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Jingyi J, Ping Y, Jian X, Jia C, Xujian M, Qiong L, Bowen T, Fengming W. Efficacy of a membrane concentration method combined with real-time PCR for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad121. [PMID: 37833237 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in drinking source water poses a serious public health risk. Here, we established a method that combines membrane concentration and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. The water samples were filtered through a cellulose membrane to collect Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and then nucleic acids were extracted. Specific primers and probes were designed and synthesized according to the gph gene sequence of Giardia and 18S rRNA gene sequence of Cryptosporidium. The concentrations of the two targets were determined using real-time PCR technology. The sensitivity, specificity, and stability of the method were evaluated. Our findings revealed that the detection limits of real-time PCR method for detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium were 0.926 and 0.65 copy/µL, respectively; the spiked recovery rates were above 60% and 38%, respectively, and relative standard deviations were under 0.95% and 2.26%, respectively. Therefore, this effective procedure based on the membrane concentration method and real-time PCR will be useful for detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water for purpose of continuous environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jingyi
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Ping
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Jian
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Jia
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mao Xujian
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Qiong
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tu Bowen
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Fengming
- Pathogen Inspection Center, Changzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 203 TaiShan Road, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
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Luka G, Samiei E, Tasnim N, Dalili A, Najjaran H, Hoorfar M. Comprehensive review of conventional and state-of-the-art detection methods of Cryptosporidium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126714. [PMID: 34325293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a critical waterborne protozoan pathogen found in water resources that have been a major cause of death and serious illnesses worldwide, costing millions of dollars annually for its detection and treatment. Over the past several decades, substantial efforts have been made towards developing techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium. Early diagnostic techniques were established based on the existing tools in laboratories, such as microscopes. Advancements in fluorescence microscopy, immunological, and molecular techniques have led to the development of several kits for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. However, these methods have several limitations, such as long processing times, large sample volumes, the requirement for bulky and expensive laboratory tools, and the high cost of reagents. There is an urgent need to improve these existing techniques and develop low-cost, portable and rapid detection tools for applications in the water quality industry. In this review, we compare recent advances in nanotechnology, biosensing and microfluidics that have facilitated the development of sophisticated tools for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp.Finally, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages, of these state-of-the-art detection methods compared to current analytical methodologies and discuss the need for future developments to improve such methods for detecting Cryptosporidium in the water supply chain to enable real-time and on-site monitoring in water resources and remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Luka
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
| | - Arash Dalili
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada.
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Luka GS, Nowak E, Toyata QR, Tasnim N, Najjaran H, Hoorfar M. Portable on-chip colorimetric biosensing platform integrated with a smartphone for label/PCR-free detection of Cryptosporidium RNA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23192. [PMID: 34853388 PMCID: PMC8636559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan pathogen, is a leading threat to public health and the economy. Herein, we report the development of a portable, colorimetric biosensing platform for the sensitive, selective and label/PCR-free detection of Cryptosporidium RNA using oligonucleotides modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). A pair of specific thiolated oligonucleotides, complementary to adjacent sequences on Cryptosporidium RNA, were attached to AuNPs. The need for expensive laboratory-based equipment was eliminated by performing the colorimetric assay on a micro-fabricated chip in a 3D-printed holder assembly. A smartphone camera was used to capture an image of the color change for quantitative analysis. The detection was based on the aggregation of the gold nanoparticles due to the hybridization between the complementary Cryptosporidium RNA and the oligonucleotides immobilized on the AuNPs surface. In the complementary RNA's presence, a distinctive color change of the AuNPs (from red to blue) was observed by the naked eye. However, in the presence of non-complementary RNA, no color change was observed. The sensing platform showed wide linear responses between 5 and 100 µM with a low detection limit of 5 µM of Cryptosporidium RNA. Additionally, the sensor developed here can provide information about different Cryptosporidium species present in water resources. This cost-effective, easy-to-use, portable and smartphone integrated on-chip colorimetric biosensor has great potential to be used for real-time and portable POC pathogen monitoring and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Luka
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ephraim Nowak
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Quin Robert Toyata
