1
|
Scalco R, Aleman M, Nogueira CEW, Freitas NB, Curcio BR. Red cell distribution width values and red cell distribution width-to-platelet ratio in Thoroughbred foals in the first 24 hours of life. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:217-222. [PMID: 36537889 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report red cell distribution width (RDW) values, to calculate RDW-to-platelet ratio (RPR), and to investigate a possible correlation of RDW and RPR index values in neonatal foals classified as healthy or at risk based on clinical information from a population of foals up to 24 hours of life. DESIGN Retrospective study conducted from records and CBCs of foals born between June and November from 2018 to 2020 foaling seasons. SETTING Breeding farm. ANIMALS Three hundred and nine neonatal full-term Thoroughbred foals. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Foals were evaluated by a veterinarian within 15 minutes after birth, and a blood sample was collected within 24 hours of life. Based on clinical information, 88 of 309 foals (28.4%) were considered at risk of perinatal disease, and 201 were healthy. Mean gestational age for the foals was 346.3 ± 9.7 days. RDW values did not differ between groups. Gestational length demonstrated to have a negative correlation with RDW (r = -0.156, P = 0.005) and mean corpuscular volume (r = -0.135, P = 0.01), indicating a link of these variables to foal maturity. RPR index was higher for at-risk (0.073 ± 0.018) than for healthy foals (0.068 ± 0.014, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION RPR might be a promising early indicator of disease for the field triage of neonatal foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Scalco
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carlos E W Nogueira
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natalia B Freitas
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna R Curcio
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Felici M, Sgorbini M, Baragli P, Lanatà A, Marmorini P, Camillo F. Autonomic nervous system balance in parturient mares: Spontaneous vs induced delivery. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283116. [PMID: 36930584 PMCID: PMC10022798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery is not easily predictable in horses and the consequences of dystocia can be serious for both the mare and foal. An induction protocol with low doses of oxytocin has been reported as a safe procedure. This study investigates the effect of induced delivery on at-term mares' sympathetic-vagal balance. Fourteen mares were included and divided into two groups, one subjected to spontaneous delivery (SD), and one to induced delivery (ID). In both groups, an ECG was recorded using an elastic belt with integrated smart textile electrodes. The recording started before the delivery (Basal), continued close to delivery (Pre-delivery) and during delivery (Delivery), and ended after parturition (Placental expulsion). From the ECGs, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) parameters relating to time and frequency domains and non-linear analysis were extrapolated. The HRV analysis was performed both within the same group (IntraGA) and between the two groups (InterGA). In the present study, spontaneous and induced delivery did not appear to differ in autonomic nervous system functioning. In IntraGA analysis, both for SD and ID mares, delivery and placental expulsion periods were parasympathetic dominated since vagal-related HRV parameters increased. Moreover, no differences were found in InterGA comparison between SD and ID mares, except for the pre-delivery period of ID mares, during which both branches of the autonomic nervous system were activated. These results are in line with the literature on parasympathetic dominance during parturition and no change in Heart Rate Variability following exogenous oxytocin administration in parturient mares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Felici
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanatà
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Camillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Magalhaes HB, Canisso IF. Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal placental pole and fetal eyeball diameter and associations with the season, duration of gestation, placental weight, sex of the foal, and birthweight in donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 113:103936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
4
|
Clothier J, Small A, Hinch G, Brown WY. Perinatal Stress in Immature Foals May Lead to Subclinical Adrenocortical Dysregulation in Adult Horses: Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
Magalhaes HB, Canuto LEF, Canisso IF. Electrolytes and pH of Mammary Gland Secretions Assessments to Detect Impending Parturition and Associations With Placental and Neonate Features in Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 102:103636. [PMID: 34119196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the usefulness of serial assessment of mammary gland electrolytes concentrations and correspondent pH to detect impending parturition in jennies; and (ii2) the associations between mammary gland secretions, and gestation length, foal sex, maternal, placental, and foal birth weights. Multiparous jennies (n = 37) were monitored daily from 350 to 355 days of gestation until parturition. The pH of mammary gland secretions was assessed daily with a hand-held device. Aliquots of mammary secretions were frozen daily and then retrospectively assessed for electrolyte concentrations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) with an automated analyzer from five days until the last sampling pre-partum. Mammary gland electrolytes and pH were analyzed with mix-models. The gestational length, newborn, maternal, and fetal membranes weights were analyzed with t-test grouped by foal's sex. Associations across all variables were assessed with Pearson's coefficient of correlation. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV) were evaluated for pH (≤ 6.4), Ca2+ (>10 mmol/L), and a combination of both. Each jenny had pH profiles assessed visually and classified as fast pH drop (1), slow pH drop (2), and alkaline pH (3) as previously described for horses. The overall gestation length was 374 ± 8.7 days, ranging from 357 to 390 days. There were no differences for gestation lengths for jennies delivering colts (374 ± 2.1 range 357-385 days), versus the ones delivering fillies (373 ± 2.3 range 358-390 days) (P > .05). Of all the foals, there were 61.8% colts and 38.2% fillies. The ratio of foal birthweight with the dam's bodyweight was 9.7%, and the ratio with fetal membranes was 11%. The majority of parturitions happened during the night (91.9%). There was a significant reduction in Na+ and an increase in Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ concentrations leading to foaling. The pH showed a 90% sensitivity for foaling within 24 hours, whereas the specificity was 70%, and the PPV and NPV values were 40% and 97%. Of interest, Ca2+ (>10 mmol/l) displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 85%, whereas the PPV and NPV were 72% and 84%. In the present study, jennies exhibited profiles 1 to 3 as previously described for mares. Herein, 65% of the jennies displayed profile 2 and foaled with a mean acidic pH of 6.4 ± 0.02. Conversely, 32% of the jennies showed a fast reduction in the pH of mammary secretion (profile 1) from day -1 (7.3 ± 0.2) to the day of foaling with an average pH of 6.6 ± 0.08. One jenny foaled with high and alkaline pH (i.e., 7.5). There were weak and negative correlations between pH and Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ (P < .05). In addition, Ca2+ displayed a weak but significant correlation with Mg2+, Na+, and K+. In conclusion, daily pH measurements of the mammary gland secretions can predict foaling in jennies, whereas Ca2+ was not as useful. Contrary to horses that most mares present a fast pH profile, most jennies showed a slow pH profile. The sex of foal did not affect the gestational length and fetal/maternal and fetal membrane proportions in donkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto B Magalhaes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign, Urbana IL
