1
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Terhune E, Heyn P, Piper C, Wethey C, Monley A, Cuevas M, Hadley Miller N. Association between genetic polymorphisms and risk of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in case-control studies: a systematic review. J Med Genet 2024; 61:196-206. [PMID: 37696603 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥10° with rotation. Approximately 2%-3% of children across populations are affected with AIS, and this condition is responsible for ~$3 billion in costs within the USA. Although AIS is believed to have a strong genetic contribution, clinical translation of identified genetic variants has stalled. METHODS The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar and Ovid MEDLINE were searched and limited to articles in English. Title and abstract, full-text and data extraction screening was conducted through Covidence, followed by data transfer to a custom REDCap database. Studies containing variant-level data using genome-wide methodology as well as validation studies of genome-wide methods were considered. Quality assessment was conducted using Q-Genie. RESULTS 33 studies were included, including 9 genome-wide association studies, 4 whole exome sequencing and 20 validation studies. Combined, these studies included data from >35,000 cases and >67,000 controls, not including validation cohorts. Additionally, results from six meta-analyses containing novel cohorts were also reported. All included study cohorts were from populations of primarily East Asian or Caucasian descent. Quality assessment found that overall study quality was high and control group selection was moderate. The highest number of reported associations were in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near LBX1, LBX1-AS1, GPR126/ADGRG6 or BNC2. CONCLUSION AIS risk may be influenced by specific SNPs, particularly those in/near LBX1 and GPR126. Translatability of study findings is unknown due to an underrepresentation of most ethnic groups as well as few identified genome-wide studies. Further studies may benefit from increased cohort diversity and thorough evaluation of control cohort groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia Heyn
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christi Piper
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cambria Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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2
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Li Q, Huo A, Li M, Wang J, Yin Q, Chen L, Chu X, Qin Y, Qi Y, Li Y, Cui H, Cong Q. Structure, ligands, and roles of GPR126/ADGRG6 in the development and diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:294-305. [PMID: 37588228 PMCID: PMC10425801 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are the second largest diverse group within the GPCR superfamily, which play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes through cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The adhesion GPCR Adgrg6, also known as GPR126, is one of the better-characterized aGPCRs. GPR126 was previously found to have critical developmental roles in Schwann cell maturation and its mediated myelination in the peripheral nervous system in both zebrafish and mammals. Current studies have extended our understanding of GPR126-mediated roles during development and in human diseases. In this review, we highlighted these recent advances in GPR126 in expression profile, molecular structure, ligand-receptor interactions, and associated physiological and pathological functions in development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Anran Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qiao Yin
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Lumiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xin Chu
- Department of Emergency Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yuwan Qi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Hengxiang Cui
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qifei Cong
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
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Soto ME, Fuentevilla-Alvarez G, Koretzky SG, Vargas-Alarcón G, Torres-Paz YE, Meza-Toledo SE, Pérez-Torres I, Huesca-Gómez C, Gamboa R. Analysis of GPR126 polymorphisms and their relationship with scoliosis in Marfan syndrome and Marfan-like syndrome in Mexican patients. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:976-983. [PMID: 37270806 PMCID: PMC10655884 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder. As the spinal growth depends on delicate balance of forces, conditions that affect musculoskeletal matrix often lead to spinal deformities. A large cross-sectional study revealed a 63% prevalence of scoliosis among patients with MFS. Multi-ethnic genome-wide association studies and analyses of human genetic mutations showed that variations and mutations of G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126)locus are associated with multiple skeletal defects, including shorter stature and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The study included 54 patients with MFS and 196 control patients. The DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using the saline expulsion method and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) determination was carried out using TaqMan probes. Allelic discrimination was performed by RT-qPCR. Significant differences in genotype frequencies were found for SNP rs6570507 in relation to MFS and sex (recessive model, OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.03 -5.87; P = 0.03) and rs7755109 (overdominant model, OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.91; P = 0.03). The most significant association was found in SNP rs7755109, where the frequency of genotype AG was significantly different between MFS patients with scoliosis and those without (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.09-29.48; P=0.04). This study, for the first time, examined the genetic association of SNP GPR126 with the risk of scoliosis in patients with connective tissue diseases. The study revealed that SNP rs7755109 is associated with the presence of scoliosis in Mexican patients with MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Soto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
