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Jacklin BD, Hanousek K, Gillespie S, Liedtke A, Tucker R, Fiske-Jackson A, Smith RK. Validation of a novel clinical tool for monitoring distal limb stiffness. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1271036. [PMID: 38249548 PMCID: PMC10796727 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To validate a novel technique to measure limb stiffness in a clinical setting. Animals Three horses and three ponies owned by the Royal Veterinary College. Procedures Limb stiffness indices for both forelimbs were first derived using the gold standard of kinematic analysis. Using the same animals, limb stiffness indices were then calculated using portable floor scales to record weight and an electrogoniometer to record changes in metacarpophalangeal joint angle. The two techniques were then assessed for correlation and repeatability. Results The repeatability of limb stiffness measurement using the novel clinical tool was considered to be good based on a small coefficient of variation (5.70%). The correlation of limb stiffness as derived by both methods was high (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). Limb stiffness was positively correlated with the mass of the subject (r = 0.85, p < 0.01), with heavier horses having greater limb stiffness. Clinical relevance This study has compared a novel method to measure distal forelimb stiffness non-invasively in a clinical setting to kinematic analysis in six equids. It has demonstrated that limb stiffness increases in a linear fashion with body mass consistent with the role of forelimbs providing energy storage. Because in vivo limb stiffness has been shown previously to alter with injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon, it is hypothesized that this technique will offer a practical technique for the clinician to assess limb stiffness in clinical cases. Further study will be necessary to determine its clinical usefulness in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Hanousek
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Gillespie
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Liedtke
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Roger K. Smith
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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2
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Mienaltowski MJ, Callahan M, Gonzales NL, Wong A. Examining the Potential of Vitamin C Supplementation in Tissue-Engineered Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Constructs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17098. [PMID: 38069418 PMCID: PMC10707379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because equine tendinopathies are slow to heal and often recur, therapeutic strategies are being considered that aid tendon repair. Given the success of utilizing vitamin C to promote tenogenesis in other species, we hypothesized that vitamin C supplementation would produce dose-dependent improvements in the tenogenic properties of tendon proper (TP) and peritenon (PERI) cells of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Equine TP- and PERI-progenitor-cell-seeded fibrin three-dimensional constructs were supplemented with four concentrations of vitamin C. The gene expression profiles of the constructs were assessed with 3'-Tag-Seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); collagen content and fibril ultrastructure were also analyzed. Moreover, cells were challenged with dexamethasone to determine the levels of cytoprotection afforded by vitamin C. Expression profiling demonstrated that vitamin C had an anti-inflammatory effect on TP and PERI cell constructs. Moreover, vitamin C supplementation mitigated the degenerative pathways seen in tendinopathy and increased collagen content in tendon constructs. When challenged with dexamethasone in two-dimensional culture, vitamin C had a cytoprotective effect for TP cells but not necessarily for PERI cells. Future studies will explore the effects of vitamin C on these cells during inflammation and within the tendon niche in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Mienaltowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell Callahan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole L. Gonzales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelique Wong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abdelhakiem MAH, Hussein A, Seleim SM, Abdelbaset AE, Abd-Elkareem M. Silver nanoparticles and platelet-rich fibrin accelerate tendon healing in donkey. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3421. [PMID: 36854886 PMCID: PMC9975180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the healing of the severed superficial digital flexor tendon in donkeys (SDFT). Twenty-seven adult donkeys were used in the study. The animals were divided into three equal groups. The first group (control group) in which the severed SDFT was sutured without the addition of any adjuvant. In the second group, there was a suture of severed SDFT with the addition of 1 ml of 1 mM silver nanoparticles (AgNPs group). The third group was subjected to the cutting of SDFT and then the addition of PRF after its suture. Each group of animals was divided into three equal subgroups that were examined after 1, 2, and 3 months. Each group of animals was clinically evaluated by assessing lameness. Gross and microscopic examinations of the healed tendons were performed after 1, 2, and 3 months of surgery. In comparison to the control group, the lameness degree decreased in the PRF and AgNPs groups, particularly in the third month after surgery. Furthermore, the lameness decreased significantly after the 3rd month relative to the 1st-month lameness in the AgNPs group. Interestingly, it was found that the PRF and AgNPs enhanced cell alignment and collagen deposition at the site of tendon injury, particularly among third-month subgroups. Therefore, it could be concluded that the PRF and AgNPs are effective materials for enhancing SDFT healing in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. H. Abdelhakiem
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XDepartment of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Ayman Hussein
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XDepartment of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Samia Moustafa Seleim
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XDepartment of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XClinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abd-Elkareem
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
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Hwang J, Lee SY, Jo CH. Degenerative tendon matrix induces tenogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:15. [PMID: 36786947 PMCID: PMC9928997 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) react dynamically with the surrounding microenvironment to promote tissue-specific differentiation and hence increase targeted regenerative capacity. Extracellular matrix (ECM) would be the first microenvironment to interact with MSCs injected into the tissue lesion. However, degenerative tissues would have different characteristics of ECM in comparison with healthy tissues. Therefore, the influence of degenerative ECM on tissue-specific differentiation of MSCs and the formation of matrix composition need to be considered for the sophisticated therapeutic application of stem cells for tissue regeneration. METHODS Human degenerative tendon tissues were obtained from patients undergoing rotator cuff repair and finely minced into 2 ~ 3 mm fragments. Different amounts of tendon matrix (0.005 g, 0.01 g, 0.025 g, 0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.25 g, 0.5 g, 1 g, and 2 g) were co-cultured with bone marrow MSCs (BM MSCs) for 7 days. Six tendon-related markers, scleraxis, tenomodulin, collagen type I and III, decorin, and tenascin-C, osteogenic marker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and chondrogenic marker, aggrecan (ACAN), were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cell viability and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase assays were performed. The connective tissue growth factor was used as a positive control. RESULTS The expressions of six tendon-related markers were significantly upregulated until the amount of tendon matrix exceeded 0.5 g, the point where the mRNA expressions of all six genes analyzed started to decrease. The tendon matrix exerted an inhibitory effect on ACAN expression but had a negligible effect on ALP expression. Cell viability did not change significantly over the culture period. The amount of tendon matrix exceeding 0.01 g significantly increased the SA-βgal activity of BM MSCs. CONCLUSION This study successfully demonstrated tendon ECM-stimulated tenogenesis of BM MSCs through an indirect co-culture system without the use of exogenous growth factors and the alteration of cellular viability. In contrast to the initial hypothesis, the tenogenesis of BM MSCs induced with the degenerative tendon matrix accompanied cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongwon Hwang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-Ro 103, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080 South Korea ,grid.412479.dDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University, 20 Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 07061 South Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University, 20 Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 07061 South Korea
| | - Chris Hyunchul Jo
- Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-Ro 103, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University, 20 Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
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5
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Yin NH, Parker AW, Matousek P, Birch HL. Chemical Markers of Human Tendon Health Identified Using Raman Spectroscopy: Potential for In Vivo Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314854. [PMID: 36499181 PMCID: PMC9737356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine whether age-related changes to tendon matrix molecules can be detected using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were collected from human Achilles (n = 8) and tibialis anterior (n = 8) tendon tissue excised from young (17 ± 3 years) and old (72 ± 7 years) age groups. Normalised Raman spectra underwent principal component analysis (PCA), to objectively identify differences between age groups and tendon types. Certain Raman band intensities were correlated with levels of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) collagen crosslinks, quantified using conventional destructive biochemistry techniques. Achilles and tibialis anterior tendons in the old age group demonstrated significantly higher overall Raman intensities and fluorescence levels compared to young tendons. PCA was able to distinguish young and old age groups and different tendon types. Raman intensities differed significantly for several bands, including those previously associated with AGE crosslinks, where a significant positive correlation with biochemical measures was demonstrated. Differences in Raman spectra between old and young tendon tissue and correlation with AGE crosslinks provides the basis for quantifying age-related chemical modifications to tendon matrix molecules in intact tissue. Our results suggest that Raman spectroscopy may provide a powerful tool to assess tendon health and vitality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hao Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, UCL Stanmore Campus, RNOH, Brockley Hill, London HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Anthony W. Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Helen L. Birch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, UCL Stanmore Campus, RNOH, Brockley Hill, London HA7 4LP, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)208-016-8577
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6
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Abdelhakiem MA, Hussein A, Seleim SM, Abdelbaset AE, Abd-elkareem M. The effect of the silver nanoparticles and platelet-rich fibrin in the healing of the severed superficial digital flexor tendon in donkeys (Equus asinus).. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2075827/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the healing of the severed superficial digital flexor tendon in donkeys (SDFT). Twenty-seven adult donkeys were used in the study. The animals were divided into three equal groups. The 1st group (control group) in which the severed SDFT was sutured without the addition of any adjuvant. In the 2nd group, there was a suture of severed SDFT with the addition of 1ml of 1mM silver nanoparticles (AgNPs group). The 3rd group was subjected to the cutting of SDFT and then the addition of PRF after its suture. Each group of animals was divided into three equal subgroups that were examined after one, two, and three months, respectively. Each group of animals was clinically evaluated by assessing lameness. Gross and microscopic examinations of the healed tendons were performed after 1, 2, and 3 months of surgery. The results revealed that the lameness degree decreased in the PRF and AgNPs groups, in comparison to the control group, especially in the third month after surgery. As well as the lameness decreased significantly after the 3rd month relative to the 1st-month lameness in the AgNPs group. Interestingly, it was found that the PRF and AgNPs enhanced cell alignment and collagen deposition at the site of tendon injury, particularly among third-month subgroups. Therefore, it could be concluded that the PRF and AgNPs are effective materials for enhancing SDFT healing in donkeys.
