716262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Horses affected by chronic piroplasmosis may develop poor performance and muscle atrophy. Here we investigate the pathological and immunopathological aspects of myopathy occurring in chronic equine piroplasmosis. The study included 16 horses serologically positive for equine piroplasms presenting with clinical signs and supporting serum biochemical evidence of a myopathy. Skeletal muscle was evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, indirect immunofluorescence, and molecular detection of piroplasms and inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscle. Histologic lesions included muscle fiber atrophy (100% of cases), degenerative changes (13/16, 81%), and perivascular perimysial and endomysial lymphocytic infiltrates (81% of cases). In 15 cases (94%), muscle fibers had strong immunostaining for major histocompatibility complex classes I and II. T lymphocyte populations were mainly CD3+, CD8+, and CD4+ in equal proportions, with a lower number of CD79α+ cells. The serum from affected horses was tested by indirect immunofluorescence for binding of IgG, IgM, or IgA to sections of normal equine muscle to detect circulating autoantibodies against muscle antigen(s). In all cases, distinct sarcolemmal staining was detected in sections incubated with serum from affected horses, in contrast to sections incubated with phosphate-buffered saline or equine control sera. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of muscles from affected animals revealed a significant increase of interferon-γ, interleukin-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression compared to healthy controls. Theileria equi or Babesia caballi was not detected in samples of affected muscle by RT-PCR. Thus, inflammatory myopathy associated with equine piroplasmosis may involve an autoimmune pathogenesis with upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that may cause myofiber atrophy and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Pasolini
- 1 Unit of Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa B Pagano
- 2 Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Costagliola
- 2 Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- 2 Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Lamagna
- 1 Unit of Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Fatone
- 1 Unit of Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Greco
- 1 Unit of Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Coluccia
- 1 Unit of Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Veneziano Vincenzo
- 3 Unit of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Manna
- 6 National Reference Centre for Equine Diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale "M. Aleandri," Rome, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- 2 Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- 2 Unit of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Wilson KE, Davis JL, Crisman MV, Kvaternick V, Zarabadipour C, Cheramie H, Hodgson DR. Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib after intravenous administration of multiple consecutive doses in neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:e23-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Wilson
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA USA
| | - J. L. Davis
- North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh NC USA
| | - M. V. Crisman
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA USA
| | | | | | | | - D. R. Hodgson
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA USA
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Abstract
In horses, immune-mediated muscle disorders can arise from an overzealous immune response to concurrent infections or potentially from an inherent immune response to host muscle antigens. Streptococcus equi ss. equi infection or vaccination can result in infarctive purpura hemorrhagica (IPH) in which vascular deposition of IgA-streptococcal M protein complexes produces ischemia and complete focal infarction of skeletal muscle and internal organs. In Quarter Horse–related breeds with immune-mediated myositis, an apparent abnormal immune response to muscle antigens results in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) I and II on muscle cell membranes, lymphocytic infiltration of lumbar and gluteal myofibers, and subsequent gross muscle atrophy. Rarely, an inflammatory event results in myositis with subsequent systemic calcinosis characterized by a pathognomonic hyperphosphatemia and high fatality rate. This review presents an overview of these immune-mediated myopathies and highlights clinical and pathological features as well as the suspected pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Durward-Akhurst
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - S. J. Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Hunyadi L, Sundman EA, Kass PH, Williams DC, Aleman M. Clinical Implications and Hospital Outcome of Immune-Mediated Myositis in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:170-175. [PMID: 28044365 PMCID: PMC5259621 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated myositis (IMM) is a cause of rhabdomyolysis, stiffness, and muscle atrophy predominantly affecting Quarter horses. Limited information is available with regard to outcome, prognostic indicators, and associations with concurrent diseases. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To report outcomes and associations between outcome and clinical and laboratory parameters, and presence of concurrent illness. ANIMALS Sixty-eight horses; 52 Quarter horses and related breeds and 16 other breeds. METHODS Retrospective cohort study (1991-2014). Medical records of horses with histological diagnosis of IMM were reviewed. Data recovery included signalment, laboratory variables, therapy, and outcome. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between potential prognostic factors and survival to discharge. RESULTS Quarter horses were younger (mean < 4 years, range 3 months-21 years) than other breeds (mean < 10 years, range 1-23 years). Pathogens causing concurrent or recent infection included S. equi equi, S. equi zooepidemicus, C. pseudotuberculosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, herpes virus-1, and influenza. The most common clinical signs consisted of rapidly progressive diffuse symmetrical muscle atrophy (80%), stiff gait (74%), and fever (44%). All horses that received medical therapy immediately upon admission survived to discharge (survival proportion = 87%). Leucocytosis was a common finding (60%). Horses with concurrent fever and other illness had a poor prognosis for hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Horses with IMM can have a favorable outcome. Horses with concurrent fever and another illness had decreased probability of survival to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hunyadi
- Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Weatherford, TX
| | | | - P H Kass
- Departments of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - D C Williams
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - M Aleman
- Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA
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Durward-Akhurst SA, Finno CJ, Barnes N, Shivers J, Guo LT, Shelton GD, Valberg SJ. Major Histocompatibility Complex I and II Expression and Lymphocytic Subtypes in Muscle of Horses with Immune-Mediated Myositis. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1313-21. [PMID: 27352021 PMCID: PMC5094553 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II expression is not normally detected on sarcolemma, but is detected with lymphocytic infiltrates in immune-mediated myositis (IMM) of humans and dogs and in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine if sarcolemmal MHC is expressed in active IMM in horses, if MHC expression is associated with lymphocytic subtype, and if dysferlin is expressed in IMM. ANIMALS Twenty-one IMM horses of Quarter Horse-related breeds, 3 healthy and 6 disease controls (3 pasture myopathy, 3 amylase-resistant polysaccharide storage myopathy [PSSM]). METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for MHC I, II, and CD4+, CD8+, CD20+ lymphocytes was performed on archived muscle of IMM and control horses. Scores were given for MHC I, II, and lymphocytic subtypes. Immunofluorescent staining for dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan was performed. RESULTS Sarcolemmal MHC I and II expression was detected in 17/21 and 15/21 of IMM horses, respectively, and in specific fibers of PSSM horses, but not healthy or pasture myopathy controls. The CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+ cells were present in 20/21 IMM muscles with CD4+ predominance in 10/21 and CD8+ predominance in 6/21 of IMM horses. Dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan staining were similar in IMM and control muscles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Deficiencies of dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan are not associated with IMM. Sarcolemmal MHC I and II expression in a proportion of myofibers of IMM horses in conjunction with lymphocytic infiltration supports an immune-mediated etiology for IMM. The MHC expression also occured in specific myofibers in PSSM horses in the absence of lymphocytic infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Durward-Akhurst
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - N Barnes
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - J Shivers
- Department of Veterinary Population Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - L T Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - G D Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - S J Valberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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18
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Sarcocystis fayeri in skeletal muscle of horses with neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 26:85-93. [PMID: 26522989 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of Sarcocystis fayeri-induced toxicity in people consuming horse meat warrant investigation on the prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis spp. infection in horses. Sarcocysts in skeletal muscle of horses have been commonly regarded as an incidental finding. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sarcocysts in skeletal muscle of horses with neuromuscular disease. Our findings indicated that S. fayeri infection was common in young mature horses with neuromuscular disease and could be associated with myopathic and neurogenic processes. The number of infected muscles and number of sarcocysts per muscle were significantly higher in diseased than in control horses. S. fayeri was predominantly found in low oxidative highly glycolytic myofibers. This pathogen had a high glycolytic metabolism. Common clinical signs of disease included muscle atrophy, weakness with or without apparent muscle pain, gait deficits, and dysphagia in horses with involvement of the tongue and esophagus. Horses with myositis were lethargic, apparently painful, stiff, and reluctant to move. Similar to humans, sarcocystosis and cardiomyopathy can occur in horses. This study did not establish causality but supported a possible association (8.9% of cases) with disease. The assumption of Sarcocysts spp. being an incidental finding in every case might be inaccurate.
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Mallicote M. Update on Streptococcus equi subsp equi Infections. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Gillen SS. Ambulatory medicine in equine practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012; 28:51-67. [PMID: 22640579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of medical problems encountered by the equine ambulatory practitioner is immense; there is a wealth of information available to ambulatory practitioners pertaining to specific medical topics. It is certainly possible to practice high-quality equine medicine in a field setting. However, hospital referral should be offered to clients for conditions not conducive to successful treatment in the field. Prompt referral of difficult cases is a sign that the practitioner wants the best treatment for the patient and is often gladly accepted by the client. When surgical or hospital referral is not an option, it is imperative that the ambulatory practitioner not only offer humane alternatives but also inform and educate horse owners on equine suffering and welfare issues so that clients do not have unreasonable expectations of a positive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Gillen
- Gillen Equine Veterinary Clinic, 7314 Pleasant Grove Road, Pleasant Grove, CA 95668, USA.
