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Ahmed AI, Dowidar MF, Negm AF, Abdellatif H, Alanazi A, Alassiri M, Samy W, Mekawy DM, Abdelghany EMA, El-Naseery NI, Ibrahem MA, Albadawi EA, Salah W, Eldesoqui M, Tîrziu E, Bucur IM, Arisha AH, Khamis T. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells expressing Neat-1, Hotair-1, miR-21, miR-644, and miR-144 subsided cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian insufficiency by remodeling the IGF-1-kisspeptin system, ovarian apoptosis, and angiogenesis. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:184. [PMID: 39267091 PMCID: PMC11396253 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian insufficiency is one of the common reproductive disorders affecting women with limited therapeutic aids. Mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated in such disorders before yet, the exact mechanism of MSCs in ovarian regeneration regarding their epigenetic regulation remains elusive. The current study is to investigate the role of the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) lncRNA (Neat-1 and Hotair1) and miRNA (mir-21-5p, mir-144-5p, and mir-664-5p) in mitigating ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis as well as searching BM-MSCs in altering the expression of ovarian and hypothalamic IGF-1 - kisspeptin system in connection to HPG axis in a cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure rat model. Sixty mature female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 equal groups; control group, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) group, and POI + BM-MSCs. POI female rat model was established with cyclophosphamide. The result revealed that BM-MSCs and their conditioned media displayed a significant expression level of Neat-1, Hotair-1, mir-21-5p, mir-144-5p, and mir-664-5p. Moreover, BM-MSCs transplantation in POI rats improves; the ovarian and hypothalamic IGF-1 - kisspeptin, HPG axis, ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, energy balance, and oxidative stress. BM-MSCs expressed higher levels of antiapoptotic lncRNAs and microRNAs that mitigate ovarian insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany I Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Dowidar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Negm
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Hussein Abdellatif
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asma Alanazi
- College of Science and Health Profession, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alassiri
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions (COSHP), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Samy
- Medical biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Dina Mohamed Mekawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Eman M A Abdelghany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt
| | - Nesma I El-Naseery
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahem
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Emad Ali Albadawi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wed Salah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Eldesoqui
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O.Box 71666, Riyadh, 11597, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Emil Tîrziu
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, "King Mihai I" from Timisoara [ULST], Aradului St. 119, Timisoara, 300645, Romania
| | - Iulia Maria Bucur
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, "King Mihai I" from Timisoara [ULST], Aradului St. 119, Timisoara, 300645, Romania.
| | - Ahmed Hamed Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt.
- Department of Physiology and Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Zhao D, Zhuang W, Wang Y, Xu X, Qiao L. In-depth mass spectrometry analysis of rhGH administration altered energy metabolism and steroidogenesis. Talanta 2024; 266:125069. [PMID: 37574608 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone, as a proteohormone, is primarily known of its dramatic effect on longitudinal growth. Recombinant DNA technology has provided a safe, abundant and comparatively cheap supply of human GH for growth hormone-deficient individuals. However, many healthy subjects, especially athletics, administrate GH for enhanced athletic performance or strength. A better and more comprehensive understanding of rhGH effect in healthy individuals is urgent and essential. In this study, we recruited 14 healthy young male and injected rhGH once. Untargeted LC-MS metabolomics profiling of serum and urine was performed before and after the rhGH injection. The GH-induced dysregulation of energy related pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle, was revealed. Moreover, individuals supplemented with micro-doses of rhGH exhibited significantly changed urinary steroidal profiles, suggesting a role of rhGH in both energy metabolism and steroidogenesis. We expect that our results will be helpful to provide new evidence on the effects of rhGH injection and provide potential biomarkers for rhGH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wenqian Zhuang
- Research Institute for Doping Control, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Research Institute for Doping Control, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Research Institute for Doping Control, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, and Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Afradiasbagharani P, Hosseini E, Allahveisi A, Bazrafkan M. The insulin-like growth factor and its players: their functions, significance, and consequences in all aspects of ovarian physiology. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43043-022-00119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) has unique and well-known functions in female fertility, according to documents reporting improved yield of oocytes, reinforced quality of the embryo, and enhanced live births with simultaneous reduction of miscarriage. However, there is no detailed information on the bio-mechanisms linking such clinical differences.
Main body
IGF and its receptors are expressed in a variety of tissues in the reproductive system such as granulosa cells, oocytes, and theca cells. Hence, the development of female gametes may be directly regulated by IGF, thereby affecting gamete quality and so its competence for implantation. IGF is a central player in changing the fate of cells during survival and proliferation through the modulation of leading signaling pathways, including Jak/STAT, MAP kinase/ERK, and PI3K/Akt, and subsequent impacts on steroidogenesis and cell division.
