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Ktenas S, Roeber F, Meggiolaro MN, Ktenas A, Ward MP, Šlapeta J. Comparison of Giardia duodenalis point-of-care antigen faecal tests to reference laboratory assays in non-symptomatic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110139. [PMID: 38295676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent enteric parasites of dogs. Point-of-care antigen tests (POC) are rapid and do not require additional equipment, or a specialised diagnostic laboratory. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic tests available in veterinary practices and in a diagnostic laboratory for the detection of G. duodenalis on a cohort of group-housed dogs from New South Wales, Australia. Two different POC tests were used for the detection of G. duodenalis. Laboratory tests used were the multiplexed-tandem PCR panel (MT-PCR) that includes detection of G. duodenalis DNA, and two reference tests (an in-house TaqMan real-time PCR and a direct immunofluorescence assay, DFA). Canine faecal samples (n = 40) were tested simultaneously for the detection of G. duodenalis. Using either DFA or TaqMan real-time PCR as reference tests, 77.5% (31/40) and 82.5% (33/40) of dogs tested positive, respectively. Agreement (Kappa) between the DFA and TaqMan real-time PCR was 0.84 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.00). There was substantial G. duodenalis test outcome agreement between the two POC tests, Kappa = 0.75. Combining the two POC tests yielded 77% sensitivity and 100% specificity with DFA as reference, and for TaqMan real-time PCR it was 73% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The MT-PCR was in excellent agreement with each reference test, DFA or TaqMan real-time PCR. Due to the high specificity of both POC tests, they can be confidently used as rule-in diagnostics. Confirmatory testing that detects different biological parameters such as DNA, e.g. PCR (inc. MT-PCR), should be implemented before concluding that a dog is negative for the presence of G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Ktenas
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Florian Roeber
- Wongaburra Research Centre, Invetus Pty Ltd., NSW 2470, Australia
| | - Maira N Meggiolaro
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Athena Ktenas
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Mendonça TO, Perin PP, Zanini DDS, de Souza HL, Pires PHK, Muniz IM, Tebaldi JH, Mathias LA, Bürger KP, Lux-Hoppe EG. Parasitosis in Pet Dogs from Rondônia, Amazon Biome, and Human Perception of Zoonoses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:138. [PMID: 38397629 PMCID: PMC10887970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasitic diseases in dogs are particularly concerning in regions with low human development indices due to inadequate sanitary services and insufficient environmental and health education. This study aimed to assess the parasitological status of dogs living in households and evaluate their owners' knowledge about zoonoses. A total of 183 dogs from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State, were screened for the presence of ectoparasites, and 163 fecal samples were collected for analysis. The results showed that 74.23% (112/163) of the animals had at least one species of endoparasite. The most identified pathogens were Ancylostoma spp. (68.71%, 112/163), Trichuris vulpis (11.66%, 19/163), Toxocara canis (6.75%, 11/163), Cystoisospora canis (4.91%, 8/163), Dipylidium caninum (1.23%, 2/163), and Hammondia/Neospora (0.61%, 1/163). Ectoparasites were observed in 43.17% (79/183) of the evaluated animals, with Rhipicephalus sanguineus found in 31.15% (57/183) and Ctenocephalides felis felis in 20.77% (38/183). Only 11.48% (7/61) of the owners were familiar with the term "Zoonoses." However, a significant majority (83.61%, 51/61) believed that dogs can transmit diseases to humans. Our findings highlight the prevalence of parasites in the studied area and associated risk factors, underscoring the urgent need for educational interventions to raise awareness about these diseases and their risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Oliveira Mendonça
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Patricia Parreira Perin
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Dayane da Silva Zanini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil;
| | - Hortência Laporti de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil; (H.L.d.S.); (P.H.K.P.); (I.M.M.)
| | - Paulo Henrique Kanopp Pires
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil; (H.L.d.S.); (P.H.K.P.); (I.M.M.)
| | - Igor Mansur Muniz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil; (H.L.d.S.); (P.H.K.P.); (I.M.M.)
| | - José Hairton Tebaldi
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Luís Antonio Mathias
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Karina Paes Bürger
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Estevam G. Lux-Hoppe
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
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Kanski S, Weber K, Busch K. [Feline and canine giardiosis: An Update]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:411-421. [PMID: 38056479 DOI: 10.1055/a-2191-1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a facultative pathogenic intestinal parasite. Giardiosis in dogs and cats may appear with or without clinical signs. Typical signs include diarrhea with or without vomiting. The prevalence in young animals is high and may amount to up to 50%. There are 8 different genotypes (A - H), which are called assemblages. Assemblages C and D are most common in dogs and assemblage F most frequent in cats. However, animals may also be infected with the zoonotically effective assemblages A and B or exhibit mixed infections. The immunofluorescence test (IFA), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal centrifugation using zinc sulphate solution are currently recommended as diagnostic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to determine the corresponding assemblage. Approved treatments for giardiosis include fenbendazole and metronidazole. In addition, undertaking specific hygiene measures is warranted. Only animals showing clinical signs or those living in the same household with high-risk patients (e. g. immunosuppressed humans) are recommended to receive medication. The aim of treatment is clinical improvement of the diseased dogs and cats. Frequently, complete elimination of Giardia is not attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kanski
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Karin Weber
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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French SK, Kotwa JD, Singh B, Greer T, Pearl DL, Elsemore DA, Hanna R, Jardine CM, Weese JS, Mercer N, Peregrine AS. Factors associated with Giardia infection in dogs in southern Ontario, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100870. [PMID: 37208074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Information concerning risk factors associated with Giardia infection in dogs in southern Ontario, Canada, is currently lacking. This study therefore aimed to identify risk factors for Giardia infection in dogs that visit off-leash dog parks in southern Ontario. From May-November 2018, fecal samples were collected from 466 dogs in 12 off-leash dog parks in the Niagara and Hamilton regions of Ontario. A survey that asked questions pertaining to travel history (i.e., area of residence, locations and regions visited in the previous 6 months), basic medical history (i.e., spay/neuter status, veterinary visits, use of deworming medication), consumption of a raw diet, and the physical (i.e., age, sex, breed) and behavioral characteristics (i.e., off-leash activities, hunting activities) of each dog sampled was administered to the respective owner. All fecal samples were examined with the Giardia plate ELISA (IDEXX Laboratories) for parasite antigen. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted on the survey data to investigate putative risk factors for Giardia infection. Overall, 11.8% (95% CI: 9.2-15.1%) of samples tested positive for Giardia antigen. Results from the multivariable logistic regression analyses identified an interaction between dog age and spay/neuter status that was significantly associated with Giardia infection. The odds of infection were greater in intact as compared to neutered adult dogs (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7-7.9, p = 0.001), and in neutered juvenile dogs as compared to neutered adults (OR: 5.2, 95% CI: 2.2-12.2, p < 0.001). The results provide veterinarians with evidence-based information for identifying dogs at greatest risk of Giardia infection in southern Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K French