| | - Lucas E F Canuto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign, Urbana IL
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign, Urbana IL.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Borba LDA, Nogueira CEW, Bruhn FRP, da Silva GC, Feijó LS, Canisso IF, Curcio BDR. Peripheral blood markers of sepsis in foals born from mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Vet Rec 2021; 187:29. [PMID: 33638540 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal death during the first-week postfoaling. Despite recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in the newborn foal, the non-specific clinical signs and subtle nature of this disease may result in delayed diagnosis until severe progression of the disease; thus, early detection of sepsis remains critical for a favourable outcome. This study aimed to identify early blood markers as predictive of sepsis on foals. METHODS Thirty-five foals were allocated into three groups: healthy control foals (n=7) and foals born from mares with placentitis: septic foals (n=9) and non-septic foals (n=19). Blood samples were obtained immediately after foaling and at 12, 24 and 48 hours. All samples were assessed for glucose, lactate, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, total solids, fibrinogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations. RESULTS At foaling, glucose and GGT concentrations were lower in septic foals (P<0.001). Of interest, SAA, AFP, creatinine and total cholesterol were higher in septic foals at parturition (P<0.05). At 12 hours, lactate, triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations were higher in septic foals. When evaluated at 24 and 48 hours, higher concentrations of SAA and AFP were found in placentitis foals than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Total cholesterol and lactate appear to be suitable markers for sepsis during the first 24 hours postpartum. Septic foals displayed altered energy metabolisms as determined by increased triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, hypoglycaemia at birth and reduced activity of the GGT and increased lactate and urea concentrations. Sepsis was associated with high concentrations of SAA and AFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Araujo Borba
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Castro da Silva
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorena Soares Feijó
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruna da Rosa Curcio
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sgorbini M, Freccero F, Castagnetti C, Mariella J, Lanci A, Marmorini P, Camillo F. Peripartum findings and blood gas analysis in newborn foals born after spontaneous or induced parturition. Theriogenology 2020; 158:18-23. [PMID: 32919369 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of parturition in horses is still not well accepted due to the potential peripartum complications for mares and newborn foals. We assessed differences after spontaneous and induced parturition with low doses of oxytocin (OX) in 1) incidence of peripartum complications in mares; 2) viability, behavioral, physical, and venous blood gas analyses in foals. In this study 61 mares were included; 45/61 were enrolled in the spontaneous foaling group (SF) and 16/61 in the induced foaling group (IF). In the IF group, when the calcium in mammary secretion reached concentrations of ≥250 ppm, mares received a single injection of 2.5 IU of oxytocin IV once a day until foaling. Mares' breed, age, parity, gestational and stage II length, and peripartum complications were recorded. Foal maturity, vital (Apgar score), behavioral and physical parameters were assessed at birth, and the foal clinical condition was monitored for one week. A jugular venous blood sample was collected at birth for blood gas analysis, acid-base status, and lactate assessment. The median gestational length was within the reference interval in all the mares included and did not differ between the two groups. No statistical differences in the II stage length nor in incidence of peripartum complications were observed between the two groups. All the foals were born alive and showed no signs of prematurity/dysmaturity. No statistical differences were found in foal viability between the two groups. Time to stand and nurse from the mare, and body temperature were significantly higher in the IF compared to the SF group. Venous blood pH, SO2% and BE were lower, while pCO2 and lactate were higher in the IF than in the SF group. All the foals in both groups remained clinically healthy during the observation period. In conclusion, at term induction of parturition with a low dose of oxytocin does not have adverse effects on peripartum in mares. Our findings suggest that at term induced foals suffer slightly greater, but not clinically significant, hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis than spontaneously delivered foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Marmorini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Camillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clothier J, Small A, Hinch G, Brown WY. Prematurity and Dysmaturity Are Associated With Reduced Height and Shorter Distal Limb Length in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103129. [PMID: 32684267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The long-term effects of gestational immaturity in the premature (defined as < 320 days gestation) and dysmature (normal term but showing some signs of prematurity) foal have not been thoroughly investigated. Studies have reported that a high percentage of gestationally immature foals with related orthopedic issues such as incomplete ossification may fail to fulfill their intended athletic purpose, particularly in Thoroughbred racing. In humans, premature birth is associated with shorter stature at maturity and variations in anatomical ratios, linked to alterations in metabolism and timing of physeal closure in the long bones. We hypothesized that gestational immaturity in horses might similarly be associated with reduced height and different anatomical ratios at maturity. In this preliminary study, the skeletal ratios of horses with a history of gestational immaturity, identified through veterinary and breeder records, were compared with those of unaffected, closely related horses (i.e., sire, dam, sibling). External measurements were taken from conformation photographs of cases (n = 19) and related horses (n = 28), and these were then combined into indices to evaluate and compare metric properties of conformation. A principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components account for 43.8% of the total conformational variation of the horses' external features, separating horses with a rectangular conformation (body length > height at the withers), from those that are more square (body length = height at the withers). Varimax rotation of PC1 and analysis of different gestational groups showed a significant effect of gestational immaturity (P = .001), with the premature group being more affected than the dysmature group (P = .009, P = .012). Mean values for the four dominant indices showed that these groups have significantly lower distal limb to body length relationships than controls. The observed differences suggest that gestational immaturity may affect anatomical ratios at maturity, which, in combination with orthopedic issues arising from incomplete ossification, may have a further impact on long-term athletic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Clothier
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, New England Highway, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Alison Small
- Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Hinch
