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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Khelifi N, Pothier P, Hassen A. Activated sludge and UV-C 254 for Sapovirus, Aichivirus, Astrovirus, and Adenovirus processing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1995-2014. [PMID: 37086061 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2203906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the detection rates of four enteric viruses, Human Astrovirus (HAstVs), Aichivirus (AiVs), Human Adenovirus (HAdVs), and Sapovirus (SaVs) are carried out to assess the virological quality of the treated wastewater. A total of 140 samples was collected from wastewater treatment plant WWTP of Tunis-City. Real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR results showed high frequencies of detection of the four enteric viruses investigated at the entry and exit of the biological activated sludge procedure and a significant reduction in viral titers after tertiary treatment with UV-C254 irradiation. These results revealed the ineffectiveness of the biological activated sludge treatment in removing viruses and the poor quality of the treated wastewater intended for recycling, agricultural reuse, and safe discharge into the natural environment. The UV-C254 irradiation, selected while considering the non-release of known disinfection by-products because of eventual reactions with the large organic and mineral load commonly present in the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, the University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Microbiology Laboratory, Beja University Hospital, Beja,Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesserine Khelifi
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Tunisia
| | - Pierre Pothier
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Tunisia
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Ando H, Ahmed W, Okabe S, Kitajima M. Tracking the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on viral gastroenteritis through wastewater-based retrospective analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166557. [PMID: 37633393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic possibly disrupted the circulation and seasonality of gastroenteritis viruses (e.g., Norovirus (NoV), Sapovirus (SaV), group A rotavirus (ARoV), and Aichivirus (AiV)). Despite the growing application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), there remains a lack of sufficient investigations into the actual impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of gastroenteritis viruses. In this study, we measured NoV GI and GII, SaV, ARoV, and AiV RNA concentrations in 296 influent wastewater samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Sapporo, Japan between October 28, 2018 and January 12, 2023 using the highly sensitive EPISENS™ method. The detection ratios of SaV and ARoV after May 2020 (SaV: 49.8 % (134/269), ARoV: 57.4 % (151/263)) were significantly lower than those before April 2020 (SaV: 93.9 % (31/33), ARoV: 97.0 % (32/33); SaV: p < 3.5×10-7, ARoV: p < 1.5×10-6). Furthermore, despite comparable detection ratios before (88.5 %, 23/26) and during (66.7 %, 80/120) the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.032), the concentrations of NoV GII revealed a significant decrease after the onset of the pandemic (p < 1.5×10-7, Cliff's delta = 0.72). NoV GI RNA were sporadically detected (24.7 %, 8/33) before April 2020 and after May 2020 (6.5 %, 17/263), whereas AiV was consistently (100 %, 33/33) detected from wastewater throughout the study period (95.8 %, 252/263). The WBE results demonstrated the significant influence of COVID-19 countermeasures on the circulation of gastroenteritis viruses, with variations observed in the magnitude of their impact across different types of viruses. These epidemiological findings highlight that the hygiene practices implemented to prevent COVID-19 infections may also be effective for controlling the prevalence of gastroenteritis viruses, providing invaluable insights for public health units and the development of effective disease management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ando
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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Andrianjakarivony FH, Bettarel Y, Desnues C. Searching for a Reliable Viral Indicator of Faecal Pollution in Aquatic Environments. J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s12275-023-00052-6. [PMID: 37261715 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of sewage in significant quantities poses a health hazard to aquatic ecosystems. These effluents can contain a wide range of pathogens, making faecal contamination a leading source of waterborne diseases around the world. Yet monitoring bacteria or viruses in aquatic environments is time consuming and expensive. The standard indicators of faecal pollution all have limitations, including difficulty in determining the source due to lack of host specificity, poor connection with the presence of non-bacterial pathogens, or low environmental persistence. Innovative monitoring techniques are sorely needed to provide more accurate and targeted solutions. Viruses are a promising alternative to faecal indicator bacteria for monitoring, as they are more persistent in ambient water, more abundant in faeces, and are extremely host-specific. Given the range of viruses found in diverse contexts, it is not easy to find one "ideal" viral indicator of faecal pollution; however, several are of interest. In parallel, the ongoing development of molecular techniques coupled with metagenomics and bioinformatics should enable improved ways to detect faecal contamination using viruses. This review examines the evolution of faecal contamination monitoring with the following aims (i) to identify the characteristics of the main viral indicators of faecal contamination, including human enteric viruses, bacteriophages, CRESS and plant viruses, (ii) to assess how these have been used to monitor water pollution in recent years, (iii) to evaluate the reliability of recent detection methods of such viruses, and (iv) to tentatively determine which viruses may be most effective as markers of faecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felana Harilanto Andrianjakarivony
