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Hohenwarter L, Böttger R, Li SD. Modification and Delivery of Enkephalins for Pain Modulation. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123425. [PMID: 37739096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain negatively affects patient's quality of life and poses a significant economic burden. First line pharmaceutical treatment of chronic pain, including NSAIDs or antidepressants, is often inefficient to reduce pain, or produces intolerable adverse effects. In such cases, opioids are frequently prescribed for their potent analgesia, but chronic opioid use is also frequently associated with debilitating side effects that may offset analgesic benefits. Nonetheless, opioids continue to be widely utilized due to the lack of effective alternative analgesics. Since their discovery in 1975, a class of endogenous opioids called enkephalins (ENKs) have been investigated for their ability to relieve pain with significantly reduced adverse effects compared to conventional opioids. Their low metabolic stability and inability to cross biological membranes, however, make ENKs ineffective analgesics. Over past decades, much effort has been invested to overcome these limitations and develop ENK-based pain therapies. This review summarizes and describes chemical modifications and ENK delivery technologies utilizing ENK conjugates, nanoparticles and ENK gene delivery approaches and discusses valid lessons, challenges, and future directions of this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hohenwarter
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roland Böttger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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2
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Budka J, Kowalski S, Chylinska M, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Opioid Growth Factor and its Derivatives as Potential Non-toxic Multifunctional Anticancer and Analgesic Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:673-686. [PMID: 32129162 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200304122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant research progress on the pathogenesis, molecular biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, its morbidity and mortality are still high around the world. The emerging resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs remains still a significant problem in oncology today. Furthermore, an important challenge is the inability of anticancer drugs to selectively target tumor cells thus sparing healthy cells. One of the new potential options for efficient and safe therapy can be provided by opioid growth factor (OGF), chemically termed Met-enkephalin. It is an endogenous pentapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) with antitumor, analgesic, and immune-boosting properties. Clinical trials have demonstrated that OGF therapy alone, as well as in combination with standard chemotherapies, is a safe, non-toxic anticancer agent that reduces tumor size. In this paper, we review the structure-activity relationship of OGF and its analogues. We highlight also OGF derivatives with analgesic, immunomodulatory activity and the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and may be used as safe agents enhancing chemotherapy efficacy and improving quality of life in cancer patients. The reviewed papers indicate that Met-enkephalin and its analogues are interesting candidates for the development of novel, non-toxic, and endowed with an analgesic activity anticancer drugs. More preclinical and clinical studies are needed to explore these opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Budka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Chylinska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Nofsinger R, Fuchs-Knotts T, Borchardt RT. Factors that Restrict the Cell Permeation of Cyclic Prodrugs of an Opioid Peptide, Part 3: Synthesis of Analogs Designed to have Improved Stability to Oxidative Metabolism. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3486-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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4
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Nofsinger R, Borchardt RT. Factors that Restrict the Cell Permeation of Cyclic Prodrugs of an Opioid Peptide, Part 4: Characterization of the Biopharmaceutical and Physicochemical Properties of Two New Cyclic Prodrugs Designed to be Stable to Oxidative Metabolism by Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes in the Intestinal Mucosa. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3500-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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New potent biphalin analogues containing p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine at the 4,4' positions and non-hydrazine linkers. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1503-11. [PMID: 20924622 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and the biological evaluation of two new analogues of the potent dimeric opioid peptide biphalin. The performed modification is based on the replacement of two key structural elements of the native biphalin, namely: the hydrazine bridge which joins the two palindromic moieties and the phenylalanine residues at the 4,4' positions of the backbone. The new analogues 9 and 10 contain 1,2-phenylenediamine and piperazine, respectively, in place of the hydrazidic linker and p-fluoro-L-phenylalanine residues at 4 and 4' positions. Binding values are: Kμ(i)=0.51 nM and Kδ(i)=12.8 nM for compound 9, Kμ(i)=0.09 nM and Kδ(i)=0.11 nM for analogue 10.