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathon D Kotwa
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bilawal Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tyler Greer
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David A Elsemore
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - Rita Hanna
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicola Mercer
- Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Public Health, Guelph, Ontario N1G 0E1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Kaufmann H, Zenner L, Benabed S, Poirel MT, Bourgoin G. Lack of efficacy of fenbendazole against Giardia duodenalis in a naturally infected population of dogs in France. Parasite 2022; 29:49. [PMID: 36315102 PMCID: PMC9621113 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiosis is a worldwide intestinal parasitosis, affecting both humans and animals. Treatment in dogs remains limited and the lack of efficacy of the few approved medications is a rising concern. In this study, 23 dogs raised by veterinary students and naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis were treated in home conditions with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg orally for 5 consecutive days). Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (FS1), 2-4 days after treatment (FS2) and 8-10 days after treatment (FS3). Giardia duodenalis cyst excretion was measured quantitatively by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) at FS1, FS2 and FS3. Molecular typing with a nested PCR targeting the SSU rDNA locus was also performed at FS1 and FS2. Fecal consistency improved in 16/21 dogs (76%) and mean cyst shedding was reduced by 84% after treatment. However, only 8/23 dogs (35%) achieved therapeutic success (≥90% reduction of cysts) and only 4/23 dogs (17%) had complete elimination of G. duodenalis. Molecular typing showed that dogs harbored only canine-specific assemblages, with a high prevalence of assemblage C in analyzed samples (30/39). We also detected different assemblages after treatment and nucleotide substitutions in assemblage C sequences that have not been described previously. Eight to ten days after treatment, high Giardia cyst excretion was measured, suggesting possible reinfection despite hygiene measures and/or multiplication. These data suggest that fenbendazole treatment may improve fecal consistency but has limited therapeutic efficacy against giardiosis in this population of dogs. Further research is still needed to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole against canine giardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Kaufmann
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Lionel Zenner
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Slimania Benabed
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Poirel
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France,Corresponding author:
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Retrospective study of canine endoparasites diagnosed by fecal flotation methods analyzed across veterinary parasitology diagnostic laboratories, United States, 2018. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:439. [PMID: 34465379 PMCID: PMC8406898 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Companion animal endoparasites play a substantial role in both veterinary medicine and public health. Updated epidemiological studies are necessary to identify trends in occurrence and distribution of these parasites, and their associated risk factors. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of canine endoparasites retrospectively, using fecal flotation test data available through participating academic veterinary parasitology diagnostic laboratories across the United States of America (USA). Methods Canine fecal flotation records from ten veterinary diagnostic laboratories located in nine states in the USA acquired from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, were included. Results A total of 4692 fecal flotation test results were obtained, with a majority comprised of client-owned dogs (3262; 69.52%), followed by research dogs (375; 8.00%), and shelter dogs (122; 2.60%). Samples from 976 (20.80%) dogs were positive for at least one parasite, and co-infections of two or more parasites were found in 3.82% (179/4692) of the samples. The five most commonly detected parasites were: Giardia sp., (8.33%; 391/4692), Ancylostomatidae (5.63%; 264/4692), Cystoisospora spp. (4.35%; 204/4692), Toxocara canis (2.49%;117/4692), and Trichuris vulpis (2.43%; 114/4692). Various other internal parasites, including gastrointestinal and respiratory nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and protozoans were detected in less than 1% of samples. Conclusions These data illustrate the importance of parasite prevention, routine fecal screening, and treatment of pet dogs. Additionally, pet owners should be educated about general parasite prevalence, prevention, and anthelmintic treatment regimens to reduce the risks of environmental contamination and zoonotic transmission. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04960-7.
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Sweet S, Hegarty E, McCrann DJ, Coyne M, Kincaid D, Szlosek D. A 3-year retrospective analysis of canine intestinal parasites: fecal testing positivity by age, U.S. geographical region and reason for veterinary visit. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:173. [PMID: 33743787 PMCID: PMC7981966 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine life stage is a key factor in parasite prevalence as clinical signs associated with parasitism are more common in pups. In adult dogs, health status and geographical region may also play a role in parasite prevalence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fecal test results using zinc sulfate flotation by centrifugation combined with fecal antigen testing for hookworms (Ancylostoma spp. Uncinaria stenocephala), ascarids (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris spp., Baylisascaris spp.) and whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) sorted by age, geographical region and veterinary visit type. Methods A retrospective sample of intestinal parasite panels submitted to IDEXX Laboratories from 1,626,104 individual dogs were selected from the continental USA from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2019. These data contain results from fecal exams performed using zinc sulfate flotation by centrifugation paired with coproantigen immunoassay results for hookworms, ascarids, whipworms and Giardia (Fecal Dx® with Giardia coproantigen immunoassay plate). For paired testing, if either the coproantigen assay or flotation test was positive, the sample was considered to be positive. Data were summarized by age category, U.S. Census Bureau geographical region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West) and veterinary visit type. Visit types were subdivided into Wellness Visits and Other Clinical Visits in which a fecal sample was submitted. Results In dogs presenting for either Wellness Visits or Other Clinical Visits in which Giardia testing was included, Giardia had the highest positivity (combined results for microscopy and coproantigen: 12.2 and 10.8%, respectively), followed by hookworms (combined microscopy and coproantigen: 4.1 and 4.2%, respectively), ascarids (combined microscopy and coproantigen: 2.5 and 1.7%, respectively) and whipworms (combined microscopy and coproantigen: 1.1 and 1.4%, respectively). When all test results were pooled together, pups aged 2–6 months were observed to have the highest proportion of positive results by either microscopy or coproantigen immunoassay regardless of clinical visit type. Parasite positivity varied by geographical region. Regardless of visit type, age or geographical region, the coproantigen method was observed to find a higher proportion of positive test results than microscopy in Giardia, ascarids, hookworms and whipworms. Conclusions The Fecal Dx® coproantigen immunoassay combined with the zinc sulfate flotation by centrifugation method uncovers a higher number of positive hookworm, ascarid and whipworm infections than zinc sulfate flotation alone in both pups and adult dogs across all geographical regions of the USA regardless of visit type.![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04678-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sweet
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Evan Hegarty
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | | | - Michael Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA.