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Y Brown
- Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Müller V, Toribio RE, Dembek K, Moraes BSS, Mousquer MA, Curcio BR, Nogueira CEW. Serum cortisol and thyroid hormone concentrations and survival in foals born from mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1332-1338. [PMID: 32339347 PMCID: PMC7255665 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are few publications on occurrence of nonthyroidal illness syndrome in foals and on the prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations in newborn foals. Objectives To determine serum cortisol and TH concentrations (total and free thyroxine: T4 and FT4; total and free triiodothyronine: T3 and FT3) in foals born from mares with placentitis, to determine their association with survival, and their use as prognostic markers. Animals A cohort of 29 newborn foals comprising 5 Control, 14 Low‐risk, and 10 Sick foals were evaluated over the first week of life. Methods In this prospective study foals born to mares with experimentally‐induced placentitis were assigned to Low‐risk or Sick groups while foals born to control mares were classified as Control based on clinical findings. Foals were also classified as Term (n = 13), Dysmature (n = 7), or Premature (n = 9), and survival rate was recorded. Serum cortisol and TH hormone concentrations were measured at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 168 hours of life. Results Sick non‐surviving foals had lower (P < .05) T3 : cortisol ratio at 12 (3.68 ± 1.06 versus 18.58 ± 2.78), 24 (5.47 ± 2.34 versus 23.40 ± 3.82), and 48 (10.47 ± 6.29 versus 26.6 ± 2.90) hours of life when compared to Sick surviving foals and lower (P < .05) T4 : cortisol ratio at 12 (75.12 ± 21.71 versus 414.47 ± 58.47) and 24 hours (127.83 ± 55.21 versus 430.87 ± 80.31) after birth than Sick surviving foals. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Placental infections can impair fetal thyroid function. Low T3 : cortisol and T4 : cortisol ratios seem to be good prognostic markers in newborn foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Müller
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Katarzyna Dembek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Iowa, United States
| | - Bruna S S Moraes
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Mousquer
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna R Curcio
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos E W Nogueira
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodrigues JA, Gonçalves AR, Antunes L, Bettencourt EV, Gama LT. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing Gestation Length in Lusitano Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 84:102850. [PMID: 31864463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Breeding and parturition records collected over a period of 35 years in the Alter Real stud of Lusitano horses were used to calculate gestation length (GL). The 1027 gestations by 209 mares mated to 60 stallions had a mean GL of 338.1 ± 9.26 days. The mixed model analysis of variance indicated that the sex of the foal and inbreeding of the dam and foal had no significant effect on GL (P > .05). On the other hand, GL increased linearly with mare age, with an estimated regression coefficient of 0.155 ± 0.069 days/year (P < .05). Year and conception month affected GL (P < .05), with longer gestations observed when breeding occurred between January and April, followed by a decline of about 5 and 10 days in GL of mares bred in May and in June-July, respectively. Important differences were observed between stallions (P < .05), with most stallions resulting in a distribution of GL in an interval of ±5 days. The inclusion of the mare as a random effect in the mixed model resulted in an estimated repeatability of GL of 0.427, indicating that mares tend to be regular in having long or short gestations across their lifetime. Variance components estimated in an Animal Model resulted in heritability estimates of 0.39 for maternal genetic effects and 0.19 for direct genetic effects, with no association between the two components. Overall, the mare seems to have the major genetic influence on GL in Lusitano horses, but environmental factors, such as month of conception and also the age of the mare, have a noticeable effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana A Rodrigues
- CIISA - Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Gonçalves
- Veterinary Medicine Department, ICAAM - Mediterranean Environment and Agrarian Sciences Institute, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Antunes
- Veterinary Medicine Department, ICAAM - Mediterranean Environment and Agrarian Sciences Institute, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Elisa V Bettencourt
- Veterinary Medicine Department, ICAAM - Mediterranean Environment and Agrarian Sciences Institute, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Luis T Gama
- CIISA - Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aleman M, McCue PM, Chigerwe M, Madigan JE. Plasma concentrations of steroid precursors, steroids, neuroactive steroids, and neurosteroids in healthy neonatal foals from birth to 7 days of age. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2286-2293. [PMID: 31489708 PMCID: PMC6766486 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction occurs in critically ill foals with sepsis and neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS). Cortisol is the most commonly measured steroid. However, a complex interaction of various steroid compounds might play a role in pathophysiology of this disorder. OBJECTIVE To identify steroid compounds present at high concentrations at birth that rapidly and steadily decrease within the first 7 days of life in healthy foals and that might be supportive diagnosis of NMS and other neonatal disorders. ANIMALS Ten healthy neonatal Quarter Horse foals (5 females and 5 males). METHODS Prospective study. Blood was collected in heparinized tubes within 30 minutes after birth, and at 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours of age. Plasma was separated and a panel of steroid compounds was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A nonlinear regression model was used to determine decay concentrations over time. Confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and significance was set a P ≤ .05. RESULTS Five compounds were identified: pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Pregnenolone and progesterone concentrations rapidly decreased by 24 hours of age and remained low throughout the first 7 days of life. Their half-life (95% CI) was short at 3.7 (3.4, 4.0) and 4.5 (2.8, 6.1) hours, respectively. No statistical differences in the concentrations of these compounds were found between males and females. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Progesterone might be a useful marker for identifying continuous endogenous production of neuroactive steroids in foals with suspected NMS and other neonatal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | | | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - John E. Madigan
- Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mazzatenta A, Veronesi MC, Vignola G, Ponzio P, Carluccio A, De Amicis I. Behavior of Martina Franca donkey breed jenny-and-foal dyad in the neonatal period. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Bohlin A, Saegerman C, Hoeberg E, Sånge A, Nostell K, Durie I, Husted L, Öhman A, van Galen G. Evaluation of the foal survival score in a Danish-Swedish population of neonatal foals upon hospital admission. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1507-1513. [PMID: 31004404 PMCID: PMC6524090 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is highly desirable to assess the probability of survival in sick neonatal foals upon admission. The foal survival score (FSS) is a published scoring system used to estimate the probability of survival in hospitalized neonatal foals <4 days old. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of the FSS to predict survival in older foals from a geographically different area compared to the original study. ANIMALS Five-hundred ninety hospitalized neonatal foals ≤14 days of age. METHODS Retrospective Danish-Swedish multicenter study that included details of signalment, history, clinical examination, laboratory results, necropsy findings, and outcome. Scores and score variables were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors using logistic regression. The optimal cutoff and its test parameters were calculated using a receiver operator characteristic curve. RESULTS Prematurity, cold extremities, ≥2 infectious or inflammatory sites, blood glucose concentration, and total white blood cell counts were significantly associated with nonsurvival (P ≤ .02). The optimal cutoff to predict survival was ≥6, resulting in sensitivity 78%, specificity 58%, 92% positive predictive value, and 31% negative predictive value. The test performed equally well in foals <4 days old compared to those 4-14 days old. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Using the suggested optimal cutoff of ≥6, the FSS performed moderately well and may aid in early determination of prognosis for survival. However, the FSS did perform differently in another population and therefore should be assessed under local conditions so that its diagnostic potential is not overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bohlin
- Evidensia Equine Specialist Hospital Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Emma Hoeberg
- Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Sånge
- Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Katarina Nostell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ultuna, Sweden
| | - Inge Durie
- Evidensia Equine Specialist Hospital Strömsholm, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Öhman
- Evidensia Equine Specialist Hospital Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Müller V, Curcio BR, Toribio RE, Feijó LS, Borba LA, Canisso IF, Nogueira CE. Cortisol, progesterone, 17α OH progesterone, and pregnenolone in foals born from mare's hormone-treated for experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Theriogenology 2019; 123:139-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Becsek A, Tzanidakis N, Blanco M, Bollwein H. Transrectal three-dimensional fetal volumetry and crown-rump length measurement during early gestation in mares: Intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement. Theriogenology 2018; 126:266-271. [PMID: 30590249 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if transrectal three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound is a reliable technique to measure equine fetal volume (FV) during early gestation in mares. In total 149 warmblood mares were examined once transrectally on days 45 ± 1 of pregnancy with a portable 3D ultrasound device (Voluson® i, GE Healthcare, Zipf, Austria). The following measurements were performed: Two-dimensional (2D) and 3D crown-rump length (CRL), FV using Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL™) software with rotational angles of 6° and 30°. To analyze intra- and inter-observer reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) and agreement (Bland-Altman's limits of agreement (LoA)) of FV measurements, images from 60 horse fetuses were selected and repeatedly analyzed by the same examiner (A) and by a second examiner (B). The time for each ultrasound examination (2D and 3D) and for the FV measurements was recorded. The 3D measured CRL was larger (P < 0.001) than the 2D CRL. Repeated measurements of 3D CRL showed a higher reliability (ICC = 0.91 (0.88-0.94), P < 0.001) and agreement (mean = 0.13%, 95% LoA: 7.45 to +7.19) compared to reliability (ICC = 0.50 (0.36-0.61), P < 0.001) and agreement (mean = -1.54%, 95% LoA: 23.29 to +20.21) of the CRL measurement in 2D mode. For intra-observer examinations, reliability was highest when using a rotational angle of 30° (ICC = 0.98 (0.97-0.99), P < 0.001). The inter-observer reliability of 3D measurements was good (ICC = 0.85 (0.67-0.92), P < 0.001). The extra time needed to perform the 3D scan ranged from 1 to 9 min and FV measurements lasted 03:30 ± 00:46 and 08:10 ± 01:05, for rotational angles of 30° and 6°, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed a high level of intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement for FV measurements using VOCAL™. Furthermore, the 6° and 30° rotational angles can be used interchangeably, but test duration, reliability and agreement were better with the 30° rotational step method. The CRL measurements obtained with 3D mode probably reflects the true CRL, compared to the 2D measured CRL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Becsek
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Tzanidakis
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Lewitz Stud, Lewitzhof 1, 19306, Neustadt-Glewe, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holdstock NB, McGladdery A, Ousey J, Rossdale P. Assessing Methods of Collection and Changes of Selected Biochemical Constituents in Amniotic and Allantoic Fluid throughout Equine Pregnancy1. Biol Reprod 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/52.monograph_series1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A.J. McGladdery
- Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, England CB8 8JS
| | - J.C. Ousey
- Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, England CB8 8JS
| | - P.D. Rossdale
- Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, England CB8 8JS
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Feijó LS, Curcio BR, Pazinato FM, Almeida BA, Moraes BS, Borba LA, Feijó JO, Nogueira CE. Hematological and biochemical indicators of maturity in foals and their relation to the placental features. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Newborn’s health is directly related to gestational conditions and placental efficiency. The aims of this study were: (1) To evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters of foals born from mares with placentitis at birth and at 24h of age, (2) to verify if placental pathology had any influence on neonatal maturity degree through hematological and biochemical response of those foals. According to placental findings (control and placentitis) and neonatal maturity degree (mature and immature), foals were divided into three groups: (1) Control group (n=22), foals born from mares with placentitis and classified as (2) Mature (n=26), and (3) Immature (n=10). The hematocrit and plasma concentration of fibrinogen, total plasma protein, white blood cells count, lactate, glucose, creatinine, urea, albumin, bilirubin, triglyceride, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured. Placental features were significantly different between neonatal maturity degree (P=0.001). Mares that had acute placentitis foaled more immature neonates (n=8/10; 80%). Concentrations of fibrinogen (P=0.003), creatinine (P=0.021), total cholesterol (P=0.014), AST (P=0.001), GGT (P=0.002), total (P=0.001) and unconjugated bilirubin (P=0.010) were higher at birth in the Immature group, whereas albumin levels were lower (P=0.002). Foals born from mares with placentitis presented hyperlactatemia at 24h of age (P=0.002). Acute placentitis had an influence on the neonatal maturity, allowing an accelerated but incomplete fetal maturation. The monitoring of lactate, fibrinogen, creatinine, bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin, AST, and GGT levels, associated with clinical, physical, and behavior evaluation may contribute as indicators of neonatal maturity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ewert M, Lüders I, Böröcz J, Uphaus H, Distl O, Sieme H. Determinants of gestation length in Thoroughbred mares on German stud farms. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 191:22-33. [PMID: 29475570 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of stallion and mare, their ages, and maternal lineage on the gestation length (GL) in Thoroughbreds. In addition, additive genetic effects of the dam, stallion and fetus were analyzed. Data were taken from 1993 through 2009, and included 16,226 pregnancies from 5959 Th oroughbred mares mated with 290 different stallions. All analyses were performed using linear mixed models. The GL ranged from 306 to 390 days, with a mean length of 347.0 ± 14.4 days. Mating of mares with stallions aged 17 years and older resulted in a significantly longer GL compared to younger stallions. Furthermore, the GL significantly increased with the increasing age of the mares, and the GL was longer with male foals. The month and year of breeding, as well as the mare´s breeding history (parity and reproductive status) also affected GL. The mare and stallion themselves explained 18% and 4% of the variance in GL. Coefficients of inbreeding of mares and foals had no significant effect on GL. The heritability for the GL was 0.17 for the dam and 0.006 for the fetus, whereas an additive genetic paternal effect was not estimable. The relative proportions among the additive genetic and permanent environmental contributions of the dam were 76.5% and 23.5%. A maternal lineage effect was not obvious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ewert
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Foundation), Hannover, Germany; Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Foundation), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Imke Lüders
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Foundation), Hannover, Germany; GEOlife's-Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jozsef Böröcz
- Thoroughbred Horse Racing and Breeding Directory for Germany e.V., Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hubert Uphaus
- Thoroughbred Horse Racing and Breeding Directory for Germany e.V., Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Foundation), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Harald Sieme
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Foundation), Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Clothier J, Hinch G, Brown W, Small A. Equine gestational length and location: is there more that the research could be telling us? Aust Vet J 2017; 95:454-461. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Clothier
- CSIRO Agriculture, FD McMaster Laboratory; New England Highway; Armidale New South Wales Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; NSW Australia
| | - G Hinch
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; NSW Australia
| | - W Brown
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences; University of New England; NSW Australia
| | - A Small
- CSIRO Agriculture, FD McMaster Laboratory; New England Highway; Armidale New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cruz RK, Alfonso A, Souza FF, Oba E, Padovani CR, Ramos PR, Lourenço MLG, Chiacchio SB. Evaluation of neonatal vitality and blood glucose, lactate and cortisol concentrations in foals of the Paint Horse breed. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Clinical evaluations of newborns, as well as defining the therapeutic decision, represent significant challenges to the veterinarian. This study aimed to evaluate neonatal vitality using the modified Apgar score and blood glucose, lactate, and cortisol concentrations in newborn equines. Twenty foals of the Paint Horse breed born by normal delivery were evaluated during the first 48 hours of life. The modified Apgar score was determined at birth and 10 minutes later, with values ranging from 0 to 10. Blood samples for the laboratory tests were collected at birth and at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The mean Apgar score was significantly lower at birth than at 10 minutes (p < 0.001). Blood glucose concentrations increased significantly between birth (98.90 ± 35.97 mg/dL) and 8 hours (127.90 ± 27.15 mg/dL), stabilizing after the first 12 hours (148.95 ± 29.59 mg/dL). Serum lactate concentrations showed a significant decrease across the time points tested, with the highest value occurring at birth (5.48 ± 2.17 mmol/L) and stabilizing after 24 hours (2.76 ± 1.31 mmol/L). Cortisol concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.01) between 4 (10.46 ± 7.46 μg/dL) and 48 hours (5.21 ± 3.35 μg/dL), with the highest value occurring 4 hours after birth. The common occurrence of laboratory abnormalities in healthy newborn foals reinforces the need to conduct regular clinical examinations and to develop laboratory reference values for different breeds and ages.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cruz R, Alfonso A, Lourenço M, Souza F, Oba E, Ramos P, Chiacchio S. Early and late analysis of postpartum stress in newborn foals. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate newborn foals stress in the first 48 hours of life. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and serum cortisol concentrations, blood glucose, and lactate were determined in foals (n = 20, Paint Horse). Cortisol concentrations decreased significantly between four and 48 hours, with the highest concentration at 4 hours after birth. Positive correlations between cortisol and lactate occurred between 12 and 16 hours. And there was a negative correlation between cortisol and lactate 4 hours after birth. Among the values obtained for HR, there was significantly difference between the the value obtained at twelve hours of life moment and all the other moments measured, the highest values were at birth, 24 and 48 hours of life. Among HRV indexes, there were no statistical differences between the variables analysed. The cortisol, HR and HRV alterations were consistent to neonatal stress, but might be related to extrauterine environment adaptation associated to sympathoadrenal response, since those foals were healthy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Santos RD, Corrêa M, Araújo LOD, Pazinato F, Feijó L, Curcio B, Ferreira R, Nogueira C. Avaliação hematológica e hemogasométrica de potros nascidos de éguas com placentite ascendente. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A placentite é a principal causa de partos prematuros, aborto e nascimento de potros comprometidos, podendo causar hipóxia e septicemia. A hematologia e a gasometria venosa fornecem informações importantes para o monitoramento da saúde de potros nascidos de éguas com placentite. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os valores hematológicos e hemogasométricos durante as primeiras 24h de vida em potros nascidos de éguas mestiças Crioulas submetidas à indução experimental de placentite, com diferentes graus de maturidade. Foram utilizados 16 potros nascidos de éguas submetidas à indução experimental de placentite, divididos em três grupos de acordo com o grau de maturidade: prematuro (n=8), dismaturo (n=4) e a termo (n=4). Foram realizadas coletas sanguíneas nos momentos 0h, 12h e 24h para realização de hemograma completo e gasometria venosa. No eritrograma, foi observada anemia normocítica normocrômica no grupo prematuro em relação ao grupo dismaturo nas 12h e 24h. O grupo prematuro apresentou menor contagem de leucócitos totais nas 24h em relação ao grupo a termo (P=0,01). Os valores de pH, cHCO3 e SO2 não diferiram entre os grupos, porém os animais prematuros apresentaram acidose respiratória (pH=7,28). A PCO2 nos prematuros foi maior na 0h (P=0,02). Nos três grupos, a PCO2 apresentou uma curva adaptativa com redução dos valores durante as 12h e 24h. Os potros prematuros mostraram menores valores de excesso de base (BE) no nascimento (P=0,02), confirmando o quadro de acidose respiratória. Concluiu-se que as respostas hematológicas e hemogasométricas diferem entre potros com diferentes graus de maturidade. A acidose observada no grupo prematuro ao nascimento, com estabilização e resposta compensatória durante as 12h e 24h, demonstra a necessidade de avaliação hemogasométrica sequencial em potros de risco, o que permite a identificação da resposta clínica ao processo e, assim, auxilia no estabelecimento do tratamento e prognóstico para esses potros.