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny, and Infection (MEФI), IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
- Microbiologie Environnementale Biotechnologie (MEB), Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Yvan Bettarel
- MARBEC, Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny, and Infection (MEФI), IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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5
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Tandukar S, Sthapit N, Thakali O, Malla B, Sherchan SP, Shakya BM, Shrestha LP, Sherchand JB, Joshi DR, Lama B, Haramoto E. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, river water, and hospital wastewater of Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153816. [PMID: 35157870 PMCID: PMC8832950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been extensively studied throughout the world with remarkable findings. This study reports the presence and reduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Nepal, along with river water, hospital wastewater (HWW), and wastewater from sewer lines collected between July 2020 and February 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 50%, 54%, 100%, and 100% of water samples from WWTPs, river hospitals, and sewer lines, respectively, by at least one of four quantitative PCR assays tested (CDC-N1, CDC-N2, NIID_2019-nCOV_N, and N_Sarbeco). The CDC-N2 assay detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the highest number of raw influent samples of both WWTPs. The highest concentration was observed for an influent sample of WWTP A (5.5 ± 1.0 log10 genome copies/L) by the N_Sarbeco assay. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 47% (16/34) of the total treated effluents of WWTPs, indicating that biological treatments installed at the tested WWTPs are not enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 RNA. One influent sample was positive for N501Y mutation using the mutation-specific qPCR, highlighting a need for further typing of water samples to detect Variants of Concern. Furthermore, crAssphage-normalized SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in raw wastewater did not show any significant association with the number of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the whole district where the WWTPs were located, suggesting a need for further studies focusing on suitability of viral as well as biochemical markers as a population normalizing factor. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA before, after, and during the peaking in number of COVID-19 cases suggests that WBE is a useful tool for COVID-19 case estimation in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Tandukar
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan; Policy Research Institute, Sano Gaucharan, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niva Sthapit
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Bijay Man Shakya
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Laxman P Shrestha
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu 1524, Nepal
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu 1524, Nepal
| | - Dev Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Bhupendra Lama
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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6
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Melvin RG, Hendrickson EN, Chaudhry N, Georgewill O, Freese R, Schacker TW, Simmons GE. A novel wastewater-based epidemiology indexing method predicts SARS-CoV-2 disease prevalence across treatment facilities in metropolitan and regional populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21368. [PMID: 34725394 PMCID: PMC8560786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for wastewater based epidemiological (WBE) methods that integrate multiple, variously sized surveillance sites across geographic areas. We developed a novel indexing method, Melvin's Index, that provides a normalized and standardized metric of wastewater pathogen load for qPCR assays that is resilient to surveillance site variation. To demonstrate the utility of Melvin's Index, we used qRT-PCR to measure SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA levels in influent wastewater from 19 municipal wastewater treatment facilities (WWTF's) of varying sizes and served populations across the state of Minnesota during the Summer of 2020. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected at each WWTF during the 20-week sampling period at a mean concentration of 8.5 × 104 genome copies/L (range 3.2 × 102-1.2 × 109 genome copies/L). Lag analysis of trends in Melvin's Index values and clinical COVID-19 cases showed that increases in indexed wastewater SARS-CoV-2 levels precede new clinical cases by 15-17 days at the statewide level and by up to 25 days at the regional/county level. Melvin's Index is a reliable WBE method and can be applied to both WWTFs that serve a wide range of population sizes and to large regions that are served by multiple WWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Melvin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Emily N Hendrickson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Nabiha Chaudhry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Onimitein Georgewill
- National Summer Undergraduate Research Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Freese
