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Finno CJ, Kaese HJ, Miller AD, Gianino G, Divers T, Valberg SJ. Pigment retinopathy in warmblood horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:304-309. [PMID: 27491953 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A pigment retinopathy has been reported in adult horses with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) arising from chronic α-tocopherol (α-TP) deficiency. A pigment retinopathy has not been identified in horses with neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (NAD/EDM) that affects genetically susceptible young horses with α-TP deficiency. The objective of this report is to describe, for the first time, a pigment retinopathy in a family of α-TP-deficient Warmbloods (WB) with clinically apparent NAD/EDM or EMND. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-five WB horses from one farm underwent complete neurologic and ophthalmic examinations and serum α-TP concentrations were assessed. Two of the most severely ataxic horses were euthanized and postmortem examinations performed. RESULTS Alpha-TP deficiency was widespread on this farm (22 of 25 horses). Eleven of 25 horses were clinically normal (age range 2-12 years), one had signs of EMND (6 years of age), 10 had signs of ataxia consistent with NAD/EDM (1-10 years), and two of these were postmortem confirmed concurrent NAD/EDM and EMND. A pigment retinopathy characterized by varying amounts of granular dark pigment in the tapetal retina was observed in four clinically apparent NAD/EDM horses (two postmortem confirmed concurrent NAD/EDM and EMND) and one horse with clinical signs of EMND. CONCLUSIONS A pigment retinopathy can be present in young α-TP-deficient Warmblood horses with clinical signs of EMND as well as those with signs of NAD/EDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Giuliana Gianino
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Stephanie J Valberg
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48895, USA
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Finno CJ, Miller AD, Sisó S, Divers T, Gianino G, Barro MV, Valberg SJ. Concurrent Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in Three Young Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1344-50. [PMID: 27298214 PMCID: PMC5089576 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - A D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - S Sisó
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - T Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - G Gianino
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - M V Barro
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - S J Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Robin M, Malbon A, Ricci E, McGowan C, Malalana F. Reduced tongue tone associated with degeneration of the hypoglossal nerve nucleus in a horse with equine motor neuron disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Robin
- University of Liverpool Equine Hospital; UK
| | - A. Malbon
- Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; UK
| | - E. Ricci
- Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; UK
| | - C. McGowan
- University of Liverpool Equine Hospital; UK
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Finno C, Valberg S. A Comparative Review of Vitamin E and Associated Equine Disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1251-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C.J. Finno
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN
| | - S.J. Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN
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5
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Secombe CJ, Lester GD. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Finno CJ, Eaton JS, Aleman M, Hollingsworth SR. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis due to Neospora hughesi and equine motor neuron disease in a mule. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:259-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Answers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Syrjä P, Cizinauskas S, Sankari SM, Mäkelä O, Tulamo RM, Lahunta AD. Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in a horse without vitamin E deficiency: a sequela of iron excess? EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McGowan C, McGowan T, Patterson-Kane J. Prevalence of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and other myopathies in two equine populations in the United Kingdom. Vet J 2009; 180:330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perception of Equine Practitioners Regarding the Occurrence of Selected Equine Neurologic Diseases in the Northeast Over a 10-Year Period. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Divers TJ, Cummings JE, de Lahunta A, Hintz HF, Mohammed HO. Evaluation of the risk of motor neuron disease in horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:120-6. [PMID: 16426221 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether equine motor neuron disease (EMND) could be induced in adult horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron. ANIMALS 59 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE Horses in the experimental group (n = 8) were confined to a dirt lot and fed a concentrate low in vitamin E and high in iron and copper in addition to free-choice grass hay that had been stored for 1 year. Control horses (n = 51) were fed a concentrate containing National Research Council-recommended amounts of copper, iron, and vitamin E. The hay fed to control horses was the same as that fed to experimental horses, but it had not been subjected to prolonged storage. Control horses had seasonal access to pasture, whereas experimental horses had no access to pasture. Horses that developed clinical signs of EMND were euthanatized along with an age-matched control horse to determine differences in hepatic concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, copper, iron, and selenium. RESULTS 4 experimental horses developed clinical signs of EMND. Plasma concentrations of vitamin E decreased in all 8 experimental horses. There were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of vitamin A, selenium, and copper or serum concentrations of ferritin. There were no significant differences in those analytes between experimental horses with EMND and experimental horses that did not develop EMND. No control horses developed EMND. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that lack of access to pasture, dietary deficiency of vitamin E, or excessive dietary copper are likely risk factors for EMND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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McGorum BC, Mayhew IG, Amory H, Deprez P, Gillies L, Green K, Mair TS, Nollet H, Wijnberg ID, Hahn CN. Horses on pasture may be affected by equine motor neuron disease. Equine Vet J 2006; 38:47-51. [PMID: 16411586 DOI: 10.2746/042516406775374207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) was diagnosed in 3 horses maintained on lush, grass-based pasture. This contrasted with North American studies which identified limited or no access to green herbage as an important risk factor for EMND. HYPOTHESIS Grazing horses that have an apparently adequate intake of pasture herbage to meet normal equine vitamin E requirements can develop EMND. METHODS Owners of 32 European horses diagnosed with EMND completed a questionnaire regarding intrinsic, managemental, nutritional and environmental factors that could potentially be risk factors for EMND, and also regarding clinical signs, treatments and case outcome. Plasma/serum vitamin E data for these horses were supplied by the veterinarians. No control population was studied. RESULTS Thirteen of 32 horses (termed the 'grazing' group) had part- or full-time access to grass-based pasture at the onset of EMND (median duration at pasture 12 h/day, range 3-24 h). Five of these horses were at pasture for at least 235 h/day at the onset of EMND, 2 of which were at pasture for at least 23.5 h/day throughout the year. Despite grazing, all these horses had a low vitamin E status. The remaining 19 horses resembled those cases reported from North America, in that they had no or limited access to pasture. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE A diagnosis of EMND should not be discounted on the basis that a horse has access, even full-time, to lush grass-based pasture. Inadequate vitamin E intake was probably not the sole cause of either the EMND or the low vitamin E status in the grazing horses; the latter was probably the result of abnormal bioavailability or excessive utilisation of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C McGorum
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Sasaki N, Yamada M, Morita Y, Furuoka H, Itoh M, Satoh M, Yamada H. A Case of Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND). J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1367-9. [PMID: 17213712 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of EMND in a heavy horse that was bred and trained in Hokkaido, Japan. Clinical symptoms included severe ataxia of all four limbs, tilted head, lethargy, and flaccid lips. Numerous axonal degenerations and swellings were observed in nuclei, mostly in the cerebellar dentate nucleus and the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve, and in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. In the ventral horn of the spinal cord, neuronal degeneration, swelling, and/or necrosis were observed sporadically. The case was diagnosed as EMND from the clinical symptoms and pathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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van der Kolk JH, Rijnen KEPM, Rey F, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Grinwis GCM, Wijnberg ID. Evaluation of glucose metabolism in three horses with lower motor neuron degeneration. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:271-6. [PMID: 15757127 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether increased glucose metabolism is the potential cause of the decreased plasma glucose curve determined after oral glucose tolerance testing in horses with lower motor neuron degeneration. ANIMALS 3 horses with signs suggestive of lower motor neuron degeneration, 1 horse with malignant melanoma with multiple metastases, and an obese but otherwise healthy horse. Procedures-Glucose metabolism was assessed by use of the hyperglycemic clamp and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp techniques. RESULTS Mean rate of glucose metabolism of horses with lower motor neuron degeneration was significantly greater (mean, 3.7 times greater than control horses; range, 2.1 to 4.8 times greater) than that reported in 5 healthy control horses (41 +/- 13 micromol/kg/min vs 11 +/- 4.5 micromol/kg/min, respectively). In addition, one of the affected horses, an 8-year-old warmblood gelding, had a 5.6-times increased sensitivity to exogenously administered insulin, compared with that reported in 5 healthy control horses. Pancreatic insulin secretion was not insufficient in horses with lower motor neuron degeneration. Findings in the 2 diseased control horses were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased glucose metabolism in horses with lower motor neuron degeneration may be the cause of the decreased plasma glucose curve detected after oral glucose tolerance testing. This finding could aid in developing supportive treatments with respect to adequate glucose and vitamin E supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H van der Kolk
