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Cheng Z, She Y, Fu J, Xu W. Familiarity Determines Whether Accent Affects Attitudes and Behaviors of the Listener. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:430. [PMID: 38920762 PMCID: PMC11201018 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research found that accents cause the listener to exhibit prejudice toward the speaker. The present study tested whether the familiarity of the listener and speaker moderated this effect. Study 1 tested this question in a simulated recruit scenario and found that participants were less likely to recruit candidates with an accent, but this effect existed only when the candidate was a stranger to the interviewer, not when the candidate was an acquaintance. Study 2 retested this question in a scenario of talking one-on-one and also found that the effect of accent existed only when they were strangers, not when they were acquaintances. Both studies suggested that the effect of accent on the attitude and behavior of the listener vanished when the speaker and listener were familiar with each other. This work offers insights for understanding the effect of accent on social interaction from the perspective of the familiarity of the speaker and listener and reveals the moderated role of familiarity in the dynamic of the effect of accent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghu Cheng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Yugui She
- Psychological Counseling Center, Jiangxi Vocational College of Mechanical & Electrical Technology, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Junjun Fu
- School of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Wenming Xu
- Psychological Counseling Center, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
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2
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Vos S, Collignon O, Boets B. The Sound of Emotion: Pinpointing Emotional Voice Processing Via Frequency Tagging EEG. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020162. [PMID: 36831705 PMCID: PMC9954097 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Successfully engaging in social communication requires efficient processing of subtle socio-communicative cues. Voices convey a wealth of social information, such as gender, identity, and the emotional state of the speaker. We tested whether our brain can systematically and automatically differentiate and track a periodic stream of emotional utterances among a series of neutral vocal utterances. We recorded frequency-tagged EEG responses of 20 neurotypical male adults while presenting streams of neutral utterances at a 4 Hz base rate, interleaved with emotional utterances every third stimulus, hence at a 1.333 Hz oddball frequency. Four emotions (happy, sad, angry, and fear) were presented as different conditions in different streams. To control the impact of low-level acoustic cues, we maximized variability among the stimuli and included a control condition with scrambled utterances. This scrambling preserves low-level acoustic characteristics but ensures that the emotional character is no longer recognizable. Results revealed significant oddball EEG responses for all conditions, indicating that every emotion category can be discriminated from the neutral stimuli, and every emotional oddball response was significantly higher than the response for the scrambled utterances. These findings demonstrate that emotion discrimination is fast, automatic, and is not merely driven by low-level perceptual features. Eventually, here, we present a new database for vocal emotion research with short emotional utterances (EVID) together with an innovative frequency-tagging EEG paradigm for implicit vocal emotion discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Vos
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-37-76-83
| | - Olivier Collignon
- Institute of Research in Psychology & Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, The Sense Innovation and Research Center, 1007 Lausanne and 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Bart Boets
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Gender and Context-Specific Effects of Vocal Dominance and Trustworthiness on Leadership Decisions. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The evolutionary-contingency hypothesis, which suggests that preferences for leaders are context-dependent, has found relatively consistent support from research investigating leadership decisions based on facial pictures. Here, we test whether these results transfer to leadership decisions based on voice recordings. We examined how dominance and trustworthiness perceptions relate to leadership decisions in wartime and peacetime contexts and whether effects differ by a speaker’s gender. Further, we investigate two cues that might be related to leadership decisions, as well as dominance and trustworthiness perceptions: voice pitch and strength of regional accent.
Methods
We conducted a preregistered online study with 125 raters and recordings of 120 speakers (61 men, 59 women) from different parts in Germany. Raters were randomly distributed into four rating conditions: dominance, trustworthiness, hypothetical vote (wartime) and hypothetical vote (peacetime).
Results
We find that dominant speakers were more likely to be voted for in a wartime context while trustworthy speakers were more likely to be voted for in a peacetime context. Voice pitch functions as a main cue for dominance perceptions, while strength of regional accent functions as a main cue for trustworthiness perceptions.