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy W Schacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Glenn E Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Program, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Ali W, Zhang H, Wang Z, Chang C, Javed A, Ali K, Du W, Niazi NK, Mao K, Yang Z. Occurrence of various viruses and recent evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125439. [PMID: 33684818 PMCID: PMC7894103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are omnipresent and persistent in wastewater, which poses a risk to human health. In this review, we summarise the different qualitative and quantitative methods for virus analysis in wastewater and systematically discuss the spatial distribution and temporal patterns of various viruses (i.e., enteric viruses, Caliciviridae (Noroviruses (NoVs)), Picornaviridae (Enteroviruses (EVs)), Hepatitis A virus (HAV)), and Adenoviridae (Adenoviruses (AdVs))) in wastewater systems. Then we critically review recent SARS-CoV-2 studies to understand the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic through wastewater surveillance. SARS-CoV-2 genetic material has been detected in wastewater from France, the Netherlands, Australia, Italy, Japan, Spain, Turkey, India, Pakistan, China, and the USA. We then discuss the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate the occurrence, distribution, and genetic diversity of these viruses and generate human health risk assessment. Finally, we not only promote the prevention of viral infectious disease transmission through wastewater but also highlight the potential use of WBE as an early warning system for public health assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Chuanyu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Asif Javed
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ali
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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Song K, Lin X, Liu Y, Ji F, Zhang L, Chen P, Zhao C, Song Y, Tao Z, Xu A. Detection of Human Sapoviruses in Sewage in China by Next Generation Sequencing. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:270-280. [PMID: 33755873 PMCID: PMC7985922 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) is an important causative agent of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. However, little is known about its circulation in China. To study the prevalence and diversity of human SaV genotypes circulating in eastern China, a 3-year environmental surveillance combined with next generation sequencing (NGS) technology was conducted. A total of 36 raw sewage samples were collected from January 2017 to December 2019 in Jinan and processed. Thirty-five (97.22%) samples were positive for human SaV genome in quantitative RT-PCR assay; 33 (91.67%) samples were positive in nested RT-PCR assay on partial capsid VP1 sequence and all amplicons were further analyzed separately by NGS. Among those, ten genotypes belonging to the genogroups of GI, GII, GIV, and GV were identified by NGS, including 4 major genotypes (GI.2, GI.1, GV.1 and GI.3) and 6 uncommon genotypes (GII.5, GII.1, GII.NA1, GII.3, GI.6 and GIV.1). A temporal switch of predominant genotype was observed from GI.2 to GI.1 around June 2019. Local and foreign sequences clustered together in some branches according to phylogenetic analysis, indicating frequent transmission of various lineages in different regions of the world. Environmental surveillance provides a comprehensive picture of human SaV in China. NGS-based environmental surveillance improves our knowledge on human SaV circulating in communities greatly and should be encouraged as a sensitive surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44-1 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zexin Tao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
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9
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McCall C, Wu H, O'Brien E, Xagoraraki I. Assessment of enteric viruses during a hepatitis outbreak in Detroit MI using wastewater surveillance and metagenomic analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1539-1554. [PMID: 33550682 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigates enteric viruses in wastewater during an outbreak of acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a large metropolitan area. Emphasis is given to caliciviruses and HAV. METHODS AND RESULTS Metagenomic analysis was performed to characterize enteric viruses excreted by the population of Detroit MI, during a hepatitis A outbreak that occurred in 2017 and 2018. Additionally, HAV, norovirus GII, and sapovirus were quantified, using qPCR, in 54 untreated wastewater samples collected over the course of 4 months. Correlation analysis was performed to identify associations between the number of disease cases and HAV concentrations in wastewater. HAV obtained the highest relative abundance among other enteric viruses detected in wastewater metagenomes. Metagenomic analysis also detected several other enteric viruses including astrovirus, enterovirus and hepatitis E virus. Average sapovirus concentrations of 1·36 × 106 gc l-1 were significantly greater than norovirus GII concentrations (2·94 × 104 gc l-1 ). Additionally, norovirus GI and GII along with sapovirus GI.1 were detected using metagenomics. HAV loads in wastewater were significantly correlated with the number of disease cases reported 1 week after wastewater sampling. CONCLUSIONS Surveying untreated wastewater is a promising method for detecting early signs of hepatitis A outbreaks and for routine environmental monitoring of enteric viruses circulating in the environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Authors demonstrate the usefulness of metagenomics for genogrouping and enteric viral surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E O'Brien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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10
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Upfold NS, Luke GA, Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:1-31. [PMID: 33501612 PMCID: PMC7837882 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a diverse group of human pathogens which are primarily transmitted by the faecal-oral route and are a major cause of non-bacterial diarrhoeal disease in both developed and developing countries. Because they are shed in high numbers by infected individuals and can persist for a long time in the environment, they pose a serious threat to human health globally. Enteric viruses end up in the environment mainly through discharge or leakage of raw or inadequately treated sewage into water sources such as springs, rivers, dams, or marine estuaries. Human exposure then follows when contaminated water is used for drinking, cooking, or recreation and, importantly, when filter-feeding bivalve shellfish are consumed. The human health hazard posed by enteric viruses is