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7
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Izumi S, Oichi T, Shetye SS, Zhang K, Wilson K, Iwamoto M, Kuo CK, Akabudike N, Adachi N, Soslowsky LJ, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Inhibition of glucose use improves structural recovery of injured Achilles tendon in mice. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1409-1419. [PMID: 34460123 PMCID: PMC8882710 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Injured tendons do not regain their native structure except at fetal or very young ages. Healing tendons often show mucoid degeneration involving accumulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but its etiology and molecular base have not been studied substantially. We hypothesized that quality and quantity of gene expression involving the synthesis of proteoglycans having sulfated GAGs are altered in injured tendons and that a reduction in synthesis of sulfated GAGs improves structural and functional recovery of injured tendons. C57BL6/j mice were subjected to Achilles tendon tenotomy surgery. The injured tendons accumulated sulfate proteoglycans as early as 1-week postsurgery and continued so by 4-week postsurgery. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of a wide range of proteoglycan genes that have sulfated GAGs in the injured tendons 1 and 3 weeks postsurgery. Genes critical for enzymatic reaction of initiation and elongation of chondroitin sulfate GAG chains were also upregulated. After the surgery, mice were treated with the 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) that inhibits conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, an initial step of glucose metabolism as an energy source and precursors of monosaccharides of GAGs. The 2DG treatment reduced accumulation of sulfated proteoglycans, improved collagen fiber alignment, and reduced the cross-sectional area of the injured tendons. The modulus of the 2DG-treated groups was higher than that in the vehicle group, but not of statistical significance. Our findings suggest that mucoid degeneration in injured tendons may result from the upregulated expression of genes involved the synthesis of sulfate proteoglycans and can be inhibited by reduction of glucose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soutarou Izumi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore,,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Kairui Zhang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Kimberly Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Catherine K. Kuo
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park
| | - Ngozi Akabudike
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore,,Correspondence: Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto PhD, DDS, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, 670 W Baltimore St., HSFIII Rm 7172, Baltimore MD, 21209, USA, Phone: 410-706-4767,
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8
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Iimori M, Tamura N, Seki K, Kasashima Y. Relationship between the ultrasonographic findings of suspected superficial digital flexor tendon injury and the prevalence of subsequent severe superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in Thoroughbred horses: a retrospective study. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:261-265. [PMID: 34937842 PMCID: PMC8920721 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of severe injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is extremely
difficult to predict from slight changes in ultrasonographic findings in cases with no
apparent clinical signs. This study investigated the relationship between an increased
cross-sectional area (CSA) or edema in the subcutaneous tissue around the tendon and the
subsequent onset of severe SDFT injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Horses were classified
into three groups based on ultrasound diagnosis (USD) findings: Group A included cases
with enlarged tendons; Group B included cases with tendons of normal size but with
prominent edema in the peritendinous tissue; and Group C (control group) included cases
with no abnormal USD findings. The incidence of subsequent severe tendon injury was
significantly higher in the horses in Groups A (25.7%, 28/101) and B (28.3%, 65/212) than
in those in Group C (4.9%, 2/41). There were no significant differences in the median
period and the median number of races from the first examination to the subsequent tendon
injury between Groups A (140 days, 1 race) and B (120 days, 1 race). The results of this
study revealed that horses with increased CSA and peritendinous edema are likely to suffer
a subsequent severe tendon injury. Also, these two USD findings, i.e., increased CSA and
peritendinous edema, indicate the risk of onset of severe SDFT injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Iimori
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association
| | | | - Kazuhiro Seki
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association
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9
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Ali OJ, Ehrle A, Comerford EJ, Canty-Laird EG, Mead A, Clegg PD, Maddox TW. Intrafascicular chondroid-like bodies in the ageing equine superficial digital flexor tendon comprise glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2755-2766. [PMID: 33580534 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is considered functionally equivalent to the human Achilles tendon. Circular chondroid depositions scattered amongst the fascicles of the equine SDFT are rarely reported. The purpose of this study was the detailed characterization of intrafascicular chondroid-like bodies (ICBs) in the equine SDFT, and the assessment of the effect of ageing on the presence and distribution of these structures. Ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (9.4T) series of SDFT samples of young (1-9 years) and aged (17-25 years) horses were obtained, and three-dimensional reconstruction of ICBs was performed. Morphological evaluation of the ICBs included histology, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The number, size, and position of ICBs was determined and compared between age groups. There was a significant difference (p = .008) in the ICB count between young and old horses with ICBs present in varying number (13-467; median = 47, mean = 132.6), size and distribution in the SDFT of aged horses only. There were significantly more ICBs in the tendon periphery when compared with the tendon core region (p = .010). Histological characterization identified distinctive cells associated with increased glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen extracellular matrix content. Ageing and repetitive strain frequently cause tendon micro-damage before the development of clinical tendinopathy. Documentation of the presence and distribution of ICBs is a first step towards improving our understanding of the impact of these structures on the viscoelastic properties, and ultimately their effect on the risk of age-related tendinopathy in energy-storing tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman J Ali
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Anna Ehrle
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eithne J Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Canty-Laird
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ashleigh Mead
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,The Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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10
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Nanostring-Based Identification of the Gene Expression Profile in Trigger Finger Samples. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111592. [PMID: 34828637 PMCID: PMC8619339 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigger finger is a common yet vastly understudied fibroproliferative hand pathology, severely affecting patients' quality of life. Consistent trauma due to inadequate positioning within the afflicted finger's tendon/pulley system leads to cellular dysregulation and eventual fibrosis. While the genetic characteristics of the fibrotic tissue in the trigger finger have been studied, the pathways that govern the initiation and propagation of fibrosis are still unknown. The complete gene expression profile of the trigger finger has never been explored. Our study has used the Nanostring nCounter gene expression assay to investigate the molecular signaling involved in trigger finger pathogenesis. We collected samples from patients undergoing trigger finger (n = 4) release surgery and compared the gene expression to carpal tunnel tissue (n = 4). Nanostring nCounter analysis identified 165 genes that were differentially regulated; 145 of these genes were upregulated, whereas 20 genes were downregulated. We found that several collagen genes were significantly upregulated, and a regulatory matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), MMP-3, was downregulated. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that several known signaling pathways were dysregulated, such as the TGF-β1 and Wnt signaling pathways. We also found several novel signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and Notch) differentially regulated in trigger finger. The outcome of our study helps in understanding the molecular signaling pathway involved in the pathogenesis of the trigger finger.
