1
|
Fritz SA, Hall JO. Ionophores. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:161-166. [PMID: 37696707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionophores are a class of polyether antibiotics that are commonly used as anticoccidial agents and growth promotants in ruminant diets. Ionophores transport ions across lipid membranes and down concentration gradients, which results in mitochondrial destruction, reduced cellular energy production, and ultimately cell death. Cardiomyocytes are the primary target in equine patients when exposed to toxic concentrations and the clinical disease syndrome is related to myocardial damage. Animals can survive acute exposures but can have permanent heart damage that may result in acute death at future time points. Animals that survive a poisoning incident may live productive breeding lives, but physical performance can be greatly impacted. Animals with myocardial damage are at risk of sudden death and pose a risk to riders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Fritz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1620 Denison Avenue, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Jeffery O Hall
- Cattle Technical Services, Huvepharma Inc., 525 Westpark Dr, Suite 230, Peachtree City, GA 30269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carresi C, Marabelli R, Roncada P, Britti D. Is the Use of Monensin Another Trojan Horse for the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance? Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:129. [PMID: 38391515 PMCID: PMC10886233 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex and somewhat unpredictable phenomenon. Historically, the utilization of avoparcin in intensive farming during the latter part of the previous century led to the development of resistance to vancomycin, a crucial antibiotic in human medicine with life-saving properties. Currently, in the European Union, there is a growing reliance on the ionophore antibiotic monensin (MON), which acts both as a coccidiostat in poultry farming and as a preventative measure against ketosis in lactating cows. Although many researchers claim that MON does not induce cross-resistance to antibiotics of clinical relevance in human medicine, some conflicting reports exist. The numerous applications of MON in livestock farming and the consequent dissemination of the compound and its metabolites in the environment require further investigation to definitively ascertain whether MON represents a potential vector for the propagation of AMR. It is imperative to emphasize that antibiotics cannot substitute sound animal husbandry practices or tailored dietary regimens in line with the different production cycles of livestock. Consequently, a rigorous evaluation is indispensable to assess whether the economic benefits associated with MON usage justify its employment, also considering its local and global environmental ramifications and the potential risk of instigating AMR with increased costs for its control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carresi
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Interregional Research Center for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center Veterinary Service for Human and Animal Health, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ionophore Toxicity in Animals: A Review of Clinical and Molecular Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021696. [PMID: 36675211 PMCID: PMC9863538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, ionophores have been used to control coccidiosis in poultry. However, misuse of ionophores can cause toxicity with significant clinical symptoms. The most critical factors influencing ionophores' toxicity are administration dose, species, and animal age. Although clinical signs of ionophore intoxication are well studied, the toxicity mechanisms of the ionophores at the molecular level still are not fully elucidated. This review summarizes the studies focused on polyether ionophores toxicity mechanisms in animals at the clinical and molecular levels. Studies show that ionophore toxicity mainly affects myocardial and skeletal muscle cells. The molecular mechanism of the toxication could be explained by the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation via dysregulation of ion concentration. Tiamulin-ionophore interaction and the synergetic effect of tiamulin in ionophore biotransformation are discussed. Furthermore, in recent years ionophores were candidates for reprofiling as antibacterial and anti-cancer drugs. Identifying ionophores' toxicity mechanisms at the cellular level will likely help develop novel therapies in veterinary and human medicine.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gy C, Leclere M, Bélanger MC, Allano M, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP. Acute, subacute and chronic sequelae of horses accidentally exposed to monensin-contaminated feed. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:848-856. [PMID: 32145094 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monensin is highly toxic to horses and inadvertent ingestion can result in cardiac injury and death. OBJECTIVES To describe sequelae of monensin ingestion and to determine clinical predictors of outcome. STUDY DESIGN Observational clinical study. METHODS Physical examination, electrocardiogram and echocardiography were performed on 76 horses accidentally exposed to monensin-contaminated feed. Four horses were examined within 14 days of exposure (acute period), 29 horses were examined between 15 and 45 days post-exposure (subacute period) and 70 horses were examined 4-10 months after exposure (chronic period). Follow-up information was obtained for 56 horses by telephone interviews approximately 16 months after exposure. RESULTS Cardiac abnormalities were detected in 4/4, 19/29 and 31/70 horses during the acute, subacute and chronic periods, respectively. Sixteen months post-exposure, 34 of the 64 horses (53%) for which the outcome was known had returned to their previous use, 13 (20%) were reported to be exercise intolerant, three (5%) were retired and 14 (22%) were dead (two deaths, 12 euthanasia). Thinning of the myocardium observed at any point in time was associated with a negative outcome. Heterogeneity of the myocardium observed in the acute/subacute period was associated with a negative outcome while subjective contractile intraventricular dyssynchrony, cardiac chamber dilation, decreased fractional shortening and multiple premature ventricular complexes observed in the chronic period were associated with a negative outcome. Some horses with significant changes associated with a negative outcome in the chronic phase still returned to their previous work. MAIN LIMITATIONS No control group and only 27 horses were examined more than once. CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcome of horses exposed to sublethal doses of monensin is highly variable. The presence of heterogeneity and thinning of the myocardium shortly after intoxication were associated with a negative outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Gy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bélanger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marion Allano