particularly serious in Africa where rapid urbanisation in a relatively short period of time has led to the expansion of informal settlements with poor sanitation and failing or non-existent wastewater treatment infrastructure, and where rural communities with limited or no access to municipal water are dependent on nearby open water sources for their subsistence. The role of sewage-contaminated water and bivalve shellfish as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses is well documented but, to our knowledge, has not been comprehensively reviewed in the African context. Here we provide an overview of enteric viruses and then review the growing body of research where these viruses have been detected in association with sewage-contaminated water or food in several African countries. These studies highlight the need for more research into the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and circulation of these viruses in Africa, as well as for development and application of innovative wastewater treatment approaches to reduce environmental pollution and its impact on human health on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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11
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Melvin RG, Chaudhry N, Georgewill O, Freese R, Simmons GE. Predictive power of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for diverse populations across a large geographical range. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.01.23.21250376. [PMID: 33532795 PMCID: PMC7852246 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.23.21250376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the disparities in healthcare delivery in the US. Many communities had, and continue to have, limited access to COVID-19 testing, making it difficult to track the spread and impact of COVID-19 in early days of the outbreak. To address this issue we monitored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA at the population-level using municipal wastewater influent from 19 cities across the state of Minnesota during the COVID-19 outbreak in Summer 2020. Viral RNA was detected in wastewater continually for 20-weeks for cities ranging in populations from 500 to >1, 000, 000. Using a novel indexing method, we were able to compare the relative levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for each city during this sampling period. Our data showed that viral RNA trends appeared to precede clinically confirmed cases across the state by several days. Lag analysis of statewide trends confirmed that wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels preceded new clinical cases by 15-17 days. At the regional level, new clinical cases lagged behind wastewater viral RNA anywhere from 4-20 days. Our data illustrates the advantages of monitoring at the population-level to detect outbreaks. Additionally, by tracking infections with this unbiased approach, resources can be directed to the most impacted communities before the need outpaces the capacity of local healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Melvin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School – Duluth, MN
| | - Nabiha Chaudhry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School – Duluth, MN
| | - Onimitein Georgewill
- National Summer Undergraduate Research Program, University of Maryland – College Park, MD
| | - Rebecca Freese
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota – Minneapolis, MN
| | - Glenn E. Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School – Duluth, MN
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Program, Masonic Cancer Center – Minneapolis, MN
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12
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Kebe O, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Fall A, Dia H, Bidalot M, Ambert-Balay K, Ndiaye K. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Aichi Virus 1 from Urban Wastewater in Senegal. Intervirology 2021; 64:96-101. [PMID: 33440372 DOI: 10.1159/000512130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis. In this study, raw, decanted, and treated wastewater samples from a wastewater treatment plant in an urban area of Dakar, Senegal, were collected. AiV-1 was detected in raw (70%, 14/20), decanted (68.4%, 13/19), and treated (59.3%, 16/27) samples, revealing a noticeable resistance of AiV-1 to chlorine-based treatment. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences clustered within genotype B. Our study presents the first report on the detection of AiV-1 in the environment of Dakar and constitutes indirect evidence of virus circulation in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Kebe
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Amary Fall
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hamet Dia
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maxime Bidalot
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology, University Hospital Dijon, Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Katia Ambert-Balay
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology, University Hospital Dijon, Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
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13
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Yan Y, Li Y, Shi W, Kong X, Li H, Zhang Q, Pang L, Jiang L, Liu J, Jin M, Li Y, Duan Z. An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a novel GII.8 sapovirus variant-transmitted by vomit in Shenzhen, China, 2019. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:911. [PMID: 33261582 PMCID: PMC7706173 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Sapoviruses (SaVs) has been reported as one of the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. An outbreak of SaVs affected 482 primary school students during spring activities from February 24 to March 11, 2019 in Shenzhen City, China. Our study was aimed at determining the epidemiology of the outbreak, investigating its origins, and making a clear identification of the SaVs genetic diversity. Methods Epidemiological investigation was conducted for this AGE outbreak. Stool samples were collected for laboratory tests of causative agents. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and conventional RT-PCR were used for detecting and genotyping of SaVs. The nearly complete genome of GII.8 SaV strains were amplified and sequenced by using several primer sets designed in this study. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to characterize the genome of GII.8 SaV strains. Results The single factor analysis showed that the students who were less than 1.5 m away from the vomitus in classroom or playgroundwere susceptible (P < 0.05). Seven of 11 fecal samples from patients were positive for GII.8 SaV genotype. In this study, we obtained the genome sequence of a SaV GII.8 strain Hu/SaV/2019008Shenzhen/2019 /CHN (SZ08) and comprehensively analyzed the genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the GII.8 strain SZ08 formed an independent branch and became a novel variant of GII.8 genotype. Strain SZ08 harbored 11 specific amino acid variations compared with cluster A-D in full-length VP1. Conclusions This study identified SaVs as the causative agents for the AGE outbreak. Strain Hu SZ08 was clustered as independent branch and there was no recombination occurred in this strain SZ08. Further, it might become the predominant strain in diarrhea cases in the near future. Constant surveillance is required to monitor the emerging variants which will improve our knowledge of the evolution of SaVs among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shenzhen Baoan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Yingkou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingkou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lili Pang
- Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li Jiang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Donggang-xi Rd, Cheng-guan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Junying Liu
- Central Hospital of Zhoukou, Zhoukou, 466000, Henan, China
| | - Miao Jin
- Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yuning Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China. .,The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Donggang-xi Rd, Cheng-guan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- Department of Viral Diarrhea, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Chang-ping District, Beijing, 102206, China
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Khelifi N, Pothier P, Hassen A. The Effectiveness of Activated Sludge Procedure and UV-C 254 in Norovirus Inactivation in a Tunisian Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:250-259. [PMID: 32607705 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular detection of Norovirus GI and Norovirus GII in the Tunisian industrial wastewater treatment plant of Charguia I was conducted to test the effectiveness of secondary biological treatment using the activated sludge procedure and the UV-C254 tertiary treatment radiation using a UV disinfection prototype to upgrade the quality of the purified wastewater. A total of 140 sewage samples were collected from the two lines of sewage treatment procedures. Norovirus GI and Norovirus GII have been found and quantified using Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) in 66.4 and 86.4% of the collected wastewater samples. The Norovirus GI and GII mean concentration values got in the treated effluents showed a significant decrease of Norovirus viral content rates detected from upstream to downstream of activated sludge procedures and at the output of UV-C254 treatment. These findings characterise and denote for the first time the effectiveness of biological and UV-C254 treatment for Norovirus GI and Norovirus GII removal in Tunis City, northern Tunisia. Also, these data underlined the fact that purified sewage makes up a route of gastroenteritis virus transmission and a cause of viral gastroenteritis associated with water-borne and food-borne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorisation of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020, Borj Cédria, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine At Sidi Thabet, IRESA, University of Manouba, 2020, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesserine Khelifi
- Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorisation of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020, Borj Cédria, Tunisia
| | - Pierre Pothier
- National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21070, Dijon, France
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorisation of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020, Borj Cédria, Tunisia
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15
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Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, McDonald JE, Hillary LS, Malham SK, Jones DL. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115926. [PMID: 32417460 PMCID: PMC7211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses are an emerging cause of disease outbreaks and represent a major threat to global public health. Enteric viruses may originate from human wastewater and can undergo rapid transport through aquatic environments with minimal decay. Surveillance and source apportionment of enteric viruses in environmental waters is therefore essential for accurate risk management. However, individual monitoring of the >100 enteric viral strains that have been identified as aquatic contaminants is unfeasible. Instead, viral indicators are often used for quantitative assessments of wastewater contamination, viral decay and transport in water. An ideal indicator for tracking wastewater contamination should be (i) easy to detect and quantify, (ii) source-specific, (iii) resistant to wastewater treatment processes, and (iv) persistent in the aquatic environment, with similar behaviour to viral pathogens. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of 127 peer-reviewed publications, to critically evaluate the effectiveness of several viral indicators of wastewater pollution, including common enteric viruses (mastadenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and Aichi viruses), the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and gut-associated bacteriophages (Type II/III FRNA phages and phages infecting human Bacteroides species, including crAssphage). Our analysis suggests that overall, human mastadenoviruses have the greatest potential to indicate contamination by domestic wastewater due to their easy detection, culturability, and high prevalence in wastewater and in the polluted environment. Aichi virus, crAssphage and PMMoV are also widely detected in wastewater and in the environment, and may be used as molecular markers for human-derived contamination. We conclude that viral indicators are suitable for the long-term monitoring of viral contamination in freshwater and marine environments and that these should be implemented within monitoring programmes to provide a holistic assessment of microbiological water quality and wastewater-based epidemiology, improve current risk management strategies and protect global human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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16