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11
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Cho Y, Kim HS, Kang D, Kim H, Lee N, Yun J, Kim YJ, Lee KM, Kim JH, Kim HR, Hwang YI, Jo CH, Kim JH. CTRP3 exacerbates tendinopathy by dysregulating tendon stem cell differentiation and altering extracellular matrix composition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6069. [PMID: 34797714 PMCID: PMC8604415 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tendinopathy, the most common disorder affecting tendons, is characterized by chronic disorganization of the tendon matrix, which leads to tendon tear and rupture. The goal was to identify a rational molecular target whose blockade can serve as a potential therapeutic intervention for tendinopathy. We identified C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3) as a markedly up-regulated cytokine in human and rodent tendinopathy. Overexpression of CTRP3 enhanced the progression of tendinopathy by accumulating cartilaginous proteoglycans and degenerating collagenous fibers in the mouse tendon, whereas CTRP3 knockdown suppressed the tendinopathy pathogenesis. Functional blockade of CTRP3 using a neutralizing antibody ameliorated overuse-induced tendinopathy of the Achilles and rotator cuff tendons. Mechanistically, CTRP3 elicited a transcriptomic pattern that stimulates abnormal differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells and ectopic chondrification as an effect linked to activation of Akt signaling. Collectively, we reveal an essential role for CTRP3 in tendinopathy and propose a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsik Cho
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seop Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeonkyeong Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Narae Lee
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- School of Medicine, CHA University, 13496 Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Yi-Jun Kim
- Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 07985 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Foot and Ankle Division, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 13620 Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 03080 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chris Hyunchul Jo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government–Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Pownder SL, Hayashi K, Lin BQ, Meyers KN, Caserto BG, Breighner RE, Potter HG, Koff MF. Differences in the magnetic resonance imaging parameter T2* may be identified during the course of canine patellar tendon healing: a pilot study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1234-1246. [PMID: 33816163 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have utilized ultrashort echo (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and derived T2* maps, to evaluate structures with highly ordered collagen structures such as tendon. T2* maps may provide a noninvasive means to assess tendon damage and healing. This pilot study evaluated the longitudinal relationship of an induced mechanical strain on the patellar tendon with corresponding UTE T2* metrics, histologic and biomechanical evaluation at two post-operative time points. Methods A total of 27 patellar tendons in male Beagles were surgically subjected to stretching by a small diameter (SmD) or a large diameter (LgD) diameter rod to induce damage due to strain, and evaluated at 4- and 8-week intervals using quantitative MRI (qMRI), biomechanical testing, and histology. A separate set of 16 limbs were used as controls. Results The tendons experienced a 67% and 17% prolongation of short T2* values as compared to controls at 4 and 8 weeks post-operatively, respectively. Histologic analysis displayed a trend of increased collagen disruption at 4 weeks followed by presence of greater organization at 8 weeks. Biomechanical evaluation found a reduction of tendon modulus and failure strain at both time points, and an increase in cross-sectional area at 4 weeks as compared to controls. Conclusions These findings display tendon healing in response to an imposed strain and present the utility of qMRI to evaluate longitudinal differences of patellar tendon T2* values in a model of induced subclinical tendon damage. The qMRI technique of UTE provides a means to non-invasively evaluate the healing process of a mechanically damaged tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pownder
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bin Q Lin
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hollis G Potter
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew F Koff
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Godinho MS, Thorpe CT, Greenwald SE, Screen HR. Elastase treatment of tendon specifically impacts the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:187-196. [PMID: 33508509 PMCID: PMC7935645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tendon interfascicular matrix (IFM) binds tendon fascicles together. As a result of its low stiffness behaviour under small loads, it enables non-uniform loading and increased overall extensibility of tendon by facilitating fascicle sliding. This function is particularly important in energy storing tendons, with previous studies demonstrating enhanced extensibility, recovery and fatigue resistance in the IFM of energy storing compared to positional tendons. However, the compositional specialisations within the IFM that confer this behaviour remain to be elucidated. It is well established that the IFM is rich in elastin, therefore we sought to test the hypothesis that elastin depletion (following elastase treatment) will significantly impact IFM, but not fascicle, mechanical properties, reducing IFM resilience in all samples, but to a greater extent in younger tendons, which have a higher elastin content. Using a combination of quasi-static and fatigue testing, and optical imaging, we confirmed our hypothesis, demonstrating that elastin depletion resulted in significant decreases in IFM viscoelasticity, fatigue resistance and recoverability compared to untreated samples, with no significant changes to fascicle mechanics. Ageing had little effect on fascicle or IFM response to elastase treatment. This study offers a first insight into the functional importance of elastin in regional specific tendon mechanics. It highlights the important contribution of elastin to IFM mechanical properties, demonstrating that maintenance of a functional elastin network within the IFM is essential to maintain IFM and thus tendon integrity. Statement of significance Developing effective treatments or preventative measures for musculoskeletal tissue injuries necessitates the understanding of healthy tissue function and mechanics. By establishing the contribution of specific proteins to tissue mechanical behaviour, key targets for therapeutics can be identified. Tendon injury is increasingly prevalent and chronically debilitating, with no effective treatments available. Here, we investigate how elastin modulates tendon mechanical behaviour, using enzymatic digestion combined with local mechanical characterisation, and demonstrate for the first time that removing elastin from tendon affects the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix specifically, resulting in decreased recoverability and fatigue resistance. These findings provide a new level of insight into tendon hierarchical mechanics, important for directing development of novel therapeutics for tendon injury.
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14
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Depuydt E, Broeckx SY, Van Hecke L, Chiers K, Van Brantegem L, van Schie H, Beerts C, Spaas JH, Pille F, Martens A. The Evaluation of Equine Allogeneic Tenogenic Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Surgically Induced Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Lesion Model. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:641441. [PMID: 33748217 PMCID: PMC7973085 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tendon injuries are very common in horses and jeopardize the athletic performance, and due to the high risk of reinjury may lead to early retirement. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of equine tendon disease is widely investigated because of their regenerative potential. The objective of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of equine allogeneic tenogenic primed mesenchymal stem cells (tpMSCs) for the management of tendinitis in horses. Methods: A core lesion was surgically induced in the superficial digital flexor tendon of both forelimbs of eight horses. After 7 days, one forelimb was treated with tpMSCs, while the contralateral forelimb served as an intra-individual control and was treated with saline. A prescribed exercise program was started. All horses underwent a daily clinical evaluation throughout the entire study period of 112 days. Blood samples were taken at different time points for hematological and biochemical analysis. Tendon assessment, lameness examination, ultrasound assessment and ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) were performed at regular time intervals. At the end of the study period, the superficial digital flexor tendons were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Results: No suspected or serious adverse events occurred during the entire study period. There was no difference in local effects including heat and pain to pressure between a single intralesional injection of allogeneic tpMSCs and a single intralesional injection with saline. A transient moderate local swelling was noted in the tpMSC treated limbs, which dissipated by day 11. Starting at a different time point depending on the parameter, a significant improvement was observed in the tpMSC treated limbs compared to the placebo for echogenicity score, fiber alignment score, anterior-posterior thickness of the tendon and echo type by UTC assessment. Immunohistochemistry 112 days post-injection revealed that the amount of collagen type I and Von Willebrand factor were significantly higher in the tendon tissue of the tpMSC group, while the amount of collagen type III and smooth muscle actin was significantly lower. Conclusion: Equine allogeneic tenogenic primed mesenchymal stem cells were shown to be well-tolerated and may be effective for the management of tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Depuydt
- Global Stem cell Technology, Part of Boehringer Ingelheim, Evergem, Belgium.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah Y Broeckx
- Global Stem cell Technology, Part of Boehringer Ingelheim, Evergem, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Hecke
- Global Stem cell Technology, Part of Boehringer Ingelheim, Evergem, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Brantegem
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans van Schie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Research and Development, UTC Imaging, Stein, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Beerts
- Global Stem cell Technology, Part of Boehringer Ingelheim, Evergem, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jan H Spaas
- Global Stem cell Technology, Part of Boehringer Ingelheim, Evergem, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Docking SI, Girdwood MA, Cook J, Fortington LV, Rio E. Reduced Levels of Aligned Fibrillar Structure Are Not Associated With Achilles and Patellar Tendon Symptoms. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30:550-555. [PMID: 30067515 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the mean cross-sectional area (mCSA) of aligned fibrillar structure (AFS) was associated with the presence and severity of symptoms. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred seventy-five elite male Australian football players completed monthly Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center overuse injury questionnaires for both the Achilles and patellar tendon over the season to ascertain the presence and severity of symptoms. At the start of the preseason, participants underwent ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) imaging of the Achilles and patellar tendon. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Images were classified as normal or abnormal based on gray-scale ultrasound. Based on UTC quantification, the mCSA of AFS was compared between those with and without current symptoms. RESULTS No difference in the mCSA of AFS was observed between those with or without tendon symptoms (P < 0.05). Similar to previous findings, 80% to 92% of abnormal tendons had similar amounts of mCSA of AFS compared with normal tendon. If reduced mCSA of AFS was present, it was not associated with the presence or severity of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence, development, or severity of symptoms was not associated with decreased levels of AFS in the Achilles or patellar tendon. This suggests that a lack of structural integrity is not linked to symptoms and questions the rationale behind regenerative medicine. Most tendons are able to compensate for areas of disorganization and maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean I Docking