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Granados-Chinchilla F, Arias-Andrés MDJ, Fernández Montes de Oca ML, Rodríguez C. Effect of the veterinary ionophore monensin on the structure and activity of a tropical soil bacterial community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:127-134. [PMID: 31588829 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1673612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monensin (MON) is a coccidiostat used as a growth promoter that can reach the environment through fertilization with manure from farm animals. To verify whether field-relevant concentrations of this drug negatively influence the structure and activity of tropical soil bacteria, plate counts, CO2 efflux measurements, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) profiles were obtained for soil microcosms exposed to 1 or 10 mg kg-1 of MON across 11 days. Although 53% (1 mg kg-1) to 40% (10 mg kg-1) of the MON concentrations added to the microcosms dissipated within 5 days, a subtle concentration-dependent decrease in the number of culturable bacteria (<1 log CFU g-1), reduced (-20 to -30%) or exacerbated (+25%) soil CO2 effluxes, a marked shift of non-bacterial fatty acids, and altered respiration of amines (1.22-fold decrease) and polymers (1.70-fold increase) were noted in some of the treatments. These results suggest that MON quickly killed some microorganisms and that the surviving populations were selected and metabolically stimulated. Consequently, MON should be monitored in agronomic and environmental systems as part of One Health efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - María de Jesús Arias-Andrés
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - César Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) and Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pericardial Disease, Myocardial Disease, and Great Vessel Abnormalities in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:139-157. [PMID: 30871834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericardial, myocardial, and great vessel diseases are relatively rare in horses. The clinical signs are often nonspecific and vague, or related to the underlying cause. Physical examination usually reveals tachycardia, fever, venous distension or jugular pulsation, a weak or bounding arterial pulse, ventral edema, and abnormal cardiac auscultation such as arrhythmia, murmur, or muffled heart sounds. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the disease progression, and ranges from full recovery to poor prognosis for survival. This article focuses on the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of pericarditis, pericardial mass lesions, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and great vessel aneurysm or rupture.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bischoff K, Moiseff J. Equine feed contamination and toxicology. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:111-118. [PMID: 32704694 PMCID: PMC7200950 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed as a cause of poisoning in horses can occur on small or large scales. It is challenging to work up cases of suspected feed contamination, but there are resources available to veterinarians and owners. Feed contamination can be chemical or biological. This article focuses on and provides examples of chemical feed contamination including misformulation, adulteration, and natural contaminants. Additionally, recommendations for feed sampling and diagnostic submission, including legal documentation, are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jennifer Moiseff
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raftery AG. When should we measure cardiac troponin I? EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Raftery
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow Bearsden Road Glasgow Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bosch L, Bersenas AM, Bateman S. Acute polyneuromyopathy with respiratory failure secondary to monensin intoxication in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 28:62-68. [PMID: 29210488 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a successfully managed case of polyneuropathy and respiratory failure secondary to presumed monensin intoxication. CASE SUMMARY A 9-month-old Australian Shepherd was evaluated for progressive generalized weakness and respiratory distress. Several days preceding presentation, the dog was seen playing with a monensin capsule, and had free access to a barn where the product was stored and where chewed capsules were subsequently found. The dog was presented with flaccid tetraparesis, hyperthermia, and severe respiratory distress. Bloodwork and urinalysis revealed marked increase in serum creatine kinase concentration and presumed myoglobinuria. Cardiac troponin I level was markedly increased. Management included mechanical ventilation for 5 days, fluid-therapy, active cooling, antimicrobial therapy, analgesia, gastroprotectants, antiemetics, enteral feedings, continuous nursing care, and physiotherapy. Intravenous lipid rescue therapy was administered with lack of improvement in respiratory function and muscle strength. The patient completely recovered and was discharged after 12 days of hospitalization. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Monensin intoxication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute polyneuromyopathy and respiratory failure in dogs with access to this compound. Respiratory failure secondary to monensin intoxication does not necessarily carry a poor prognosis if mechanical ventilation can be provided as a bridge until return of respiratory function is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bosch
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Alexa M Bersenas
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Shane Bateman
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Veterinary pathologists working in diagnostic laboratories are sometimes presented with cases involving animal poisonings that become the object of criminal or civil litigation. Forensic veterinary toxicology cases can include cases involving animal cruelty (malicious poisoning), regulatory issues (eg, contamination of the food supply), insurance litigation, or poisoning of wildlife. An understanding of the appropriate approach to these types of cases, including proper sample collection, handling, and transport, is essential so that chain of custody rules are followed and proper samples are obtained for toxicological analysis. Consultation with veterinary toxicologists at the diagnostic laboratory that will be processing the samples before, during, and after the forensic necropsy can help to ensure that the analytical tests performed are appropriate for the circumstances and findings surrounding the individual case.