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6
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Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is an extracellular matrix-bound metallocarboxypeptidase (CP) that has been implicated in Duane syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the lateral rectus extraocular muscle is not properly innervated. Consistent with a role in Duane syndrome, CPA6 is expressed in a number of chondrocytic and nervous tissues during embryogenesis. To better characterize the enzymatic function and specificity of CPA6 and to compare this with other CPs, CPA6 was expressed in HEK293 cells and purified. Kinetic parameters were determined using a panel of synthetic carboxypeptidase substrates, indicating a preference of CPA6 for large hydrophobic C-terminal amino acids and only very weak activity toward small amino acids and histidine. A quantitative peptidomics approach using a mixture of peptides representative of the neuropeptidome allowed the characterization of CPA6 preferences at the P1 substrate position and suggested that small and acidic P1 residues significantly inhibit CPA6 cleavage. Finally, a comparison of available kinetic data for CPA enzymes shows a gradient of specificity across the subfamily, from the very restricted specificity of CPA2 to the very broad activity of CPA4. Structural data and modeling for all CPA/B subfamily members suggests the structural basis for the unique specificities observed for each member of the CPA/B subfamily of metallocarboxypeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lyons
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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7
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Weltrowska G, Lemieux C, Chung NN, Schiller PW. Cyclic enkephalin analogs containing various para-substituted phenylalanine derivatives in place of Tyr1 are potent opioid agonists*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:36-41. [PMID: 15686532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic enkephalin analog H-Tyr-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe(pNO(2))-D-Cys]NH(2) is a highly potent opioid agonist with IC(50)s of 35 pm and 19 pm in the guinea-pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) assays, respectively. The Phe(1)-analog of this peptide showed 370-fold and 6790-fold lower agonist potency in the GPI and MVD assays, respectively, indicating the importance of the Tyr(1) hydroxyl-group in the interaction with mu and delta opioid receptors. In the present study, the effect of various substituents (-NH(2), -NO(2), -CN, -CH(3), -COOH, -COCH(3), -CONH(2)) introduced in the para-position of the Phe(1)-residue of H-Phe-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe(pNO(2))-D-Cys]NH(2) on the in vitro opioid activity profile was examined. Most analogs showed enhanced mu and delta agonist potencies in the two bioassays, except for the Phe(pCOOH)(1)-analog, which was weakly active, probably as a consequence of the negative charge. The most potent compounds were the Phe(pCOH(3))(1)- and the Phe(pCONH(2))(1)-analogs. The latter compound showed subnanomolar mu and delta agonist potencies and represents the most potent enkephalin analog lacking the Tyr(1) hydroxyl-group reported to date. Taken together, these results indicate that various substituents introduced in the para-position of Phe(1) enhance opioid activity via hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions with the receptor. Comparison with existing structure-activity relationship on phenolic hydroxyl replacements in morphinans indicates that these nonpeptide opiates and some of the cyclic enkephalin analogs described here may have different modes of binding to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weltrowska
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
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8
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Weltrowska G, Nguyen TMD, Lemieux C, Chung NN, Schiller* PW. Potent Opioid Peptide Agonists Containing 4′-[N-((4′-phenyl)-phenethyl)carboxamido]phenylalanine (Bcp) in Place of Tyr. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:337-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Agnes RS, Ying J, Kövér KE, Lee YS, Davis P, Ma SW, Badghisi H, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of bifunctional cyclic disulfide peptides based on overlapping pharmacophores at opioid and cholecystokinin receptors. Peptides 2008; 29:1413-23. [PMID: 18502541 PMCID: PMC2601673 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged opioid exposure increases the expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), where CCK may attenuate the antinociceptive effects of opioids. The complex interactions between opioid and CCK may play a role in the development of opioid tolerance. We designed and synthesized cyclic disulfide peptides and determined their agonist properties at opioid receptors and antagonist properties at CCK receptors. Compound 1 (Tyr-c[d-Cys-Gly-Trp-Cys]-Asp-Phe-NH(2)) showed potent binding and agonist activities at delta and mu opioid receptors but weak binding to CCK receptors. The NMR structure of the lead compound displayed similar conformational features of opioid and CCK ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Agnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Jinfa Ying
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Katalin E. Kövér