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, College of Science, Health and Engineering; La Trobe University; Australia; and
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Michael A Girdwood
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, College of Science, Health and Engineering; La Trobe University; Australia; and
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Jill Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, College of Science, Health and Engineering; La Trobe University; Australia; and
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Ebonie Rio
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, College of Science, Health and Engineering; La Trobe University; Australia; and
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
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16
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Ristaniemi A, Torniainen J, Stenroth L, Finnilä M, Paakkonen T, Töyräs J, Korhonen R. Comparison of water, hydroxyproline, uronic acid and elastin contents of bovine knee ligaments and patellar tendon and their relationships with biomechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Ribitsch I, Gueltekin S, Keith MF, Minichmair K, Peham C, Jenner F, Egerbacher M. Age-related changes of tendon fibril micro-morphology and gene expression. J Anat 2019; 236:688-700. [PMID: 31792963 PMCID: PMC7083562 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is hypothesized to be associated with changes in tendon matrix composition which may lead to alteration of tendon material properties and hence propensity to injury. Altered gene expression may offer insights into disease pathophysiology and thus open new perspectives toward designing pathophysiology‐driven therapeutics. Therefore, the current study aimed at identifying naturally occurring differences in tendon micro‐morphology and gene expression of newborn, young and old horses. Age‐related differences in the distribution pattern of tendon fibril thickness and in the expression of the tendon relevant genes collagen type 1 (Col1), Col3, Col5, tenascin‐C, decorin, tenomodulin, versican, scleraxis and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were investigated. A qualitative and quantitative gene expression and collagen fibril diameter analysis was performed for the most frequently injured equine tendon, the superficial digital flexor tendon, in comparison with the deep digital flexor tendon. Most analyzed genes (Col1, Col3, Col5, tenascin‐C, tenomodulin, scleraxis) were expressed at a higher level in foals (age ≤ 6 months) than in horses of 2.75 years (age at which flexor tendons become mature in structure) and older, decorin expression increased with age. Decorin was previously reported to inhibit the lateral fusion of collagen fibrils, causing a thinner fibril diameter with increased decorin concentration. The results of this study suggested that reduction of tendon fibril diameters commonly seen in equine tendons with increasing age might be a natural age‐related phenomenon leading to greater fibril surface areas with increased fibrillar interaction and reduced sliding at the fascicular/fibrillar interface and hence a stiffer interfascicular/interfibrillar matrix. This may be a potential reason for the higher propensity to tendinopathies with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ribitsch
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sinan Gueltekin
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Franziska Keith
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Minichmair
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Peham
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florien Jenner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Egerbacher
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Nash A, Notou M, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Bozec L, de Leeuw NH, Birch HL. Glucosepane is associated with changes to structural and physical properties of collagen fibrils. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 4:100013. [PMID: 33543010 PMCID: PMC7852203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen glycation, and in particular the formation of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) crosslinks, plays a central role in the ageing process and in many of the long-term complications of diabetes. Glucosepane, the most abundant and relevant AGE crosslink, has been suggested to increase the stiffness of tissue and reduce its solubility, although no evidence is available concerning the mechanisms. We have used a combination of computational and experimental techniques to study a collagen-rich tissue with a relatively simple organisation to further our understanding of the impact of glucosepane on the structural and physical properties of collagen fibrils. Our work shows that glucosepane levels increase dramatically in aged tendon tissue and are associated with the reduced density of collagen packing and increased porosity to water molecules. Our studies provide the basis to understand many of the tissue dysfunctions associated with ageing and diabetes across a range of different tissues types. Levels of the advanced glycation end-product glucosepane increase in human tendon with increasing chronological age. Glucosepane results in a less tightly held helical structure in the collagen molecule and increased porosity to water. Water content is higher in Achilles and anterior tibialis tendon tissue from older individuals compared to young people. The denaturation temperature of collagen increases in the older age group suggesting a more highly cross-linked structure. The enthalpy of collagen denaturation decreases in older donors suggesting molecules are less confined within the fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nash
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Maria Notou
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Andrea F Lopez-Clavijo
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Helen L Birch
- University College London, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
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19
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Bonilla-Gutiérrez AF, López C, Carmona JU. Regenerative Therapies for the Treatment of Tenodesmic Injuries in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Vieira CP, Viola M, Carneiro GD, D'Angelo ML, Vicente CP, Passi A, Pimentel ER. Glycine improves the remodeling process of tenocytes in vitro. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:804-814. [PMID: 29345399 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tendinitis changes the biochemical and morphological properties of the tendon, promoting an increase of activity of metalloproteinases and disorganization of collagen bundles. Tenocytes, the primary cells in tendon, are scattered throughout the collagenic fibers, and are responsible of tendon remodeling and tissue repair in pathological condition. In vivo, glycine, component of the typical Gly-X-Y collagen tripeptide, showed beneficial effects in biochemical and biomechanical properties of Achilles tendon with tendinitis. In this study, we analyzed the effect of glycine in tenocytes subjected to inflammation. Tenocytes from Achilles tendon of rats were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) with and without previous treatment with glycine (20 mM). Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated, as well as the expression of matrix molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, metalloproteinases (MMPs), TIMPs, and collagen I. Glycine can revert the inflammation due to the action of TNF-α by controlling the MMPs quantity and activity. These data indicated that the molecules involved to remodeling process of extracellular matrix are modulated both by TNF-α and the availability of collagen precursors; in fact, this study indicates the glycine can be useful for treatment of inflammation and for modulating tenocytes metabolism in tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Pedrozo Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, 13083-863 CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Giane Daniela Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-863 CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa D'Angelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Cristina Pontes Vicente
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-863 CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Edson Rosa Pimentel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-863 CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Turlo AJ, Ashraf Kharaz Y, Clegg PD, Anderson J, Peffers MJ. Donor age affects proteome composition of tenocyte-derived engineered tendon. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:2. [PMID: 29338716 PMCID: PMC5771075 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The concept of tissue engineering is to deliver to the injury site biological scaffolds carrying functional cells that will enhance healing response. The preferred cell source is autologous in order to reduce immune response in the treated individual. However, in elderly patients age-related changes in synthetic activity of the implanted cells and subsequent alterations in tissue protein content may affect therapeutic outcomes. In this study we investigated the effect of donor age on proteome composition of tenocyte-derived tendon tissue-engineered constructs. Results Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess the proteome of tissue-engineered constructs derived from young and old equine tenocytes. Ageing was associated with altered extracellular matrix composition, especially accumulation of collagens (type I, III and XIV), and lower cytoskeletal turnover. Proteins involved in cell responsiveness to mechanical stimuli and cell-extracellular matrix interaction (calponin 1, palladin, caldesmon 1, cortactin) were affected. Conclusions This study demonstrated significant changes in proteome of engineered tendon derived from young and old tenocytes, indicating the impact of donor age on composition of autologous constructs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0414-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Turlo
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science, ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Yalda Ashraf Kharaz
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - James Anderson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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22
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Comparison of healing in forelimb and hindlimb surgically induced core lesions of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:358-65. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-13-11-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjective: Even though equine multi-limb tendinopathy models have been reported, it is unknown if fore- and hindlimb tendon healing behave similarly. The aim of this study was to compare the healing process of surgically induced superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) core lesions of fore- and hindlimbs in horses.Methods: Tendon core lesions were surgically induced in the SDFT of both fore- and hindlimbs in eight horses. One randomly assigned forelimb and one randomly assigned hindlimb were injected with saline one and two weeks post-surgery. The healing process was monitored clinically and ultrasonographically. After 24 weeks, the tendons were harvested and biochemical, biomechanical and histological parameters were evaluated.Results: Twenty-four weeks post-surgery, the forelimb SDFT lesions had a significantly higher colour Doppler ultrasound vascularization score (p = 0.02) and glycosaminoglycan concentration (p = 0.04) and a significantly lower hydroxylysylpyridinoline content (p = 0.03).Clinical relevance: Our results indicate that fore- and hindlimb SDFT surgically induced lesions exhibit significant differences in several important parameters of tendon healing 24 weeks post-surgery. These differences create significant challenges in using all four limbs and accurately interpreting the results that one might generate. Therefore these findings do not support the use of four-limb models for study of tendon injury until the reasons for these differences are much better understood.