| | - Dave Kincaid
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Donald Szlosek
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
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Nagamori Y, Sedlak RH, DeRosa A, Pullins A, Cree T, Loenser M, Larson BS, Smith RB, Penn C, Goldstein R. Further evaluation and validation of the VETSCAN IMAGYST: in-clinic feline and canine fecal parasite detection system integrated with a deep learning algorithm. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:89. [PMID: 33514412 PMCID: PMC7844936 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fecal examinations in pet cats and dogs are key components of routine veterinary practice; however, their accuracy is influenced by diagnostic methodologies and the experience level of personnel performing the tests. The VETSCAN IMAGYST system was developed to provide simpler and easier fecal examinations which are less influenced by examiners’ skills. This system consists of three components: a sample preparation device, an automated microscope scanner, and analysis software. The objectives of this study were to qualitatively evaluate the performance of the VETSCAN IMAGYST system on feline parasites (Ancylostoma and Toxocara cati) and protozoan parasites (Cystoisospora and Giardia) and to assess and compare the performance of the VETSCAN IMAGYST centrifugal flotation method to reference centrifugal and passive flotation methods. Methods To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the scanning and algorithmic components of the VETSCAN IMAGYST system, fecal slides were prepared by the VETSCAN IMAGYST centrifugal flotation technique with pre-screened fecal samples collected from dogs and cats and examined by both an algorithm and parasitologists. To assess the performance of the VETSCAN IMAGYST centrifugal flotation technique, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were calculated and compared to those of conventional flotation techniques. Results The performance of the VETSCAN IMAGYST algorithm closely correlated with evaluations by parasitologists, with sensitivity of 75.8–100% and specificity of 93.1-100% across the targeted parasites. For samples with 50 eggs or less per slide, Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 across the targeted parasites. The results of the VETSCAN IMAGYST centrifugal flotation method correlated well with those of the conventional centrifugal flotation method across the targeted parasites: sensitivity of 65.7–100% and specificity of 97.6–100%. Similar results were observed for the conventional passive flotation method compared to the conventional centrifugal flotation method: sensitivity of 56.4–91.7% and specificity of 99.4–100%. Conclusions The VETSCAN IMAGYST scanning and algorithmic systems with the VETSCAN IMAGYST fecal preparation technique demonstrated a similar qualitative performance to the parasitologists’ examinations with conventional fecal flotation techniques. Given the deep learning nature of the VETSCAN IMAGYST system, its performance is expected to improve over time, enabling it to be utilized in veterinary clinics to perform fecal examinations accurately and efficiently.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nagamori
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA. .,Petcare, Zoetis, 10 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ, 07054, USA.
| | - Ruth Hall Sedlak
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Andrew DeRosa
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Aleah Pullins
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Travis Cree
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Michael Loenser
- Global Diagnostics, Zoetis, 10 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ, 07054, USA
| | | | | | - Cory Penn
- Global Diagnostics, Zoetis, 10 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ, 07054, USA
| | - Richard Goldstein
- Global Diagnostics, Zoetis, 10 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ, 07054, USA
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Symeonidou I, Gelasakis AΙ, Miliotou AN, Angelou A, Arsenopoulos KV, Loukeri S, Papadopoulos E. Rapid on-site diagnosis of canine giardiosis: time versus performance. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:544. [PMID: 33138850 PMCID: PMC7607699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by protozoans of the genus Giardia are a common cause of diarrhea in dogs. Canine giardiosis constitutes a disease with a zoonotic potential; however, it is often underestimated due to its challenging diagnosis. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatographic strip test (SpeedTM Giardia, Virbac, France) comparing it with microscopy (zinc sulfate flotation) by utilizing the combination of an enzyme immunoassay (ProSpecTTM Giardia EZ Microplate Assay, Oxoid Ltd., UK) and the PCR as the gold standard. A positive result in both ELISA and PCR was set as the gold standard. METHODS Initially, fecal samples from dogs with clinical signs compatible with giardiosis were tested with the SpeedTM Giardia test and separated into two groups of 50 samples each: group A (positive) and group B (negative). Thereafter, all samples were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and assayed by the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. The performance of the SpeedTM Giardia and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation tests were calculated estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio; the chi-square and McNemar tests were used for the comparison of the two methods. RESULTS Giardia cysts were not detected by microscopy in 16 out of the 50 samples (32%) of group A and in none of group B samples. Eight out of 50 samples in group B (16%) were tested positive both with the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. Fecal examination with the SpeedTM Giardia test was more sensitive (86.2%) than the parasitological method (58.6%, P < 0.001) while the specificity of both methods was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The SpeedTM Giardia test is an easy-to-perform diagnostic method for the detection of Giardia spp., which can increase laboratory efficiency by reducing time and cost and decrease underdiagnosis of Giardia spp. infections. This immunochromatographic strip test may be routinely exploited when a rapid and reliable diagnosis is required, other diagnostic techniques are unavailable and microscopy expertise is inefficient. In negative dogs with compatible clinical signs of giardiosis, it is recommended either to repeat the exam or proceed with further ELISA and PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Ι. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Iera Odos str. 75, 11855 Athens, GR Greece
| | - Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Sofia Loukeri
- Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
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10
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Sweet S, Szlosek D, McCrann D, Coyne M, Kincaid D, Hegarty E. Retrospective analysis of feline intestinal parasites: trends in testing positivity by age, USA geographical region and reason for veterinary visit. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:473. [PMID: 32933564 PMCID: PMC7493338 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The goals of this retrospective study were to estimate parasite positivity in samples from cats using zinc sulfate fecal flotation by centrifugation (“centrifugation”) and coproantigen and examine trends with age, geographical region and reason for visit to veterinarian. Common methods of parasite detection, such as centrifugal flotation, passive flotation, or direct smear, may underrepresent the true prevalence of intestinal parasites in cats. Coproantigen testing detects more positive samples than traditional methods alone. Methods Feline fecal test results from the continental USA containing results for fecal exams performed using centrifugation paired with coproantigen results for ascarid, hookworm, whipworm and Giardia were obtained from the database of a national commercial reference laboratory comprised of multiple regional sites. Results Parasite positivity was highest in samples from young cats and decreased with cat age. The western region of the USA had lower total parasite positivity than other regions for all parasites except Giardia. Cats receiving fecal tests during veterinary wellness visits had only slightly lower parasite positivity than samples from cats during sick clinical visits. Conclusions This study showed a larger population of cats are at increased risk of parasitism than commonly believed and coproantigen testing produces more positive test results for the four parasites that antigen can detect than centrifugation of feline fecal samples.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sweet
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Donald Szlosek
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Donald McCrann
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Michael Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA.
