1
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Miller NE, Fisher A, Frank P, Lally P, Steptoe A. Depressive Symptoms, Socioeconomic Position, and Mortality in Older People Living With and Beyond Cancer. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:523-530. [PMID: 38497671 PMCID: PMC11230845 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence shows that higher depressive symptoms are associated with mortality among people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC). However, prior studies have not accounted for a wider range of potential confounders, and no study has explored whether socioeconomic position (SEP) moderates the association. This study aimed to examine the association between depressive symptoms and mortality among people LWBC, and moderation by SEP. METHODS Participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, diagnosed with cancer and with a measure of depressive symptoms within 4 years after their diagnosis, were included. Elevated depressive symptoms were indicated by a score of ≥3 on the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cox regression models examined associations with all-cause mortality. Competing risk regression examined associations with cancer mortality. RESULTS In 1352 people LWBC (mean age = 69.6 years), elevated depressive symptoms were associated with a 93% increased risk of all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval = 1.52-2.45) within the first 4 years of follow-up and a 48% increased risk within a 4- to 8-year follow-up (95% confidence interval = 1.02-2.13) after multivariable adjustment. Elevated depressive symptoms were associated with a 38% increased risk of cancer mortality, but not after excluding people who died within 1 year after baseline assessments. There were no interactions between depressive symptoms and SEP. CONCLUSIONS Elevated depressive symptoms are associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality among people LWBC within an 8-year follow-up period. Associations between depressive symptoms and cancer mortality might be due to reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ella Miller
- From the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care (Miller, Fisher, Steptoe), and UCL Brain Sciences (Frank), University College London, London; and Department of Psychological Sciences (Lally), University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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2
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Duran-Nebreda S, Jackson MDB, Bassel GW. A quantitative morphospace of multicellular organ design in the plant Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4798-4806.e3. [PMID: 37827150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Organ function emerges from the interactions between their constituent cells. The investigation of cellular organization can provide insight into organ function following structure-function relationships. Here, we investigate the extent to which properties in cellular organization can arise "for free" as an emergent property of embedding cells in space versus those that are actively generated by patterning processes. Default cellular configurations were established using three-dimensional (3D) digital tissue models. Network-based analysis of these synthetic cellular assemblies established a quantitative topological baseline of cellular organization, granted by virtue of passive spatial packing and the minimal amount of order that emerges for free in tessellated tissues. A 3D cellular-resolution digital tissue atlas for the model plant species Arabidopsis was generated, and the extent to which the organs in this organism conform to the default configurations was established through statistical comparisons with digital tissue models. Cells in different tissues of Arabidopsis do not conform to random packing arrangements to varying degrees. Most closely matching the random models was the undifferentiated shoot apical meristem (SAM) from which aerial organs emanate. By contrast, leaf and sepal tissue showed the greatest deviation from this baseline, suggesting these to be the most "complex" tissues in Arabidopsis. Investigation of the patterning principles responsible for the gap between these tissues and default patterns revealed cell elongation and the introduction of air spaces to contribute toward additional organ patterning complexity. This work establishes a quantitative morphospace to understand the principles of organ construction and its diversity within a single organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George W Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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3
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Abd GM, Laird MC, Ku JC, Li Y. Hypoxia-induced cancer cell reprogramming: a review on how cancer stem cells arise. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1227884. [PMID: 37614497 PMCID: PMC10442830 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1227884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a subset of cells within the tumor that possess the ability to self-renew as well as differentiate into different cancer cell lineages. The exact mechanisms by which cancer stem cells arise is still not completely understood. However, current research suggests that cancer stem cells may originate from normal stem cells that have undergone genetic mutations or epigenetic changes. A more recent discovery is the dedifferentiation of cancer cells to stem-like cells. These stem-like cells have been found to express and even upregulate induced pluripotent stem cell markers known as Yamanaka factors. Here we discuss developments in how cancer stem cells arise and consider how environmental factors, such as hypoxia, plays a key role in promoting the progression of cancer stem cells and metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to these cells could have important implications for the development of new strategies in cancer treatments and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M. Abd
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomedical. Engineering, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Madison C. Laird
- Medical Students, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Ku
- Medical Students, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomedical. Engineering, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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4