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith KF, Quinn RL, Rahilly LJ. Biomarkers for differentiation of causes of respiratory distress in dogs and cats: Part 1 - Cardiac diseases and pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:311-29. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
12
|
Decloedt A, de Clercq D, Ven S, van der Vekens N, Chiers K, van Loon G. Right atrial and right ventricular ultrasound-guided biopsy technique in standing horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:346-51. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. de Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - N. van der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Statement on the update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 1: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until October 2014. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
14
|
Díaz OMS, Durando MM, Birks EK, Reef VB. Cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:118-25. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Bautista AC, Tahara J, Mete A, Gaskill CL, Bryant UK, Puschner B. Diagnostic value of tissue monensin concentrations in horses following toxicosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:423-427. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714523774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separate incidents of monensin exposure in horses resulting in toxicosis provided insight into the diagnostic value and interpretive criteria of various biological samples. In case 1, 25 horses broke into a shed and ingested feed that was supplemented with 800 g/ton (880 µg/g) of monensin. Within 48 hr, 1 horse had died, 2 developed cardiac arrhythmias, lethargy, and recumbency, and another was euthanized due to severe deterioration. Minimal histologic lesions were noted in the horse that died peracutely, while another showed characteristic lesions of acute cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrosis. Stomach content, heart, liver, urine, and serum revealed various detectable concentrations of monensin in clinically affected and unaffected horses with known exposure. In case 2, a pastured horse had access to a mineral mix containing 1,600 g/ton (1,760 µg/g) of monensin. Within 48 hr, the horse became symptomatic and was euthanized because of severe respiratory distress. Histologic cardiac lesions were minimal but detectable amounts of monensin were found in blood, heart, liver, and stomach contents. In both cases, monensin toxicosis was confirmed with toxicological analysis. These cases demonstrate an overall lack of correlation of monensin concentrations in various biological samples with clinical outcome. However, serum, urine, blood, liver, heart, and stomach content can be tested to confirm exposure. More importantly, the consistently higher concentrations found in heart tissue suggest this is the most useful diagnostic specimen for postmortem confirmation of toxicosis in horses especially in cases in which associated feed cannot be tested for monensin or in cases with no histologic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C. Bautista
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Bautista, Tahara, Mete, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington KY (Gaskill, Bryant)
| | - John Tahara
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Bautista, Tahara, Mete, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington KY (Gaskill, Bryant)
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Bautista, Tahara, Mete, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington KY (Gaskill, Bryant)
| | - Cynthia L. Gaskill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Bautista, Tahara, Mete, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington KY (Gaskill, Bryant)
| | - Uneeda K. Bryant
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Bautista, Tahara, Mete, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington KY (Gaskill, Bryant)
| | - Birgit Puschner
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Bautista, Tahara, Mete, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington KY (Gaskill, Bryant)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hepworth‐Warren KL, Alcott CJ. Treatment and resolution of zilpaterol hydrochloride toxicity in a
Q
uarter
H
orse gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Hepworth‐Warren
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| | - C. J. Alcott
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The protective effect of silybin against lasalocid cytotoxic exposure on chicken and rat cell lines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:783519. [PMID: 23509777 PMCID: PMC3591103 DOI: 10.1155/2013/783519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lasalocid, an ionophore coccidiostat, extensive use implies a risk of toxicological impacts. Protective effects of silybin, a herbal compound of Silybum marianum, are reported elsewhere. The aim of this study was to compare effects of the combined use of lasalocid and silybin in chicken hepatoma cells (LMH) and rat myoblasts (L6) cell lines cultures. The cytoprotective effect resulting from an interaction of both pharmaceuticals was measured with the help of MTT reduction and, coomassie brilliant blue binding (CBB) and LDH release assays. Isobolography and the combination index (CI) estimated the nature and scale of interaction. In all performed tests, the lowest lasalocid EC50-values were obtained for chicken hepatocytes. In the rat myoblasts cultures, the lowest lasalocid EC50-values were found with LDH test. Simultaneously, a lack of silybin cytotoxic effect was proven for the studied cell lines. An interaction between both substances led to a considerable decrease of lasalocid cytotoxicity. The isobolograms and combination index showed a significant antagonistic nature of silybin effect in the course of lasalocid cytotoxicity. It is concluded that the mechanism of cytoprotection results from complex reaction at biochemical and biophysical endpoints during chicken hepatocytes and rat myoblasts cell lines exposure to silybin and lasalocid co-action.
Collapse
|
18
|
Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, Clercq D, Loon G. Tissue Doppler Imaging and 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking of Left Ventricular Function in Horses Exposed to Lasalocid. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1209-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - T. Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Sys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - D. Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - G. Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| |
Collapse
|