- Department of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Shou-wu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Hamid Badghisi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Victor J. Hruby, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Phone: (520) 621-6332. Fax: (520) 621-8407.,
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10
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Pencheva N, Milanov P, Vezenkov L, Pajpanova T, Naydenova E. Opioid profiles of Cys2-containing enkephalin analogues. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 498:249-56. [PMID: 15364002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the structural features determining delta-opioid receptor properties of enkephalin analogues containing Cys(O2NH2) in position 2, a series of Cys2-containing derivatives were synthesized and tested for their effectiveness in depressing electrically evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens (predominantly enkephalin-selective delta-opioid receptors) and the guinea-pig ileum (mu- and kappa-opioid receptors). The peptidase resistance of the compounds was also tested. The ratio IC50 in the guinea-pig ileum/IC50 in the mouse vas deferens, indicating selectivity for delta-opioid receptors, was high for Cys(O2NH2)2-containing analogues and especially for [Cys(O2NH2)2, Leu5]enkephalin, which was about seven times more selective than delta-opioid receptor selective ligand cyclic [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE). The dissociation constant (KA) and relative efficacy (e(rel)) of the compounds in the mouse-isolated vas deferens were determined using explicit formulae derived by fitting of the data points with two-parametric hyperbolic function. The obtained values for KA and e(rel) suggest that: (i) incorporation of Cys(O2NH2)2 in the molecule of [Leu5]enkephalin highly increases the efficacy and does not change significantly the affinity of the respective analogues to delta-opioid receptors; [Cys(O2NH2)2, Leu5]enkephalin has higher affinity than DPDPE, but is less resistant to enzyme degradation; the effect of this modification on the efficacy is decreased when methionine is in position 5; (ii) D-configuration of Cys(O2NH2)2-containing analogues increases their peptidase resistance, but reduces efficacy and affinity of the peptides towards delta-opioid receptors; (iii) the substitution of Cys(O2NH2) with Hcy(O2NH2) reduces the efficacy, affinity and potency of the respective analogues and maintains their sensitivity to endogenous peptidases; (iv) the substitution of the sulfonamide group with benzyl group in the molecule of Cys in position 2 decreases their efficacy and affinity toward delta-opioid receptors, but attaches resistance to enzyme degradation. The results obtained in this study allow: (i) to involve the receptor affinity and agonist efficacy as drug-design consideration for delta-opioid receptor properties of newly synthesized compounds and (ii) to characterize some of the structural features, which set the pattern for their opioid profiles.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cysteine/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enkephalins/chemistry
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Kinetics
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Pencheva
- Department of Kinezitherapy, South-West University, 66 Ivan Mihailov Str., 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria.
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11
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McFadyen IJ, Houshyar H, Liu-Chen LY, Woods JH, Traynor JR. The steroid 17alpha-acetoxy-6-dimethylaminomethyl-21-fluoro-3-ethoxy-pregna-3, 5-dien-20-one (SC17599) is a selective mu-opioid agonist: implications for the mu-opioid pharmacophore. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:669-76. [PMID: 10999935 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.4.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid SC17599 (17alpha-acetoxy-6-dimethylaminomethyl-21-fluoro-3-ethoxypregna -3, 5-dien-20-one) has mu-opioid actions in vivo. The ability of SC17599 to interact with opioid receptors has been studied using radioligand and [(35)S]guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTPgammaS) binding assays. SC17599 bound to mu-opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and to recombinant receptors expressed in rat C6 glioma cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells with good affinity and with greater than 100-fold selectivity for mu- over both delta- and kappa-opioid receptors. Binding was much reduced when aspartate 147 in the wild-type mu-opioid receptor was replaced with asparagine. The affinity of SC17599 for the mu-opioid receptor was decreased in the presence of sodium ions, indicating agonist activity. SC17599 stimulated the binding of [(35)S]GTPgammaS in a naloxone-reversible manner with good potency and maximal effect equivalent to that of the mu-opioid agonists fentanyl and [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin. In rat brain membranes, SC17599-mediated stimulation of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding was reversed by the antagonist naltrexone. SC17599 lacks an aromatic ring and para-hydroxyl substituent considered critical in the pharmacophore for mu-opioids. The structural relationship between SC17599 and more traditional opioid ligands was investigated through genetic algorithm-based modeling techniques for pharmacophore generation (GASP) and ligand-receptor docking (GOLD). The relatively planar