- Cardiovascular Line Department in American British Cowdray (ABC) Medical Center, México City, México
| | - Giovanny Fuentevilla-Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), México City, México
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Enrique Meza-Toledo
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), México City, México
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
| | - Claudia Huesca-Gómez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
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Hassan A, Bagu ET, Patten SA, Molidperee S, Parent S, Barchi S, Villemure I, Tremblay A, Moldovan F. Differential Regulation of POC5 by ERα in Human Normal and Scoliotic Cells. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051111. [PMID: 37239471 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex three-dimensional spinal deformity. The incidence of AIS in females is 8.4 times higher than in males. Several hypotheses on the role of estrogen have been postulated for the progression of AIS. Recently, Centriolar protein gene POC5 (POC5) was identified as a causative gene of AIS. POC5 is a centriolar protein that is important for cell cycle progression and centriole elongation. However, the hormonal regulation of POC5 remains to be determined. Here, we identify POC5 as an estrogen-responsive gene under the regulation of estrogen receptor ERα in normal osteoblasts (NOBs) and other ERα-positive cells. Using promoter activity, gene, and protein expression assays, we found that the POC5 gene was upregulated by the treatment of osteoblasts with estradiol (E2) through direct genomic signaling. We observed different effects of E2 in NOBs and mutant POC5A429V AIS osteoblasts. Using promoter assays, we identified an estrogen response element (ERE) in the proximal promoter of POC5, which conferred estrogen responsiveness through ERα. The recruitment of ERα to the ERE of the POC5 promoter was also potentiated by estrogen. Collectively, these findings suggest that estrogen is an etiological factor in scoliosis through the deregulation of POC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Hassan
- Research Center CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Edward T Bagu
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Medical School, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Shunmoogum A Patten
- INRS Center Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Sirinart Molidperee
- Research Center CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- Research Center CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Soraya Barchi
- Research Center CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - André Tremblay
- Research Center CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Florina Moldovan
- Research Center CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Monpetit Boulevard, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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5
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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6
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Mitgau J, Franke J, Schinner C, Stephan G, Berndt S, Placantonakis DG, Kalwa H, Spindler V, Wilde C, Liebscher I. The N Terminus of Adhesion G Protein–Coupled Receptor GPR126/ADGRG6 as Allosteric Force Integrator. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873278. [PMID: 35813217 PMCID: PMC9259995 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein–coupled receptor (aGPCR) GPR126/ADGRG6 plays an important role in several physiological functions, such as myelination or peripheral nerve repair. This renders the receptor an attractive pharmacological target. GPR126 is a mechano-sensor that translates the binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to its N terminus into a metabotropic intracellular signal. To date, the structural requirements and the character of the forces needed for this ECM-mediated receptor activation are largely unknown. In this study, we provide this information by combining classic second-messenger detection with single-cell atomic force microscopy. We established a monoclonal antibody targeting the N terminus to stimulate GPR126 and compared it to the activation through its known ECM ligands, collagen IV and laminin 211. As each ligand uses a distinct mode of action, the N terminus can be regarded as an allosteric module that can fine-tune receptor activation in a context-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Mitgau
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julius Franke
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stephan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Berndt
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dimitris G. Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hermann Kalwa
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Wilde
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ines Liebscher,
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7
