SIRT1/FoxO3 axis alteration leads to aberrant immune responses in bronchial epithelial cells

A literature review on signaling pathways of cervical cancer cell death-apoptosis induced by Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cervical cancer (CC) is a potentially lethal disorder that can have serious consequences for a woman's health. Because early symptoms are typically only present in the middle to late stages of the disease, clinical diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have unique benefits in terms of alleviating cancer clinical symptoms, lowering the risk of recurrence after surgery, and reducing toxic side effects and medication resistance after radiation therapy. It has also been shown to improve the quality of life for patients. Because of its improved anti-tumor effectiveness and biosafety, it could be considered an alternative therapy option. This study examines how TCM causes apoptosis in CC cells via signal transduction, including the active components and medicinal tonics. It also intends to provide a reliable clinical basis and protocol selection for the TCM therapy of CC.

METHODS

The following search terms were employed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and other scientific databases to retrieve pertinent literature on "cervical cancer," "apoptosis," "signaling pathway," "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal monomers," "herbal components," "herbal extracts," and "herbal formulas."

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that herbal medicines can induce apoptosis in cells of the cervix, a type of cancer, by influencing the signaling pathways involved.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and 148 papers from the period between January 2017 and December 2023 were identified as eligible for inclusion. After a meticulous process of screening, elimination and summary, generalization, and analysis, it was found that TCM can regulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways and related molecular targets, such as STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, NF-κB, p53, HIF-1α, Fas/FasL and so forth. This regulatory capacity was observed to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. The study of the mechanism of TCM against cervical cancer and the screening of new drug targets is of great significance for future research in this field. The results of this study will provide ideas and references for the future development of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.

Tyndallized bacteria prime bronchial epithelial cells to mount an effective innate immune response against infections

Airway epithelium represents a physical barrier against toxic substances and pathogens but also presents pattern recognition receptors on the epithelial cells that detect pathogens leading to molecule release and sending signals that activate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, impaired airway epithelial function and poor integrity may increase the recurrence of infections. Probiotic use in respiratory diseases as adjuvant of traditional therapy is increasingly widespread. There is growing interest in the use of non-viable heat-killed bacteria, such as tyndallized bacteria (TB), due to safety concerns and to their immunomodulatory properties. This study explores in vitro the effects of a TB blend on the immune activation of airway epithelium. 16HBE bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of TB. Cell viability, TB internalization, TLR2 expression, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-βl expression/release, E-cadherin expression and wound healing were assessed. We found that TB were tolerated, internalized, increased TLR2, E-cadherin expression, IL-6 release and wound healing but decreased both IL-8 and TGF-βl release. In conclusion, TB activate TLR2 pathway without inducing a relevant pro-inflammatory response and improve barrier function, leading to the concept that TB preserve epithelial homeostasis and could be used as strategy to prevent and to manage respiratory infection, exacerbations included.

Dronedarone Attenuates Ang II-Induced Myocardial Hypertrophy Through Regulating SIRT1/FOXO3/PKIA Axis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Long-term pathological myocardial hypertrophy (MH) seriously affects the normal function of the heart. Dronedarone was reported to attenuate left ventricular hypertrophy of mice. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism of dronedarone in MH is unclear.

METHODS

Angiotensin II (Ang II) was used to induce cell hypertrophy of H9C2 cells. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery was performed to establish a rat model of MH. Cell size was evaluated using crystal violet staining and rhodamine phalloidin staining. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of genes. JASPAR and luciferase activity were conducted to predict and validate interaction between forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) and protein kinase inhibitor alpha (PKIA) promoter.

RESULTS

Ang II treatment induced cell hypertrophy and inhibited sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression, which were reversed by dronedarone. SIRT1 overexpression or PKIA overexpression enhanced dronedarone-mediated suppression of cell hypertrophy in Ang II-induced H9C2 cells. Mechanistically, SIRT1 elevated FOXO3 expression through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of FOXO3 and FOXO3 upregulated PKIA expression through interacting with PKIA promoter. Moreover, SIRT1 silencing compromised dronedarone-mediated suppression of cell hypertrophy, while PKIA upregulation abolished the influences of SIRT1 silencing. More importantly, dronedarone improved TAC surgery-induced MH and impairment of cardiac function of rats via affecting SIRT1/FOXO3/PKIA axis.

CONCLUSIONS

Dronedarone alleviated MH through mediating SIRT1/FOXO3/PKIA axis, which provide more evidences for dronedarone against MH.