| | - David Kincaid
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Evan Hegarty
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
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11
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Salant H, Kuzi S, Navarro D, Baneth G. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Israel. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101548. [PMID: 32947251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and two stool samples were collected from municipal shelters and owned dogs in different geographical locations in Israel from December 2016 to September 2017 and examined for Giardia and assemblage type by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA and β-giardin genes. Overall Giardia prevalence was 24.5 % (74/30). Giardia prevalence was 1.9-fold higher in dogs ≤ 6 months old compared to > 6 ≤ 12 months old and older dogs [25/61 (41 %), 18/73 (24.6 %) and 31/166 (18.7 %), respectively, (p = 0.001)], 2.3-fold higher in winter [32/90 (35.5 %)] compared to its prevalence during autumn [15/60 (25 %)], spring [10/62 (16.1 %)] and summer [17/89 (19.1 %), p = 0.003)], and 2.7-fold more frequent among diarrheic dogs [23/43 (53.4 %)] compared to those with formed stools [51/253 (20.1 %)], (p = 0.001)]. The Giardia sp. assemblages detected were C and D. Higher infection rates in young, diarrheic dogs, sampled during winter, and housed in municipal shelters, indicates the need for targeted preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Salant
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Sharon Kuzi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Danielle Navarro
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Kim MW, Sharp CR, Boyd CJ, Twomey LN. Faecal PCR panel results and clinical findings in Western Australian dogs with diarrhoea. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:563-569. [PMID: 32839975 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe faecal PCR (fPCR) results and clinical findings of dogs seen at a university teaching hospital for diarrhoea. DESIGN Retrospective case series (April 2015 to July 2018). PROCEDURE Data were collected from the hospital electronic medical records. Data extracted included signalment, history, clinical signs, treatment, fPCR panel results, other faecal diagnostic test results and antimicrobial use. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-eight dogs with diarrhoea had a fPCR panel submitted. Most dogs (115, 68.5%) had diarrhoea of 3 days or less duration. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene was most frequently detected (156, 92.9%) by fPCR, followed by Campylobacter spp. (55, 32.7%), canine parvovirus (CPV) (29, 17.3%), Salmonella spp. (14, 8.3%) and Giardia spp. (9, 5.4%). For the 45 dogs that had a negative point-of-care CPV test, 13 were CPV fPCR positive; some of which were adult dogs with current vaccination status. A total of 94/168 (56%) dogs received antimicrobials at some time during the treatment of diarrhoea. CONCLUSION Faecal PCR panels can identify dogs with enteric organisms in their faeces that traditional faecal diagnostics may miss, thus contributing additional information to the diagnostic process. Nonetheless, fPCR results should be interpreted in light of the clinical findings, and particular consideration given to avoiding inappropriate use of antimicrobials. This study highlights that testing for C. perfringens alpha toxin gene is not likely to be diagnostically helpful, and that adult dogs with diarrhoea might be identified as CPV positive with PCR testing, despite a negative point-of-care CPV test result and a current vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C J Boyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L N Twomey
- VetPath Laboratory Services, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Chiebao DP, Martins CM, Pena HFDJ, Gabriel FHDL, Turazza J, Soares H, Merlo A. Epidemiological study of Giardia duodenalis infection in companion dogs from the metropolitan area of São Paulo Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:765-773. [PMID: 32347663 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disease that has a direct life cycle, with cysts eliminated in the faeces of an infected host being ingested by a susceptible host. In Brazil, studies of chronically infected adult dogs estimated a prevalence of 10%-20%. Diagnosis of giardiasis, as a cause of diarrhoea is important for the global One-Health guidelines when controlling cyst dissemination in the environment. We investigated the prevalence of G. duodenalis in the pet dog population of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, compared the efficacy of direct tests available to the veterinary clinical practice and attempted to identify possible risk factors associated with the parasite. Ten veterinary practices distributed throughout the municipality randomly performed the rapid SNAP ELISA test on canine faecal samples, and dog owners provided information specific to the animal via a questionnaire. The samples were also analysed using sucrose and zinc sulphate flotation techniques. Sensitivity and specificity of the tests were used to calculate required number of samples and true prevalence. Significance, agreement among tests, and odds ratio (OR) were assessed with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs (n = 265) was 6.9% (CI 3.47-11.21). Positive tests were significantly more frequent in animals younger than 1 year, with an OR for G. duodenalis occurrence nearly 7-fold that of older dogs. Direct diagnosis tests showed high agreement (96.1%, κ = 0.729; p < .0001) showing that the combined techniques provide a highly accurate diagnosis. Results indicated that the control of the pathogen has been improving in the pet dog population in metropolitan Sao Paulo, but management tools including diagnosis, immunization, and treatment, especially in puppies, must be continued in order to advance towards continuous decrease of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontes Chiebao
- Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba, Center for Research in Animal Health, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Sorocaba, Brasil
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Departament of Nursing and Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brasil.,AAC&T Research Consulting LTDA, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | - Hilda Fatima de Jesus Pena
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fábio Henrique de Lima Gabriel
- Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba, Center for Research in Animal Health, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Sorocaba, Brasil
| | | | - Herbert Soares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Merlo
- Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários Ltda., São Paulo, Brasil
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14
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Paul A, Stayt J. The intestinal microbiome in dogs and cats with diarrhoea as detected by a faecal polymerase chain reaction-based panel in Perth, Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2020; 97:418-421. [PMID: 31556108 PMCID: PMC7159723 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of potential faecal pathogens in the microbiome detected in a cohort of cats and dogs with diarrhoea in Perth, Western Australia. Records from a commercial diagnostic laboratory using faecal PCR testing between July 2014 and August 2015 were reviewed.Of 289 feline faecal samples reviewed, Salmonella spp. (1.7%), Campylobacter spp. (47.6%), Clostridium perfringens (81.3%), Giardia spp. (11.1%), Toxoplasma gondii (1.2%), Tritrichomonas foetus (4.8%), panleukopenia virus (6.5%) and coronavirus (39.5%) were detected. In dogs, Salmonella spp. (5.4%), Campylobacter spp. (36.3%), C. perfringens (85.4%), Giardia spp. (6.2%), parvovirus (9.4%), coronavirus (4.7%) and distemper virus (1.5%) were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeh Paul
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Ln, Hursley, Winchester, SO21 2LL, UK
| | - J Stayt
- Vetpath Laboratory Services, 39 Epsom Ave, Perth, Western Australia, 6104, Australia
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15
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Saleh MN, Heptinstall JR, Johnson EM, Ballweber LR, Lindsay DS, Werre S, Herbein JF, Zajac AM. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1272-1277. [PMID: 30982235 PMCID: PMC6524394 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An evaluation of currently available in-clinic diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis infection of dogs and cats has not been performed. In addition, there is discordance among published diagnostic comparisons. The absence of a true gold standard for detecting Giardia duodenalis also complicates diagnostic evaluations. OBJECTIVES To evaluate diagnostic tests commercially available in the United States for detecting Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats, in comparison to a widely used reference test, the direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and also to compare the results of 2 methods of analysis: comparison of diagnostic tests to a reference test (IFA) and Bayesian analysis. ANIMALS Fecal samples from a convenience sample of 388 cats and dogs located in Colorado, Oklahoma, and Virginia. METHODS Fecal samples were tested for Giardia duodenalis by zinc sulfate centrifugal fecal flotation and 4 different commercial diagnostic immunoassays. Results were analyzed via Bayesian analysis and by comparison to the IFA as the reference test. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity by comparison to IFA was ≥82% and ≥90%, respectively, for all diagnostic tests in dogs and cats. When analyzed via Bayesian analysis, sensitivity and specificity were ≥83% and ≥95%, respectively. When ZnSO4 centrifugal fecal flotation results were combined with immunoassay results, there was no longer a significant difference between the sensitivities of the commercial in-clinic immunoassays. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Bayesian analysis validates using IFA as the reference test. Differences in commercial in-clinic immunoassay sensitivities can be mitigated when the results are combined with ZnSO4 centrifugal fecal flotation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam N Saleh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | | | - Eileen M Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Lora R Ballweber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David S Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephen Werre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Anne M Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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16