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Narayanan J, Murphy JL, Hill VR. Detection and identification of Giardia species using real-time PCR and sequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 189:106279. [PMID: 34271057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a specific region of Giardia spp. 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) that serves as an ideal target for quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection and sequencing to identify Giardia species, including the clinically-relevant G. duodenalis, in clinical and environmental samples. The presence of multiple copies of the 18S rDNA gene and variations in the selected 18S genomic region enabled the development of a rapid, sensitive qPCR screening method for the detection of Giardia spp. The analytical sensitivity of the Giardia qPCR assay was determined to be a cyst equivalent of 0.4 G. duodenalis cysts per PCR reaction. Amplicon sequencing of the PCR product confirmed Giardia spp. detection and among the 35 sequences obtained, 31, 3 and 1 isolates were classified as belonging to G. duodenalis, G. microti and G. muris, respectively. The TaqMan assay reported here may be useful for the detection of low levels of Giardia in clinical and environmental samples, and further enables the effective use of direct sequencing of the PCR product for Giardia confirmation and to identify major species of Giardia, including G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothikumar Narayanan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Murphy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent R Hill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Ryu H, Addor Y, Brinkman NE, Ware MW, Boczek L, Hoelle J, Mistry JH, Keely SP, Villegas EN. Understanding Microbial Loads in Wastewater Treatment Works as Source Water for Water Reuse. WATER 2021; 13. [PMID: 34804602 PMCID: PMC8597597 DOI: 10.3390/w13111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Facing challenges in water demands and population size, particularly in the water-scarce regions in the United States, the reuse of treated municipal wastewater has become a viable potential to relieve the ever-increasing demands of providing water for (non-)potable use. The objectives of this study were to assess microbial quality of reclaimed water and to investigate treatability of microorganisms during different treatment processes. Raw and final treated effluent samples from three participating utilities were collected monthly for 16 months and analyzed for various microbial pathogens and fecal indicator organisms. Results revealed that the detectable levels of microbial pathogens tested were observed in the treated effluent samples from all participating utilities. Log10 reduction values (LRVs) of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were at least two orders of magnitude lower than those of human adenovirus and all fecal indicator organisms except for aerobic endospores, which showed the lowest LRVs. The relatively higher LRV of the indicator organisms such as bacteriophages suggested that these microorganisms are not good candidates of viral indicators of human adenovirus during wastewater treatment processes. Overall, this study will assist municipalities considering the use of wastewater effluent as another source of drinking water by providing important data on the prevalence, occurrence, and reduction of waterborne pathogens in wastewater. More importantly, the results from this study will aid in building a richer microbial occurrence database that can be used towards evaluating reuse guidelines and disinfection practices for water reuse practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodon Ryu
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Yao Addor
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Nichole E. Brinkman
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Michael W. Ware
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Laura Boczek
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jill Hoelle
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jatin H. Mistry
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dallas, TX 75270, USA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Eric N. Villegas
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
- Correspondence:
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Breternitz BS, Barbosa da Veiga DP, Pepe Razzolini MT, Nardocci AC. Land use associated with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp.in surface water supply in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115143. [PMID: 32682184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Land use/Land cover (LULC) associated with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. quantification and distribution can provide identification of the environmental circulation patterns of these parasites. The aim of this research was to relate the occurrence and circulation of these parasites to the LULC watershed with poor sanitation infrastructure and livestock as important economic activity. The study involved 11 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, located in southeastern Brazil. Sampling was carried out at the catchment sites of each water supply on a monthly basis, starting in December 2014 and lasting until November 2015, totalizing 128 samples. Protozoans were quantified according to the 1623.1 US. EPA Method. For watershed delimitation, the hydrographic network was extracted from the hydrology tool of ArcGIS 10.1. The frequency of occurrence of these pathogens and the high concentrations were evidenced in the municipality with the largest urban area (16.2%) and intense livestock activity (39%) near the catchment site. The municipality that showed the lowest frequency of occurrence presented the smallest urban area (0.87%) and absence of livestock activity near the catchment site. The high concentration of pathogens suggests a correlation between the impact on water supply networks and river basin degradation caused by urban activity and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Suellen Breternitz
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Denise Piccirillo Barbosa da Veiga
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Cássia Nardocci
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil; NARA - Center for Research Into Environmental Risk Assessment, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° Floor, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Souza MS, O'Brien C, Santin M, Jenkins M. A highly sensitive method for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from source and finished water using RT-PCR directed to Cryspovirus RNA. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 156:77-80. [PMID: 30508558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts is important because the protozoan can cause clinical infection in humans at extremely low numbers. In the present study, 1.5 × 102, 1.0 × 103, or 1.0 × 104C. parvum oocysts were spiked into 10 l of source or finished water in triplicate followed by recovery using Envirochek HV sampling capsules. One subsample of the recovered oocysts was analyzed by commercial immunofluorescence assay (IFA), while a second subsample was subjected to DNA-RNA extraction, followed by RT-PCR using primers directed to the gene encoding Cryspovirus capsid. IFA analysis of Envirochek filter eluates of finished water detected oocysts at all 3 C. parvum oocyst doses, but only at the 1.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 104 doses in source water. Cryspovirus RT-PCR appeared to offer greater sensitivity than IFA because C. parvum oocysts were detected using this molecular technique in both source and finished water concentrates at all 3 spiking levels. A linear relationship was observed between log oocysts spiking dose and the relative intensity of the Cryspovirus RT-PCR signal for finished water, but not for source water. These data indicate that Cryspovirus RT-PCR is a sensitive method for detecting C. parvum oocysts in source and finished water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sato de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celia O'Brien
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville 20705, MD
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville 20705, MD
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville 20705, MD.