Conclusion
The current review aims to scrutinize the performance of IGF to regulate the normal ovarian, and its impacts on cell signaling pathways and resulting alterations in steroidogenesis and cell proliferation. The function of IGF and its receptor has been reviewed in female fertility at both molecular and biochemical levels.
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Ahmadi S, Ohkubo T. Leptin Promotes Primordial Follicle Activation by Regulating Ovarian Insulin-like Growth Factor System in Chicken. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6650339. [PMID: 35882602 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) regulate follicle development and reproduction in vertebrates. This study investigated the role played by leptin and IGF-1 in primordial follicle activation in the ovary of 7-day-old chicks. Different doses of leptin were intraperitoneally administrated to female layer chicks, and further analyses were performed. While leptin administration did not affect hepatic leptin receptor (LEPR), growth hormone receptor (GHR), or IGF-1, the lower dose of leptin significantly increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor, and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and attenuated anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) gene expression in the ovary. Furthermore, the ovaries of the same age chicks were challenged with leptin and/or IGF-1 in vitro. Leptin at a lower dose increased the mRNA expression of IGF-1, LEPR, and leptin; 100 ng/mL leptin and 10 ng/mL IGF-1 alone or combined with leptin reduced IGFBP-2 mRNA expression. AMH gene expression was also reduced by all doses except 10 ng/mL leptin. Histological studies showed that a lower dose of leptin injection induced the primordial follicle growth in the ovary in vivo, and the number of primordial follicles was higher in all leptin treatments over control in vitro. Moreover, the luciferase assay revealed that leptin enhanced IGF-1 promoter activity in LEPR-expressing CHO-K1 cells. Collectively, these results indicate that leptin directly affects the IGF-1/IGFBP system and promotes primordial follicular growth in the ovary of early posthatch chicks. In addition, the follicular development by leptin-induced IGF-1 is, at least in part, caused by the suppression of AMH in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadequllah Ahmadi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkubo
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
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Narduzzi L, Buisson C, Morvan ML, Marchand A, Audran M, Le Bouc Y, Varlet-Marie E, Ericsson M, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Coupling Complete Blood Count and Steroidomics to Track Low Doses Administration of Recombinant Growth Hormone: An Anti-Doping Perspective. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:683675. [PMID: 34179089 PMCID: PMC8222787 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.683675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth Hormone (GH) under its human recombinant homologue (rhGH), may be abused by athletes to take advantage of its well-known anabolic and lipolytic properties; hence it is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Due to the rapid turnover of rhGH, anti-doping screening tests have turned to monitor two endocrine biomarkers (IGF-I and P-III-NP), but unfortunately, they show population-wise variability, limiting the identification rate of rhGH users. Previous studies have evidenced the numerous effects of GH on human physiology, especially in hematopoiesis and steroidogenesis. In this work, aiming to discover novel physiological rhGH biomarkers, we analyzed the complete blood count and the steroidomics profile of healthy, physically active, young males treated either with EPO + rhGH or EPO + placebo. The time-trends of these two physiological routes have been analyzed through geometric trajectory analysis (GTA) and OPLS-DA. Individuals supplemented with micro-doses of rhGH exhibited different leukopoietic and steroidal profiles compared to the control population, suggesting a role of the rhGH in both pathways. In the article, hypotheses on the observed differences are discussed according to the most recent literature and compared to results in animal models. The use of leukopoietic and steroidal biomarkers together with endocrine biomarkers (IGF-1 and P-III-NP) allows to correctly classify over 98% of samples with no false positives, miss-classifying only one single sample (false negative) over a total of 56; a promising result, if compared to the current rhGH detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Narduzzi
- Laboratoire D’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants Dans Les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRΑe, Nantes -44307, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Département des Analyzes, Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, French Anti-Doping Agency, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Line Morvan
- Laboratoire D’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants Dans Les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRΑe, Nantes -44307, France
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- Département des Analyzes, Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, French Anti-Doping Agency, Paris, France
| | - Michel Audran
- Département des Analyzes, Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, French Anti-Doping Agency, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellie, France
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Département des Analyzes, Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage (AFLD), Châtenay-Malabry, French Anti-Doping Agency, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire D’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants Dans Les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRΑe, Nantes -44307, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly
- Laboratoire D’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants Dans Les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRΑe, Nantes -44307, France
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Vitale SG, Palumbo M, Conde-López C, Mendoza N, Mendoza-Tesarik R, Tesarik J. Effect of growth hormone administration on ICSI outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and recurrent implantation failure: A retrospective cross-over study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 153:357-358. [PMID: 33336369 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giovanni Vitale