Collapse
|
24
|
Talluri TR, Arangasamy A, Singh J, Ravi S, Pal Y, Legha R, Alpha Raj M, Chopra A, Singh R, Tripathi B. Factors affecting length of gestation in artificially inseminated Marwari mares of India. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
25
|
Carluccio A, Noto F, Parrillo S, Contri A, De Amicis I, Gloria A, Robbe D, Veronesi MC. Transrectal ultrasonographic evaluation of combined utero-placental thickness during the last half of pregnancy in Martina Franca donkeys. Theriogenology 2016; 86:2296-2301. [PMID: 27566849 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, the donkey population decreased dramatically so that many breeds are presently considered as endangered. In comparison to the horse, the donkey placenta still remains not completely studied. In the horse, one of the diagnostic tools useful to identify pregnant mares at risk of abortion or premature delivery, include the transrectal ultrasound examination of the uterus and its contents; and especially of the combined thickness of the uterus and of the placenta (CUPT). Since the CUPT was never investigated in donkeys, the present study was aimed to define the transrectal CUPT values during the last half of pregnancy in 20 Martina Franca jennies. Foalings times, foals characteristics and placental gross appearance, and measurements were also evaluated and values resulted always within normality. Differently to the mare, a continuous significant CUPT increase between the sixth to the 12 months of pregnancy, and a substantial increase from the ninth to the 12th month of pregnancy, was found. Although statistically not evaluable, the CUPT values recorded from three jennies with pregnancy loss did not show evidence of CUPT increases. In conclusion, normal CUPT values from the sixth to the 12th month of pregnancy in Martina Franca donkeys are provided, but further investigations are needed to define possible breed or body-size CUPT specific differences, as well as the CUPT values during pregnancy disturbances or placental abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - F Noto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - S Parrillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Contri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - I De Amicis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - D Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Valenzuela OA, Jellyman JK, Allen VL, Holdstock NB, Fowden AL. Effects of maternal dexamethasone treatment on pancreatic β cell function in the pregnant mare and post natal foal. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:99-106. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Valenzuela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - J. K. Jellyman
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - V. L. Allen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - N. B. Holdstock
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Giordano A, Castagnetti C, Panzani S, Paltrinieri S, Freccero F, Veronesi MC. Endothelin 1 in healthy foals and in foals affected by neonatal diseases. Theriogenology 2015; 84:667-73. [PMID: 26007609 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In newborn babies, endothelin 1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, increases during septicemia and severe respiratory syndromes. Because equine neonatal sepsis (ENS) and perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in newborn foals and because no information on the concentration of ET-1 in healthy and sick foals has been reported yet, the aims of this study were (1) to define the serum concentration of Big ET-1 in healthy neonatal foals during the first week of age; (2) to preliminarily explore the diagnostic and prognostic role of Big ET-1 during ENS and PAS. Six healthy and 23 sick foals affected by ENS and/or PAS were enrolled in the study. In healthy foals, Big ET-1 concentration increased in the first hours of life until 24 hours after birth, and it remained constant during the first 3 days, then gradually decreased becoming significantly lower from Day 4 onward (P < 0.05). In sick foals, only 26.1% of animals showed higher values of Big ET-1 than controls at admission, and no difference between surviving and nonsurviving foals was found. Because in nonsurviving foals, Big ET-1 remained over the maximum value recorded in clinically healthy horses or, when normal at admission, increased over time; this study suggested that repeated measurement of Big ET-1 during hospitalization may be helpful in monitoring the course of the disease. In conclusion, possible prognostic information may be obtained by repeated analysis of Big ET-1 during hospitalization, but further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Polo Veterinario di Lodi, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - C Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Panzani
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - S Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Polo Veterinario di Lodi, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - F Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Castagnetti C, Mariella J. Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Equine Neonatal Medicine. Part II: Corticosteroids. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
29
|
Jellyman JK, Valenzuela OA, Fowden AL. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Glucocorticoid programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and metabolic function: Animal studies from mouse to horse1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3245-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Jellyman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
| | - O. A. Valenzuela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Klewitz J, Struebing C, Rohn K, Goergens A, Martinsson G, Orgies F, Probst J, Hollinshead F, Bollwein H, Sieme H. Effects of age, parity, and pregnancy abnormalities on foal birth weight and uterine blood flow in the mare. Theriogenology 2015; 83:721-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Panzani S, Castagnetti C, Vitiello T, Pirrone A, Scarpa P, Veronesi MC. Antithrombin: Could It be a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Septic Neonatal Foals? J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Blood analysis in newborn donkeys: hematology, biochemistry, and blood gases analysis. Theriogenology 2014; 82:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
33
|
Montillo M, Comin A, Corazzin M, Peric T, Faustini M, Veronesi MC, Valentini S, Bustaffa M, Prandi A. The Effect of Temperature, Rainfall, and Light Conditions on Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Newborn Foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
34
|