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Terhune EA, Heyn PC, Piper CR, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic variants associated with the occurrence and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2022; 11:118. [PMID: 35681176 PMCID: PMC9178937 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥ 10° with rotation. Approximately 2-3% of children in most populations are affected with AIS, and this condition is responsible for approximately $1.1 billion in surgical costs to the US healthcare system. Although a genetic factor for AIS has been demonstrated for decades, with multiple potentially contributory loci identified across populations, treatment options have remained limited to bracing and surgery. METHODS The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and Ovid MEDLINE will be searched and limited to articles in English. We will conduct title and abstract, full-text, and data extraction screening through Covidence, followed by data transfer to a custom REDCap database. Quality assessment will be confirmed by multiple reviewers. Studies containing variant-level data (i.e., GWAS, exome sequencing) for AIS subjects and controls will be considered. Outcomes of interest will include presence/absence of AIS, scoliosis curve severity, scoliosis curve progression, and presence/absence of nucleotide-level variants. Analyses will include odds ratios and relative risk assessments, and subgroup analysis (i.e., males vs. females, age groups) may be applied. Quality assessment tools will include GRADE and Q-Genie for genetic studies. DISCUSSION In this systematic review, we seek to evaluate the quality of genetic evidence for AIS to better inform research efforts, to ultimately improve the quality of patient care and diagnosis. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration #CRD42021243253.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Patricia C. Heyn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Center for Gait and Movement Analysis, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
- Cochrane US University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Christi R. Piper
- Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
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8
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Liu B, Zhao S, Liu L, Du H, Zhao H, Wang S, Niu Y, Li X, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Wu N. Aberrant interaction between mutated ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Gene 2021; 814:146126. [PMID: 34958866 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex spinal structure deformity with a prevalence of 1%-3%. Genetic and hereditary factors have been associated with the etiology of AIS. However, previous studies mainly focused on common single nucleotide polymorphisms which confer modest disease risk. Recently, rare variants in FBN1 and other extracellular matrix genes have been implicated in AIS, suggesting a potential overlapping disease etiology between AIS and hereditary connective tissue disorders (HCTD). In this study, we systematically analyzed rare variants in a set of HCTD-related genes in 302 AIS patients using exome sequencing. We firstly focused on pathogenic variants based on a monogenic inheritance and identified nine disease-associated variants in FBN1, COL11A1, COL11A2 and TGFBR2. We then explored the potential interactions between variants in different genes based on the case-control statistics. We identified three ADAMTSL2-LTBP4 variant pairs in three AIS patients and none in controls. Furthermore, we revealed that the variant pairs identified in these genes could affect the interaction between ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 and upregulate TGF-β signaling pathway in human fibroblasts. Our findings supported that the aberrant interaction between mutated ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 was associated with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hengqiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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9
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Severity of Idiopathic Scoliosis Is Associated with Differential Methylation: An Epigenome-Wide Association Study of Monozygotic Twins with Idiopathic Scoliosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081191. [PMID: 34440365 PMCID: PMC8391702 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to idiopathic scoliosis (IS). We identified 8 monozygotic twin pairs with IS, 6 discordant (Cobb angle difference > 10°) and 2 concordant (Cobb angle difference ≤ 2°). Genome-wide methylation in blood was measured with the Infinium HumanMethylation EPIC Beadchip. We tested for differences in methylation and methylation variability between discordant twins and tested the association between methylation and curve severity in all twins. Differentially methylated region (DMR) analyses identified gene promoter regions. Methylation at cg12959265 (chr. 7 DPY19L1) was less variable in cases (false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.0791). We identified four probes (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.10); cg02477677 (chr. 17, RARA gene), cg12922161 (chr. 2 LOC150622 gene), cg08826461 (chr. 2), and cg16382077 (chr. 7) associated with curve severity. We identified 57 DMRs where hyper- or hypo-methylation was consistent across the region and 28 DMRs with a consistent association with curve severity. Among DMRs, 21 were correlated with bone methylation. Prioritization of regions based on methylation concordance in bone identified promoter regions for WNT10A (WNT signaling), NPY (regulator of bone and energy homeostasis), and others predicted to be relevant for bone formation/remodeling. These regions may aid in understanding the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and IS.