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Palumbo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Conde-López
- Molecular Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, MAR&Gen Clinic, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolas Mendoza
- Molecular Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, MAR&Gen Clinic, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jan Tesarik
- Molecular Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, MAR&Gen Clinic, Granada, Spain
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Tenuta M, Carlomagno F, Cangiano B, Kanakis G, Pozza C, Sbardella E, Isidori AM, Krausz C, Gianfrilli D. Somatotropic-Testicular Axis: A crosstalk between GH/IGF-I and gonadal hormones during development, transition, and adult age. Andrology 2020; 9:168-184. [PMID: 33021069 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic (HPS) axes are strongly interconnected. Interactions between these axes are complex and poorly understood. These interactions are characterized by redundancies in reciprocal influences at each level of regulation and the combination of endocrine and paracrine effects that change during development. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively review the crosstalk between the HPG and HPS axes and related pathological and clinical aspects during various life stages of male subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough search of publications available in PubMed was performed using proper keywords. RESULTS Molecular studies confirmed the expressions of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors on the HPG axis and reproductive organs, indicating a possible interaction between HPS and HPG axes at various levels. Insulin growth factors participate in sexual differentiation during fetal development, indicating that normal HPS axis activity is required for proper testicular development. IGF-I contributes to correct testicular position during minipuberty, determines linear growth during childhood, and promotes puberty onset and pace through gonadotropin-releasing hormone activation. IGF-I levels are high during transition age, even when linear growth is almost complete, suggesting its role in reproductive tract maturation. Patients with GH deficiency (GHD) and insensitivity (GHI) exhibit delayed puberty and impaired genital development; replacement therapy in such patients induces proper pubertal development. In adults, few studies have suggested that lower IGF-I levels are associated with impaired sperm parameters. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The role of GH-IGF-I in testicular development remains largely unexplored. However, it is important to evaluate gonadic development in children with GHD. Additionally, HPS axis function should be evaluated in children with urogenital malformation or gonadal development alterations. Correct diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention are needed for healthy puberty, attainment of complete gonadal development during transition age, and fertility potential in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tenuta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - George Kanakis
- Athens Naval and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlotta Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Csilla Krausz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) activity might be implicated in male reproductive function. One previous study has suggested significantly reduced semen quality in untreated acromegalic patients due to both reduced sperm counts and sperm motility. DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective study comprising ten uncontrolled hypogonadal acromegalic patients (median age 29 years) who delivered semen for cryopreservation before initiation of testosterone therapy. Semen variables and hormone concentrations were compared to those of ten non-acromegalic hypogonadal men with pituitary disease (age 31 years) and those of young healthy men. RESULTS Acromegalic patients vs. non-acromegalic patients had a higher percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa (62 vs. 47%, p = 0.04). Eight of ten acromegalic patients and 82% of controls had total sperm counts above 39 million and progressive motile spermatozoa above 32% (p = 0.55), corresponding to the WHO 2010 reference levels for expected normal fertility for these variables. Non-acromegalic patients vs. healthy controls had reduced percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa (47 vs. 57%, p = 0.02) and only five of ten patients had semen quality above the WHO reference level, which was significantly lower than observed in healthy controls (p = 0.022). Total sperm counts were similar between both patient groups and controls. There were no differences in reproductive hormone levels between acromegalic patients vs. non-acromegalic patients (p-values between 0.10 and 0.61). Compared to healthy controls both patient groups had severely reduced serum testosterone, calculated free testosterone. CONCLUSIONS Despite severe hypoandrogenism acromegalic patients had semen quality similar to healthy controls based on determination of the number of progressively motile spermatozoa. By contrast non-acromegalic pituitary patients had reduced sperm motility. Our data do not support reduced semen quality in acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Andreassen
- Department of Endocrinology 2132, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction 5064, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 5064, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology 2132, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction 5064, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 5064, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Juul A, Skakkebæk NE. Why Do Normal Children Have Acromegalic Levels of IGF-I During Puberty? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2770-2776. [PMID: 30840065 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The rapid pubertal height growth is unique to humans, but why do we have it? Although the spurt contributes 13% to 15% to the final adult height, we hypothesized that the biological significance of the high acromegalic levels of GH and IGF-I, which are behind the pubertal growth spurt, might primarily occur to stimulate the reproductive organs. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Animal data have demonstrated that adult Igf1 and Igf2 gene knockout mice that survive show a dramatic reduction in the size of the reproductive organs and are infertile. In humans, case reports of mutations in the genes affecting the GH-IGF axis and growth (GH, GHRH, GH-R, STAT5b, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R, PAPPA2) are also characterized by delayed pubertal onset and micropenis. Furthermore, GH treatment will tend to normalize the penile size in patients with GH deficiency. Thus, the endocrine effects of high IGF-I levels might be needed for the transition of the sexual organs, including the secondary sex characteristics, from the "dormant" stages of childhood into fully functioning reproductive systems. The peak IGF-I levels, on average, occur 2 years after the peak height growth velocity, suggesting reasons other than longitudinal growth for the high IGF-I levels, and remain high in the years after the height spurt, when the reproductive systems become fully functional. CONCLUSION We suggest that the serum levels of IGF-I should be monitored in children with poor development of sexual organs, although it remains to be investigated whether GH should be added to sex steroids in the management of hypogonadism for some pubertal children (e.g., boys with micropenis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Ipsa E, Cruzat VF, Kagize JN, Yovich JL, Keane KN. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Action in Reproductive Tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:777. [PMID: 31781044 PMCID: PMC6861326 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of growth hormone (GH) in human fertility is widely debated with some studies demonstrating improvements in oocyte yield, enhanced embryo quality, and in some cases increased live births with concomitant decreases in miscarriage rates. However, the basic biological mechanisms leading to these clinical differences are not well-understood. GH and the closely-related insulin-like growth factor (IGF) promote body growth and development via action on key metabolic organs including the liver, skeletal muscle, and bone. In addition, their expression and that of their complementary receptors have also been detected in various reproductive tissues including the oocyte, granulosa, and testicular cells. Therefore, the GH/IGF axis may directly regulate female and male gamete development, their quality, and ultimately competence for implantation. The ability of GH and IGF to modulate key signal transduction pathways such as the MAP kinase/ERK, Jak/STAT, and the PI3K/Akt pathway along with the subsequent effects on cell division and steroidogenesis indicates that these growth factors are centrally located to alter cell fate during proliferation and survival. In this review, we will explore the function of GH and IGF in regulating normal ovarian and testicular physiology, while also investigating the effects on cell signal transduction pathways with subsequent changes in cell proliferation and steroidogenesis. The aim is to clarify the role of GH in human fertility from a molecular and biochemical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Ipsa
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vinicius F. Cruzat
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jackob N. Kagize
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John L. Yovich
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- PIVET Medical Centre, Leederville, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin N. Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- PIVET Medical Centre, Leederville, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin N. Keane
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Muniyappa R, Sullivan SD, Tella SH, Abel BS, Harman SM, Blackman MR. Effects of growth hormone administration on luteinizing hormone secretion in healthy older men and women. Physiol Rep 2017; 5. [PMID: 29208686 PMCID: PMC5727275 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The known interactions between the somatotropic and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes have not been well delineated in older individuals. Aging-associated decline in insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels has been proposed to play a role in reproductive senescence in animals. However, the effects of GH on LH secretion are unknown in older individuals. Our objective was to determine whether GH modulates LH secretion or levels of sex steroids (SS) in healthy older (ages 65-88 years) men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) with low-normal plasma IGF-1 levels. In a double-masked, placebo-controlled (n = 24), randomized study, we evaluated the effects of GH (n = 24, 20 μg/kg sc 3×/week) for 26 weeks on nocturnal LH secretory dynamics [(8 pm to 8 am, Q20) min sampling and analyzed by multiparameter deconvolution algorithm]. Indices of LH secretion [frequency, mass per burst, pulsatile production rate, and approximate entropy (ApEn)] and fasting serum IGF-1, SHBG, and SS (TT, fT, or E2) were measured. At baseline, all indices of LH secretion (frequency, mass per burst, pulsatile production rate) were inversely (P < 0.05) related to IGF-1, but not to mean nocturnal serum GH concentrations. GH administration for 26 weeks increased serum IGF-1, but exerted no significant effects on LH secretory dynamics, or concentrations of SSs (TT, fT, or E2) or SHBG in older women or men. These data suggest that GH-mediated increases in IGF-1 do not modulate the HPG axis in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shannon D Sullivan
- Department of Endocrinology, Georgetown University and Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sri Harsha Tella
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brent S Abel
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S Mitchell Harman
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marc R Blackman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
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13