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Kuo D, Liu M, Kumar KRS, Hamaguchi K, Gan KP, Sakamoto T, Ogawa T, Kato R, Miyamoto N, Nada H, Kimura M, Henmi M, Katayama H, Kato T. High Virus Removal by Self-Organized Nanostructured 2D Liquid-Crystalline Smectic Membranes for Water Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001721. [PMID: 32363808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To obtain high quality of drinking water free from biocontaminants is especially important issue. A new strategy employing smectic liquid-crystalline ionic membranes exhibiting 2D structures of layered nanochannels for water treatment is proposed for efficient virus removal and sufficient water flux. The smectic A (SmA) liquid-crystalline membranes obtained by in situ polymerization of an ionic mesogenic monomer are examined for removal of three distinct viruses with small size: Qβ bacteriophage, MS2 bacteriophage, and Aichi virus. The semi-bilayer structure of the SmA significantly obstructs the virus penetration with an average log reduction value of 7.3 log10 or the equivalent of reducing 18 million viruses down to 1. Furthermore, the layered nanochannels of the SmA liquid crystal allow efficient water permeation compared to other types of liquid-crystalline membrane consisting of nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - K R Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kian Ping Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ogawa
- Global Environment Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0842, Japan
| | - Riki Kato
- Department of Material Science and Production Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Material Science and Production Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nada
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Global Environment Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0842, Japan
| | - Masahiro Henmi
- Technology Center, Toray Industries, Inc., Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Rivadulla E, Romalde JL. A Comprehensive Review on Human Aichi Virus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:501-516. [PMID: 32342286 PMCID: PMC7223127 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus and Astrovirus are considered the most important viral agents transmitted by food and water, in recent years other viruses, such as Aichi virus (AiV), have emerged as responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with different foods. AiV belongs to the genus Kobuvirus of the family Picornaviridae. It is a virus with icosahedral morphology that presents a single stranded RNA genome with positive sense (8280 nucleotides) and a poly (A) chain. AiV was first detected from clinical samples and in recent years has been involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks from different world regions. Furthermore, several studies conducted in Japan, Germany, France, Tunisia and Spain showed a high prevalence of AiV antibodies in adults (between 80% and 99%), which is indicative of a large exposure to this virus. The aim of this review is to bring together all the discovered information about the emerging pathogen human Aichi virus (AiV), discussing the possibles routes of transmission, new detection techniques and future research. Although AiV is responsible for a low percentage of gastroenteritis outbreaks, the high seroprevalence shown by human populations indicates an evident role as an enteric agent. The low percentage of AiV detection could be explained by the fact that the pathogen is more associated to subclinical infections. Further studies will be needed to clarify the real impact of AiV in human health and its importance as a causative gastroenteritis agent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, Spain.
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Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3616. [PMID: 32107444 PMCID: PMC7046655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as indicators of the reduction of human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. Thirty-nine samples were collected from three steps at a wastewater treatment plant (raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent) monthly for a 13-month period. In addition to the three indicator viruses, eight human enteric viruses [human adenoviruses, JC and BK polyomaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses, and noroviruses of genogroups I, II, and IV] were tested by quantitative PCR. Indicator viruses were consistently detected in the tested samples, except for a few final effluents for crAssphage and TMV. The mean concentrations of crAssphage were significantly higher than those of most tested viruses. The concentrations of crAssphage in raw sewage were positively correlated with the concentrations of all tested human enteric viruses (p <0.05), suggesting the applicability of crAssphage as a suitable indicator to estimate the concentrations of human enteric viruses in raw sewage. The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (1.8 ± 0.7 log10) were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by TMV (2.0 ± 0.3 log10) and PMMoV (2.0 ± 0.4 log10). Our findings suggested that the use of not only AiV-1 and PMMoV but also TMV as indicators of reductions in viral levels can be applicable during wastewater treatment.