Formoterol Exerts Anti-Cancer Effects Modulating Oxidative Stress and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Processes in Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposed Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

Lung cancer frequently affects patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cigarette smoke (CS) fosters cancer progression by increasing oxidative stress and by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes in cancer cells. Formoterol (FO), a long-acting β2-agonist widely used for the treatment of COPD, exerts antioxidant activities. This study explored in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) whether FO counteracted the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) relative to oxidative stress, inflammation, EMT processes, and cell migration and proliferation. A549 was stimulated with CSE and FO, ROS were evaluated by flow-cytometry and by nanostructured electrochemical sensor, EMT markers were evaluated by flow-cytometry and Real-Time PCR, IL-8 was evaluated by ELISA, cell migration was assessed by scratch and phalloidin test, and cell proliferation was assessed by clonogenic assay. CSE significantly increased the production of ROS, IL-8 release, cell migration and proliferation, and SNAIL1 expression but significantly decreased E-cadherin expression. FO reverted all these phenomena in CSE-stimulated A549 cells. The present study provides intriguing evidence that FO may exert anti-cancer effects by reverting oxidative stress, inflammation, and EMT markers induced by CS. These findings must be validated in future clinical studies to support FO as a valuable add-on treatment for lung cancer management.

Effects of condensates from volcanic fumaroles and cigarette smoke extracts on airway epithelial cells

The impact of volcanic airborne products on airway epithelium homeostasis is largely unknown. This study assessed the effects of volcanic Fumarole Condensates (FC) alone or combined with Cigarette Smoke Extracts (CSE) on airway epithelial cells (16HBE and A549). Chemical composition of FC was analyzed by gas chromatography and HPLC. Cells were exposed to FC and IL-33 and IL-8 were assessed. The effects of FC and CSE on cell injury were evaluated assessing cell metabolism/cell viability, mitochondrial stress, cell apoptosis/cell necrosis, and cell proliferation. FC contained: water vapor (70-97%), CO2 (3-30%), acid gases (H2S, SO2, HCl, HF) around 1%. FC increased the intracellular IL-33 but differently modulated IL-33 and IL-8 gene expression and IL-8 release in the tested cell lines. FC without/with CSE: (a) increased cell metabolism/cell viability in 16HBE, while decreased it in A549; (b) increased mitochondrial stress in both cell types. FC with CSE increased cell necrosis in A549 in comparison to CSE alone. CSE reduced cell proliferation in 16HB,E while increased it in A549 and FC counteracted these effects in both cell types. Overall, FC induce a pro-inflammatory profile associated to a metabolic reprogramming without a relevant toxicity also in presence of CSE in airway epithelial cells.

A Potential Role for Sirtuin-1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Reviewing the Biological and Environmental Evidence

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), encoded by the SIRT1 gene, is a conserved Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent deacetylase enzyme, considered as the master regulator of metabolism in humans. Sirt1 contributes to a wide range of biological pathways via several mechanisms influenced by lifestyle, such as diet and exercise. The importance of a healthy lifestyle is of relevance to highly prevalent modern chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is growing evidence at multiple levels for a role of Sirt1/SIRT1 in AD pathological mechanisms. As such, this review will explore the relevance of Sirt1 to AD pathological mechanisms, by describing the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 in the development of AD pathological hallmarks, through its impact on the metabolism of amyloid-β and degradation of phosphorylated tau. We then explore the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 across different AD-relevant biological processes, including cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiome, before discussing the interplay between Sirt1 and AD-related lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking, as well as depression, a common comorbidity. Genome-wide association studies have explored potential associations between SIRT1 and AD, as well as AD risk factors and co-morbidities. We summarize this evidence at the genetic level to highlight links between SIRT1 and AD, particularly associations with AD-related risk factors, such as heart disease. Finally, we review the current literature of potential interactions between SIRT1 genetic variants and lifestyle factors and how this evidence supports the need for further research to determine the relevance of these interactions with respect to AD and dementia.

FOXO3 Deficiency in Neutrophils Drives Colonic Inflammation and Tumorigenesis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), increases the risk of colon cancer. PMN activation corresponds to the accumulation of intracellular Lipid Droplets (LDs). As increased LDs are negatively regulated by transcription factor Forkhead Box O3 (FOXO3), we aim to determine the significance of this regulatory network in PMN-mediated IBD and tumorigenesis. Affected tissue of IBD and colon cancer patients, colonic and infiltrated immune cells, have increased LDs' coat protein, PLIN2. Mouse peritoneal PMNs with stimulated LDs and FOXO3 deficiency have elevated transmigratory activity. Transcriptomic analysis of these FOXO3-deficient PMNs showed differentially expressed genes (DEGs; FDR < 0.05) involved in metabolism, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Upstream regulators of these DEGs, similar to colonic inflammation and dysplasia in mice, were linked to IBD and human colon cancer. Additionally, a transcriptional signature representing FOXO3-deficient PMNs (PMN-FOXO3₃₈₉) separated transcriptomes of affected tissue in IBD (p = 0.00018) and colon cancer (p = 0.0037) from control. Increased PMN-FOXO3₃₈₉ presence predicted colon cancer invasion (lymphovascular p = 0.015; vascular p = 0.046; perineural p = 0.03) and poor survival. Validated DEGs from PMN-FOXO3₃₈₉ (P2RX1, MGLL, MCAM, CDKN1A, RALBP1, CCPG1, PLA2G7) are involved in metabolism, inflammation, and tumorigenesis (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the significance of LDs and FOXO3-mediated PMN functions that promote colonic pathobiology.