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He L, Wick N, Germans SK, Peng Y. The Role of Breast Cancer Stem Cells in Chemoresistance and Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246209. [PMID: 34944829 PMCID: PMC8699562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains an aggressive disease due to the lack of targeted therapies and low rate of response to chemotherapy that is currently the main treatment modality for TNBC. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subpopulation of breast tumors and recognized as drivers of tumorigenesis. TNBC tumors are characterized as being enriched for BCSCs. Studies have demonstrated the role of BCSCs as the source of metastatic disease and chemoresistance in TNBC. Multiple targets against BCSCs are now under investigation, with the considerations of either selectively targeting BCSCs or co-targeting BCSCs and non-BCSCs (majority of tumor cells). This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the role of BCSCs in TNBC and the identification of cancer stem cell biomarkers, paving the way for the development of new targeted therapies. The review also highlights the resultant discovery of cancer stem cell targets in TNBC and the ongoing clinical trials treating chemoresistant breast cancer. We aim to provide insights into better understanding the mutational landscape of BCSCs and exploring potential molecular signaling pathways targeting BCSCs to overcome chemoresistance and prevent metastasis in TNBC, ultimately to improve the overall survival of patients with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; (L.H.); (N.W.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Neda Wick
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; (L.H.); (N.W.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Sharon Koorse Germans
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; (L.H.); (N.W.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6201 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; (L.H.); (N.W.); (S.K.G.)
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Meisel CT, Porcheri C, Mitsiadis TA. Cancer Stem Cells, Quo Vadis? The Notch Signaling Pathway in Tumor Initiation and Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081879. [PMID: 32796631 PMCID: PMC7463613 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation, cytodifferentiation and cell fate decisions in both embryonic and adult life. Several aspects of stem cell maintenance are dependent from the functionality and fine tuning of the Notch pathway. In cancer, Notch is specifically involved in preserving self-renewal and amplification of cancer stem cells, supporting the formation, spread and recurrence of the tumor. As the function of Notch signaling is context dependent, we here provide an overview of its activity in a variety of tumors, focusing mostly on its role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated subset of cancer cells. Finally, we analyze the potential of molecules of the Notch pathway as diagnostic and therapeutic tools against the various cancers.
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6
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Flores-Ramírez I, Baranda-Avila N, Langley E. Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Sex Steroid Hormones. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:398-404. [PMID: 30095060 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666180810121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small population of tumor-initiating cells that express stem cell-associated markers. In recent years, their properties and mechanisms of regulation have become the focus of intense research due to their intrinsic resistance to conventional cancer therapies. This review describes breast cancer stem cell origin, signaling pathways involved in self-renewal, such as Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog, biomarkers linked to stemness, and the role of sex steroid hormones in BCSC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Flores-Ramírez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México.,Departamento de Investigacion Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Noemi Baranda-Avila
- Departamento de Investigacion Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Langley
- Departamento de Investigacion Basica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan 14080, CDMX, Mexico
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7
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a common malignancy with poor prognosis. Cancer cells are heterogeneous and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are primarily responsible for tumor relapse, treatment-resistance and metastasis, so for breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Diets are known to be associated with carcinogenesis. Food-derived polyphenols are able to attenuate the formation and virulence of BCSCs, implying that these compounds and their analogs might be promising agents for preventing breast cancer. In the present review, we summarized the origin and surface markers of BCSCs and possible mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on BCSCs. The suppressive effects of common dietary polyphenols against BCSCs, such as curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and related polyphenolic compounds were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Feng Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ying Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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8
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The Role of Tumor Microenvironment and Impact of Cancer Stem Cells on Breast Cancer Progression and Growth. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer is not only a mass of genetically abnormal tissue in the breast. This is a well-organized system of a complex heterogeneous tissue. Cancer cells produce regulatory signals that stimulate stromal cells to proliferate and migrate; then, stromal elements respond to these signals by releasing components necessary for tumor development that provide structural support, vasculature, and extracellular matrices. Developing tumors can mobilize a variety of cell types from both local and distant niches via secret chemical factors derived from cancer cells themselves or neighboring cells disrupted by growing neoplasm, such as fibroblasts, immune inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells. CSCs are a group of very few cells that are tumorigenic (able to form tumors) and are defined as those cells within a tumor that can self-renew and lead to tumorigenesis. BCSCs represent a small population of cells that have stem cell characteristics and are related to breast cancer. There are different theories about the origin of BCSCs. BCSCs are responsible for breast carcinoma metastasis. Usually, there is a metastatic spread to the bones, and rarely to the lungs and liver. A phenomenon that allows BCSCs to make the transition from epithelial to mesenchymal expression and thus avoid the effect of cytotoxic agents is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During this process, cells change their molecular characteristics in terms of loss of epithelial characteristics taking the mesenchymal phenotype. This process plays a key role in the progression, invasion, and metastasis of breast tumors.
