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Lovelady NN, Zaller ND, Stewart MK, Cheney AM, Porter A, Haynes TF. Characterizing Firearm Assault Injury Among Young Black Men Using Arkansas Hospital Discharge Data. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12609-NP12633. [PMID: 33711914 PMCID: PMC10426071 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using statewide hospital discharge data from 2005 to 2014, this study aimed to describe and identify predictors of firearm assault among young Black men ages 18 to 44 in Arkansas. Descriptive analyses of data were performed for patient demographics (age, marital status, residential location, etc.), injury, and health care information (hospital charges, length of stay, mortality, time, day and season of injury, etc.). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant predicting factors for firearm assault among this population. Most of the sample survived firearm assault injury, were ages 18-35, were not married, resided in Central Arkansas, and were admitted to a Central Arkansas hospital during night hours on weekends. The majority had a short hospital stay, and total charges exceeded $34 million during the study observation years. Most patients had no diagnosis of a mental disorder, and a little less than half had drug use disorders. Being ages 18-25, living in the Central region of Arkansas, and being married were all significant predictors of firearm assault for this population. Death was also significantly associated with firearm assault. Our findings lay the groundwork for understanding firearm assault injury among young Black men in Arkansas. Research should be expanded to examine other important data sources for firearm assault and to further explore the context of predicting factors, in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of firearm assault and to better inform future prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Austin Porter
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Poole R, Carver H, Anagnostou D, Edwards A, Moore G, Smith P, Wood F, Brain K. Tobacco use, smoking identities and pathways into and out of smoking among young adults: a meta-ethnography. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:24. [PMID: 35346260 PMCID: PMC8960094 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-ethnography investigates how young adults describe their tobacco use, smoking identities and pathways into and out of regular smoking, to inform future smoking prevention and harm reduction interventions. METHODS Eight databases were systematically searched using keywords and indexed terms. Studies were included if they presented qualitative data from young adults aged 16-25 reporting smoking histories and/or smoking identities from countries culturally similar to the UK. A systematic and rigorous meta-ethnographic approach was employed, consistent with Noblit and Hare's methodology. RESULTS Thirty papers were included. Reasons stated for taking up smoking and becoming a smoker included alleviating stress, transforming one's identity, and coping with the transition to further education, employment or leaving home. Many used smoking to aid acceptance within new peer groups, particularly when alcohol was present. Smoking was also perceived as an act of resistance and a coping mechanism for those with marginalised identities. Barriers to quitting smoking included young adults' minimisation or denial of the health risks of smoking and not identifying with "being a smoker". CONCLUSIONS This meta-ethnography may provide a blueprint to inform the development of health and wellbeing interventions designed specifically for young adults. Smoking cessation interventions should be co-designed with young adults based on their perceived needs, resonant with their desire to quit in the future at key milestones. Harm reduction interventions should address the social aspect of addiction, without reinforcing stigma, particularly for those with marginalised identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Poole
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Knowledge Spa, Cornwall, TR1 3DH, Truro, UK.
| | - Hannah Carver
- Salvation Army Centre for Addiction Services and Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Despina Anagnostou
- Division of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo Ward, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adrian Edwards
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionydd, Heath Park, CF14 4YS, Cardiff, UK
| | - Graham Moore
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, CF10 3BD, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pamela Smith
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionydd, Heath Park, CF14 4YS, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fiona Wood
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionydd, Heath Park, CF14 4YS, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Brain
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionydd, Heath Park, CF14 4YS, Cardiff, UK
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Patterson JG, Glasser AM, Macisco JM, Hinton A, Wermert A, Nemeth JM. "I smoked that cigarette, and it calmed me down": A qualitative analysis of intrapersonal, social, and environmental factors influencing decisions to smoke among youth experiencing homelessness. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:250-256. [PMID: 34605550 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 70% of youth experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes; many try to quit and are interested in formal smoking cessation programs. The purpose of this study was to describe the intrapersonal, social, and environmental contexts associated with the most recent smoking experience among youth experiencing homelessness and (2) identify differences in contextual factors by age and willingness to quit. METHODS Thirty-six youth experiencing homelessness aged 14-24 years and who reported current smoking were recruited from a drop-in center in a Midwestern city. Semi-structured in-person interviews were analyzed to understand smoking behaviors. RESULTS Two-thirds of participants reported stress and nicotine dependence as primary reasons for smoking, and older youth (aged 18-24 years) reported smoking to de-escalate negative emotions associated with stressful events. For 25% of participants, and especially older youth, smoking was described as part of a routine. Over 80% of participants smoked outside at the homeless drop-in center or the places they lived. Social prompts from drop-in center peers regularly preempted smoking. Younger youth (aged 14-17 years) reported smoking socially while older youth were more likely to smoke alone. CONCLUSIONS For youth experiencing homelessness, smoking is integrated into daily life and is often used to manage stress associated with homelessness and engage socially with homeless peers. Multicomponent interventions to reduce structural stressors specific to homelessness, change social smoking norms (environmental and social context), and address stress management and nicotine dependence (intrapersonal context) are needed to support smoking cessation among youth experiencing homelessness. IMPLICATIONS Youth experiencing homelessness overwhelmingly described how daily stressors associated with homelessness and nicotine dependence preceded recent smoking. Older youth (aged 18-24 years) also reported smoking as "routine", which likely underscores nicotine dependence in this group. Younger youth (aged 14-17 years) described social smoking. Researchers must develop optimized multilevel interventions to support youth experiencing homelessness who want to quit smoking. Interventions directly targeting social determinants of stress (e.g., poverty, housing instability, food insecurity) and linkages to supportive services are needed. Complementary strategies to address stress coping and nicotine dependence (intrapersonal context) and social smoking norms (social and environmental context) are also necessitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne G Patterson
- Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Allison M Glasser
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Macisco
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Wermert
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julianna M Nemeth
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
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Hansen SK, Holm LAB, Niclasen BVL, Schnohr C. The effect of structural and functional social relations on smoking among adolescents - data from HBSC Greenland 2018. Int J Circumpolar Health 2020; 79:1773196. [PMID: 32552536 PMCID: PMC7480422 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2020.1773196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of adolescent smoking in Greenland is relatively high and remains an important topic to study. The present study reports the prevalence of smoking among Greenlandic adolescents in 2018 and the association between smoking and social relations. The study was based on HBSC Greenland 2018, using a theoretical framework proposed by Due and colleagues, which divides social relations into structural and functional relations. The study showed a statistically significant gender difference in smoking, as 11.4% of the girls reported to smoke compared to 7.9% of the boys. The smoking prevalence increased significantly with age, and differences were also found for a place of residence, as the smoking prevalence was higher in towns and settlements compared to Nuuk. The adolescent smoking prevalence was higher when living in a home with one adult or in a foster family, school home or orphanage, versus living in home with at least two adults. No significant associations were found between adolescent smoking and functional relations. The results are beneficial to consider when applying new interventions to prevent adolescent smoking initiation in Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Kaarde Hansen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Christina Schnohr
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aho H, Koivisto A, Paavilainen E, Joronen K. The relationship between peer relations, self-rated health and smoking behaviour in secondary vocational schools. Nurs Open 2019; 6:754-764. [PMID: 31367397 PMCID: PMC6650760 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the association between peer relations, self-rated health and smoking behaviour in vocational school setting. BACKGROUND Smoking in adolescence causes health and socioeconomic inequality in adulthood. There is evidence that smokers are physically less active, have lower academic aspirations and perceive poorer health than non-smokers. METHOD The study was conducted in spring 2013 and involved 34,776 vocational students who took part in the School Health Promotion Study in Finland. The associations between adolescent smoking habits and peer relations and smokers' self-rated health were studied adjusting for the respondents' age, parental education and family type. RESULTS A substantial proportion of the respondents, 37% of the girls and 36% of the boys, reported smoking daily, 15% of the girls and 14% boys smoked occasionally with a further 15% of the girls and 13% of the boys stating that they were ex-smokers. Of the girls, 33% and 38% of the boys were non-smokers. Adjusted multinomial regression revealed that having a close friend or friends predicted smoking among girls and boys. Additionally, the adjusted model indicated that being a bully and/or a bully + bully-victim was associated with smoking behaviour in boys only. Boys and girls who rated their health as moderate or poor were more often daily smokers; in girls, this was also the case in occasional smokers. CONCLUSION Smoking prevention aimed at vocational schools should take into consideration the norms and expectations related to peer relations which strongly influence adolescents' smoking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Aho
- Faculty of Social Science, Health SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
- Department of Musclosceletal DiseasesTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Tampere University of Applied SciencesTampereFinland
| | - Anna‐Maija Koivisto
- Faculty of Social Science, Health SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
| | - Eija Paavilainen
- Faculty of Social Science, Health SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
| | - Katja Joronen
- Faculty of Social Science, Health SciencesUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
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Rolle IV, Beasley DD, Kennedy SM, Rock VJ, Neff L. National Surveys and Tobacco Use Among African Americans: A Review of Critical Factors. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S30-40. [PMID: 26980862 PMCID: PMC6200134 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beginning in the 1970s, US national surveys showed African American youth having a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking than white youth. Yet, during adulthood, African Americans have a smoking prevalence comparable to white adults. Data sources chosen can contribute in different ways to understanding tobacco use behaviors among African American youth and adults; this article is a review of national and/or state-based health surveys to examine their methodology, racial and ethnic classifications, and tobacco-use related measures. METHODS Eleven national and/or state based surveys were selected for review. Eight surveys were multitopic and included questions on tobacco use and three surveys were tobacco specific. Survey methods included telephone (4), household (3), and school (4). Three major characteristics examined for each survey were: (1) survey design and methods, (2) racial and ethnic background classification, and (3) selected tobacco smoking questions. Within these three characteristics, 15 factors considered to be important for examining tobacco use behaviors by African Americans were identified a priori using previously published reviews and studies. RESULTS Within survey design and