Tyndallized Bacteria Preferentially Induce Human Macrophage M1 Polarization: An Effect Useful to Balance Allergic Immune Responses and to Control Infections

Macrophage polarization is a dynamic process through which macrophages acquire specific features whose extremes are represented by M1 and M2 polarization. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-8 belong to M1 macrophages while transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β belongs to M2 cytokines. M2 polarization prevalence is observed in allergic diseases. Tyndallization is a thermal process able to inactivate microorganisms and to allow their use for chronic respiratory disease treatment via immune response modulation. The present study explores the effects of a blend of tyndallized bacteria (TB) on macrophage polarization. THP-1-derived macrophages were exposed to different concentrations of TB (106, 5 × 106, 107, 5 × 107, 108 CFU/mL) and then cell viability and TB phagocytosis, and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TGF-β1 gene expression and release were assessed. TB were tolerated, phagocyted and able to increase IL-8, IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression and release IL-12 gene expression, as well as decrease TGF-β1 gene expression and release. The effects on IL-8, IL-6 and TGF-β1 release were confirmed in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) exposed to TB. In conclusion, TB promote M1 polarization, and this mechanism might have valuable potential in controlling allergic diseases and infections, possibly preventing disease exacerbations.

SIRT1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and lung function decline. It is well established that COPD represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Due to the substantial economic and social burdens associated with COPD, it is necessary to discover new targets and develop novel beneficial therapies. Although the pathogenesis of COPD is complex and remains to be robustly elucidated, numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis, autophagy, and aging are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase belonging to the silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) family. Multiple studies have indicated that SIRT1 plays an important role in oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, and cellular senescence, which contributes to the pathogenesis and development of COPD. This review aimed to discuss the functions and mechanisms of SIRT1 in the progression of COPD and concluded that SIRT1 activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy for COPD.

Iron and mitochondria in the susceptibility, pathogenesis and progression of COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease characterised by airflow limitation, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and airway remodelling. Cigarette smoke is considered the primary risk factor for the development of COPD; however, genetic factors, host responses and infection also play an important role. Accumulating evidence highlights a role for iron dyshomeostasis and cellular iron accumulation in the lung as a key contributing factor in the development and pathogenesis of COPD. Recent studies have also shown that mitochondria, the central players in cellular iron utilisation, are dysfunctional in respiratory cells in individuals with COPD, with alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics driving disease progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of mitochondria and cellular iron metabolism in the lung may unveil potential novel investigational avenues and therapeutic targets to aid in the treatment of COPD.

Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and premature placental senescence in preeclampsia

Accelerated placental senescence is associated with preeclampsia (PE) and other pregnancy complications. It is characterized by an accelerated decline in placental function due to the accumulation of senescence patterns such as telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damages, increased expression of phosphorylated (serine-139) histone γ-H2AX, a sensitive marker of double-stranded DNA breaks, accumulation of cross-linked ubiquitinated proteins and sirtuin inhibition. Among the lipid oxidation products generated by the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, aldehydes such as acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 4-oxo-2-nonenal, are present in the blood and placenta from PE-affected women and could contribute to PE pathogenesis and accelerated placental aging. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on premature placental senescence and the role of oxidative stress and lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes in this process, as well as their links with PE pathogenesis. The interest of developing (or not) new therapeutic strategies targeting lipid peroxidation is discussed, the objective being a better understanding of accelerated placental aging in PE pathophysiology, and the prevention of PE bad outcomes.

Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Nano-Delivered Functional Foods in Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract is one of the most concerning public health issues, as it can lead to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), some of which are more detrimental than others. Chronic respiratory diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis. The conventional drug therapies for the management and treatment of CRDs only address the symptoms and fail to reverse or recover the chronic-inflammation-mediated structural and functional damage of the respiratory tract. In addition, the low efficacy and adverse effects of these drugs have directed the attention of researchers towards nutraceuticals in search of potential treatment strategies that can not only ameliorate CRD symptoms but also can repair and reverse inflammatory damage. Hence, there is a growing interest toward investigating the medicinal benefits of nutraceuticals, such as rutin, curcumin, zerumbone, and others. Nutraceuticals carry many nutritional and therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity properties, and usually do not have as many adverse effects, as they are naturally sourced. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has also been increasingly studied for the nano drug delivery of these nutraceuticals. The discrete size of nanoparticles holds great potential for the level of permeability that can be achieved when transporting these nutraceutical compounds. This review is aimed to provide an understanding of the use of nutraceuticals in combination with nanoparticles against CRDs and their mechanisms involved in slowing down or reversing the progression of CRDs by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.

Roles of sirtuin family members in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The globally increasing annual incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common chronic disease, poses a serious risk to public health. Although the exact mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of COPD remains unclear, a large number of studies have shown that its pathophysiology and disease course are closely related to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and aging. The key players involved in COPD include the sirtuin family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that comprise seven members (SIRT1-7) in mammals. Sirtuins play an important role in metabolic diseases, cell cycle control, proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. Owing to differences in subcellular localization, sirtuins exhibit anisotropy. In this narrative review, we discuss the roles and molecular pathways of each member of the sirtuin family involved in COPD to provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of COPD and how sirtuins may serve as adjuvants for COPD treatment.

Regulation of SIRT1 and Its Roles in Inflammation

The silent information regulator sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein, a highly conserved NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase belonging to the sirtuin family, is a post-translational regulator that plays a role in modulating inflammation. SIRT1 affects multiple biological processes by deacetylating a variety of proteins including histones and non-histone proteins. Recent studies have revealed intimate links between SIRT1 and inflammation, while alterations to SIRT1 expression and activity have been linked to inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that regulate SIRT1 expression, including upstream activators and suppressors that operate on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We also summarize factors that influence SIRT1 activity including the NAD⁺/NADH ratio, SIRT1 binding partners, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, we underscore the role of SIRT1 in the development of inflammation by commenting on the proteins that are targeted for deacetylation by SIRT1. Finally, we highlight the potential for SIRT1-based therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.

Bronchial epithelial SIRT1 deficiency exacerbates cigarette smoke induced emphysema in mice through the FOXO3/PINK1 pathway

Purpose: Cellular senescence and mitochondrial fragmentation are thought to be crucial components of the cigarette smoke(CS)-induced responses that contribute to the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development as a result of accelerated premature aging of the lung. Although there have been a few reports on the role of sirtuin 1(SIRT1) in mitochondrial homeostasis, senescence and inflammation, whether SIRT1/FOXO3/PINK1 signaling mediated mitophagy ameliorates cellular senescence in COPD is still unclear. This study aimed to ascertain whether SIRT1 regulates cellular senescence via FOXO3/PINK1-mediated mitophagy in COPD. Methods: To investigate the effect of CS exposure and SIRT1 deficiency on mitophagy and senescence in the lung, a SIRT1 knockout(KO) mouse model was used. Airway resistance, cellular senescence mitochondrial injury, mitophagy, cellular architecture and protein expression levels in lung tissues, from SIRT1 KO and wild-type(WT) COPD model mice exposed to CS for 6 months were examined by western blotting, histochemistry, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Results: In CS exposed mice, SIRT1 deficiency exacerbated airway resistance and cellular senescence, increased FOXO3 acetylation and decreased PINK1 protein levels and attenuated mitophagy. Mechanistically, the damaging effect of SIRT1 deficiency on lung tissue was attributed to increased FOXO3 acetylation and decreased PINK1 levels, and attenuated mitophagy. In vitro, mitochondrial damage and cellular sensitivity in response to CS exposure were more severe in control cells than in cells treated with aSIRT1 activator. SIRT1 activation SIRT1 activation decreased FOXO3 acetylation and increased the protein levels of PINK1 and enhanced mitophagy. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the detrimental effects of SIRT1 deficiency on cell senescence associated with insufficient mitophagy, and involved the FOXO3/PINK1 signaling pathway.

Epigenetic Mechanisms in Parenchymal Lung Diseases: Bystanders or Therapeutic Targets?