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Methylation of Estrogen Receptor 1 Gene in the Paraspinal Muscles of Girls with Idiopathic Scoliosis and Its Association with Disease Severity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060790. [PMID: 34064195 PMCID: PMC8224318 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a multifactorial disease with epigenetic modifications. Tissue dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) may regulate tissue-specific expression of the estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1). This study aimed to analyze methylation levels within T-DMR1 and T-DMR2 and its concatenation with ESR1 expression of IS patients. The study involved 87 tissue samples (deep paravertebral muscles, both on the convex and the concave side of the curve, and from back superficial muscles) from 29 girls who underwent an operation due to IS. Patient subgroups were analyzed according to Cobb angle ≤70° vs. >70°. Methylation was significantly higher in the superficial muscles than in deep paravertebral muscles in half of the T-DMR1 CpGs and all T-DMR2 CpGs. The methylation level correlated with ESR1 expression level on the concave, but not convex, side of the curvature in a majority of the T-DMR2 CpGs. The T-DMR2 methylation level in the deep paravertebral muscles on the curvature's concave side was significantly lower in patients with a Cobb angle ≤70° in four CpGs. DNA methylation of the T-DMRs is specific to muscle tissue location and may be related to ESR1 expression regulation. Additionally, the difference in T-DMR2 methylation may be associated with IS severity.
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11
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Marie-Hardy L, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Pietton R, Slimani L, Pascal-Moussellard H. The orthopedic characterization of cfap298 tm304 mutants validate zebrafish to faithfully model human AIS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7392. [PMID: 33795825 PMCID: PMC8016992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation relies on the beating of motile cilia projecting in the lumen of the brain and spinal cord cavities Mutations in genes involved in cilia motility disturb cerebrospinal fluid circulation and result in scoliosis-like deformities of the spine in juvenile zebrafish. However, these defects in spine alignment have not been validated with clinical criteria used to diagnose adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The aim of this study was to describe, using orthopaedic criteria the spinal deformities of a zebrafish mutant model of AIS targeting a gene involved in cilia polarity and motility, cfap298tm304. The zebrafish mutant line cfap298tm304, exhibiting alteration of CSF flow due to defective cilia motility, was raised to the juvenile stage. The analysis of mutant animals was based on micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which was conducted in a QUANTUM FX CALIPER, with a 59 µm-30 mm protocol. 63% of the cfap298tm304 zebrafish analyzed presented a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, that was evolutive during the juvenile phase, more frequent in females, with a right convexity, a rotational component and involving at least one dislocation. We confirm here that cfap298tm304 scoliotic individuals display a typical AIS phenotype, with orthopedic criteria mirroring patient's diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie-Hardy
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Pietton
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lotfi Slimani
- EA 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, Dental School University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Life Imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France
| | - Hugues Pascal-Moussellard
- Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Center, Pitié-Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
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12
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Pérez-Machado G, Berenguer-Pascual E, Bovea-Marco M, Rubio-Belmar PA, García-López E, Garzón MJ, Mena-Mollá S, Pallardó FV, Bas T, Viña JR, García-Giménez JL. From genetics to epigenetics to unravel the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Bone 2020; 140:115563. [PMID: 32768685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Scoliosis is defined as the three-dimensional (3D) structural deformity of the spine with a radiological lateral Cobb angle (a measure of spinal curvature) of ≥10° that can be caused by congenital, developmental or degenerative problems. However, those cases whose etiology is still unknown, and affect healthy children and adolescents during growth, are the commonest form of spinal deformity, known as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). In AIS management, early diagnosis and the accurate prediction of curve progression are most important because they can decrease negative long-term effects of AIS treatment, such as unnecessary bracing, frequent exposure to radiation, as well as saving the high costs of AIS treatment. Despite efforts made to identify a method or technique capable of predicting AIS progression, this challenge still remains unresolved. Genetics and epigenetics, and the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies, open up new avenues to not only clarify AIS etiology, but to also identify potential biomarkers that can substantially improve the clinical management of these patients. This review presents the most relevant biomarkers to help explain the etiopathogenesis of AIS and provide new potential biomarkers to be validated in large clinical trials so they can be finally implemented into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Antonio Rubio-Belmar