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9
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Desai A, Yan Y, Gerson SL. Concise Reviews: Cancer Stem Cell Targeted Therapies: Toward Clinical Success. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:75-81. [PMID: 30328686 PMCID: PMC6312440 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells within tumors that possess the stem cell characteristics of self-renewal, quiescence, differentiation, and the ability to recapitulate the parental tumor when transplanted into a host. CSCs are correlated with poor clinical outcome due to their contribution to chemotherapy resistance and metastasis. Multiple cell surface and enzymatic markers have been characterized to identify CSCs within a heterogeneous tumor, and here we summarize ongoing preclinical and clinical efforts to therapeutically target these cells and improve patient outcomes. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:75-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Desai
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Stanton L. Gerson
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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10
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Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of fibroblast-like cells which maintain self-renewability and pluripotency to differentiate into mesodermal cell lineages. The use of MSCs in clinical settings began with high enthusiasm and the number of MSC-based clinical trials has been rising ever since. However; the very unique characteristics of MSCs that made them suitable to for therapeutic use, might give rise to unwanted outcomes, including tumor formation and progression. In this paper, we present a model of carcinogenesis initiated by MSCs, which chains together the tissue organization field theory, the stem cell theory, and the inflammation-cancer chain. We believe that some tissue resident stem cells could be leaked cells from bone marrow MSC pool to various injured tissue, which consequently transform and integrate in the host tissue. If the injury persists or chronic inflammation develops, as a consequence of recurring exposure to growth factors, cytokines, etc. the newly formed tissue from MSCs, which still has conserved their mesenchymal and stemness features, go through rapid population expansion, and nullify their tumor suppressor genes, and hence give rise to neoplastic cell (carcinomas, sarcomas, and carcino-sarcomas). Considering the probability of this hypothesis being true, the clinical and therapeutic use of MSCs should be with caution, and the recipients' long term follow-up seems to be insightful.