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Snedeker JG, Foolen J. Tendon injury and repair - A perspective on the basic mechanisms of tendon disease and future clinical therapy. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:18-36. [PMID: 28867648 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is an intricately organized connective tissue that efficiently transfers muscle force to the bony skeleton. Its structure, function, and physiology reflect the extreme, repetitive mechanical stresses that tendon tissues bear. These mechanical demands also lie beneath high clinical rates of tendon disorders, and present daunting challenges for clinical treatment of these ailments. This article aims to provide perspective on the most urgent frontiers of tendon research and therapeutic development. We start by broadly introducing essential elements of current understanding about tendon structure, function, physiology, damage, and repair. We then introduce and describe a novel paradigm explaining tendon disease progression from initial accumulation of damage in the tendon core to eventual vascular recruitment from the surrounding synovial tissues. We conclude with a perspective on the important role that biomaterials will play in translating research discoveries to the patient. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tendon and ligament problems represent the most frequent musculoskeletal complaints for which patients seek medical attention. Current therapeutic options for addressing tendon disorders are often ineffective, and the need for improved understanding of tendon physiology is urgent. This perspective article summarizes essential elements of our current knowledge on tendon structure, function, physiology, damage, and repair. It also describes a novel framework to understand tendon physiology and pathophysiology that may be useful in pushing the field forward.
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24
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Geburek F, Roggel F, van Schie HTM, Beineke A, Estrada R, Weber K, Hellige M, Rohn K, Jagodzinski M, Welke B, Hurschler C, Conrad S, Skutella T, van de Lest C, van Weeren R, Stadler PM. Effect of single intralesional treatment of surgically induced equine superficial digital flexor tendon core lesions with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: a controlled experimental trial. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:129. [PMID: 28583184 PMCID: PMC5460527 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue is a promising source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for the treatment of tendon disease. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a single intralesional implantation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs) on artificial lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs). Methods During this randomized, controlled, blinded experimental study, either autologous cultured AT-MSCs suspended in autologous inactivated serum (AT-MSC-serum) or autologous inactivated serum (serum) were injected intralesionally 2 weeks after surgical creation of centrally located SDFT lesions in both forelimbs of nine horses. Healing was assessed clinically and with ultrasound (standard B-mode and ultrasound tissue characterization) at regular intervals over 24 weeks. After euthanasia of the horses the SDFTs were examined histologically, biochemically and by means of biomechanical testing. Results AT-MSC implantation did not substantially influence clinical and ultrasonographic parameters. Histology, biochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the repair tissue did not differ significantly between treatment modalities after 24 weeks. Compared with macroscopically normal tendon tissue, the content of the mature collagen crosslink hydroxylysylpyridinoline did not differ after AT-MSC-serum treatment (p = 0.074) while it was significantly lower (p = 0.027) in lesions treated with serum alone. Stress at failure (p = 0.048) and the modulus of elasticity (p = 0.001) were significantly lower after AT-MSC-serum treatment than in normal tendon tissue. Conclusions The effect of a single intralesional injection of cultured AT-MSCs suspended in autologous inactivated serum was not superior to treatment of surgically created SDFT lesions with autologous inactivated serum alone in a surgical model of tendinopathy over an observation period of 22 weeks. AT-MSC treatment might have a positive influence on collagen crosslinking of remodelling scar tissue. Controlled long-term studies including naturally occurring tendinopathies are necessary to verify the effects of AT-MSCs on tendon disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0564-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geburek
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Roggel
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans T M van Schie
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roberto Estrada
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Weber
- Pferdeklink Kirchheim, Nürtinger Straße 200, 73230, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Maren Hellige
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Jagodzinski
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bastian Welke
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof Hurschler
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris van de Lest
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Stadler
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Romero A, Barrachina L, Ranera B, Remacha A, Moreno B, de Blas I, Sanz A, Vázquez F, Vitoria A, Junquera C, Zaragoza P, Rodellar C. Comparison of autologous bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells, and platelet rich plasma, for treating surgically induced lesions of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Vet J 2017; 224:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Naito K, Sugiyama Y, Dilokhuttakarn T, Kinoshita M, Goto K, Aritomi K, Iwase Y, Kaneko K. A survey of extensor pollicis longus tendon injury at the time of distal radius fractures. Injury 2017; 48:925-929. [PMID: 28262282 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence or absence, incidence, and degree of extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon injury by visual confirmation of the EPL at the time of osteosynthesis for distal radius fractures. METHODS The subjects were 25 patients (5 males and 20 females; mean age: 56 years) with distal radius fracture that had a dorsal roof fragment. During osteosynthesis using a volar locking plate, the third compartment was exposed in order to determine the EPL injury. The survey items in this study were: incidences of the forms of EPL injury (1: absent, 2: tendon floor fibrillation, and 3: laceration), and the presence or absence of periosteal rupture on the EPL tendon floor. In addition, on the final follow-up, the presence or absence of EPL rupture, the range of wrist motion, grip strength, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH) score, and the Mayo wrist score were investigated. RESULTS During the operation, EPL injury was classified as: 1) absent (12%), 2) tendon floor fibrillation (52%), or 3) laceration (36%). In the EPL tendon floor, periosteal rupture was observed in all patients. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 8 months (6-12 months) and no EPL rupture was observed in any patient. The wrist range of motion was 71° for flexion, 75° for extension, 84° for pronation, and 85° for supination, and the grip (% compared with the unaffected side) was 79%. The VAS, Q-DASH and Mayo scores were 1, 10 and 93 respectively. CONCLUSION This study showed a high incidence of EPL tendon injury at the time of distal radius fractures (88%). To improve the ambient environment of the damaged tendon may be useful in terms of the prevention of tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Naito
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Sugiyama
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thitinut Dilokhuttakarn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedics, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Mayuko Kinoshita
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Goto
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Aritomi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iwase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kaneko
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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PRP Treatment Efficacy for Tendinopathy: A Review of Basic Science Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9103792. [PMID: 27610386 PMCID: PMC5004020 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) has been widely used in orthopaedic surgery and sport medicine to treat tendon injuries. However, the efficacy of PRP treatment for tendinopathy is controversial. This paper focuses on reviewing the basic science studies on PRP performed under well-controlled conditions. Both in vitro and in vivo studies describe PRP's anabolic and anti-inflammatory effects on tendons. While some clinical trials support these findings, others refute them. In this review, we discuss the effectiveness of PRP to treat tendon injuries with evidence presented in basic science studies and the potential reasons for the controversial results in clinical trials. Finally, we comment on the approaches that may be required to improve the efficacy of PRP treatment for tendinopathy.
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Thorpe CT, McDermott BT, Goodship AE, Clegg PD, Birch HL. Ageing does not result in a decline in cell synthetic activity in an injury prone tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:684-93. [PMID: 26058332 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancing age is a well-known risk factor for tendon disease. Energy-storing tendons [e.g., human Achilles, equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)] are particularly vulnerable and it is thought that injury occurs following an accumulation of micro-damage in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Several authors suggest that age-related micro-damage accumulates due to a failure of the aging cell population to maintain the ECM or an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic pathways. We hypothesized that ageing results in a decreased ability of tendon cells to synthesize matrix components and matrix-degrading enzymes, resulting in a reduced turnover of the ECM and a decreased ability to repair micro-damage. The SDFT was collected from horses aged 3-30 years with no signs of tendon injury. Cell synthetic and degradative ability was assessed at the mRNA and protein levels. Telomere length was measured as an additional marker of cell ageing. There was no decrease in cellularity or relative telomere length with increasing age, and no decline in mRNA or protein levels for matrix proteins or degradative enzymes. The results suggest that the mechanism for age-related tendon deterioration is not due to reduced cellularity or a loss of synthetic functionality and that alternative mechanisms should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Thorpe
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - B T McDermott
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - A E Goodship
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - P D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - H L Birch
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, UK
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Anatomical heterogeneity of tendon: Fascicular and interfascicular tendon compartments have distinct proteomic composition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20455. [PMID: 26842662 PMCID: PMC4740843 DOI: 10.1038/srep20455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a simple aligned fibre composite, consisting of collagen-rich fascicles surrounded by a softer interfascicular matrix (IFM). The composition and interactions between these material phases are fundamental in ensuring tissue mechanics meet functional requirements. However the IFM is poorly defined, therefore tendon structure-function relationships are incompletely understood. We hypothesised that the IFM has a more complex proteome, with faster turnover than the fascicular matrix (FM). Using laser-capture microdissection and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that the IFM contains more proteins, and that many proteins show differential abundance between matrix phases. The IFM contained more protein fragments (neopeptides), indicating greater matrix degradation in this compartment, which may act to maintain healthy tendon structure. Protein abundance did not alter with ageing, but neopeptide numbers decreased in the aged IFM, indicating decreased turnover which may contribute to age-related tendon injury. These data provide important insights into how differences in tendon composition and turnover contribute to tendon structure-function relationships and the effects of ageing.