- Institute for Health Research La Fe, IISLaFe, Valencia, Spain; Spine Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva García-López
- EpiDisease S.L., University of Valencia. Scientific Park. Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Garzón
- EpiDisease S.L., University of Valencia. Scientific Park. Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena-Mollá
- EpiDisease S.L., University of Valencia. Scientific Park. Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- EpiDisease S.L., University of Valencia. Scientific Park. Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia, Spain; Consortium Center for Biomedical Network Research ISCIII. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Bas
- Institute for Health Research La Fe, IISLaFe, Valencia, Spain; Spine Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R Viña
- INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- EpiDisease S.L., University of Valencia. Scientific Park. Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia, Spain; Consortium Center for Biomedical Network Research ISCIII. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Bearce EA, Grimes DT. On being the right shape: Roles for motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in body and spine morphology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:104-112. [PMID: 32693941 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How developing and growing organisms attain their proper shape is a central problem of developmental biology. In this review, we investigate this question with respect to how the body axis and spine form in their characteristic linear head-to-tail fashion in vertebrates. Recent work in the zebrafish has implicated motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in axial morphogenesis and spinal straightness. We begin by introducing motile cilia, the fluid flows they generate and their roles in zebrafish development and growth. We then describe how cilia control body and spine shape through sensory cells in the spinal canal, a thread-like extracellular structure called the Reissner fiber, and expression of neuropeptide signals. Last, we discuss zebrafish mutants in which spinal straightness breaks down and three-dimensional curves form. These curves resemble the common but little-understood human disease Idiopathic Scoliosis. Zebrafish research is therefore poised to make progress in our understanding of this condition and, more generally, how body and spine shape is acquired and maintained through development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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14
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Dong X, Li X, You Y, Yan Z, Liu G, Tong B, Chen Y, Yang X, Tian Y, Gao N, Wang Y, Wu Z, Qiu G, Zhang J, Wu N, Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis COmorbidities DSG. Estrogen Receptors (ESRs) Mutations in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Cross-Sectional Study. MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR : INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 26:e921611. [PMID: 32218412 PMCID: PMC7101201 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity, but its etiology is unclear. Multiple genetic mutations have been reported to be associated with AIS. Material/Methods We enrolled a cohort of 113 surgically treated AIS patients with available parental subjects from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. We performed whole-exome sequencing in 10 trio families and whole-genome sequencing in 103 singleton patients. Luciferase assay was used to detect the functional alterations of candidate ESR1 and ESR2 variants. Results Using a de novo strategy, a missense variant in ESR1 (c.868A>G) was selected as a candidate gene for AIS. The main Cobb angle of this patient was 41° (T6–T10). Another potential pathogenic variant in ESR2 (c.236T>C) was identified. The main curve of the patient was 45° at T10–L3. The transactivation capacities of the mutated ESR1 and ESR2 protein were both significantly decreased (p=0.026 and 0.014, respectively). Conclusions Potential pathogenic variants in ESR1 and ESR2 were identified in 113 AIS patients, suggesting that genetic mutations in ESR1/2 were associated with the risk of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiying Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yi You
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zihui Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Bingdu Tong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yaping Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland).,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
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15
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Liu G, Wang L, Wang X, Yan Z, Yang X, Lin M, Liu S, Zuo Y, Niu Y, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Shen J, Wang Y, Qiu G, Wu Z, Wu N. Whole-Genome Methylation Analysis of Phenotype Discordant Monozygotic Twins Reveals Novel Epigenetic Perturbation Contributing to the Pathogenesis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:364. [PMID: 31921798 PMCID: PMC6914696 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex disease affecting a large number of teenagers, especially in female. This study reveals novel epigenetic perturbation to the pathogenesis of AIS. Methods: A female monozygotic (MZ) twin pair discordant for AIS were examined for whole-exome sequencing and epigenome difference. Sets of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were validated using MethylTarget™ method in 20 AIS female patients and 