Conclusions
This study adds to a stream of research that suggests that (a) people’s voices contain important information based on which we form social impressions and (b) we prefer different types of leaders across different contexts. Future research should disentangle effects of gender bias in leadership decisions and investigate underlying mechanisms that influence how people’s voices contribute to achieving social status.
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Kurinec CA, Weaver CA. "Sounding Black": Speech Stereotypicality Activates Racial Stereotypes and Expectations About Appearance. Front Psychol 2021; 12:785283. [PMID: 35002876 PMCID: PMC8740186 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black Americans who are perceived as more racially phenotypical-that is, who possess more physical traits that are closely associated with their race-are more often associated with racial stereotypes. These stereotypes, including assumptions about criminality, can influence how Black Americans are treated by the legal system. However, it is unclear whether other forms of racial stereotypicality, such as a person's way of speaking, also activate stereotypes about Black Americans. We investigated the links between speech stereotypicality and racial stereotypes (Experiment 1) and racial phenotype bias (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants listened to audio recordings of Black speakers and rated how stereotypical they found the speaker, the likely race and nationality of the speaker, and indicated which adjectives the average person would likely associate with this speaker. In Experiment 2, participants listened to recordings of weakly or strongly stereotypical Black American speakers and indicated which of two faces (either weakly or strongly phenotypical) was more likely to be the speaker's. We found that speakers whose voices were rated as more highly stereotypical for Black Americans were more likely to be associated with stereotypes about Black Americans (Experiment 1) and with more stereotypically Black faces (Experiment 2). These findings indicate that speech stereotypicality activates racial stereotypes as well as expectations about the stereotypicality of an individual's appearance. As a result, the activation of stereotypes based on speech may lead to bias in suspect descriptions or eyewitness identifications.
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Nonverbal auditory communication - Evidence for integrated neural systems for voice signal production and perception. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101948. [PMID: 33189782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While humans have developed a sophisticated and unique system of verbal auditory communication, they also share a more common and evolutionarily important nonverbal channel of voice signaling with many other mammalian and vertebrate species. This nonverbal communication is mediated and modulated by the acoustic properties of a voice signal, and is a powerful - yet often neglected - means of sending and perceiving socially relevant information. From the viewpoint of dyadic (involving a sender and a signal receiver) voice signal communication, we discuss the integrated neural dynamics in primate nonverbal voice signal production and perception. Most previous neurobiological models of voice communication modelled these neural dynamics from the limited perspective of either voice production or perception, largely disregarding the neural and cognitive commonalities of both functions. Taking a dyadic perspective on nonverbal communication, however, it turns out that the neural systems for voice production and perception are surprisingly similar. Based on the interdependence of both production and perception functions in communication, we first propose a re-grouping of the neural mechanisms of communication into auditory, limbic, and paramotor systems, with special consideration for a subsidiary basal-ganglia-centered system. Second, we propose that the similarity in the neural systems involved in voice signal production and perception is the result of the co-evolution of nonverbal voice production and perception systems promoted by their strong interdependence in dyadic interactions.
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Imuta K, Spence JL. Developments in the Social Meaning Underlying Accent‐ and Dialect‐Based Social Preferences. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Imuta
- University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
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7
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The Jena Speaker Set (JESS)-A database of voice stimuli from unfamiliar young and old adult speakers. Behav Res Methods 2019; 52:990-1007. [PMID: 31637667 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the Jena Speaker Set (JESS), a free database for unfamiliar adult voice stimuli, comprising voices from 61 young (18-25 years) and 59 old (60-81 years) female and male speakers uttering various sentences, syllables, read text, semi-spontaneous speech, and vowels. Listeners rated two voice samples (short sentences) per speaker for attractiveness, likeability, two measures of distinctiveness ("deviation"-based [DEV] and "voice in the crowd"-based [VITC]), regional accent, and age. Interrater reliability was high, with Cronbach's α between .82 and .99. Young voices were generally rated as more attractive than old voices, but particularly so when male listeners judged female voices. Moreover, young female voices were rated as more likeable than both young male and old female voices. Young voices were judged to be less distinctive than old voices according to the DEV measure, with no differences in the VITC measure. In age ratings, listeners almost perfectly discriminated young from old voices; additionally, young female voices were perceived as being younger than young male voices. Correlations between the rating dimensions above demonstrated (among other things) that DEV-based distinctiveness was strongly negatively correlated with rated attractiveness and likeability. By contrast, VITC-based distinctiveness was uncorrelated with rated attractiveness and likeability in young voices, although a moderate negative correlation was observed for old voices. Overall, the present results demonstrate systematic effects of vocal age and gender on impressions based on the voice and inform as to the selection of suitable voice stimuli for further research into voice perception, learning, and memory.