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Pepe P, Ianniello D, Alves LC, Morgoglione ME, Maurelli MP, Bosco A, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. Comparative cost-effectiveness of immunoassays and FLOTAC for diagnosing Giardia spp. infection in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:158. [PMID: 30961639 PMCID: PMC6454601 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia spp. is a protozoan pathogen and is the most common enteric parasite of domestic animals and humans. Assays for detecting infection in fecal samples using direct or indirect examinations are important tools for diagnosing the disease. The objective of the present study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of immunoassays and FLOTAC technique for diagnosing Giardia spp. infection in dogs. RESULTS Fecal samples from 80 positive stray dogs were tested for the presence of copro-antigens of Giardia spp. using the direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the FLOTAC double technique. All methods were performed in accordance with the instructions reported in the original description for each technique. The results showed that ELISA can be run in less time than IFA and almost at the same time of the FLOTAC technique. Among the tests used in this study, FLOTAC had the lowest cost per correct diagnosis, compared with immunoassays. CONCLUSIONS The results from this cost-effectiveness analysis, in combination with the sensitivity and specificity of the FLOTAC technique, suggest that the FLOTAC technique can be use in the routine diagnosis of Giardia spp. infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Davide Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Leucio Camara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, R. Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Elena Morgoglione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
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17
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Barbecho JM, Bowman DD, Liotta JL. Comparative performance of reference laboratory tests and in-clinic tests for Giardia in canine feces. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:444. [PMID: 30068364 PMCID: PMC6090814 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the performance of four in-clinic Giardia diagnostic tests by comparing results to three laboratory methods for detection of Giardia. A set of 177 fecal samples originally submitted to a commercial laboratory by veterinarians for routine ova and parasite (O&P) testing was used. Specimens were examined by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) for presence of Giardia cysts which served as the gold standard. Fecal samples were tested using a Giardia-specific cyst wall antigen microtiter plate format enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and each of the in-clinic assays adhering to the package insert for each kit. RESULTS Evaluated were four in-clinic antigen test kits: VetScan® Canine Giardia Rapid Test (Abaxis), Anigen® Rapid CPV-CCV-Giardia Antigen Test (BioNote), SNAP® Giardia Test (IDEXX) and Witness® Giardia Test (Zoetis). In the comparison of the in-clinic tests to the DFA standard test sensitivity ranged between 70.0-87.1%, and specificity ranged between 71.1-93.4%. CONCLUSION Of the tests evaluated here, the SNAP test had the highest sensitivity and specificity. The SNAP test had the highest percent positive and percent negative agreement when compared to the microtiter plate format ELISA and the O&P assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4-114 VMC, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Janice L Liotta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4-114 VMC, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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18
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Uiterwijk M, Nijsse R, Kooyman FNJ, Wagenaar JA, Mughini-Gras L, Koop G, Ploeger HW. Comparing four diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in dogs using latent class analysis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:439. [PMID: 30064472 PMCID: PMC6069568 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To accurately diagnose giardiosis in dogs, knowledge of diagnostic test characteristics and expected prevalence are required. The aim of this work was to estimate test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) of four commonly used diagnostic tests for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs. Methods Fecal samples from 573 dogs originating from four populations (household dogs, shelter dogs, hunting dogs and clinical dogs) were examined with centrifugation sedimentation flotation (CSF) coproscopical analysis, direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA, Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia®), a rapid enzyme immunochromatographic assay (IDEXX SNAP Giardia®) and qPCR (SSU rDNA) for presence of G. duodenalis. Bayesian latent class analysis was used to determine test performance characteristics and to estimate G. duodenalis prevalence of each of the four dog populations. Results All tests were highly specific. IDEXX SNAP Giardia® showed the highest specificity (99.6%) and qPCR the lowest (85.6%). The sensitivities were much more variable, with qPCR showing the highest (97.0%) and CSF the lowest (48.2%) sensitivity. DFA was more sensitive than IDEXX SNAP Giardia®, but slightly less specific. Prevalences of G. duodenalis differed substantially between populations, with the hunting dogs showing the highest G. duodenalis prevalence (64.9%) and the household dogs the lowest (7.9%). Conclusions This study identifies qPCR as a valuable screening tool because of its high sensitivity, whereas methods using microscopy for cyst identification or cyst wall detection should be used in situations where high specificity is required. G. duodenalis is a prevalent gastro-intestinal parasite in Dutch dogs, especially in dogs living in groups (hunting and shelter dogs) and clinical dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3014-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Uiterwijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Present address: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Nijsse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harm W Ploeger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Assessment of the diagnostic performance of four methods for the detection of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from human, canine and feline carriers. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 145:73-78. [PMID: 29329749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric parasitic diseases including giardiasis are of public health concern. Different methods are available for the diagnosis of this parasitic infection in fecal samples such as the identification of protozoan cysts and trophozoites by light microscopy, detection of specific antigens by ELISA, and amplification of DNA fragments by PCR. The present study aimed at assessing the performance of four laboratory tests for the detection of Giardia duodenalis in fecal specimens from three different host species with a previous diagnosis of giardiasis; canine, feline and human patients provided new stool samples to be retested for Giardia before initiating treatment with antiprotozoal drugs. For this purpose, triplicate fecal specimens from 54 humans, 24 dogs and 18 cats living in the city of Niterói, RJ, southeast Brazil, were analysed by light microscopy, ELISA, immunochromatography, and nested PCR. The centrifugal-flotation method detected Giardia cysts in 89.6% (86/96) of the fecal samples. The protozoan parasite was detected via immunochromatography in 87.5% (84/96) of these samples. Giardia was detected by ELISA in 69.8% (67/96) of the stool specimens from carriers with a previous diagnosis of Giardia infection. Giardia was detected by PCR in only 39.6% (38/96) of the fecal specimens. Based on these findings, we suggest that, among the four assays that were used in this study, the zinc sulphate flotation technique (Faust et al., 1939) is the best diagnostic assay in terms of sensitivity and specificity to detect G. duodenalis on serially collected samples from dogs, cats and humans.