20 healthy female controls. Results: Few exome difference but several potential DMRs were found between the MZ twins. We identified 313 hypermethylated DMRs and 397 hypomethylated DMRs, respectively. Most of them were enriched in the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which may contribute to the discordance of AIS. Several DMRs related to scoliosis genes were tested, and the NDN: TSS-DMR (chr15:23932133-23932304, hg19) was confirmed in additional samples. The methylation level of this DMR was significantly higher in the AIS group than in the control group (p = 0.04). Conclusions: We described the epigenome difference in an AIS female discordant MZ twin pair using Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS). The NDN: TSS-DMR had higher methylation level in female AIS, which can help elucidate the potential etiology of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zihui Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhuang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Jennings W, Hou M, Perterson D, Missiuna P, Thabane L, Tarnopolsky M, Samaan MC. Paraspinal muscle ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study. Spine J 2019; 19:1911-1916. [PMID: 31202838 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the leading cause of spinal deformity in adolescents globally. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies has implicated variants in or near the ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene, encoding the ladybird homeobox 1 transcription factor, in AIS development. This gene plays a critical role in guiding embryonic neurogenesis and myogenesis and is vital in muscle mass determination. Despite the confirmation of the role for LBX1 gene variants in the development of AIS, the biological basis of LBX1 contribution to AIS remains mostly unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the potential role of LBX1 in driving spinal curving, curve laterality, and progression through muscle-based mechanisms in AIS patients by analyzing its gene and protein expression. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study using clinical data and biological samples from the Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis study (ICONS study). PATIENT SAMPLE Twenty-five patients with AIS provided informed consent. Paraspinal muscle biopsies from the maximal points of concavity and convexity for gene expression and protein analysis were obtained at the start of corrective spinal surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome measures included the detection of paraspinal muscle LBX1 mRNA abundance and LBX1 protein expression and the correlation of the latter with age, sex, and curve severity. METHODS The measurement of mRNA abundance was done using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, protein lysates from the biopsied muscle samples were probed with a monoclonal LBX1 antibody to compare the muscle protein levels on either side of the scoliotic curve by western blot. This study received funding from the Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ($39,900 CAN for 2 years). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. RESULTS LBX1 mRNA abundance (concave 2.98±0.87, convex 3.40±1.10, p value 0.73) and protein expression (concave 1.20±0.13, convex 1.21±0.10, p value 0.43) were detected on both sides of the scoliotic curve at equivalent levels. The expression of LBX1 protein did not correlate with age (concave: correlation coefficient 0.32, p value 0.12; convex: correlation coefficient 0.08, p value 0.69), sex (concave: correlation coefficient -0.03, p value 0.08; convex: correlation coefficient 0.07, p value 0.72), or the severity of spinal curving measured using the Cobb angle (concave: correlation coefficient -0.16, p value 0.45; convex: correlation coefficient -0.08, p value 0.69). CONCLUSIONS LBX1 is expressed in erector spinae muscles, and its levels are equal in muscles on both sides of the scoliotic curve in AIS. The expression of LBX1 on the convex and concave sides of the scoliotic curve did not correlate with age, sex, or the severity of spinal curving. The molecular mechanisms by which LBX1contributes to the development and propagation of AIS need to be explored further in muscle and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jennings
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maggie Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Perterson
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Missiuna
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:869-884. [PMID: 31462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) - one of the five main families in the GPCR superfamily - have several atypical characteristics, including large, multi-domain N termini and a highly conserved region that can be autoproteolytically cleaved. Although GPCRs overall have well-established pharmacological tractability, currently no therapies that target any of the 33 members of the aGPCR family are either approved or in clinical trials. However, human genetics and preclinical research have strengthened the links between aGPCRs and disease in recent years. This, together with a greater understanding of their functional complexity, has led to growing interest in aGPCRs as drug targets. A framework for prioritizing aGPCR targets and supporting approaches to develop aGPCR modulators could therefore be valuable in harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of this family. With this in mind, here we discuss the unique opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating aGPCR functions, including target identification, target validation, assay development and safety considerations, using ADGRG1 as an illustrative example.