and electron-rich A ring of the steroid compensated for the lack of aromaticity. Modeling of ligand-receptor docking showed that both morphine and SC17599 occupy the same binding pocket within the transmembrane helix bundle of the mu-opioid receptor and that the relationship between their binding modes largely mimicked the pharmacophore alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J McFadyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Okada Y, Fukumizu A, Takahashi M, Shimizu Y, Tsuda Y, Yokoi T, Bryant SD, Lazarus LH. Synthesis of stereoisomeric analogues of endomorphin-2, H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2), and examination of their opioid receptor binding activities and solution conformation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:7-11. [PMID: 11006073 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All sixteen stereoisomeric analogues of endomorphin-2 (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) were synthesized by Fmoc-strategy using solid phase methods. Although synthetic endomorphin-2 exhibited similar mu- and delta-opioid receptor-binding activity to the natural compound, endomorphin-2 analogues containing d-amino acid isomers exhibited lower interaction with mu-receptors depending on the particular combination. The data clearly indicated that the three dimensional structure of endomorphin-2 with the natural l-configuration was the most suitable for binding within the mu receptor, but specific residues are important for activity. Circular dichroism studies verified that changes in chirality of amino acids in the endomorphin-2 sequence resulted in structural conformation. These alterations significantly reduced the specificity for mu-receptor-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2180, Japan.
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13
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Burden JE, Davis P, Porreca F, Spatola AF. Synthesis and biological activities of position one and three transposed analogs of the opioid peptide YKFA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:3441-6. [PMID: 10617088 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyr-c[D-Lys-Phe-Ala], YKFA, is a potent opioid peptide analog with subnanomolar IC50s toward mu and delta receptors. Transposing Phe and Tyr, a modification found to promote mu antagonist activity in opioid/somatostatin hybrids, gave surprisingly high mu agonist activities for several related analogs, considering the lack of a 1-position hydroxyl function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY 40292 USA
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14
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Okada Y, Fukumizu A, Takahashi M, Yamazaki J, Yokoi T, Tsuda Y, Bryant SD, Lazarus LH. Amino acids and peptides. LVI. Synthesis of pyrazinone ring-containing opioid mimetics and examination of their opioid receptor binding activity. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Radomirov R, Pencheva N, Stoyneva I, Lazova L. Opioid effects of short enkephalin fragments containing the Gly-Phe sequence on contractile responses of guinea pig ileum. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 25:303-9. [PMID: 8026730 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)90059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. Effects of the fragments H-Gly-Phe-OH, H-Gly-Phe-NH2 or H-Gly-Phe-OMe on the electrically stimulated cholinergic contractions of the longitudinal layer in isolated guinea pig ileum and on the Morphine-, Met-enkephalin- or Leu-enkephalin-induced inhibition of these contractions were analyzed for opioid activity in respect to Gly-Phe sequence. 2. H-Gly-Phe-OH or H-Gly-Phe-NH2 exerted no effects, while H-Gly-Phe-OMe applied cumulatively (1 pM-1 mM), concentration-dependently reduced the contractions to electrical stimulation, the IC50 value being 1.96 +/- 0.06 microM. Naloxone (1-5 microM) did not reverse the H-Gly-Phe-OMe effects. 3. H-Gly-Phe-OMe at single concentrations (1-10 microM) significantly decreased the maximum inhibition produced by cumulatively added (0.1 nM-100 microM) morphine, Met-enkephalin or Leu-enkephalin. The regression lines for the opioids were shifted to the right but not always in a parallel fashion; the IC50 values were higher as compared to the controls and lower as compared to the IC50 values after naloxone. 4. The pA2 value for H-Gly-Phe-OMe with respect to morphine (6.43 +/- 0.14) did not differ from that to Met-enkephalin (6.68 +/- 0.35) or Leu-enkephalin (9.06 +/- 0.98); the slope of the pA2 plot to morphine was near unity. 5. These data indicated that H-Gly-Phe-OMe exerted predominantly a potent non-competitive opioid antagonistic effect suggesting that short enkephalin fragments containing the Gly-Phe sequence might possess an opioid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Radomirov
- Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
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16