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Chérif N, Mejri S, Pothier P, Hassen A. Detection of Sapoviruses in two biological lines of Tunisian hospital wastewater treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:400-413. [PMID: 30474395 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1546835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of rotating biodisks and natural oxidizing lagoon procedures is investigated at a Tunisian semi-industrial pilot plant, El Menzeh I, where the wastewater is mainly provided by three different neighbouring hospital clinics. Throughout 2011, 102 wastewater samples were collected from the two mentioned wastewater treatment procedures. Results showed that the Sapovirus (SaV) frequency was approximately 29.4% using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, and about 16.6% using the conventional RT-PCR. Also, the SaV genogroups and genotypes were identified and genotyping revealed that all of the four Tunisian SaV strains obtained belonged to the two genogroups GIV.1 and GGI.3. In addition, two new genotypes, D and C, were detected. A moderate decrease in the SaV frequencies was observed at the exit of the two treatment processes and the SaV removal rate was around 90% in the natural oxidizing lagoons and 94% in the rotating biodisks procedure showing the temperate sensitivity of these viruses to the implemented biological wastewater. Therefore, an urgent disinfection process should be implemented downstream of the two biological treatment procedures for safe release of treated effluent in the different natural environments. Abbreviations: NoV: Noroviruses; SaV: Sapoviruses; EC: Electrical Conductivity; COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand; BOD5: Biological Oxygen Demand; SS: Suspended Solids; NH4-N: Ammonium Nitrogen; P-PO4: Ortho-Phosphate; AlCl3: aluminum chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- a Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
- b Laboratory of Treatment and Wastewater Valorization, Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE) , Techno Park of Borj-Cedria 8020 , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- c National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi-Thabet , University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA) , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Nadia Chérif
- d Unit Virology of Marine organisms, Aquaculture Laboratory , National Institute of Sea Science and Technologies , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Selma Mejri
- e Veterinary Research Institute of Tunisia, Laboratory of Virology , University of Tunis El Manar, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), La Rabta , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Pierre Pothier
- f National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology , University Hospital of Dijon , Dijon , France
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- a Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
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Xue L, Cai W, Zhang L, Gao J, Dong R, Li Y, Wu H, Zhang J, Zeng H, Ye Q, Ding Y, Wu Q. Prevalence and genetic diversity of human sapovirus associated with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in South China from 2013 to 2017. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1759-1764. [PMID: 31180139 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) is an important viral agent for acute diarrhea worldwide, but timely prevalence data of human SaV in South China are still lacking. In this study, a 4-year surveillance was conducted to characterize the prevalence and genetic characteristics of the circulating SaV associated with sporadic diarrhea in South China. From November 2013 to October 2017, 569 fecal samples from patients with acute diarrhea were collected. SaV was detected in 11 samples with a positive rate of 1.93%. Three human genogroups of GI, GII, and GIV were identified, including five GI.1 strains, three GI.2 strains, one GI.3 strain, one GII.8 strain, and one GIV strain. Furthermore, multiple alignments of complete capsid protein VP1 genes of five local GI.1 strains and other available GI.1 strains in GenBank were performed. Average pairwise identities were calculated at 95.33% and 99.36% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, and only six variable amino acid sites were found during its 36-years' evolution process. GI.1 strains could be further phylogenetically divided into four clusters with an approximate temporal evolution pattern, and local strains belonged to Cluster-d with other four strains from China and Japan. In summary, SaV was identified as an etiological agent responsible for sporadic gastroenteritis in Guangzhou with a low prevalence rate as in other Chinese cities, but its high genetic diversity suggested the necessity of continuous SaV surveillance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ruimin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yonglai Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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21
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Xue L, Cai W, Gao J, Jiang Y, Wu H, Zhang L, Zuo Y, Dong R, Pang R, Zeng H, Wu S, Wang J, Zhang J, Wu Q. Genome characteristics and molecular evolution of the human sapovirus variant GII.8. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:362-367. [PMID: 31146046 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus is regarded as an important viral agent for acute diarrhea worldwide. GII.8, a recently reported genotype, has been detected in a few countries and regions. In this study, we obtained the first genome sequence of a sapovirus GII.8 strain isolated in mainland China, and comprehensively analyzed the genetic diversity and evolutionary process of this genotype. The viral genome of the new GII.8 Guangzhou strain GZ2014-L231 comprised 7433 nucleotides, including two ORFs. Pairwise alignments of the new genome with representative sequences of different genotypes showed inconsistent homology between different protein-encoding regions, of which NS1 and VP2 were found as the variable proteins, and NS3, NS5, and NS6/7 were found as the conserved ones. Compared with other reported GII.8 genomes, the Guangzhou strain introduced 34 new nucleotide changes and one new amino acid change. Phylogenetic analysis based on full-length VP1 sequences demonstrated that 11 GII.8 strains could be divided into 4 clusters A-D, with 88 SNP and 10 SAP spots occurred during their evolutionary process. The Guangzhou strain has higher homology with seven GII.8 strain detected after 2014, especially the US and Peruvian strains of 2015/2016, which have the identical VP1 amino acid sequences. Using a Bayesian coalescent method based on VP1 sequences, GII.8 was predicted to emerge in 2001 with the evolution rate of 1.45 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (strict clock). In summary, the data in this study not only provided reference data from mainland China for sapovirus researches in future, but also firstly described the evolutionary process of the GII.8 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Le Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Yueting Zuo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Ruimin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, PR China.