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Wu N, Liu B, Du H, Zhao S, Li Y, Cheng X, Wang S, Lin J, Zhou J, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang J. The Progress of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Generating Mouse/Zebrafish Models of Human Skeletal Diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:954-962. [PMID: 31360334 PMCID: PMC6639410 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a substantial role in the etiology of skeletal diseases, which involve 1) defects in skeletal development, including intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification; 2) defects in skeletal metabolism, including late bone growth and bone remodeling; 3) defects in early developmental processes related to skeletal diseases, such as neural crest cell (NCC) and cilia functions; 4) disturbance of the cellular signaling pathways which potentially affect bone growth. Efficient and high-throughput genetic methods have enabled the exploration and verification of disease-causing genes and variants. Animal models including mouse and zebrafish have been extensively used in functional mechanism studies of causal genes and variants. The conventional approaches of generating mutant animal models include spontaneous mutagenesis, random integration, and targeted integration via mouse embryonic stem cells. These approaches are costly and time-consuming. Recent development and application of gene-editing tools, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has significantly accelerated the process of gene-editing in diverse organisms. Here we review both mice and zebrafish models of human skeletal diseases generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system, and their contributions to deciphering the underpins of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiachen Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junde Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Central Laboratory & Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Xu E, Lin T, Jiang H, Ji Z, Shao W, Meng Y, Gao R, Zhou X. Asymmetric expression of GPR126 in the convex/concave side of the spine is associated with spinal skeletal malformation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis population. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:1977-1986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Replication Study for the Association of GWAS-associated Loci With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Susceptibility and Curve Progression in a Chinese Population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:464-471. [PMID: 30234802 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A genetic association (replication) study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to replicate and further evaluate the association among seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Chinese girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with disease onset, curve types, and progression. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA AIS is the most common pediatric spinal deformity with a strong genetic predisposition. Recent GWAS identified 10 new disease predisposition loci for AIS. METHODS Three hundred nineteen female AIS patients with Cobb angle ≥ 10 and 201 healthy controls were studied for the association with disease onset. Seven GWAS-identified SNPs (rs11190870 in LBX1, rs12946942 in SOX9/KCNJ2, rs13398147 in PAX3/EPH4, rs241215 in AJAP1, rs3904778 in BNC2, rs6570507 in GPR126, and rs678741 in LBX1-AS1) were analyzed. In subgroup analysis, AIS patients were subdivided by curve types and disease progression to examine for genotype association. RESULTS We replicated the association with disease onset in four common SNPs rs11190870, rs3904778, rs6570507, and rs678741. In addition, rs1190870 and rs678741 remained significantly associated in the right thoracic curves only subgroup. However, no significant difference was observed with both clinical curve progression or Cobb angle. CONCLUSION This study replicated the associations of four GWAS-associated SNPs with occurrence of AIS in our Chinese population. However, none of these SNPs was associated with curve severity and progression. The results suggest that curve progression may be determined by environmental (nongenetic) factor, but further study with a larger sample size is required to address this issue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Liu G, Liu S, Li X, Chen J, Chen W, Zuo Y, Liu J, Niu Y, Lin M, Zhao S, Long B, Zhao Y, Ye Y, Zhang J, Shen J, Qiu G, Wu Z, Wu N. Genetic polymorphisms of PAX1 are functionally associated with different PUMC types of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a northern Chinese Han population. Gene 2019; 688:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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A Genetic Variant in GPR126 Causing a Decreased Inclusion of Exon 6 Is Associated with Cartilage Development in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4678969. [PMID: 30886859 PMCID: PMC6388357 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4678969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity disease in adolescents but its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. The current study aims to identify the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) gene and AIS predisposition. GPR126 contains 26 exons and alternative splicing of exon 6 and exon 25 produces 4 protein-coding transcripts. We genotyped SNPs of GPR126 gene around exon 6 and exon 25 in 131 Chinese AIS patients and 132 healthy controls and provided evidence that SNP rs41289839 G>A is strongly associated with AIS susceptibility. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggests that rs41289839 and other AIS-related SNPs were in strong LD. Next, we demonstrated that rs41289839 G>A inhibits the inclusion of exon 6 during alternative splicing, resulting in a decreased expression level of exon 6-included transcript (GPR126-exon6in) relative to the exon 6 excluded transcript (GPR126-exon6ex) by minigene assay. Chondrogenic differentiation experiment showed that GPR126-exon6in has a high expression level relative to GPR126-exon6ex during chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Our findings indicate that newly discovered SNP is related to cartilage development and may provide valuable insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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