methods, the majority of surveys (≥7) oversampled African Americans and did not use proxy respondents for tobacco questions. All surveys used Office of Management and Budget standard classification for race/ethnicity classification. The majority of surveys (≥7) captured five of the seven tobacco-related smoking questions. CONCLUSIONS Programmatic objectives and/or research questions should guide the selection of data sources for tobacco control programs and researchers examining African American tobacco use behaviors. IMPLICATIONS This review of 11 national and state tobacco-related surveys shows that these surveys provide much needed estimates of tobacco use behaviors. However, as tobacco programs and researchers seek to examine tobacco use behaviors among African Americans, it is important to consider multiple surveys as each can contribute to informing the tobacco experience in African Americans. Most importantly, programmatic objectives and/or research questions should guide the selection of data sources for tobacco control programs and researchers examining African American tobacco use behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italia V Rolle
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA;
| | - Derrick D Beasley
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sara M Kennedy
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Triangle Institute (RTI), Atlanta, GA
| | - Valerie J Rock
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Linda Neff
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Montgomery L. Marijuana and tobacco use and co-use among African Americans: results from the 2013, National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Addict Behav 2015; 51:18-23. [PMID: 26186376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have identified an increased likelihood of marijuana and tobacco co-use among African Americans as compared to other racial groups, few studies have specifically examined the prevalence and substance use characteristics of co-users among African Americans in a national survey. METHODS The current secondary analysis examined the prevalence rates and substance use characteristics (e.g., marijuana dependence) of 2024 African American past month marijuana and tobacco users and co-users participating in the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. RESULTS Findings revealed that 18.5%, 53.8% and 27.7% of African Americans smoked marijuana only, tobacco only and marijuana and tobacco in the past 30days, respectively. Relative to participants who smoked marijuana only, African Americans who smoked marijuana and tobacco were more likely to be marijuana dependent in the past year and report more days of marijuana use in the past month. Further, relative to participants who smoked tobacco only, African Americans who smoked marijuana and tobacco were less likely to be dependent on nicotine, reported fewer days of cigarette use in the past month, and began smoking cigarettes, cigars and marijuana at a younger age, but were more likely to be marijuana dependent in the past year and reported more days of cigar use in the past month. CONCLUSIONS Marijuana and tobacco co-use is a significant public health problem, especially among African Americans. Additional research on effective prevention and treatment interventions for African Americans who smoke marijuana and tobacco is warranted.
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Montgomery L, Oluwoye O. The truth about marijuana is all rolled up in a blunt: prevalence and predictors of blunt use among young African–American adults. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1037365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rolle IV, Kennedy SM, Agaku I, Jones SE, Bunnell R, Caraballo R, Xu X, Schauer G, McAfee T. Cigarette, Cigar, and Marijuana Use Among High School Students — United States, 1997–2013. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 64:1136-41. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6440a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kennedy SM, Patel RP, Cheh P, Hsia J, Rolle IV. Tobacco and Marijuana Initiation Among African American and White Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18 Suppl 1:S57-64. [PMID: 26391577 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African American youth use marijuana at similar rates and tobacco at lower rates compared with white youth; however, in adulthood, tobacco use is similar. Tobacco and marijuana use are closely associated; differing initiation patterns may contribute to observed racial differences in tobacco prevalence by age. Therefore, it is important to assess tobacco and marijuana initiation patterns by race. METHODS Data were obtained from 56,555 adults aged 18-25 who completed the 2005-2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The analysis was restricted to those who reported ever use of marijuana and combustible tobacco (cigarettes and/or cigars). Three mutually exclusive categories of initiation patterns were evaluated: use of marijuana before tobacco; marijuana and tobacco at the same age; and tobacco before marijuana. Multivariable regression models were used to assess changes over time and compare these outcomes by race while controlling for sociodemographics, risk perceptions, and current substance use. RESULTS In 2005, 26.6% of African American and 14.3% of white young adults used marijuana before tobacco, compared with 41.5% of African American and 24.0% of white young adults in 2012 (P < .001). Overall, African American young adults had greater odds of using marijuana before tobacco (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.67, 1.91) compared with whites. CONCLUSION African American young adults were more likely than whites to use marijuana before tobacco and both groups were increasingly likely to use marijuana before tobacco over time. A greater understanding of how marijuana initiation interacts with tobacco initiation could inform more effective tobacco and marijuana use prevention efforts. IMPLICATIONS Among ever users of combustible tobacco and marijuana, greater proportions of African American young adults used marijuana before tobacco or at the same age than their white counterparts. Moreover, both African Americans and whites were more likely to use marijuana before tobacco in 2012 compared with 2005. Tobacco control policy may benefit from a broader understanding of the patterns of initiation to tobacco and marijuana use. Some public health interventions aimed at preventing and reducing combustible tobacco use among African American young adults may be strengthened by considering marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Kennedy
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Atlanta, GA;
| | | | - Paul Cheh
- Strengthening Vulnerable Children and Families Portfolio, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ
| | - Jason Hsia
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Italia V Rolle
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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