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11
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Vahidian F, Mohammadi H, Ali-Hasanzadeh M, Derakhshani A, Mostaan M, Hemmatzadeh M, Baradaran B. MicroRNAs and breast cancer stem cells: Potential role in breast cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3294-3306. [PMID: 30362508 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can control cancer and cancer stem cells (CSCs), and this topic has drawn immense attention recently. Stem cells are a tiny population of a bulk of tumor cells that have enormous potential in expansion and metastasis of the tumor. miRNA have a crucial role in the management of the function of stem cells. This role is to either promote or suppress the tumor. In this review, we investigated the function and different characteristics of CSCs and function of the miRNAs that are related to them. We also demonstrated the role and efficacy of these miRNAs in breast cancer and breast cancer stem cells (BCSC). Eventually, we revealed the metastasis, tumor formation, and their role in the apoptosis process. Also, the therapeutic potential of miRNA as an effective method for the treatment of BCSC was described. Extensive research is required to investigate the employment or suppression of these miRNAs for therapeutics approached in different cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahidian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hasanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Masoud Mostaan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad university, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Lamb CA, Fabris VT, Jacobsen B, Molinolo AA, Lanari C. Biological and clinical impact of imbalanced progesterone receptor isoform ratios in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:ERC-18-0179. [PMID: 29991638 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a consensus that progestins and thus their cognate receptor molecules, the progesterone receptors (PR), are essential in the development of the adult mammary gland and regulators of proliferation and lactation. However, a role for natural progestins in breast carcinogenesis remains poorly understood. A hint to that possible role came from studies in which the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate was associated with an increased breast cancer risk in women under hormone replacement therapy. However, progestins have been also used for breast cancer treatment and to inhibit the growth of several experimental breast cancer models. More recently, PR have been shown to be regulators of estrogen receptor signaling. With all this information, the question is how can we target PR, and if so, which patients may benefit from such an approach? PR are not single unique molecules. Two main PR isoforms have been characterized, PRA and PRB, that exert different functions and the relative abundance of one isoform respect to the other determines the response of PR agonists and antagonists. Immunohistochemistry with standard antibodies against PR do not discriminate between isoforms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the expression of both PR isoforms in mammary glands, in experimental models of breast cancer and in breast cancer patients, to better understand how the PRA/PRB ratio can be exploited therapeutically to design personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lamb
- C Lamb, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria T Fabris
- V Fabris, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Britta Jacobsen
- B Jacobsen, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- A Molinolo, Biorepository and Tissue Technology Shared Resource, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, United States
| | - Claudia Lanari
- C Lanari, Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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The Notch Pathway in Breast Cancer Progression. ScientificWorldJournal 2018; 2018:2415489. [PMID: 30111989 PMCID: PMC6077551 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2415489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Notch signaling pathway is a vital parameter of the mammalian vascular system. In this review, the authors summarize the current knowledge about the impact of the Notch signaling pathway in breast cancer progression and the therapeutic role of Notch's inhibition. Methods The available literature in MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus, regarding the role of the Notch pathway in breast cancer progression was searched for related articles from about 1973 to 2017 including terms such as “Notch,” “Breast Cancer,” and “Angiogenesis.” Results. Notch signaling controls the differentiation of breast epithelial cells during normal development. Studies confirm that the Notch pathway has a major participation in breast cancer progression through overexpression and/or abnormal genetic type expression of the notch receptors and ligands that determine angiogenesis. The cross-talk of Notch and estrogens, the effect of Notch in breast cancer stem cells formation, and the dependable Notch overexpression during breast tumorigenesis have been studied enough and undoubtedly linked to breast cancer development. The already applied therapeutic inhibition of Notch for breast cancer can drastically change the course of the disease. Conclusion Current data prove that Notch pathway has a major participation and multiple roles during breast tumor progression. Inhibition of Notch receptors and ligands provides innovative therapeutic results and could become the therapy of choice in the next few years, even though further research is needed to reach safe conclusions.
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14
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Tong WW, Tong GH, Liu Y. Cancer stem cells and hypoxia-inducible factors (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 53:469-476. [PMID: 29845228 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of tumor cells that exhibit properties similar to those of normal stem cells. Oxygen is an important regulator of cellular metabolism; hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate metabolic switches in cells in hypoxic environments. Hypoxia clearly has the potential to exert a significant effect on the maintenance and evolution of CSCs. Both HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α may contribute to the regulation of cellular adaptation to hypoxia and resistance to cancer therapies. This review provides an overview of the roles of HIFs in CSCs. HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α have significant prognostic and predictive value in the clinic and the concept of personalized medicine should be applied in designing clinical trials for HIF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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15
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Pindiprolu SKSS, Krishnamurthy PT, Chintamaneni PK. Pharmacological targets of breast cancer stem cells: a review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:463-479. [PMID: 29476201 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancers contain small population of tumor-initiating cells called breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are spared even after chemotherapy. Recently, BCSCs are implicated to be a cause of metastasis, tumor relapse, and therapy resistance in breast cancer. BCSCs have unique molecular mechanisms, which can be targeted to eliminate them. These include surface biomarkers, proteins involved in self-renewal pathways, drug efflux transporters, apoptotic/antiapoptotic proteins, autophagy, metabolism, and microenvironment regulation. The complex molecular mechanisms behind the survival of BCSCs and pharmacological targets for elimination of BCSCs are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kiran S S Pindiprolu
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University), Rocklands, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Praveen T Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University), Rocklands, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India.