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30
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Geburek F, Lietzau M, Beineke A, Rohn K, Stadler PM. Effect of a single injection of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) on tendon healing in equine naturally occurring tendinopathies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:126. [PMID: 26113022 PMCID: PMC4513386 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autologous blood-derived biologicals, including autologous conditioned serum (ACS), are frequently used to treat tendinopathies in horses despite limited evidence for their efficacy. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of a single intralesional injection of ACS in naturally occurring tendinopathies of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) on clinical, ultrasonographic, and histological parameters. Methods Fifteen horses with 17 naturally occurring tendinopathies of forelimb SDFTs were examined clinically and ultrasonographically (day 0). Injured tendons were randomly assigned to the ACS-treated group (n = 10) receiving a single intralesional ACS injection or included as controls (n = 7) which were either untreated or injected with saline on day 1. All horses participated in a gradually increasing exercise programme and were re-examined nine times at regular intervals until day 190. Needle biopsies were taken from the SDFTs on days 0, 36 and 190 and examined histologically and for the expression of collagen types I and III by immunohistochemistry. Results In ACS-treated limbs lameness decreased significantly until day 10 after treatment. Swelling (scores) of the SDFT region decreased within the ACS group between 50 and 78 days after treatment. Ultrasonographically, the percentage of the lesion in the tendon was significantly lower and the echogenicity of the lesion (total echo score) was significantly higher 78 and 106 days after intralesional ACS injection compared to controls. Histology revealed that, compared to controls, tenocyte nuclei were more spindle-shaped 36 days after ACS injection. Immunohistochemistry showed that collagen type I expression significantly increased between days 36 and 190 after ACS injection. Conclusions Single intralesional ACS injection of equine SDFTs with clinical signs of acute tendinopathy contributes to an early significant reduction of lameness and leads to temporary improvement of ultrasonographic parameters of repair tissue. Intralesional ACS treatment might decrease proliferation of tenocytes 5 weeks after treatment and increase their differentiation as demonstrated by elevated collagen type I expression in the remodelling phase. Potential enhancement of these effects by repeated injections should be tested in future controlled clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geburek
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren Lietzau
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Peter M Stadler
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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Youngstrom DW, Rajpar I, Kaplan DL, Barrett JG. A bioreactor system for in vitro tendon differentiation and tendon tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:911-8. [PMID: 25664422 PMCID: PMC5098427 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is significant clinical demand for functional tendon grafts in human and veterinary medicine. Tissue engineering techniques combining cells, scaffolds, and environmental stimuli may circumvent the shortcomings of traditional transplantation processes. In this study, the influence of cyclic mechanical stimulation on graft maturation and cellular phenotype was assessed in an equine model. Decellularized tendon scaffolds from four equine sources were seeded with syngeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and subjected to 0%, 3%, or 5% strain at 0.33 Hz for up to 1 h daily for 11 days. Cells cultured at 3% strain integrated deep into their scaffolds, altered extracellular matrix composition, adopted tendon-like gene expression profiles, and increased construct elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength to native levels. This bioreactor protocol is therefore suitable for cultivating replacement tendon material or as an in vitro model for studying differentiation of stem cells toward tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Youngstrom
- Program in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ibtesam Rajpar
- Program in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer G. Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Ryan CNM, Sorushanova A, Lomas AJ, Mullen AM, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Glycosaminoglycans in Tendon Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1237-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shikh Alsook MK, Gabriel A, Salouci M, Piret J, Alzamel N, Moula N, Denoix JM, Antoine N, Baise E. Characterization of collagen fibrils after equine suspensory ligament injury: an ultrastructural and biochemical approach. Vet J 2015; 204:117-22. [PMID: 25795168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suspensory ligament (SL) injuries are an important cause of lameness in horses. The mechanical properties of connective tissue in normal and pathological ligaments are mainly related to fibril morphology, as well as collagen content and types. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using biochemical and ultrastructural approaches, the alterations in collagen fibrils after injury. Eight Warmblood horses with visible signs of injury in only one forelimb SL were selected and specimens were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Collagen types I, III and V were purified by differential salt precipitation after collagen extraction with acetic acid containing pepsin. TEM revealed abnormal organization as well as alterations in the diameter and shape of fibrils after SL injury. The bands corresponding to types I, III and V collagen were assessed by densitometry after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Densitometric analysis indicated that the proportions of type III and type V collagen were higher (P < 0.001) in damaged tissues compared with normal tissues with a mean increase of 20.9% and 17.3%, respectively. Concurrently, a decrease (P < 0.001) in type I collagen within damaged tissues was recorded with a mean decrease of 15.2%. These alterations could be the hallmark of a decrease in the tissue quality and mechanical properties of the ligament. The findings provide new insight for subsequent research on tissue regeneration that may lead to the development of future treatment strategies for SL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Shikh Alsook
- Anatomy Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - A Gabriel
- Anatomy Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Salouci
- Anatomy Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Piret
- Histology Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Alzamel
- Pathology Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Moula
- Sustainable Animal Production Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J-M Denoix
- CIRALE -14430 Goustranville, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Paris, France
| | - N Antoine
- Histology Unit, FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - E Baise
- FARAH Research Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Peffers MJ, Fang Y, Cheung K, Wei TKJ, Clegg PD, Birch HL. Transcriptome analysis of ageing in uninjured human Achilles tendon. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:33. [PMID: 25888722 PMCID: PMC4355574 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The risk of tendon injury and disease increases significantly with increasing age. The aim of the study was to characterise transcriptional changes in human Achilles tendon during the ageing process in order to identify molecular signatures that might contribute to age-related degeneration. METHODS RNA for gene expression analysis using RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was isolated from young and old macroscopically normal human Achilles tendon. RNA sequence libraries were prepared following ribosomal RNA depletion, and sequencing was undertaken by using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Expression levels among genes were compared by using fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped. Differentially expressed genes were defined by using Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate approach (P<0.05, expression ratios 1.4 log2 fold change). Alternative splicing of exon variants were also examined by using Cufflinks. The functional significance of genes that showed differential expression between young and old tendon was determined by using ingenuity pathway analysis. RESULTS In total, the expression of 325 transcribed elements, including protein-coding transcripts and non-coding transcripts (small non-coding RNAs, pseudogenes, long non-coding RNAs and a single microRNA), was significantly different in old compared with young tendon (±1.4 log2 fold change, P<0.05). Of these, 191 were at higher levels in older tendon and 134 were at lower levels in older tendon. The top networks for genes differentially expressed with tendon age were from cellular function, cellular growth, and cellular cycling pathways. Notable differential transcriptome changes were also observed in alternative splicing patterns. Several of the top gene ontology terms identified in downregulated isoforms in old tendon related to collagen and post-translational modification of collagen. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates dynamic alterations in RNA with age at numerous genomic levels, indicating changes in the regulation of transcriptional networks. The results suggest that ageing is not primarily associated with loss of ability to synthesise matrix proteins and matrix-degrading enzymes. In addition, we have identified non-coding RNA genes and differentially expressed transcript isoforms of known matrix components with ageing which require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Jayne Peffers
- Comparative Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Kathleen Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Tim Koh Jia Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, Singapore, 599489, Singapore.
| | - Peter David Clegg
- Comparative Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Helen Lucy Birch
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore Campus, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK.
