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Rubinstein RS, Jussim L, Mangracina B, Shaw KM, Yanovsky S, Bennett S. Perceived controllability of group membership does not moderate individuating information effects in implicit person perception. Front Psychol 2024; 15:969382. [PMID: 38840743 PMCID: PMC11150846 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.969382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of counterstereotypic individuating information (i.e., information specific to individual members of stereotyped groups that disconfirms the group stereotype) on biases in explicit person perception are well-established, research shows mixed effects of such information on implicit person perception. The present research tested the overarching hypothesis that, when social group membership is perceived to be under an individual's control, diagnostic individuating information would have lesser effects on implicit person perception than it would when social group membership is perceived not to be under an individual's control. This hypothesis was tested in the domain of implicit attitudinal and stereotype-relevant judgments of individuals who belonged to existing social groups and individuals who belonged to novel social groups. We found that individuating information consistently shifted scores on implicit measures among targets belonging to existing social groups, but not in a theoretically predicted direction among targets belonging to novel social groups. Controllability of group membership did not moderate such effects. Results of implicit and explicit measures were mostly consistent when targets belonged to existing social groups, but mostly inconsistent when targets belonged to novel social groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University—New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | - K. Mackenzie Shaw
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Sonia Yanovsky
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University—New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Abbott S, Shuttlewood E, Flint S, Chesworth P, Parretti H. "Is it time to throw out the weighing scales?" Implicit weight bias among healthcare professionals working in bariatric surgery services and their attitude towards non-weight focused approaches. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 55:101770. [PMID: 36568685 PMCID: PMC9772809 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with overweight or obesity (PLwO) can be stigmatised by healthcare professionals (HCPs). Reducing focus on weight is a proposed strategy to provide less threatening healthcare experiences. Given the lack of research on weight bias within obesity services, this study aimed to explore implicit bias among obesity specialist HCPs and explore views on non-weight focused approaches. METHODS Obesity specialist HCPs were invited to a webinar, "An exploration of non-weight focused approaches within bariatric services", held in October 2021. Implicit weight bias was examined using the BiasProof mobile device test, based on the Implicit Association Test. Poll data was analysed descriptively, and qualitative data was analysed using framework analysis. FINDINGS 82 of the 113 HCPs who attended the webinar consented to contribute data to the study. Over half (51%) had an implicit weight bias against PLwO. Most (90%) agreed/strongly agreed that obesity services are too weight focused and that patients should not be weighed at every appointment (86%). Perceived benefits of taking a non-weight focused approach included patient-led care, reducing stigma and supporting patient wellbeing, while perceived barriers included loss of objectivity, inducing risk and difficulty demonstrating effectiveness. INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate that half of obesity specialists HCPs in our sample of 82 providers, who are primarily dieticians and psychologists, have an implicit weight bias against PLwO. HCPs feel that a weight-focused approach within services was a barrier to patient care, but that there is a lack of alternative non-weight focused measures. Further research is needed into substitute outcome measures for clinical practice, also seeking the views of PLwO, and into interventions to address implicit weight bias. FUNDING Johnson & Johnson funded the BiasProof licence and publication open access charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Abbott
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Richard Crossman Building, Coventry CV1 5RW, UK
- Corresponding author. Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Richard Crossman Building, Coventry CV1 5RW, UK.
| | - E. Shuttlewood
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - S.W. Flint
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
- Scaled Insights, Nexus, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - P. Chesworth
- Patient Advocate, National Bariatric Surgery Register, UK
| | - H.M. Parretti
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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Moore CH, Oliver TL, Randolph J, Dowdell EB. Interventions for reducing weight bias in healthcare providers: An interprofessional systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Obes 2022; 12:e12545. [PMID: 35946476 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Weight bias is prevalent in many healthcare disciplines and negatively impacts the quality of care for patients with obesity. This warrants interventions to reduce weight bias shown by providers to improve care for individuals with obesity. However, past reviews have identified only marginal success in improving the attitudes and beliefs of healthcare providers about individuals with obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis identifies and synthesizes recent peer-reviewed intervention studies aimed at reducing weight bias in healthcare students and professionals. The databases Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychINFO, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and August 2021. Search terms included a combination of surrogate terms for the concepts of weight bias, intervention and healthcare students or professionals. The search yielded 1136 articles, and 14 articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Nineteen effect sizes from nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the interventions in the included studies result in a 0.38 SD reduction (Hedge's g) in obesity-bias with 95% confidence intervals from -0.52 to -0.24, indicating a small to moderate effect size in the reduction of weight bias. Most studies included students and focused on evoking empathy or educating on the causality/controllability of obesity. Measurement tools, intervention type, limitations of the studies and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hallen Moore
- Georgia Baptist College of Nursing, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tracy L Oliver
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justus Randolph
- Georgia Baptist College of Nursing, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Dowdell
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
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Talumaa B, Brown A, Batterham RL, Kalea AZ. Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13494. [PMID: 35934011 PMCID: PMC9540781 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weight stigma impacts negatively healthcare quality and hinders public health goals. The aim of this review was to identify strategies for minimizing weight bias among healthcare professionals and explore future research directions. An electronic search was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus (until June 2020). Studies on weight stigma reduction in healthcare students, trainees and professionals were assessed based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was undertaken to analyze emerging themes. We identified five stigma reduction strategies in healthcare: (i) increased education, (ii) causal information and controllability, (iii) empathy evoking, (iv) weight-inclusive approach, and (v) mixed methodology. Weight stigma needs to be addressed early on and continuously throughout healthcare education and practice, by teaching the genetic and socioenvironmental determinants of weight, and explicitly discussing the sources, impact and implications of stigma. There is a need to move away from a solely weight-centric approach to healthcare to a health-focused weight-inclusive one. Assessing the effects of weight stigma in epidemiological research is equally important. The ethical argument and evidence base for the need to reduce weight stigma in healthcare and beyond is strong. Although evidence on long-term stigma reduction is emerging, precautionary action is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Talumaa
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Brown
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK.,Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.,UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Research, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK.,Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.,UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Research, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Z Kalea
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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Devine PG, Ash TL. Diversity Training Goals, Limitations, and Promise: A Review of the Multidisciplinary Literature. Annu Rev Psychol 2021; 73:403-429. [PMID: 34280325 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-060221-122215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we utilize a narrative approach to synthesize the multidisciplinary literature on diversity training. In examining hundreds of articles on the topic, we discovered that the literature is amorphous and complex and does not allow us to reach decisive conclusions regarding best practices in diversity training. We note that scholars of diversity training, when testing the efficacy of their approaches, too often use proxy measures for success that are far removed from the types of consequential outcomes that reflect the purported goals of such trainings. We suggest that the enthusiasm for, and monetary investment in, diversity training has outpaced the available evidence that such programs are effective in achieving their goals. We recommend that researchers and practitioners work together for future investigations to propel the science of diversity training forward. We conclude with a roadmap for how to create a more rigorous and relevant science of diversity training. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Devine
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
| | - Tory L Ash
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA;
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Brochu PM. Weight stigma as a risk factor for suicidality. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1979-1980. [PMID: 32546856 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Brochu
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA.
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