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Liu F, Chow IH, Huang M. Increasing Compulsory Citizenship Behavior and Workload: Does Impression Management Matter? Front Psychol 2019; 10:1726. [PMID: 31402890 PMCID: PMC6676995 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the dark side of impression management (IM) and proposes that IM tactics (ingratiation, exemplification, and their interaction) positively affect workload through the mechanism of compulsory citizenship behavior (CCB). We tested our hypotheses with data from 298 employees in China. Results revealed that ingratiation, exemplification, and their interaction, were positively related to workload, and CCB played a mediating role in all these relationships. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Management, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Irene H. Chow
- Department of Management, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Huang
- School of Management, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Robie C, Christiansen ND, Hausdorf PA, Murphy SA, Fisher PA, Risavy SD, Keeping LM. International comparison of group differences in general mental ability for immigrants versus non-immigrants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chet Robie
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics; Wilfrid Laurier University; Waterloo, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Peter A. Hausdorf
- Department of Psychology; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Sara A. Murphy
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics; Wilfrid Laurier University; Waterloo, Ontario Canada
| | - Peter A. Fisher
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics; Wilfrid Laurier University; Waterloo, Ontario Canada
| | - Stephen D. Risavy
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics; Wilfrid Laurier University; Waterloo, Ontario Canada
| | - Lisa M. Keeping
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics; Wilfrid Laurier University; Waterloo, Ontario Canada
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Fasoli F, Maass A, Paladino MP, Sulpizio S. Gay- and Lesbian-Sounding Auditory Cues Elicit Stereotyping and Discrimination. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1261-1277. [PMID: 28299562 PMCID: PMC5487912 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing body of literature on the recognition of sexual orientation from voice ("auditory gaydar") is silent on the cognitive and social consequences of having a gay-/lesbian- versus heterosexual-sounding voice. We investigated this issue in four studies (overall N = 276), conducted in Italian language, in which heterosexual listeners were exposed to single-sentence voice samples of gay/lesbian and heterosexual speakers. In all four studies, listeners were found to make gender-typical inferences about traits and preferences of heterosexual speakers, but gender-atypical inferences about those of gay or lesbian speakers. Behavioral intention measures showed that listeners considered lesbian and gay speakers as less suitable for a leadership position, and male (but not female) listeners took distance from gay speakers. Together, this research demonstrates that having a gay/lesbian rather than heterosexual-sounding voice has tangible consequences for stereotyping and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Stage Hill Campus, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
- Center for Psychological Research and Social Intervention, Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Anne Maass
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paladino
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Araujo BFVBD, Correa F, Wolters M. O Sotaque Estadunidense Representa uma Vantagem em Decisões de Emprego no Brasil? RAC: REVISTA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-7849rac2016150181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a relação entre o sotaque de um candidato a uma vaga de trabalho hipotética, bem como suas características pessoais (competência percebida e cordialidade), e os julgamentos relacionados ao desempenho deste no trabalho pretendido (adequação ao cargo, probabilidade de promoção e de contratação). Para tal, foi realizado um experimento com uma amostra de 304 alunos e ex-alunos de um curso de MBA em Gestão de Pessoas, de uma instituição de ensino superior sediada na cidade de São Paulo. Os resultados mostraram que, comparados a um candidato a uma vaga de trabalho brasileiro, o profissional com um sotaque estadunidense no idioma português foi mais bem avaliado em termos de adequação ao cargo, probabilidade de contratação e competência percebida. O candidato brasileiro, por sua vez, recebeu avaliações mais favoráveis em termos de probabilidade de promoção e cordialidade percebida. Uma vez que foram identificados vieses nos julgamentos relacionados ao trabalho realizados pelos participantes da pesquisa, sugere-se que as empresas busquem contratar selecionadores menos propensos a julgamentos estereotipados de candidatos a vagas de trabalho.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabricia Correa
- Fundação Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisas em Contabilidade, Economia e Finanças, Brasil