Veronesi MC, Dall'Ara P, Gloria A, Servida F, Sala E, Robbe D. IgG, IgA, and lysozyme in Martina Franca donkey jennies and their foals. Theriogenology 2013; 81:825-31. [PMID: 24462298 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because immune transfer from jenny to donkey foal is mostly unknown, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, from 5 days before to 10 days after foaling, immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and lysozyme peripartal concentrations in serum and mammary secretions of 10 healthy, spontaneously foaling Martina Franca jennies and in serum of their mature, viable, healthy foals, in the first 10 days after birth. The results showed that, in jennies, mammary secretion of IgG levels (ranging between 16 and 75 mg/mL) and IgA (0.9-2 mg/mL), and IgG (6.8-13.5 mg/mL) and IgA (0.5-2.4 mg/mL) serum concentrations were not different along the time of study. Also, IgG concentrations in serum of foals did not show significant differences although a high level was observed at 12 hours after birth (8 mg/mL), and IgA concentrations in serum of foals did not show any significant difference, although a high level was observed at 12 hours after birth (1.2 mg/mL). Lysozyme increased significantly at Day 2 after parturition in mammary secretions of jennies (551.9 μg/mL) and at 12 hours in serum of foals (25.9 μg/mL). The study demonstrated that the pattern of passive immune transfer in donkey foals seems to be similar to that reported for the horse foal, with IgG predominating IgA in serum and mammary secretions of the jenny and also in serum of foals. The most significant early increase in foals' serum concerns lysozyme, which probably plays an important role in the innate immunity of the donkey foal in the first challenging hours after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Veronesi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Gloria
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Servida
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Robbe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stewart AJ, Wright JC, Behrend EN, Martin LG, Kemppainen RJ, Busch KA. Validation of a low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test in healthy neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:399-405. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
36
|
Panzani S, Castagnetti C, Prandi A, Faustini M, Zamboni A, Veronesi MC. Insulin-like growth factor I: could it be a marker of prematurity in the foal? Theriogenology 2012; 79:495-501. [PMID: 23218397 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I represents one of the most important growth regulators, playing a central role in fetal and neonatal growth. Plasma IGF-I levels increase rapidly after birth, and they are influenced by numerous factors, including sex, age, nutritional state, and premature birth. The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the IGF-I plasma profile in healthy newborn foals during the first 2 weeks of life; (2) to assess the possible influence of sex and birth weight on this hormone; (3) to analyze the percentage increment of IGF-I values in healthy foals; (4) to evaluate the influence of prematurity on IGF-I profile; (5) to verify the role of IGF-I as a diagnostic marker of prematurity; and (6) to analyze the percentage increment of IGF-I in premature foals. Thirty-four healthy term foals were enrolled as the control group and from each foal plasma was collected within 6 hours from birth, at 12 hours, daily from Day 1 to Day 7, and at Days 10 and 14 after birth. Eleven foals aged younger than 1 week and diagnosed as premature and hospitalized at a Equine Perinatology Unit were also enrolled; from each foal plasma was collected daily from the day of admission to discharge or death. Insulin-like growth factor I was analyzed by RIA. In the control group, an increasing trend of IGF-I concentrations was found, with higher values from Day 4 to 10 compared with data obtained at less than 6 hours of life, and from Day 5 to 10 compared with 12 and 24 hours and 3 days. No differences were found in healthy foals analyzed in relation to birth weight and sex. In premature foals an increasing trend was observed but no statistical differences were found among sampling times, and no differences were found between healthy and premature foals. The IGF value in premature foals at admission was always higher compared with the lowest recorded level in healthy age-matched foals, thus this parameter does not seem to have a diagnostic role for prematurity in foals. Finally, the evaluation of the percentage increment of IGF-I concentrations showed a significant increase in full-term foals on Day 5, 6, 7, and 10 compared with 12 and 24 hours, and no differences were observed in premature foals. In conclusion, prematurity in newborn foals seems to affect only partially IGF-I plasma concentrations and it does not seem to be a reliable marker for this pathological condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Panzani
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pirrone A, Mariella J, Gentilini F, Castagnetti C. Amniotic fluid and blood lactate concentrations in mares and foals in the early postpartum period. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
38
|
HOLDSTOCK NB, ALLEN VL, FOWDEN AL. Pancreatic endocrine function in newborn pony foals after induced or spontaneous delivery at term. Equine Vet J 2012:30-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
39
|
WHITTAKER S, SULLIVAN S, AUEN S, PARKIN TDH, MARR CM. The impact of birthweight on mare health and reproductive efficiency, and foal health and subsequent racing performance. Equine Vet J 2012:26-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
40
|
FOWDEN AL, FORHEAD AJ, OUSEY JC. Endocrine adaptations in the foal over the perinatal period. Equine Vet J 2012:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
41
|
JELLYMAN JK, ALLEN VL, FORHEAD AJ, HOLDSTOCK NB, FOWDEN AL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in pony foals after neonatal ACTH-induced glucocorticoid overexposure. Equine Vet J 2012:38-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
42
|
Hart KA, Dirikolu L, Ferguson DC, Norton NA, Barton MH. Daily endogenous cortisol production and hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics in adult horses and neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:68-75. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
43
|
Panzani S, Comin A, Galeati G, Romano G, Villani M, Faustini M, Veronesi MC. How type of parturition and health status influence hormonal and metabolic profiles in newborn foals. Theriogenology 2011; 77:1167-77. [PMID: 22153270 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, insulin growth factor I (IGF-I) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) represent important hormonal and metabolic factors associated with perinatal growth and maturation. Their action could be influenced by the type of parturition and the health status of the foal and therefore the aim of this work is to evaluate their plasma concentrations in newborn foals during the first 2 wks of life. Three groups of subjects were enrolled: 15 healthy foals born by spontaneous parturition, 24 healthy foals born by induced parturition and 26 pathologic foals. From each of the healthy foals, blood was collected at 10, 20 and 30 minutes, 3 and 12 hours from birth, daily from Day 1 to Day 7, and at Day 10 and 14 of life. In pathologic foals samples were collected twice a day from the day of admission at the hospital until the day of discharge or death. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and IGF-I were analyzed by radioimmunoassay and NEFA by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. In all the three groups a declining trend of T3 and T4 plasma concentrations was detectable, with lower levels in the pathologic group compared to healthy foals. Spontaneous foals showed higher levels of T3 at 7 d compared to induced foals, while T4 levels were higher in spontaneous vs. induced foals before 6 h of life, at three and seven days. IGF-I showed increasing plasma concentrations in all three considered groups. No differences were found between healthy and pathologic foals. NEFA in spontaneous and induced healthy foals showed a declining trend with higher levels during the first hours of life. Pathologic foals presented higher levels compared to spontaneous foals only at 24 h and 10 d. These data suggest that the type of foaling could influence the reference ranges for thyroid hormones. Moreover, pathologic foals showed some hormonal and metabolic differences related to their health status. Above all changes of thyroid hormones levels, early in postnatal life, could be a cause, and not only a consequence, of the diseased condition of these foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Panzani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria, 10 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gestational length in Carthusian broodmares: effects of breeding season, foal gender, age of mare, year of parturition, parity and sire. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:173-80. [PMID: 21721399 DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The length of gestation in Carthusian broodmares was calculated on the basis of 339 spontaneous full-term deliveries taking place in the 8-year period 1998-2005 from 158 broodmares and 29 stallions in a major farm of Spanish horses of Carthusian strain in southern Spain. Ultrasonography was used to determine follicular dehiscence, 1st day of pregnancy and to confirm conception in mares. Mean GL was 332.4 +/- 12.1 days, and a normal interval of 297-358 days was established for this breed. GL records were grouped on the basis of foal sex (colts or fillies), mating month (between November and January; February and April; May and July), age of the mare (4 to 7 years; 8 to 12 years; 13 to 17 years), breeding year, stallion and parity (primiparous vs. multiparous). GLs were 12.9 days shorter in mares mated between May and July than those mated between November and January and 15.3 days in mares mated between February and April (p < 0.001). Mares aged between 8-12 years had 5.3 days shorter GLs than those aged between 13-17 years (p < 0.05). Pregnancy was significantly 5.7 days longer when the mare gave birth to colts than fillies (p < 0.05). GL was 14.5 days longer in primiparous than in multiparous mares ( p < 0.001). No statistical differences in GL were found between the studied years. This study shows the influence of certain stallion on GL.
Collapse
|
45
|
OUSEY JC, KÖLLING M, KINDAHL H, ALLEN WR. Maternal dexamethasone treatment in late gestation induces precocious fetal maturation and delivery in healthy Thoroughbred mares. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:424-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
SILVER IA, JEFFCOTT LB, ROSSDALE PD. Fifty years of the British Equine Veterinary Association as a facilitator of progress in equine clinical science. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:618-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
47
|
Panzani S, Carluccio A, Probo M, Faustini M, Kindahl H, Veronesi MC. Comparative Study on 15-Ketodihydro-PGF2α Plasma Concentrations in Newborn Horses, Donkeys and Calves. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:82-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
The adrenal cortices produce various steroid hormones that play vital roles in several physiologic processes. Although permanent adrenocortical insufficiency is rare in all species, emerging evidence in both human and equine medicine suggests that transient reversible adrenocortical dysfunction resulting in cortisol insufficiency frequently develops during critical illness. This syndrome is termed relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) or critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and can contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality associated with the primary disease. This review discusses the mechanisms, diagnosis, and clinical consequences of adrenocortical insufficiency, with particular focus on the current understanding of RAI/CIRCI in horses and foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Hart
- Large Animal Internal Medicine Clinician, Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Michelle H. Barton
- Fuller E. Callaway Endowed Chair and Professor of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Oddsdóttir C, Riley SC, Leask R, Shaw DJ, Aurich C, Palm F, Fowden AL, Ricketts SW, Watson ED. Dynamics of activities of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and -2, and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs in fetal fluid compartments during gestation and at parturition in the mare. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1130-8. [PMID: 21220153 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During late gestation in the mare, rapid fetal growth is accompanied by considerable placental growth and further invasion of the endometrium by microvilli. This growth requires extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In early pregnancy, we know that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -2 are involved in the endometrial invasion during endometrial cup formation. The present study investigated whether MMPs are found in fetal fluids later in gestation and during parturition, and if there was a difference in their activities between normal and preterm delivery. Amniotic fluids were collected from pony mares during the latter half of gestation, and amniotic and allantoic fluids from pony and thoroughbred mares at foaling. The fluids were analysed for the activity of MMP-9 and -2, and TIMPs using zymography techniques. There was an increase (P = 0.002) in activity of latent MMP-9 when approaching normal foaling, and a decrease (P < 0.001) during foaling. MMP-2 activity did not change through gestation, or during foaling. When comparing samples from pregnancies resulting in preterm deliveries with samples from foaling mares, the activity of MMP-9 was lower (P < 0.001) and MMP-2 activity was higher (P = 0.004) during foaling than preceding preterm delivery. The activity of MMP-9 was lower (P = 0.002) prior to preterm delivery than before delivery of a live foal at term, whereas no difference (P = 0.07) was demonstrated for latent MMP-2 activity when comparing the same groups. The activity of TIMP-2 was higher (P < 0.001) in the pre-parturient period before normal foaling than preceding preterm delivery. These results suggest that MMPs may have a role as markers for high risk pregnancy in the mare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Oddsdóttir
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|