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Patterson-Kane JC, Rich T. Achilles tendon injuries in elite athletes: lessons in pathophysiology from their equine counterparts. ILAR J 2015; 55:86-99. [PMID: 24936032 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury in equine athletes is one of the most well-accepted, scientifically supported companion animal models of human disease (i.e., exercise-induced Achilles tendon [AT] injury). The SDFT and AT are functionally and clinically equivalent (and important) energy-storing structures for which no equally appropriate rodent, rabbit, or other analogues exist. Access to equine tissues has facilitated significant advances in knowledge of tendon maturation and aging, determination of specific exercise effects (including early life), and definition of some of the earliest stages of subclinical pathology. Access to human surgical biopsies has provided complementary information on more advanced phases of disease. Importantly, equine SDFT injuries are only a model for acute ruptures in athletes, not the entire spectrum of human tendonopathy (including chronic tendon pain). In both, pathology begins with a potentially prolonged phase of accumulation of (subclinical) microdamage. Recent work has revealed remarkably similar genetic risk factors, including further evidence that tenocyte dysfunction plays an active role. Mice are convenient but not necessarily accurate models for multiple diseases, particularly at the cellular level. Mechanistic studies, including tendon cell responses to combinations of exercise-associated stresses, require a more thorough investigation of cross-species conservation of key stress pathway auditors. Molecular evidence has provided some context for the poor performance of mouse models; equines may provide better systems at this level. The use of horses may be additionally justifiable based on comparable species longevity, lifestyle factors, and selection pressure by similar infectious agents (e.g., herpesviruses) on general cell stress pathway evolution.
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Costa-Almeida R, Gonçalves AI, Gershovich P, Rodrigues MT, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Tendon Stem Cell Niche. TISSUE-SPECIFIC STEM CELL NICHE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21705-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Westermann S, Windsteig V, Schramel JP, Peham C. Effect of a bandage or tendon boot on skin temperature of the metacarpus at rest and after exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:375-9. [PMID: 24669923 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the skin temperature of the metacarpus in horses associated with the use of bandages and tendon boots, compared with the bare limb, at rest and after 20 minutes of lunging. ANIMALS 10 adult horses. PROCEDURES Skin temperature on the bare metacarpus of both forelimbs was measured at rest and after lunging. Subsequently, a bandage was applied to the left metacarpus and a tendon boot to the right metacarpus and skin temperature was measured at rest and after lunging. Skin temperature was measured with fixed sensors and thermographically. RESULTS Mean ± SD skin temperatures of the bare metacarpi were 14.1 ± 2.4°C (left) and 14.1 ± 3.4°C (right) at rest, and 14.4 ± 1.8°C (left) and 13.6 ± 2.6°C (right) after exercise. Skin temperatures under the bandage were 15.3 ± 1.6°C at rest and 24.8 ± 3.6°C after exercise. Skin temperatures under the tendon boot were 15.3 ± 2.6°C at rest and 20.6 ± 2.9°C after exercise. Skin temperatures under the bandage and tendon boot were significantly higher after exercise than at rest. Skin temperatures at rest were not significantly different with a bare limb, bandage, or tendon boot. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Skin temperature of the metacarpus in horses increased significantly during exercise but not at rest when a bandage or tendon boot was used. The authors speculate that both a bandage and a tendon boot accelerate the warm up phase of exercise. Further research should focus on the effects of warm up and maximum exercise on the temperature of other anatomic structures such as tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Westermann
- Equine Clinic, Horse Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Korosue K, Endo Y, Murase H, Ishimaru M, Nambo Y, Sato F. The cross-sectional area changes in digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament in foals by ultrasonographic examination. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:548-52. [PMID: 25124717 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Flexural deformities are common conditions of growing horses and are suggested to have a relationship with the contraction of musculotendinous units. However, limited studies have documented the changes in each tendon and ligament in the metacarpal region with age. OBJECTIVES To investigate the changes in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of each tendon and ligament in the metacarpal region with age by ultrasonographic examination. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study of foals from Day 1 to age 24 months. METHODS The CSA of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament was measured by ultrasonographic examination at monthly intervals from Day 1 to age 24 months in 7 Thoroughbred foals. RESULTS Changes in superficial digital flexor CSA in all regions were larger than those of other structures from 10 months to 15 months. The suspensory ligament CSA was significantly larger than those of other structures on Day 1 in both the region of suspensory origin (RSO) and region of suspensory body (RSBO). This condition continued until 2 months in the RSO and until 5 months in the RSBO. The changes in deep digital flexor CSA were larger than those of other structures from 2 to 5 months in both the RSO and RSBO. CONCLUSIONS The rate of change in each structure varies with age. Thus, the functional adaptation with age that takes place may differ among structures because the primary function of each structure differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Korosue
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Endo
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Murase
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Ishimaru
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Nambo
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - F Sato
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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Peffers MJ, Thorpe CT, Collins JA, Eong R, Wei TKJ, Screen HRC, Clegg PD. Proteomic analysis reveals age-related changes in tendon matrix composition, with age- and injury-specific matrix fragmentation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25867-78. [PMID: 25077967 PMCID: PMC4162187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy storing tendons, such as the human Achilles and equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), are highly prone to injury, the incidence of which increases with aging. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that result in increased injury in aged tendons are not well established but are thought to result in altered matrix turnover. However, little attempt has been made to fully characterize the tendon proteome nor determine how the abundance of specific tendon proteins changes with aging and/or injury. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the protein profile of normal SDFTs from young and old horses using label-free relative quantification to identify differentially abundant proteins and peptide fragments between age groups. The protein profile of injured SDFTs from young and old horses was also assessed. The results demonstrate distinct proteomic profiles in young and old tendon, with alterations in the levels of proteins involved in matrix organization and regulation of cell tension. Furthermore, we identified several new peptide fragments (neopeptides) present in aged tendons, suggesting that there are age-specific cleavage patterns within the SDFT. Proteomic profile also differed between young and old injured tendon, with a greater number of neopeptides identified in young injured tendon. This study has increased the knowledge of molecular events associated with tendon aging and injury, suggesting that maintenance and repair of tendon tissue may be reduced in aged individuals and may help to explain why the risk of injury increases with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy J Peffers
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, and
| | - John A Collins
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Robin Eong
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, School of Life Sciences, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489
| | - Timothy K J Wei
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, School of Life Sciences, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489
| | - Hazel R C Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, and
| | - Peter D Clegg
- From the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE
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Rich T, Patterson-Kane JC. Science-in-brief: What is needed to prevent tendon injury in equine athletes? A conversation between researchers and industry stakeholders. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:393-8. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Rich
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - J. C. Patterson-Kane
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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Whitton R, Jackson M, Campbell A, Anderson G, Parkin T, Morton J, Boden L. Musculoskeletal injury rates in Thoroughbred racehorses following local corticosteroid injection. Vet J 2014; 200:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dakin SG, Dudhia J, Smith RKW. Resolving an inflammatory concept: the importance of inflammation and resolution in tendinopathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:121-7. [PMID: 24556326 PMCID: PMC3991845 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in equine athletes, but the healing response is poorly understood. One important drive for the healing of connective tissues is the inflammatory cascade, but the role of inflammation in tendinopathy has been contentious in the literature. This article reviews the processes involved in the healing of tendon injuries in natural disease and experimental models. The importance of inflammatory processes known to be active in tendon disease is discussed with particular focus on recent findings related specifically to the horse. Whilst inflammation is necessary for debridement after injury, persistent inflammation is thought to drive fibrosis, a perceived adverse consequence of tendon healing. Therefore the ability to resolve inflammation by the resident cell populations in tendons at an appropriate time would be crucial for successful outcome. This review summarises new evidence for the importance of resolution of inflammation after tendon injury. Given that many anti-inflammatory drugs suppress both inflammatory and resolving components of the inflammatory response, prolonged use of these drugs may be contraindicated as a therapeutic approach. We propose that these findings have profound implications not only for current treatment strategies but also for the possibility of developing novel therapeutic approaches involving modulation of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Dakin