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Alderisio KA, Villegas LF, Ware MW, McDonald LA, Xiao L, Villegas EN. Differences in staining intensities affect reported occurrences and concentrations of Giardia spp. in surface drinking water sources. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1607-1613. [PMID: 28910512 PMCID: PMC6089082 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM USEPA Method 1623, or its equivalent, is currently used to monitor for protozoan contamination of surface drinking water sources worldwide. At least three approved staining kits used for detecting Cryptosporidium and Giardia are commercially available. This study focuses on understanding the differences among staining kits used for Method 1623. METHODS AND RESULTS Merifluor and EasyStain labelling kits were used to monitor Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst densities in New York City's raw surface water sources. In the year following a change to the approved staining kits for use with Method 1623, an anomaly was noted in the occurrence of Giardia cysts in New York City's raw surface water. Specifically, Merifluor-stained samples had higher Giardia cyst densities as compared with those stained with EasyStain. Side by side comparison revealed significantly lower fluorescence intensities of Giardia muris as compared with Giardia duodenalis cysts when labelled with EasyStain. CONCLUSIONS This study showed very poor fluorescence intensity signals by EasyStain on G. muris cysts resulting in lower cyst counts, while Merifluor, with its broader Giardia cyst staining specificity, resulted in higher cyst counts, when using Methods 1623. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results suggest that detected Giardia cyst concentrations are dependent on the staining kits used, which can result in a more or less conservative estimation of occurrences and densities of zoonotic Giardia cysts by detecting a broader range of Giardia species/Assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A. Alderisio
- New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Valhalla and Kingston, NY
| | | | - Michael W. Ware
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Lisa A. McDonald
- New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Valhalla and Kingston, NY
| | - Lihua Xiao
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Eric N. Villegas
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268
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Kumar T, Abd Majid MA, Onichandran S, Jaturas N, Andiappan H, Salibay CC, Tabo HAL, Tabo N, Dungca JZ, Tangpong J, Phiriyasamith S, Yuttayong B, Polseela R, Do BN, Sawangjaroen N, Tan TC, Lim YAL, Nissapatorn V. Presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water samples from Southeast Asia: towards an integrated water detection system. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:3. [PMID: 26763230 PMCID: PMC4712598 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Access to clean and safe drinking water that is free from pathogenic protozoan parasites, especially Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia that cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, is still an issue in Southeast Asia (SEA). This study is the first attempt to detect the aforementioned protozoan parasites in water samples from countries in SEA, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Methods A total of 221 water samples of 10 l each were collected between April and October 2013 from Malaysia (53), Thailand (120), the Philippines (33), and Vietnam (15). A physicochemical analysis was conducted. The water samples were processed in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s methods 1622/1623.1, microscopically observed and subsequently screened using qPCR assays. Results Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in treated water samples from the Philippines (1/10), with a concentration of 0.06 ± 0.19 oocyst/L, and untreated water samples from Thailand (25/93), Malaysia (17/44), and the Philippines (11/23), with concentrations ranging from 0.13 ± 0.18 to 0.57 ± 1.41 oocyst/L. Giardia cysts were found in treated water samples from the Philippines (1/10), with a concentration of 0.02 ± 0.06 cyst/L, and in untreated water samples from Thailand (20/93), Vietnam (5/10), Malaysia (22/44), and the Philippines (16/23), with concentrations ranging from 0.12 ± 0.3 to 8.90 ± 19.65 cyst/L. The pathogens C. parvum and G. lamblia were detected using using qPCR assays by targeting the 138-bp fragment and the small subunit gene, respectively. C. parvum was detected in untreated water samples from the Philippines (1/23) and Malaysia (2/44), whilst, G. lamblia detected was detected in treated water samples from the Philippines (1/10) and in untreated water samples from Thailand (21/93), Malaysia (12/44), and the Philippines (17/23). Nitrate concentration was found to have a high positive correlation with (oo)cyst (0.993). Conclusion The presence of (oo)cysts in the water samples means that there is potential risk for zoonotic disease transmission in the studied countries. Detection using qPCR is feasible for quantifying both pathogenic C. parvum and G. lamblia in large water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulasi Kumar
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Azlan Abd Majid
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subashini Onichandran
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Narong Jaturas
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Hemah Andiappan
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cristina C Salibay
- Biological Science Department, College of Science and Computer Studies, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Dasmariñas, Philippines
| | - Hazel A L Tabo
- Biological Science Department, College of Science and Computer Studies, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Dasmariñas, Philippines
| | - Norbel Tabo
- Biological Science Department, College of Science and Computer Studies, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, Dasmariñas, Philippines
| | - Julieta Z Dungca
- School of Science and Technology, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | | | - Boonyaorn Yuttayong
- Regional Medical Sciences Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Raxsina Polseela
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Binh Nhu Do
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Road, Phuc La Ward, Ha Dong District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nongyao Sawangjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Tian-Chye Tan
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology (Southeast Asia Water Team), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Destura RV, Cena RB, Galarion MJH, Pangilinan CM, Arevalo GM, Alba ROC, Petronio JAG, Salem GM, Schwem B, Sevilleja JEAD. Advancing Cryptosporidium Diagnostics from Bench to Bedside. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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