| | - Pavan Kumar Chintamaneni
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University), Rocklands, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
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16
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Bakhshinyan D, Adile AA, Qazi MA, Singh M, Kameda-Smith MM, Yelle N, Chokshi C, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Introduction to Cancer Stem Cells: Past, Present, and Future. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1692:1-16. [PMID: 28986882 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7401-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates the existence of a small population of cancer cells with intrinsic properties allowing for resistance to conventional radiochemotherapy regiments and increased metastatic potential. Clinically, the aggressive nature of CSCs has been shown to correlate with increased tumor recurrence, metastatic spread, and overall poor patient outcome across multiple cancer subtypes. Traditionally, isolation of CSCs has been achieved through utilization of cell surface markers, while the functional differences between CSCs and remaining tumor cells have been described through proliferation, differentiation, and limiting dilution assays. The generated insights into CSC biology have further highlighted the importance of studying intratumoral heterogeneity through advanced functional assays, including CRISPR-Cas9 screens in the search of novel targeted therapies. In this chapter, we review the discovery and characterization of cancer stem cells populations within several major cancer subtypes, recent developments of novel assays used in studying therapy resistant tumor cells, as well as recent developments in therapies targeted at cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Ashley A Adile
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Maleeha A Qazi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Mohini Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Michelle M Kameda-Smith
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Nick Yelle
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
- Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, MDCL 5027, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
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17
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Wang L, Qin JH, Liang Y, Yu YH, Cho WCS, Wang RA. Differential distribution of immune cells in breast invasive carcinoma vs. breast carcinoma in situ and its significance in interpretation of immune surveillance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:7743-7749. [PMID: 31966621 PMCID: PMC6965287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune surveillance is a highly controversial subject in both the field of immunology and cancer biology. On one hand, in spite of extensive studies, there is no cancer specific antigens identified. Yet, the organisms do exert immune response to tumors. On the other hand, it is believed that immune surveillance suppresses tumorigenesis by eradicating mutated cells. However, it is also widely known that tumorigenesis is promoted by inflammation, which is in nature immune reaction. In the present study, we tried to find immune cells in early tumor lesions for the supportive or negative evidence of immune surveillance. We used immunohistochemistry to observe the localization and distribution of immune cells in the in situ carcinoma lesions and in the invasive cancer of breast. Interestingly, we did not see immune cells in either ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) of breast, the two basic supposed early cancer forms. In contrast, we observed extensive infiltration of immune cells in the invasive breast cancer, and close contact between immune cells and tumor cells. Based on these findings, we propose that the tumor antigens of breast cancer are not derived from the gene mutation or amplification such as HER2, but rather from misplacement of epithelial cells in the mesenchymal tissue. To avoid being targeted by the immune system, the carcinoma cells exert epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, immunosurveillance could be regarded as preventing the intrusion of epithelial cells to mesenchymal tissues, and EMT is a form of immune escape by the strategy of mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hui Qin
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
| | - Ying-Hao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Eastern Theater CommandFuzhou, China
| | - William CS Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth HospitalKowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui-An Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, China
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen, China
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18
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Subramani R, Nandy SB, Pedroza DA, Lakshmanaswamy R. Role of Growth Hormone in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1543-1555. [PMID: 28379395 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women. Approximately two-thirds of all breast cancers diagnosed are classified as hormone dependent, which indicates that hormones are the key factors that drive the growth of these breast cancers. Ovarian and pituitary hormones play a major role in the growth and development of normal mammary glands and breast cancer. In particular, the effect of the ovarian hormone estrogen has received much attention in regard to breast cancer. Pituitary hormones prolactin and growth hormone have also been associated with breast cancer. Although the role of these pituitary hormones in breast cancers has been studied, it has not been investigated extensively. In this review, we attempt to compile basic information from most of the currently available literature to understand and demonstrate the significance of growth hormone in breast cancer. Based on the available literature, it is clear that growth hormone plays a significant role in the development, progression, and metastasis of breast cancer by influencing tumor angiogenesis, stemness, and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Sushmita B Nandy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Diego A Pedroza