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Law SJ, Bourdage J, O'Neill TA. To Fake or Not to Fake: Antecedents to Interview Faking, Warning Instructions, and Its Impact on Applicant Reactions. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1771. [PMID: 27895609 PMCID: PMC5108801 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the antecedents and processes that impact job interviewees' decisions to engage in deceptive impression management (i.e., interview faking). Willingness and capacity to engage in faking were found to be the processes underlying the decision to use deceptive impression management in the interview. We also examined a personality antecedent to this behavior, Honesty-Humility, which was negatively related to the use of deceptive impression management through increased willingness to engage in these behaviors. We also tested a possible intervention to reduce IM. In particular, we found that warnings against faking - specifically, an identification warning - reduced both the perceived capacity to engage in interview faking, and subsequent use of several faking behaviors. Moreover, this warning reduced faking without adversely impacting applicant reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Law
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Joshua Bourdage
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Thomas A O'Neill
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
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13
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Almeida S, Fernando M, Hannif Z, Dharmage SC. Fitting the mould: the role of employer perceptions in immigrant recruitment decision-making. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2014.1003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heblich S, Lameli A, Riener G. The effect of perceived regional accents on individual economic behavior: a lab experiment on linguistic performance, cognitive ratings and economic decisions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0113475. [PMID: 25671607 PMCID: PMC4324847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Does it matter if you speak with a regional accent? Speaking immediately reveals something of one's own social and cultural identity, be it consciously or unconsciously. Perceiving accents involves not only reconstructing such imprints but also augmenting them with particular attitudes and stereotypes. Even though we know much about attitudes and stereotypes that are transmitted by, e.g. skin color, names or physical attractiveness, we do not yet have satisfactory answers how accent perception affects human behavior. How do people act in economically relevant contexts when they are confronted with regional accents? This paper reports a laboratory experiment where we address this question. Participants in our experiment conduct cognitive tests where they can choose to either cooperate or compete with a randomly matched male opponent identified only via his rendering of a standardized text in either a regional accent or standard accent. We find a strong connection between the linguistic performance and the cognitive rating of the opponent. When matched with an opponent who speaks the accent of the participant's home region--the in-group opponent--, individuals tend to cooperate significantly more often. By contrast, they are more likely to compete when matched with an accent speaker from outside their home region, the out-group opponent. Our findings demonstrate, firstly, that the perception of an out-group accent leads not only to social discrimination but also influences economic decisions. Secondly, they suggest that this economic behavior is not necessarily attributable to the perception of a regional accent per se, but rather to the social rating of linguistic distance and the in-group/out-group perception it evokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heblich
- University of Bristol, CESifo, IZA and SERC, Department of Economics, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Lameli
- Research Centre Deutscher Sprachatlas and ADW Mainz, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Riener
- Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics, University of Mannheim and CRC PEG University of Göttingen, Mannheim, Germany
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Hooley T, Yates J. ‘If you look the part you’ll get the job’: should career professionals help clients to enhance their career image? BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2014.975676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Schweinberger SR, Kawahara H, Simpson AP, Skuk VG, Zäske R. Speaker perception. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2013; 5:15-25. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Hideki Kawahara
- Faculty of Systems Engineering; Wakayama University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Adrian P. Simpson
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
- Department of Speech; Institute of German Linguistics, Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Verena G. Skuk
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Romi Zäske
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience; Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception; Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
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Schweinberger SR, Burton AM. Person perception 25 years after Bruce and Young (1986): An introduction. Br J Psychol 2011; 102:695-703. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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