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Sommer M, Rupp P, Pietsch M, Kaspar A, Beelitz P. Giardia in a selected population of dogs and cats in Germany – diagnostics, coinfections and assemblages. Vet Parasitol 2018; 249:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Uehlinger FD, Naqvi SA, Greenwood SJ, McClure JT, Conboy G, O’Handley R, Barkema HW. Comparison of five diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from young dogs. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Niine T, Peetsalu K, Nieminen M, Oksanen A, Soveri T, Orro T. Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in neonatal reindeer calves: Relation to the acute phase response. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 54:45-50. [PMID: 28916001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal observational study was conducted to investigate the spontaneous effect of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections on acute phase response (APR) in reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnish Lapland. Serum (n=609) and faecal samples (n=366) were collected from 54 reindeer calves aged zero to 33days. The samples were analysed for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, acute phase proteins (APP) and γ-globulins. Linear regression models were used to investigate associations of early Giardia infection (before 12days of life) with the response of APPs and acquiring of passive immunity. Giardia was detected in 100% and Cryptosporidium in 23% of calves. There was a negative association between early Giardia infection and γ-globulin concentrations (p=0.032) and a positive association with serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations (p=0.042). The results suggest a protective effect of colostrum against Giardia infection and that early infection may induce activation of APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Niine
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Kristel Peetsalu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | | | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Soveri
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, FI-04920 Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Toomas Orro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Uchôa FFDM, Sudré AP, Macieira DDB, Almosny NRP. The influence of serial fecal sampling on the diagnosis of giardiasis in humans, dogs, and cats. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e61. [PMID: 28902297 PMCID: PMC5574627 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia infection is a common clinical problem in humans and pets.
The diagnosis of giardiasis is challenging as hosts intermittently excrete protozoan
cysts in their feces. In the present study, we comparatively evaluated two methods of
serial fecal sampling in humans, dogs, and cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The
Faust et al. technique was used to examine fecal specimens collected in triplicate
from 133 patients (52 humans, 60 dogs, and 21 cats). Specimens from 74 patients were
received from the group assigned to carry out sampling on consecutive days - 34
humans, 35 dogs, and 5 cats, and specimens from 59 patients were received from the
group assigned to carry out sampling on non-consecutive, separate days - 18 human
beings, 25 dogs, and 16 cats. G. duodenalis cysts were found in
stools of 30 individuals. Multiple stool sampling resulted in an increase in the
number of samples that were positive for Giardia in both groups. The
authors therefore conclude that multiple stool sampling increases the sensitivity of
the Faust et al . technique to detect G. duodenalis
cysts in samples from humans, cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Pittella Sudré
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Barros Macieira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nádia Regina Pereira Almosny
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Saleh MN, Thomas JE, Heptinstall JR, Herbein JF, Wolf RF, Reichard MV, Zajac AM. Immunologic detection of Giardia duodenalis in a specific pathogen–free captive olive baboon (Papio cynocephalus anubis) colony. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:916-919. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717721580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several commercial Giardia immunoassays were evaluated in baboons for sensitivity and specificity as well as ease of use in a large specific pathogen–free (SPF) colony. An additional objective was to identify the assemblage(s) of Giardia duodenalis present in this baboon colony. A direct immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used as the reference test. Tests evaluated were a patient-side rapid test for dogs and cats, a human rapid test, and a well-plate ELISA designed for use with humans. Test sensitivities and specificities were compared using the McNemar paired t-test and were further evaluated for agreement using an unweighted Cohen kappa statistic. When compared to the IFAT reference, both human tests were more sensitive than the veterinary test. Based on PCR and sequencing of the G. duodenalis small-subunit ribosomal RNA and glutamate dehydrogenase loci, assemblage AI was present in this baboon colony. We found that 10 of the 110 (9%) baboons in this SPF colony were infected with a zoonotic strain of G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam N. Saleh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
| | - Jennifer E. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
| | - Jack R. Heptinstall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
| | - Joel F. Herbein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
| | - Mason V. Reichard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
| | - Anne M. Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (Saleh, Zajac)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Thomas, Reichard)
- TECHLAB Inc., Blacksburg, VA (Heptinstall, Herbein)
- Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK (Wolf)