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences MSB1, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79905
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19
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Shima H, Yamada A, Ishikawa T, Endo I. Are breast cancer stem cells the key to resolving clinical issues in breast cancer therapy? Gland Surg 2017; 6:82-88. [PMID: 28210556 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2016.08.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the dramatic advances in breast cancer treatment over the past two decades, it is still the most common malignancies in women. One of the reasons patients succumb to breast cancer is treatment resistance leading to metastasis and recurrence. Recently, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been suggested as a cause of metastasis and recurrence in several cancers because of their unique characteristics, including self-renewal, pluripotency, and high proliferative ability. Increasing evidence has implicated breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) as essential for tumor development, progression, recurrence, and treatment resistance. BCSCs exhibit resistance to treatment owing to several inter-related factors, including overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and increased aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, DNA repair, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. In addition, the Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt signaling pathways have been suggested as the major pathways involved in the self-renewal and differentiation of BCSCs. Despite growing evidence suggesting the importance of BCSCs in progression and metastasis, clear criteria for the identification of BCSCs in clinical practice have yet to be established. Several potential markers have been suggested, including CD44+/CD24-/low, ALDH1, EpCAM/ESA, and nestin; however, there is no standard method to detect BCSCs. Triple-negative breast cancer, which shows initial chemosensitivity, demonstrates worsened prognosis due to therapy resistance, which might be related to the presence of BCSCs. Several clinical trials aimed at the identification of BCSCs or the development of BCSC-targeted therapy are in progress. Determining the clinical relevance of BCSCs may provide clues for overcoming therapy resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Shima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast disease, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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20
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Qin JH, Wang L, Li QL, Liang Y, Ke ZY, Wang RA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition as strategic microenvironment mimicry for cancer cell survival and immune escape? Genes Dis 2016; 4:16-18. [PMID: 30258903 PMCID: PMC6136597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the phenotypic transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells characterized by loss of epithelial markers, loss of intercellular adherence and acquirement of mesenchymal cell markers and increased locomotive ability. EMT is widely considered to be a gene regulated process necessary for cancer metastasis. Yet it is a highly controversial issue. We here propose that EMT is an environmentally induced cell behavior. It is the mimicry of their living environment. It is a survival strategy, a way of immune escape. We also propose here that the epithelial cell markers may functionally act as tumor antigens since in the mesenchymal surroundings there are no other structures bearing the same antigens as epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qin-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Rui-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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21
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Bozorgi A, Khazaei M, Khazaei MR. New Findings on Breast Cancer Stem Cells: A Review. J Breast Cancer 2015; 18:303-12. [PMID: 26770236 PMCID: PMC4705081 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2015.18.4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of the "cancer stem cell" theory, significant developments have been made in the understanding of cancer and the heterogenic structure of tumors. In 2003, with the isolation of cancer stem cells from the first solid tumor, breast cancer, and recognition of the tumorigenicity of these cells, this theory suggested that the main reason for therapy failure might be the presence of cancer stem cells. This review article describes breast cancer stem cell origin, the related cellular and molecular characteristics, signaling pathways, and therapy resistance mechanisms. The databases PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase were explored, and articles published on these topics between 1992 and 2015 were investigated. It appears that this small subpopulation of cells, with the capacity for self-renewal and a high proliferation rate, originate from normal stem cells, are identified by specific markers such as CD44(+)/CD24(-/low), and enhance a tumor's capacity for metastasis, invasion, and therapy resistance. Cancer stem cell characteristics depend on their interactions with their microenvironment as well as on the inducing factors and elements. Although uncertainties about breast cancer stem cells exist, many of researchers believe that cancer stem cells should be considered as possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bozorgi
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rasool Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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22