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Currie BL, Krstenansky JL, Lin ZL, Ungwitayatorn J, Lee YH, Rosario-Chow MD, Sheu WS, Johnson ME. Design and synthesis of a bicyclic non-peptide β-bend mimetic of enkephalin. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Becker A, Grecksch G, Matthies H. The effect of acutely administered beta-casomorphin derivatives on pentylenetetrazol-kindled mice. Peptides 1991; 12:483-5. [PMID: 1923928 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Some of the Tyr-containing and desTyr beta-casomorphin derivatives were tested for their anticonvulsant action in pentylenetatrazol-kindled mice. It was demonstrated that some of these substances exert powerful action against kindled seizures, suggesting therapeutical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Academy, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Tsuzuki N, Hama T, Hibi T, Konishi R, Futaki S, Kitagawa K. Adamantane as a brain-directed drug carrier for poorly absorbed drug: antinociceptive effects of [D-Ala2]Leu-enkephalin derivatives conjugated with the 1-adamantane moiety. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:R5-8. [PMID: 1996999 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90616-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuzuki
- Teikoku Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tuscon 85721
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20
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Martinez JL, Weinberger SB, Schulteis G. Enkephalins and learning and memory: a review of evidence for a site of action outside the blood-brain barrier. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1988; 49:192-221. [PMID: 2835032 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(88)90517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of studies indicate that enkephalins exert dramatic influences on learning and memory in rats and mice, when studied with conditioning tasks that are both negatively and positively motivated. Pharmacological analysis of these enkephalin actions on conditioning suggests that the [leu]enkephalin acts through a delta opioid receptor which is located outside the blood-brain barrier. Control studies indicate that enkephalins do not simply affect the performance of a conditioned response through actions on shock sensitivity or locomotor activity. Characterization of the peripheral enkephalin mechanism that affects behavior suggests an action through an enzymatic system that controls the concentrations of enkephalin present at its receptors in the periphery. This enzymatic mechanism is sensitive to experience, since its activity changes following conditioning, which suggests that it may be a regulatory mechanism for behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martinez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Wong-Dusting H, Rand MJ. Effects of the opioid peptides [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 on cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1987; 14:725-30. [PMID: 2832111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1987.tb01897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of the opioid peptides [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (MEAP) and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL) were compared with those of [Leu5]enkephalin and [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide (DAME) on cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. 2. Rabbit isolated atria had a resting rate of 190 beats/min. In the presence of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.3 mumol/l), atria responded to electrical field stimulation with a cholinergically mediated negative chronotropic response. The opioid peptides had no effect on the resting rate, but inhibited the negative chronotropic response to field stimulation. The IC50 values for inhibiting the cholinergic responses were 1.4 mumol/l for [Leu5]enkephalin (LE), 1.4 mumol/l for MEAP, 1.3 mumol/l for MEAGL and 0.2 mumol/l for DAME. Responses of a similar magnitude to exogenous acetylcholine were unaffected. 3. Thus, MEAP, MEAGL and LE had similar potencies but DAME was about seven times more potent in inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. The site of inhibition appears to be prejunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wong-Dusting
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Wong-Dusting HK, Rand MJ. Effect of [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin on cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in isolated atria. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 111:65-72. [PMID: 2990945 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In rabbit isolated atria, [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (0.1-3 microM) inhibited responses to cholinergic nerve stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting responses to exogenous acetylcholine. The inhibitory effect was blocked by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (1 microM). In rabbit atria in which the transmitter acetylcholine stores had been radioactively labelled by preincubating the tissue in [3H]choline, tetrodotoxin (100 ng/ml) significantly (P less than 0.001) blocked the stimulation-induced (2 Hz for 3 min) release of radioactivity. Both [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (0.3 and 1 microM) significantly decreased stimulation-induced radioactivity release and their effects were blocked by naloxone (1 microM). In rat isolated atria, [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (0.3-3 microM) inhibited responses to cholinergic nerve stimulation without affecting responses to exogenous acetylcholine. The inhibitory effect was blocked by naloxone (1 microM). In guinea-pig isolated atria, responses to cholinergic nerve stimulation were unaffected by the enkephalin analogues. In rabbit, rat and guinea-pig isolated atria, responses to noradrenergic nerve stimulation and exogenous noradrenaline were unaffected by the enkephalin analogues.