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Benders NA, Dyer J, Wijnberg ID, Shirazi-Beechey SP, van der Kolk JH. Evaluation of glucose tolerance and intestinal luminal membrane glucose transporter function in horses with equine motor neuron disease. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:93-9. [PMID: 15691042 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm whether the plasma glucose concentration curve obtained during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in horses with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is decreased, compared with that obtained in clinically normal horses, and determine whether that decrease is a result of defective glucose metabolism or intestinal glucose transport dysfunction. ANIMALS 8 horses with EMND and 44 matched control horses. PROCEDURE Electromyography and OGTTs were performed in all 8 affected horses and 10 control horses. Intravenous GTTs (IVGTTs) were performed in 6 affected horses and another 11 control horses. The activity and levels of jejunal luminal membrane glucose transporter (Na+ / glucose cotransporter isoform 1 [SGLT1]) were measured in 2 affected horses and 23 control horses. RESULTS In horses with EMND, generalized neuropathy was detected via quantitative electromyography; the mean increase in plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT was significantly decreased, compared with the value in control horses. During the IVGTT the mean increase in plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower than that of control horses. The activity and levels of SGLT1 in 2 affected horses were similar to those of control horses. Diagnosis of EMND was confirmed postmortem in all affected horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Data suggest that the decreased plasma glucose curve obtained in horses with EMND during OGTTs (compared with control horses) is a result of overall enhanced glucose metabolism or abnormalities in the facilitated glucose transporters; definitive identification of the underlying mechanisms could aid in the development of appropriate treatments of EMND in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikkie A Benders
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Muñoz A, Riber C, Santisteban R, Lucas RG, Castejón FM. Effect of training duration and exercise on blood-borne substrates, plasma lactate and enzyme concentrations in Andalusian, Anglo-Arabian and Arabian breeds. Equine Vet J 2002:245-51. [PMID: 12405695 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic responses to exercise differ between Andalusian horses and other breeds, although changes in plasma muscle enzymes have not been reported and most useful information is obtained from animals subjected to different training programmes. The objectives of this study were to 1) describe the changes in plasma enzymes during exercise in different horse breeds in relation to other biochemical parameters (Experiment A) and 2) assess the effect of training duration on these measures (Experiment B). Twenty stallions, 9 Andalusian (AN), 7 Arabian (A) and 4 Anglo-Arabian (AA), age 5-10 years, were studied. They performed 3 exercise tests (ET), consisting of a warm-up of 800 m at 0.7 km/h and 4 workloads at 15, 20, 25 and 30 km/h, at respective distances of 1250, 1670, 2080 and 2500 m, with 5 min active recovery between each workload (Experiment A). Three ETs were performed at the beginning and after 2 and 6 months of training (Experiment B). Venous blood samples were collected during the ETs and plasma glucose (GLU), free fatty acids (FFA), lactate (LA), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBHD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Na+, K+ and Cl- were measured. AN horses responded to exercise with greater increases in GLU, HBHD, LDH, CK and AST compared to the other breeds. An unexpected result in Experiment A was the lack of interbreed differences in plasma peak LA concentrations, since it is commonly accepted that AA and A horses have greater athletic potential. Although the glycolytic response to exercise was reduced after 2 months of training in the AA and A horses, and after 6 months of training in the AN horses, at the end of Experiment B, AN horses produced more lactate than the other 2 breeds. Most of the adaptations linked to training were found in the AN breed. The more striking changes in plasma enzyme activities corresponded to CK in AN horses after 2 months of training. The attenuation of CK response to exercise was related to lower extrafibrilar GLU utilisation with LA formation and greater fat metabolism. The results show that plasma muscle enzyme concentrations for the diagnosis of equine myopathies must be interpreted in relation to breed and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muñoz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera, CEU University, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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