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21
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Quist EM, Dougherty JJ, Chaffin MK, Porter BF. Diagnostic Exercise: Equine Rhabdomyolysis. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:E52-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811414034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 1.5-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with a history of chronic nasal discharge and leukocytosis presented with signs of increased lethargy and muscular pain. The horse quickly became recumbent and unable to rise and was euthanized due to a poor prognosis. At necropsy, severe bilateral guttural pouch empyema was observed, as well as numerous well-demarcated areas of pallor within the skeletal muscles of all major muscle groups. Polymerase chain reaction testing of the guttural pouch exudate confirmed an infection with Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and an S. equi–associated immune-mediated rhabdomyolysis was initially considered to be the most likely diagnosis. This report briefly discusses the various etiologies that should be considered in cases of equine myopathy, and it demonstrates the complexity of these poorly understood muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Quist
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - M. K. Chaffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - B. F. Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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22
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23
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24
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Satué K, Hernández A, Lorente C, O'Connor JE. Immunophenotypical characterization in Andalusian horse: variations with age and gender. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 133:219-27. [PMID: 19735948 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of lymphocyte subsets is an effective method for characterizing disorders such as leukemia, lymphomas, autoimmune and infectious diseases. In order to clinically interpret these parameters, normal reference values should be set, estimating age- and gender-related variations. This research aimed to: (1) characterize lymphocyte subpopulations in Andalusian horse, and (2) evaluate age and gender-related variations of lymphocyte subsets. Jugular blood samples were obtained from 159 animals, 77 males and 82 females, belonging to four age groups-1: 1-2 years (N=39; 21 males and 18 females), 2: 2-3 years (N=38; 16 males and 22 females), 3: 3-4 years (N=41; 19 males and 22 females) and 4: 4-7 years (N=41; 21 males and 20 females). T lymphocytes subsets were quantified by flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD2, CD4 and CD8 cell markers. B and NK cell counts were estimated by using a mathematical formula. No variations were found in T, B lymphocytes and NK cells between males and females. Animals of group 1 and 2 had a higher number of CD2, T, CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes and NK cells than animals of groups 3 and 4. The percentage of CD2 in group 1 was significantly lower than in group 4. The percentage of T and CD4+ lymphocytes in the group 1 were significantly higher than groups 2 and 3, respectively. Whereas the percentage of B cells calculated by flow cytometry was significantly lower in group 2 compared to group 4, the percentage of B cells calculated by a mathematical formula was higher in group 1. NK cells percentage was significantly lower in group 3 and 4 than in younger animals. In conclusion, in Andalusian horse, gender does not influence absolute numbers and percentages of T, B and NK. There is an age-related decline in absolute number of CD2, T, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and NK cells, with increasing percentage of CD2, T, CD4+ and B lymphocytes, and a decrease in NK with no differences in CD4/CD8 ratio. The decline of lymphocyte population numbers with age is a natural process in many animal species, and could be the origin for immune dysfunction observed in geriatric individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Satué
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Valencia, Spain.
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Aleman M, Nieto J, Magdesian K. Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 (C7360G) Mutation in Quarter Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:329-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Valentine BA. Pathologic findings in equine muscle (excluding polysaccharide storage): a necropsy study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:572-9. [PMID: 18776088 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gross and histopathologic evaluation of skeletal muscle was performed in 229 equids (217 horses, 8 ponies, 3 donkeys, and 1 mule) 1 year of age or older undergoing postmortem examination at Oregon State University in a 2.5-year period. Animals were evaluated for grossly evident muscle lesions, and muscle samples were fixed in formalin, processed routinely, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) for glycogen. Muscle lesions were detected in 149 animals (65%). Chronic myopathic change (excessive fiber size variation and internal nuclei) was evaluated in horses without polysaccharide storage myopathy and was the most common finding (36 animals; 15.7%). Chronic myopathic change was more common in older animals. Generalized muscle atrophy was present in 30 animals (13.1%). Myonecrosis was attributed to endotoxic injury (11 animals; 4.8%), bone fracture (8 animals; 3.5%), bacterial infection (5 animals; 2.2%), muscle rupture (3 animals; 1.3%), selenium deficiency (2 animals; 0.9%), and exertional rhabdomyolysis (1 horse; 0.4%); cause was not determined in 9 animals (3.9%). Intramyofiber protozoa were detected in 19 horses and ponies (8.3%). Denervation atrophy was detected in 14 animals (6.1%). Neoplasia involving muscle occurred in 3 animals (1.3%), injection site reactions were detected in 4 animals (1.7%), and focal lymphocytic infiltrates were found in 6 animals (2.6%). Other findings were ring fibers (2 horses; 0.9%), fiber splitting (2 horses; 0.9%), and fat infiltration (1 horse; 0.4%). Skeletal muscle lesions are common in equids examined at postmortem. Transverse sections stained with HE and PAS are invaluable when evaluating equine muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Valentine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Fales-Williams A, Sponseller B, Flaherty H. Idiopathic Arterial Medial Calcification of the Thoracic Arteries in an Adult Horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:692-7. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old, gelded, Paint horse displayed clinical signs of muscle wasting and limb stiffness for a 6-month period. The horse's clinical signs abated with corticosteroid therapy, but returned upon cessation of treatment. Upon necropsy, severe lesions of aortic thickening and aortic valve rigidity were observed. Histologically, the tunica media of the aorta, coronary arteries, and pulmonary arteries were expanded by foci of elastin fiber calcification and extracellular matrix with lacunae formation. The vascular lesions are comparative to what has been described as medial arterial calcification, seen in humans suffering from chronic renal failure or diabetes mellitus. No exposure to vitamin D-containing plants or feedstuff could be documented at the time of onset or during the period of clinical signs. The current case describes dramatic lesions of arterial medial calcification of the aorta, coronary, and pulmonary arteries of undetermined cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fales-Williams
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Beatrice Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Heather Flaherty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Aleman M. A review of equine muscle disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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