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Papaioannou S, Hansen D, Babler M, Yang PC, Bittner S, Miller A, Clare M. New class of inhibitors specific for human renin. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION. PART A, THEORY AND PRACTICE 1985; 7:1243-57. [PMID: 3000656 DOI: 10.3109/10641968509073588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seven active tetrapeptide amides characterized by a C-terminal phenylalanyl aminoadamantane (PheNHAd) sequence, were identified by selective testing for human renin inhibitory activity among compounds with adjacent hydrophobic groups and molecular size equivalent to 3-5 amino acid residues. The new inhibitors were compared with known renin inhibitors (RIP, pepstatin, H-77) and opioid analgesic agents (Met-enkephalin, morphine), with the following results: The new inhibitors were active against human renin (IC50 approximately 10-5M), but inactive against rat renin and pepsin. Although active in opiate receptor binding studies (IC50 approximately 10(-7)M), they were, with few exceptions, inactive in the mouse writhing and hot plate tests for analgesia. SAR studies suggested a separation of the renin inhibitory from the analgesic activity of enkephalin analogs. Preliminary experiments with sodium-depleted rhesus monkeys indicated hypotensive activity for three of the new inhibitors at 3 mg/kg i.v., and RIP at 1 mg/kg. The recently reported clinical hypotensive properties of RIP (Zusman et al., Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 96:365, 1983) along with the present comparative studies suggest that the new inhibitors may lead to clinically useful agents.
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Ishida T, Kenmotsu M, Mino Y, Inoue M, Fujiwara T, Tomita K, Kimura T, Sakakibara S. X-ray diffraction studies of enkephalins. Crystal structure of [(4'-bromo) Phe4,Leu5]enkephalin. Biochem J 1984; 218:677-89. [PMID: 6721829 PMCID: PMC1153395 DOI: 10.1042/bj2180677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the structure-activity relationship of [Leu5]- and [Met5]enkephalins, [(4'-bromo)Phe4, Leu5]-, [(4'-bromo)Phe4, Met5]- and [Met5] enkephalins were synthesized and crystallized. The crystal structure of [(4'-bromo) Phe4, Leu5]- enkephalin was determined by X-ray diffraction method using the heavy atom method and refined to R = 0.092 by the least-squares method. The molecule in this crystal took essentially the same type I' beta-turn conformation found in [Leu5]enkephalin [Smith & Griffin (1978) Science 199, 1214-1216). On the other hand, the preliminary three-dimensional Patterson analyses showed that the most probable conformations of [(4'-bromo)Phe4,Met5]- and [Met5]enkephalins are both the dimeric extended forms. Based on these insights, the biologically active conformation of enkephalin was discussed in relation to the mu- and delta-receptors.
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Chavkin C, Goldstein A. Specific receptor for the opioid peptide dynorphin: structure--activity relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6543-7. [PMID: 6118865 PMCID: PMC349077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural features responsible for the high potency and opiate receptor specificity of the opioid peptide dynorphin in the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus were examined. Successive removal of COOH-terminal amino acids from dynorphin-(1--13) demonstrated important contributions of lysine-13, lysine-11, and arginine-7 to the potency. Removal of the NH2-terminal tyrosine abolished the biologic activity. Several other structural modifications were shown to affect potency: substitution of D-alanine for glycine-2 reduced the potencies of dynorphin-(1--13) amide, -(1--11), and -(1--10); and methyl esterification of the COOH terminus enhanced the potencies of dynorphin-(1--12), -(1--10), -(1--9), -(1--8), and -(1--7). Within the dynorphin sequence, lysine-11 and arginine-7 were found to be important for selectivity of interaction with the dynorphin receptor, which is distinguishable from the mu receptor in this tissue.