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Wang RA. C1-O-02Carcinogenesis by Stem Cell Misplacement: a New Cancer Theory. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Gene mutation's role in initiating carcinogenesis has been controversial, but it is consensually accepted that both carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis are gene-regulated processes. MTA1, a metastasis-associated protein, has been extensively researched, especially regarding its role in cancer metastasis. In this review, I try to elucidate MTA1's role in both carcinogenesis and metastasis from a different angle. I propose that MTA1 is a stress response protein that is upregulated in various stress-related situations such as heat shock, hypoxia, and ironic radiation. Cancer cells are mostly living in a stressful environment of hypoxia, lack of nutrition, and immune reaction attacks. To cope with all these stresses, MTA1 expression is upregulated, plays a role of master regulator of gene expression, and helps cancer cells to survive and migrate out of their original dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-An Wang
- State Key Lab for Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, China,
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24
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Shukla S, Meeran SM. Epigenetics of cancer stem cells: Pathways and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3494-3502. [PMID: 25240776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and histone modifications are the key factors in the differentiation of stem cells into different tissue subtypes. The generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the process of carcinogenesis may also involve similar kind of epigenetic reprogramming where, in contrast, it leads to the loss of expression of genes specific to the differentiated state and regaining of stem cell-specific characteristics. The most important predicament with treatment of cancers includes the non-responsive quiescent CSC. SCOPE OF REVIEW The distinctive capabilities of the CSCs make cancer treatment even more difficult as this population of cells tends to remain quiescent for longer intervals and then gets reactivated leading to tumor relapse. Therefore, the current review is aimed to focus on recent advances in understanding the relation of epigenetic reprogramming to the generation, self-renewal and proliferation of CSCs. MAJOR CONCLUSION CSC-targeted therapeutic approaches would improve the chances of patient survival by reducing the frequency of tumor relapse. Differentiation therapy is an emerging therapeutic approach in which the CSCs are induced to differentiate from their quiescent state to a mature differentiated form, through activation of differentiation-related signalling pathways, miRNA-mediated alteration and epigenetic differentiation therapy. Thus, understanding the origin of CSC and their epigenetic regulation is crucial to develop treatment strategy against not only for the heterogeneous population of cancer cells but also to CSCs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Characterizing the epigenetic marks of CSCs and the associated signalling cascades might help in developing therapeutic strategies against chemo-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriddhi Shukla
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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25
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Shigdar S, Li Y, Bhattacharya S, O'Connor M, Pu C, Lin J, Wang T, Xiang D, Kong L, Wei MQ, Zhu Y, Zhou S, Duan W. Inflammation and cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:271-8. [PMID: 23941828 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are becoming recognised as being responsible for metastasis and treatment resistance. The complex cellular and molecular network that regulates cancer stem cells and the role that inflammation plays in cancer progression are slowly being elucidated. Cytokines, secreted by tumour associated immune cells, activate the necessary pathways required by cancer stem cells to facilitate cancer stem cells progressing through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migrating to distant sites. Once in situ, these cancer stem cells can secrete their own attractants, thus providing an environment whereby these cells can continue to propagate the tumour in a secondary niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, and St. George Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Michael O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Chunwen Pu
- Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Jia Lin
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Lingxue Kong
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Australia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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26
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Liao Y. Cancer, stem cell misplacement and cancer stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1194-5. [PMID: 23855541 PMCID: PMC4118178 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin of cancer as well as cancer stem cells is still a mystery. In a recent issue of JCMM, Wang et al. challenged the conventional somatic genetic mutation model of multi-stage carcinogenesis of breast cancer and proposed that 'Invasive cancers are not necessary from preformed in situ tumours-an alternative way of carcinogenesis from misplaced stem cells'. If this stem cell misplacement theory could withstand future experimental evaluation, it may provide a paradigm shift in the prevention and management of cancer in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liao
- Institute of Hepatitis and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Center of Liver Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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