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Costa M, Clarke C, Mitchell S, Papasouliotis K. Diagnostic accuracy of two point-of-care kits for the diagnosis of Giardia species infection in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 57:318-22. [PMID: 27251310 PMCID: PMC7166413 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare results obtained by ZnSO4 Flotation and SNAP ®Giardia to those generated by the new point‐of‐care tests Single and Triple Rapid. METHODS Prospective study evaluating 51 canine faecal samples submitted at a reference laboratory for the presence of Giardia spp. Kappa statistics, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by comparing the new tests to the combined results of ZnSO4 and SNAP tests. RESULTS There was fair (Single Rapid, j=0·434) to good (Triple Rapid, j =0·797) agreement with the reference tests. At this study's prevalence (59 to 61%), specificities and PPV were high (1·00) with both Rapid tests, but sensitivities and NPV were lower for the Single than for the Triple (0·48 vs 0·83 and 0·55 vs 0·80) tests. At lower prevalence rates, both tests exhibited a high PPV (1·00), but the NPV were higher with the Triple (0·96 to 0·99) than the Single (0·88 to 0·96) Rapid test. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Both tests exhibited excellent PPV values at all prevalence rates but an excellent NPV only at low prevalence. As the prevalence is likely to be low (<15%) in clinical settings, we propose that these tests may be helpful in the in‐house diagnosis of Giardia spp infection. However, they exhibit lower sensitivity than the combined sensitivity of ZnSO4 and SNAP tests, particularly in high prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Costa
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
| | - C Clarke
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
| | - S Mitchell
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
| | - K Papasouliotis
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
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Hillman AE, Ash AL, Kristancic AR, Elliot AD, Lymbery AJ, Robertson ID, Thompson RCA. Validation of various parasite detection tests for use in the Australian marsupials quenda ( Isoodon obesulus) and brushtail possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 29:64-75. [PMID: 27927910 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716674509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to validate the use of 1) the modified agglutination test and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol in detecting Toxoplasma gondii infection in quenda ( Isoodon obesulus) and brushtail possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula); 2) immunofluorescence microscopy of feces and a PCR and sequencing protocol in detecting Giardia spp. infection in quenda; and 3) a fecal flotation protocol in detecting gastrointestinal helminth infections of quenda. Quenda and brushtail possum carcasses, and samples from trapped quenda, were tested with 2 parasite detection tests per parasite, and results were modeled using Bayesian latent class analysis to estimate test sensitivity and specificity. The modified agglutination test and the PCR protocol were highly specific at detecting T. gondii infections in quenda and brushtail possums (≥93%); however, data were insufficient to assess sensitivity with adequate precision. Immunofluorescence microscopy and the PCR and sequencing protocol were both highly specific at detecting Giardia spp. in quenda (≥96%), but the PCR and sequencing protocol was relatively insensitive (69%, 95% credible interval [CrI]: 60-77%) compared to the highly sensitive immunofluorescence microscopy (98%, 95% CrI: 93-99%). The fecal flotation protocol was generally highly specific in the detection of gastrointestinal helminth infections (≥94%, with the exception of Trichuris spp. (88%, 95% CrI: 71-99%). The fecal flotation protocol was moderately to highly sensitive (≥74%) in the detection of strongyles, Labiobulura spp., Linstowinema spp., and Trichuris spp. Sensitivity was poor for detection of the cestode genus Potorolepis (36%, 95% CrI: 14-67%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Hillman
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda L Ash
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda R Kristancic
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aileen D Elliot
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Alves J, Santos A. Prevalence of Giardia spp. in young dogs using a combination of two diagnostic methods. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:261-6. [PMID: 27078649 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, prevalence of the protozoan parasites from the genus Giardia spp, with zoonotic potential and worldwide dissemination, was accessed in young dogs, which are reported as having higher prevalence rates. With that purpose, 49 animals from the Grupo de Intervenção Cinotécnico of the Guarda Nacional Republicana (Portuguese Gendarmerie Canine Unit) were chosen. They were housed individually in areas with a high number of kennels (up to 100), with ages ragging from newborns to 10 years old. Dogs were divided in four groups, according their age: under 6 months (n = 16), 6-12 months (n = 6), 12-18 months (n = 13) and 18-24 months (n = 14), comprising 22 females and 27 males. Fecal samples were collected from every animal and all were submitted to two different diagnostic tests, a passive flotation technique with a ZnSO4 solution and a detection of fecal antigen using a commercially available ELISA test (Witness® Giardia - Zoetis). From the 49 samples, 5 (10.2%) were considered positive with ZnSO4 flotation technique and 6 (12.24%) with the Witness® Giardia test. When considering the combination of both tests, 5 animals (10.2%) were considered positive. Of these, 3 (60%) were from the group under 6 months old, 1 (20%) from the 6-12 months and 1 from the 18-24 (20%) months. Within each group, in the under 6 months group 18.75% (n = 16) were considered positive, 16.67% in the 6-12 month group (n = 6), 0% in the 12-18 month group (n=13) and 7.14% in 18-24 month group (n = 14). None of the animals had clinical signs and no significant differences were found when comparing prevalence according to age, breed or gender. A combination of fecal flotation and antigen ELISA tests have good sensitivity and are easy to perform in practice and, therefore, could be a good choice to perform a diagnostic and small animal veterinarians should have this possible diagnostic in mind when in the present of clinical signs, particularly in young dogs.
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Abstract
Historically, the dog played an important role as a laboratory animal in biomedical research. Although numbers are declining, the use of dogs continues to be common in pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular studies. The normal biology of the dog as both a laboratory and a companion animal has been well studied and reference values are presented here as a clinical and experimental resource. This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. In addition, diseases and conditions that arise secondary to the housing and experimental manipulation of dogs is discussed with emphasis on treatment and prevention.