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Burt SK, Loew GH, Hashimoto GM. Quantum chemical studies of molecular features and receptor interactions that modulate opiate agonist and antagonist activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981; 367:219-39. [PMID: 6266317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb50570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Benuck M, Berg MJ, Marks N. Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 metabolism: conversion to Met-enkephalin by brain and kidney dipeptidyl carboxypeptidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 99:630-6. [PMID: 7016119 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Vavrek RJ, Hsi LH, York EJ, Hall ME, Stewart JM. Minimum structure opioids-dipeptide and tripeptide analogs of the enkephalins. Peptides 1981; 2:303-8. [PMID: 6272246 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(81)80124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Through a systematic reduction of peptide structure, a series of 25 tripeptide and 5 dipeptide amide and alcohol analogs of enkephalin were synthesized and assayed in vitro on the stimulated guinea pig ileum. Tyr-Pro-Phe-NH2, Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-NH2, Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-ol and Tyr-D-Phe-Phe-NH2 had 20-25% the potency of Met-enkephalin. Four aromatic alkylamides of the dipeptide Tyr-D-Ala were made with benzylamine, phenethylamine, phenylpropylamine and phenylbutylamine. All had full naloxone reversible enkephalin-like activity in the ileum assay. Tyr-D-Ala-phenylpropylamide has about 80% the potency of Met-enkephalin in vitro, and is equipotent with Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2 in producing analgesia in mice after intraventricular administration. Tyr-D-Phe-NH2 is the smallest peptide to show full intrinsic enkephalin-like activity in vitro, although its potency is very low.
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Dubocovich ML, Langer SZ. Pharmacological differentiation of presynaptic inhibitory alpha-adrenoceptors and opiate receptors in the cat nictitating membrane. Br J Pharmacol 1980; 70:383-93. [PMID: 6254597 PMCID: PMC2044347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1980.tb08714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The action of morphine, naturally occurring and synthetic opiate peptides on [3H]-noradrenaline release induced by nerve stimulation was studied in the isolated nerve muscle preparation of the cat nictitating membrane under experimental conditions in which the alpha-presynaptic receptors were blocked by phentolamine 1 microM. 2 Morphine and the naturally occurring peptides: [Met5]-enkephalin, [Leu5]-enkephalin and beta-endorphin reduced 3H-transmitter overflow and responses to nerve stimulation from the cat nictitating membrane, effects which were completely antagonized by naloxone 0.3 microM. The relative order of potency for the inhibition of the stimulation-induced 3H-transmitter overflow at the level of the IC50 (microM) was as follows: [Met5]-enkephalin (0.020 microM) greater than or equal to [Leu5]-enkephalin (0.036 microM) > morphine (0.3 microM) > beta-endorphin (1 microM). 3 The synthetic opiate pentapeptides: BW 180 C (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu), and BW834 C (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-pClPhe-DLeu), which are resistant to enzymatic degradation were more potent than the enkephalins in reducing the stimulation-evoked transmitter overflow from the cat nictitating membrane. On the other hand, the tetrapeptide BW832 C, which lacks the D-leucine terminal of BW180 C l was less potent than the enkephalins in inhibiting neurotransmission. 4 In the presence of phenoxybenzamine 1 microM, 3H-transmitter overflow was increased 8 fold and the inhibition of neurotransmission by methionine-enkephalin was not affected. Exposure to phenoxybenzamine 10 microM increased [3H]-noradrenaline overflow 15 fold and antagonized the effects of methionine enkephalin on transmitter release. 5 In the cat nictitating membrane the inhibitory presynaptic opiate receptors are different from the presynaptic alpha-autoreceptors which regulate the release of noradrenaline elicited by nerve depolarization through a negative feed-back mechanism.