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Roger K W Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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Dakin SG, Smith RKW, Heinegård D, Önnerfjord P, Khabut A, Dudhia J. Proteomic analysis of tendon extracellular matrix reveals disease stage-specific fragmentation and differential cleavage of COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4919-27. [PMID: 24398684 PMCID: PMC3931053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammatory processes the extracellular matrix (ECM) is extensively remodeled, and many of the constituent components are released as proteolytically cleaved fragments. These degradative processes are better documented for inflammatory joint diseases than tendinopathy even though the pathogenesis has many similarities. The aims of this study were to investigate the proteomic composition of injured tendons during early and late disease stages to identify disease-specific cleavage patterns of the ECM protein cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). In addition to characterizing fragments released in naturally occurring disease, we hypothesized that stimulation of tendon explants with proinflammatory mediators in vitro would induce fragments of COMP analogous to natural disease. Therefore, normal tendon explants were stimulated with IL-1β and prostaglandin E2, and their effects on the release of COMP and its cleavage patterns were characterized. Analyses of injured tendons identified an altered proteomic composition of the ECM at all stages post injury, showing protein fragments that were specific to disease stage. IL-1β enhanced the proteolytic cleavage and release of COMP from tendon explants, whereas PGE2 had no catabolic effect. Of the cleavage fragments identified in early stage tendon disease, two fragments were generated by an IL-1-mediated mechanism. These fragments provide a platform for the development of neo-epitope assays specific to injury stage for tendon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Georgina Dakin
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom and
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Thorpe CT, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HRC. The role of the non-collagenous matrix in tendon function. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:248-59. [PMID: 23718692 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon consists of highly ordered type I collagen molecules that are grouped together to form subunits of increasing diameter. At each hierarchical level, the type I collagen is interspersed with a predominantly non-collagenous matrix (NCM) (Connect. Tissue Res., 6, 1978, 11). Whilst many studies have investigated the structure, organization and function of the collagenous matrix within tendon, relatively few have studied the non-collagenous components. However, there is a growing body of research suggesting the NCM plays an important role within tendon; adaptations to this matrix may confer the specific properties required by tendons with different functions. Furthermore, age-related alterations to non-collagenous proteins have been identified, which may affect tendon resistance to injury. This review focuses on the NCM within the tensional region of developing and mature tendon, discussing the current knowledge and identifying areas that require further study to fully understand structure-function relationships within tendon. This information will aid in the development of appropriate techniques for tendon injury prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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45
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Youngstrom DW, Barrett JG, Jose RR, Kaplan DL. Functional characterization of detergent-decellularized equine tendon extracellular matrix for tissue engineering applications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64151. [PMID: 23724028 PMCID: PMC3664617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural extracellular matrix provides a number of distinct advantages for engineering replacement orthopedic tissue due to its intrinsic functional properties. The goal of this study was to optimize a biologically derived scaffold for tendon tissue engineering using equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendons. We investigated changes in scaffold composition and ultrastructure in response to several mechanical, detergent and enzymatic decellularization protocols using microscopic techniques and a panel of biochemical assays to evaluate total protein, collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and deoxyribonucleic acid content. Biocompatibility was also assessed with static mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture. Implementation of a combination of freeze/thaw cycles, incubation in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), trypsinization, treatment with DNase-I, and ethanol sterilization produced a non-cytotoxic biomaterial free of appreciable residual cellular debris with no significant modification of biomechanical properties. These decellularized tendon scaffolds (DTS) are suitable for complex tissue engineering applications, as they provide a clean slate for cell culture while maintaining native three-dimensional architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Youngstrom
- Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer G. Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rod R. Jose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Södersten F, Hultenby K, Heinegård D, Johnston C, Ekman S. Immunolocalization of collagens (I and III) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the normal and injured equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:62-9. [PMID: 23020676 PMCID: PMC3545546 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.734879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This is a descriptive study of tendon pathology with different structural appearances of repair tissue correlated to immunolocalization of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and type I and III collagens and expression of COMP mRNA. The material consists of nine tendons from seven horses (5-25 years old; mean age of 10 years) with clinical tendinopathy and three normal tendons from horses (3, 3, and 13 years old) euthanized for non-orthopedic reasons. The injured tendons displayed different repair-tissue appearances with organized and disorganized fibroblastic regions as well as areas of necrosis. The normal tendons presented distinct immunoreactivity for COMP and expression of COMP mRNA and type I collagen in the normal aligned fiber structures, but no immunolabeling of type III collagen. However, immunoreactivity for type III collagen was present in the endotenon surrounding the fiber bundles, where no expression of COMP could be seen. Immunostaining for type I and III collagens was present in all of the pathologic regions indicating repair tissue. Interestingly, the granulation tissues showed immunostaining for COMP and expression of COMP mRNA, indicating a role for COMP in repair and remodeling of the tendon after fiber degeneration and rupture. The present results suggest that not only type III collagen but also COMP is involved in the repair and remodeling processes of the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Södersten
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dick Heinegård
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Section for Connective Tissue Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Stina Ekman
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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Spaas JH, Guest DJ, Van de Walle GR. Tendon Regeneration in Human and Equine Athletes. Sports Med 2012; 42:871-90. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dakin SG, Dudhia J, Werling NJ, Werling D, Abayasekara DRE, Smith RKW. Inflamm-aging and arachadonic acid metabolite differences with stage of tendon disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48978. [PMID: 23155437 PMCID: PMC3498370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of inflammation to the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and high prevalence of re-injury is not well established, although recent evidence suggests involvement of prostaglandins. We investigated the roles of prostaglandins and inflammation-resolving mediators in naturally occurring equine tendon injury with disease stage and age. Levels of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), F2α (PGF2α), lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and its receptor FPR2/ALX were analysed in extracts of normal, sub-acute and chronic injured tendons. To assess whether potential changes were associated with altered PGE2 metabolism, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), COX-2 and EP4 receptor expression were investigated. The ability of tendons to resolve inflammation was determined by assessing FPR2/ALX expression in natural injury and IL-1β stimulated tendon explants. Alterations in the profile of lipid mediators during sub-acute injury included low PGE2 and elevated LXA4 levels compared to normal and chronic injuries. In contrast, PGF2α levels remained unchanged and were three-fold lower than PGE2. The synthetic capacity of PGE2 as measured by the ratio of mPGES-1:PGDH was elevated in sub-acute injury, suggesting aberrations in tendon prostaglandin metabolism, whilst COX-2 and EP4 receptor were unchanged. Paradoxically low tendon PGE2 levels in early injury may be attributed to increased local clearance via PGDH or the class switching of lipid mediators from the prostaglandin to the lipoxin axis. PGE2 is therefore implicated in the development of tendon inflammation and its ensuing resolution. Whilst there was no relationship between age and tendon LXA4 levels, there was an age-associated decline in FPR2/ALX receptor expression with concurrent increased PGE2 levels in injury. Furthermore, uninjured tendon explants from younger (<10 years) but not older horses (≥10 years) treated with IL-1β responded by increasing FPR2/ALX suggesting aged individuals exhibit a reduced capacity to resolve inflammation via FPR2/ALX, which may present a potential mechanism for development of chronic tendinopathy and re-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Georgina Dakin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
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Thorpe CT, Udeze CP, Birch HL, Clegg PD, Screen HRC. Specialization of tendon mechanical properties results from interfascicular differences. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:3108-17. [PMID: 22764132 PMCID: PMC3479922 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons transfer force from muscle to bone. Specific tendons, including the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), also store and return energy. For efficient function, energy-storing tendons need to be more extensible than positional tendons such as the common digital extensor tendon (CDET), and when tested in vitro have a lower modulus and failure stress, but a higher failure strain. It is not known how differences in matrix organization contribute to distinct mechanical properties in functionally different tendons. We investigated the properties of whole tendons, tendon fascicles and the fascicular interface in the high-strain energy-storing SDFT and low-strain positional CDET. Fascicles failed at lower stresses and strains than tendons. The SDFT was more extensible than the CDET, but SDFT fascicles failed at lower strains than CDET fascicles, resulting in large differences between tendon and fascicle failure strain in the SDFT. At physiological loads, the stiffness at the fascicular interface was lower in the SDFT samples, enabling a greater fascicle sliding that could account for differences in tendon and fascicle failure strain. Sliding between fascicles prior to fascicle extension in the SDFT may allow the large extensions required in energy-storing tendons while protecting fascicles from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Medical Engineering Division, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Vallance SA, Vidal MA, Whitcomb MB, Murphy BG, Spriet M, Galuppo LD. Evaluation of a diode laser for use in induction of tendinopathy in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1435-44. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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