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Mohamed AS, Levine M, Camp JW, Lund E, Yoder JS, Glickman LT, Moore GE. Temporal patterns of human and canine Giardia infection in the United States: 2003-2009. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:249-56. [PMID: 24309130 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia protozoa have been suspected to be of zoonotic transmission, including transmission from companion animals such as pet dogs to humans. Patterns of infection have been previously described for dogs and humans, but such investigations have used different time periods and locations for these two species. Our objective was to describe and compare the overall trend and seasonality of Giardia species infection among dogs and humans in the United States from 2003 through 2009 in an ecological study using public health surveillance data and medical records of pet dogs visiting a large nationwide private veterinary hospital. Canine data were obtained from all dogs visiting Banfield hospitals in the United States with fecal test results for Giardia species, from January 2003 through December 2009. Incidence data of human cases from the same time period were obtained from the CDC. Descriptive time plots, a seasonal trend decomposition (STL) procedure, and seasonal autoregressive moving-average (SARIMA) models were used to assess the temporal characteristics of Giardia infection in the two species. Canine incidence showed a gradual decline from 2003 to 2009 with no significant/distinct regular seasonal component. By contrast, human incidence showed a stable annual rate with a significant regular seasonal cycle, peaking in August and September. Different temporal patterns in human and canine Giardia cases observed in this study suggest that the epidemiological disease processes underlying both series might be different, and Giardia transmission between humans and their companion dogs seems uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Mohamed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael Levine
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Joseph W Camp
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Yoder
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larry T Glickman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Mohamed AS, Glickman LT, Camp JW, Lund E, Moore GE. Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia spp. infection in a large national sample of pet dogs visiting veterinary hospitals in the United States (2003–2009). Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Parasitic infections of domestic cats, Felis catus, in western Hungary. Vet Parasitol 2012; 192:33-42. [PMID: 23211331 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During 2011, faeces from 235 owned domestic cats from a rural area in western Hungary were examined using standard coproscopical techniques. The overall prevalence of cats with endoparasites was 39.6% (95% CI 33.3-46.1). The most frequently identified faecal forms were those of ascarids (Toxocara, 17.4%; Toxascaris 7.2%), followed by those of Aelurostrongylus lungworms (14.5%), hookworms (11.1%), taeniid cestodes (4.7%), Cystoisospora coccidians (4.3%), and capillarids (3.8%). Single and multiple infections with up to five parasites concurrently were founded in 24.7% and 14.9% of the cats, respectively. Mixed endoparasite infections were recorded more frequently (p=0.0245) in cats greater than one year old compared to younger cats. Young cats (≤ 1 year) were parasitized more frequently (p<0.05) with ascarids and Cystoisospora spp. but demonstrated infections of hookworms, lungworms and taeniid cestodes less often than the older cats. Cats with taeniid infection were more likely (p<0.05) to harbour Toxocara, hookworm, Aelurostrongylus, and capillarid infections than cats without taeniid cestodes. Cats of owners who claimed the use of wormers were less frequently helminth-positive compared to cats whose owners did not use anthelmintics (21.2% vs. 44.4%; p=0.001). A subset of 115 faecal samples screened by a coproantigen ELISA revealed Giardia-specific antigen in 37.4% samples. Giardia cysts were found by immunofluorescent staining in 30 of the 43 samples tested positive for Giardia by ELISA. In addition, ectoparasites collected from 82 cats by body search and combing were identified. Fleas (1-30 per cat), biting lice (Felicola subrostratus), and ticks (1-5 per cat) were isolated from 58, 1 and 43 cats, respectively. Ctenocephalides felis was identified on all flea infested cats while single specimens of C. canis and Pulex irritans were recovered from three and two cats, respectively. All but one tick collected were adult Ixodes ricinus; the single other tick was a nymph of I. canisuga. By providing basic data on the epidemiology of parasitic infections, the results of this survey should emphasize the need of attending to parasites of cats from the veterinary point of view with respect to both appropriate diagnostics and control.
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Dreesen L, Rinaldi M, Chiers K, Li R, Geurden T, Van den Broeck W, Goddeeris B, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Microarray analysis of the intestinal host response in Giardia duodenalis assemblage E infected calves. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40985. [PMID: 22848418 PMCID: PMC3407150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite Giardia duodenalis being one of the most commonly found intestinal pathogens in humans and animals, little is known about the host-parasite interactions in its natural hosts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal response in calves following a G. duodenalis infection, using a bovine high-density oligo microarray to analyze global gene expression in the small intestine. The resulting microarray data suggested a decrease in inflammation, immune response, and immune cell migration in infected animals. These findings were examined in more detail by histological analyses combined with quantitative real-time PCR on a panel of cytokines. The transcription levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-17, and IFN-γ showed a trend of being downregulated in the jejunum of infected animals compared to the negative controls,.No immune cell recruitment could be seen after infection, and no intestinal pathologies, such as villus shortening or increased levels of apoptosis. Possible regulators of this intestinal response are the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα), and gamma (PPARγ) and the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), all for which an upregulated expression was found in the microarray and qRT-PCR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leentje Dreesen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Manuela Rinaldi
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robert Li
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Geurden
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Goddeeris
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) from eastern Colorado, an area of undefined prevalence. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185:330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Berghoff N, Steiner JM. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of chronic canine and feline enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:311-28. [PMID: 21486638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are commonly encountered in both cats and dogs. Although definitive diagnosis often requires collection of gastrointestinal biopsies for histopathologic evaluation, less invasive laboratory tests can be highly informative and should be performed prior to biopsy collection. Tests for determination of infectious causes comprise those for helminthic, protozoal, bacterial, or fungal organisms. Intestinal function and disease may be assessed by measuring serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, and C-reactive protein, and fecal concentrations of α(1)-proteinase inhibitor. Ongoing research has led to development of tests for serum perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, and fecal inflammatory markers, including S100-proteins and N-methylhistamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berghoff
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Bellosa ML, Nydam DV, Liotta JL, Zambriski JA, Linden TC, Bowman DD. A comparison of fecal percent dry matter and number of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts shed to observational fecal consistency scoring in dairy calves. J Parasitol 2010; 97:349-51. [PMID: 21506794 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2475.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of dairy calf feces is often used in research and for clinical decision making to assess severity of diarrhea. However, this has not been validated for agreement between dry matter content and observed fecal consistency. Therefore, a comparison of observed fecal consistency score to fecal percent dry matter and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst shedding was performed to assess the accuracy of observational scoring as a measure of diarrhea and its association with number of oocysts shed. Fecal samples from 20 dairy calves experimentally infected with C. parvum oocysts were collected daily post-infection and scored on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 being normal feces to 4 being severe diarrhea. An aliquot of each sample was analyzed for percent dry matter and Cryptosporidium oocyst counts by using immunofluorescent microscopy. Fecal consistency scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 had median percent dry matter of 20.9, 16.3, 9.6, and 5.8, respectively. Using percent dry matter assessed by fecal consistency scoring were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). A higher fecal consistency score also was associated with a greater number of Cryptosporidium oocysts shed (P < 0 .0001). Scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 had median oocyst counts of 0, 0, 1.3 × 10⁶, and 2.8 × 10⁶, respectively. These results suggest that observational scoring is a useful proxy to assess diarrhea in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Bellosa
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza V. Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Giardia spp Infections in Dogs and Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2010; 25:155-62. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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