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Bajusz S, Rónai AZ, Székely JI, Miglécz E, Berzétei I. Further enhancment of analgesic activity: enkephalin analogs with terminal guanidino group. FEBS Lett 1980; 110:85-7. [PMID: 7353669 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Beddell CR, Lowe LA, Wilkinson S. Endogenous opioid peptides--the enkephalins and endorphins. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1980; 17:1-39. [PMID: 6273969 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rónai AZ, Székely JI, Berzétei I, Miglécz E, Bajusz S. Tetrapeptide-amide analogues of enkephalin: the role of C-terminus in determining the character of opioid activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 91:1239-49. [PMID: 526300 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Deeks T, Crooks PA, Waigh RD. The synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of some novel enkephalin analogues [proceedings]. J Pharm Pharmacol 1979; 31 Suppl:62P. [PMID: 42739 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1979.tb11610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gacel G, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Fellion E, Roques BP, Senault B, Lecomte JM, Malfroy B, Swerts JP, Schwartz JC. Conformation and biological activities of hexapeptides related to enkephalins: respective roles of the ammonium and hydroxyl groups of tyrosine. Life Sci 1979; 24:725-31. [PMID: 440018 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fournie-Zaluski MC, Gacel G, Roques BP, Senault B, Lecomte JM, Malfroy B, Swerts JP, Schwartz JC. Fluorescent enkephalin derivatives with biological activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:300-5. [PMID: 697818 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Knoll J, Illés P, Medzihradszky K. The action of enkephalins and enkephaline analogues on neuro-transmission in the isolated nicititating membrane of the cat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30:394-5. [PMID: 26780 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Balodis YY, Nikiforovich GV, Grinsteine IV, Vegner RE, Chipens GI. Enkephalin: structure--function relationships. FEBS Lett 1978; 86:239-42. [PMID: 203486 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Casy AF. Analgesics and their antagonists: recent developments. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1978; 22:149-227. [PMID: 360283 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7102-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fournie Zaluski MC, Prange T, Pascard C, Roques BP. Enkephalin related fragments. Conformational studies of the tetrapeptides Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe and Gly-Gly-Phe-X (X = Leu, Met) by X-ray and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 79:1199-206. [PMID: 603654 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Grynbaum A, Kastin AJ, Coy DH, Marks N. Breakdown of enkephalin and endorphin analogs by brain extracts. Brain Res Bull 1977; 2:479-84. [PMID: 606343 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(77)90056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pert CB, Bowie DL, Pert A, Morell JL, Gross E. Agonist-antagonist properties of N-allyl-[D-Ala]2-Met-enkephalin. Nature 1977; 269:73-5. [PMID: 197431 DOI: 10.1038/269073a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Frederickson RC. Enkephalin pentapeptides--a review of current evidence for a physiological role in vertebrate neurotransmission. Life Sci 1977; 21:23-42. [PMID: 18645 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Waterfield AA, Smokcum RW, Hughes J, Kosterlitz HW, Henderson G. In vitro pharmacology of the opioid peptides, enkephalins and endorphins. Eur J Pharmacol 1977; 43:107-16. [PMID: 17538 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(77)90123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the guinea-pig ileum methionine-enkephalin, normorphine and morphine are equipotent in depressing electrically evoked contractions; leucine-enkephalin has about 25% of the activity. The mouse vas deferens is more sensitive to the enkephalins which are 30 to 60 times more potent than morphine. Fragments of beta-lipotropin61-91 (beta-endorphin) having sequences up to LPH76 are more potent in the mouse vas deferens than in the guinea-pig ileum but beta-endorphin is about equipotent in the two preparations. None of the peptides has antagonist activity. Methionine-enkephalin and normorphine are equipotent in inhibiting [3H]-naloxone binding by homogenate of guinea-pig brain in the absence of Na+ while leucine-enkephalin has only 25% of this activity. In the guinea-pig ileum, naloxone antagonises normorhine and the enkephalins equally well whereas in the mouse vas deferens about ten times more naloxone is required for the enkophalins that for normorphine. Methionine-enkephalin depresses output of acetylcholine in the guinea-pig ileum and of noradrenaline in the mouse vas deferens.
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Abstract
The X-ray structures of 9 "opiate" drugs which exhibit a range of pharmacological activity have been examined in detail leading to the theory that one of the reasons why the enkephalins and related peptides possess morphine-like activity is because they have a tyrosine, and hence a "tyramine", residue at the amino terminal position. This residue or a conformationally similar moiety, can be shown to be present in many opiates and analogues.
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Garbay-Jaureguiberry C, Roques BP, Oberlin R. 1H and 13C NMR studies of conformational behaviour of Leu-enkephalin. FEBS Lett 1977; 76:93-8. [PMID: 852609 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rónai A, Gráf L, Székely I, Dunai-Kovács Z, Bajusz S. Differential behaviour of LPH-(61-91)-peptide in different model systems: comparison of the opioid activities of LPH-(61-91)-peptide and its fragments. FEBS Lett 1977; 74:182-4. [PMID: 849782 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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