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22
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Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, Valdazo-González B, Della Libera S, Divizia M, La Rosa G. Molecular characterization of human Sapovirus in untreated sewage in Italy by amplicon-based Sanger and next-generation sequencing. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:324-331. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - G. Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - M. Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - E. Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - B. Valdazo-González
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency; Hertfordshire UK
| | - S. Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - M. Divizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - G. La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
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23
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Oka T, Iritani N, Yamamoto SP, Mori K, Ogawa T, Tatsumi C, Shibata S, Harada S, Wu FT. Broadly reactive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of human sapovirus genotypes. J Med Virol 2018; 91:370-377. [PMID: 30320885 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sapoviruses are associated with acute gastroenteritis. Human sapoviruses are classified into four distinct genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) based on their capsid gene sequences. A TaqMan probe-based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that detects the representative strains of these four genogroups is widely used for screening fecal specimens, shellfish, and environmental water samples. However, since the development of this test, more genetically diverse sapovirus strains have been reported, which are not detectable by the previously established assays. In this study, we report the development of a broader-range sapovirus real-time RT-PCR assay. The assay can detect 2.5 × 107 and 2.5 × 10 1 copies of sapovirus and therefore is as sensitive as the previous test. Analysis using clinical stool specimens or synthetic DNA revealed that the new system detected strains representative of all the 18 human sapovirus genotypes: GI.1-7, GII.1-8, GIV.1, and GV.1, 2. No cross-reactivity was observed against other representative common enteric viruses (norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus). This new assay will be useful as an improved, broadly reactive, and specific screening tool for human sapoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Iritani
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji P Yamamoto
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogawa
- Division of Virology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chika Tatsumi
- Division of Virology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Shimane, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shibata
- Microbiology Department, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fang-Tzy Wu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey JR, Masago Y, Sano D, Katayama H. A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:168-186. [PMID: 29471200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human enteric viruses, such as noroviruses and adenoviruses, are excreted in the feces of infected individuals and transmitted via the fecal-oral route including contaminated food and water. Since viruses are normally present at low concentrations in aquatic environments, they should be concentrated into smaller volumes prior to downstream molecular biological applications, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This review describes recent progress made in the development of concentration and detection methods of human enteric viruses in water, and discusses their applications for providing a better understanding of the prevalence of the viruses in various types of water worldwide. Maximum concentrations of human enteric viruses in water that have been reported in previous studies are summarized to assess viral abundances in aquatic environments. Some descriptions are also available on recent applications of sequencing analyses used to determine the genetic diversity of viral genomes in water samples, including those of novel viruses. Furthermore, the importance and significance of utilizing appropriate process controls during viral analyses are discussed, and three types of process controls are considered: whole process controls, molecular process controls, and (reverse transcription (RT)-)qPCR controls. Although no standards have been established for acceptable values of virus recovery and/or extraction-(RT-)qPCR efficiency, use of at least one of these appropriate control types is highly recommended for more accurate interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jason R Torrey
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Road, My Dinh 1 Ward, Nam Tu Liem District, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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25
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Presence of Human Enteric Viruses, Protozoa, and Indicators of Pathogens in the Bagmati River, Nepal. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020038. [PMID: 29642411 PMCID: PMC6027487 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of waterborne pathogens in water sources is essential for alerting the community about health hazards. This study determined the presence of human enteric viruses and protozoa in the Bagmati River, Nepal, and detected fecal indicator bacteria (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp.), human-fecal markers (human Bacteroidales and JC and BK polyomaviruses), and index viruses (tobacco mosaic virus and pepper mild mottle virus). During a one-year period between October 2015 and September 2016, a total of 18 surface water samples were collected periodically from three sites along the river. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, all eight types of human enteric viruses tested—including adenoviruses, noroviruses, and enteroviruses, were detected frequently at the midstream and downstream sites, with concentrations of 4.4–8.3 log copies/L. Enteroviruses and saliviruses were the most frequently detected enteric viruses, which were present in 72% (13/18) of the tested samples. Giardia spp. were detected by fluorescence microscopy in 78% (14/18) of the samples, with a lower detection ratio at the upstream site. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected only at the midstream and downstream sites, with a positive ratio of 39% (7/18). The high concentrations of enteric viruses suggest that the midstream and downstream regions are heavily contaminated with human feces and that there are alarming possibilities of waterborne diseases. The concentrations of enteric viruses were significantly higher in the dry season than the wet season (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of human enteric viruses and the tested indicators for the presence of pathogens (IPP) (p < 0.05), suggesting that these IPP can be used to estimate the presence of enteric viruses in the Bagmati River water.
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