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Zhao JV, Schooling CM. Endogenous androgen exposures and ischemic heart disease, a separate sample Mendelian randomization study. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:940-945. [PMID: 27526363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionary biology suggests growth and reproduction trade-off against longevity. Correspondingly estrogen supplementation failed to increase lifespan. Testosterone supplementation is widely used by older men, although regulators have warned of its cardiovascular risk. No large trial of testosterone exists. We examined how genetic determinants of up-regulation (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) and down-regulation (anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS)) of mainly the male reproductive system are associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD). METHODS Separate sample instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments, i.e., Mendelian randomization, was used to obtain unconfounded estimates using large case-control studies of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction (CAD/MI) with extensive genotyping, i.e., CARDIoGRAMplusC4D (64,374 CAD/MI cases, 130,681controls), or CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes (60,801 cases, 123,504 controls). RESULTS Genetically predicted FSH was positively associated with CAD/MI (odds ratio (OR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.13 per mIU/mL FSH). Genetically predicted AMH and TDS were inversely associated with CAD/MI (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.998 per ng/mL log AMH and OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98 per log OR higher risk of TDS). CONCLUSIONS As expected from evolutionary biology, genetically predicted FSH, related to higher androgens in men and women, was positively associated with IHD, while genetically predicted AMH and TDS, related to lower androgens in men, were inversely associated with IHD. Androgens might be a modifiable causal factor underlying men's greater vulnerability to IHD, with corresponding implications for use of testosterone supplementation as well as for prevention and treatment of IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; City University of New York, School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Piotrowska K, Sluczanowska-Glabowska S, Kucia M, Bartke A, Laszczynska M, Ratajczak MZ. Histological changes of testes in growth hormone transgenic mice with high plasma level of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2015; 53:249-58. [PMID: 26348370 DOI: 10.5603/fhc.a2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overexpression of growth hormone (GH) leads to increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plasma level, stimulation of growth and increase in body size, organomegaly and reduced body fat. The action of GH affects all the organs and transgenic mice that overexpress bovine GH (bGH mice) serve as convenient model to study somatotropic axis. Male mice overexpressing GH are fertile, however, they show reduced overall lifespan as well as reproductive life span. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology and expression of androgen receptor (AR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) of bGH mice testes. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was performed on 6 and 12 month-old bGH male mice and 6 and 12 month-old wild type (WT) littermates (8 animals in each group). The morphology of testes was evaluated on deparaffinized sections stained by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method. Expression of AR and LHR was investigated by immunohistochemistry and diameters of seminiferous tubules (ST) were measured on round cross sections of ST. RESULTS We noted larger testes in 6-month bGH mice as compared to normal WT littermates. The morpho-logical observations revealed essentially normal structure of Leydig cells, seminiferous epithelium and other morphological structures. However, some changes like tubules containing only Sertoli cells, tubules with arrested spermatogenesis or vacuoles in seminiferous epithelium could be attributed to the overexpression of GH. In contrast to WT mice, 12 month-old bGH mice displayed first symptoms of testicular aging. The immunoexpres-sion of AR and LHR was decreased in 12 month-old bGH males as compared to 12 month-old WT mice and younger animals. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to elevated GH level accelerates testicular aging and thus potentially may change response of Leydig cells to LH and Sertoli and germ cells to testosterone.
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Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
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Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Felici F, Sansone M, Bianchini S, Buzzachera CF, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Testosterone responses to standardized short-term sub-maximal and maximal endurance exercises: issues on the dynamic adaptive role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:13-24. [PMID: 24464446 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-013-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few and conflicting data on the acute adaptive role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis to sub-maximal endurance exercise exist. AIMS To investigate the acute HPT axis responses to standardized endurance exercises in a laboratory setting and the correlations between testosterone and classic adaptive hormones variations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 12 healthy male volunteers were recruited for this experimental study. Serum PRL, GH, ACTH, LH, cortisol, DHEAS, testosterone [total (TT), calculated free (cFT) and bioavailable (cBioT)], SHBG, and respective ratios, were evaluated before and after a 30-min sub-maximal exercise on cycle ergometer at individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) and a maximal exercise until exhaustion. Blood samples were collected before exercise (30, 15 min and immediately before), immediately after and at different time points during recovery (+15, +30 and +60 min) for hormones assays. Oxygen consumption and lactate concentration were evaluated. RESULTS Testosterone (TT, cFT and cBioT) acutely increased in all volunteers after both exercises. Testosterone increased in parallel to GH after both exercises and to cortisol only after maximal exercise. Differently from other increased hormones, testosterone increases were not correlated to exercise-intensity-related variables. The anabolic/catabolic steroids ratios were higher after sub-maximal exercise, compared to maximal. CONCLUSIONS A 30-min sub-maximal endurance exercise acutely increased serum testosterone similarly to maximal exercise, but without cortisol increases. Exercise-related testosterone peaks should be considered adaptive phenomena, but few data on their short- and long-term effects exist. Investigations on the mechanisms of adaptation to exercise in active individuals with physiological or pathological hypo-testosteronemia are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sgrò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
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