Epigenetic responses due to environmental changes alter chromatin structure, which in turn modifies the phenotype, gene expression profile, and activity of each cell type that has a role in the pathophysiology of a disease. Pulmonary diseases are one of the major causes of death in the world, including lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), lung tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, and asthma. Several lines of evidence indicate that epigenetic modifications may be one of the main factors to explain the increasing incidence and prevalence of lung diseases including IPF and COPD. Interestingly, isolated fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary diseases such as IPF and PH that were cultured ex vivo maintained the disease phenotype. The cells often show a hyper-proliferative, apoptosis-resistant phenotype with increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and activated focal adhesions suggesting the presence of an epigenetically imprinted phenotype. Moreover, many abnormalities observed in molecular processes in IPF patients are shown to be epigenetically regulated, such as innate immunity, cellular senescence, and apoptotic cell death. DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA regulation constitute the most common epigenetic modification mechanisms.

The Expression Level of FOXO3a in Patients With Autoimmune Diseases: A Meta-analysis

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were used to retrieve relevant articles. The pooled standard mean difference with 95% confidence interval was calculated.

RESULTS

Totally, 10 studies from 7 publications were included. The levels of FOXO3a were significantly decreased in patients with autoimmune diseases compared with healthy controls (standard mean difference, -1.045; 95% confidence interval, -1.892 to -0.197). When stratified by disease, FOXO3a levels were significantly decreased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but were significantly increased in systemic lupus erythematosus. FOXO3a levels of specific tissues or cells in patients with autoimmune diseases were significantly decreased, but no significant difference was observed in the subgroup of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the subgroup analysis combining disease and sample, significant differences of FOXO3a were observed in non-PMBCs of RA and IBD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicated that FOXO3a were significantly decreased in patients with autoimmune diseases. FOXO3a levels was a potential therapeutic target of autoimmune diseases.

Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Expression of Oxidative Stress-Related Genes in Cumulus Cells Retrieved from Healthy Women Undergoing IVF

The female reproductive system represents a sensitive target of the harmful effects of cigarette smoke, with folliculogenesis as one of the ovarian processes most affected by this exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of tobacco smoking on expression of oxidative stress-related genes in cumulus cells (CCs) from smoking and non-smoking women undergoing IVF techniques. Real time PCR technology was used to analyze the gene expression profile of 88 oxidative stress genes enclosed in a 96-well plate array. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA. The biological functions and networks/pathways of modulated genes were evidenced by ingenuity pathway analysis software. Promoter methylation analysis was performed by pyrosequencing. Our results showed a down-regulation of 24 genes and an up-regulation of 2 genes (IL6 and SOD2, respectively) involved in defense against oxidative damage, cell cycle regulation, as well as inflammation in CCs from smoking women. IL-6 lower promoter methylation was found in CCs of the smokers group. In conclusion, the disclosed overall downregulation suggests an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in CCs triggered by cigarette smoking exposure. This evidence adds a piece to the puzzle of the molecular basis of female reproduction and could help underlay the importance of antioxidant treatments for smoking women undergoing IVF protocols.

Cigarette smoke upregulates Notch-1 signaling pathway and promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression

Notch-1 pathway plays an important role in lung carcinoma, stem cell regulation, cellular communication, growth and differentiation. Cigarette smoke is involved in the regulation of Notch signaling. However, current data regarding the impact of cigarette smoke on the Notch pathway in lung cancer progression are limited. The present study aimed to explore whether cigarette smoke exposure altered Notch-1 pathway in ex-vivo (surgical samples of lung parenchyma from non-smoker and smoker patients with lung adenocarcinoma) and in vitro (adenocarcinoma A549 cell line) approaches. The expression of Notch-1, Jagged-1 and CD133 in surgical samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A549 were exposed to cigarette smoke extracts (2.5% and 5% CSE for 6, 24 and 48 h) and the expression of Notch-1, Jagged-1 and Hes-1 was evaluated by Real-Time PCR and Western Blot (nuclear fractions). Expression and localization of Notch-1, Hes-1, CD133 and ABCG2 were assessed by immunofluorescence. The expression of survivin and Ki-67 was assessed by flow cytometry following CSE exposure and inhibition of Notch-1 signaling. Smokers lung parenchyma exhibited higher expression of Notch-1. CSE exposure increased Notch-1 and Hes-1 gene and nuclear protein expression in A549. Immunofluorescence confirmed higher expression of nuclear Hes-1 in CSE-stimulated A549 cells. CSE increased both survivin and Ki-67 expression and this effect was reverted by inhibition of the Notch-1 pathway. In conclusion, these data show that cigarette smoke may promote adenocarcinoma progression by activating the Notch-1 pathway thus supporting its role as hallmark of lung cancer progression and as a new target for lung cancer treatment.

Silent Information Regulator T1 in Aqueous Humor of Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to compare the aqueous humor level of Silent Information Regulator T1 (SIRT1) between patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and cataract patients.

Materials and Methods:

Aqueous humor level of SIRT1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 13 patients with wet-type AMD (n=13, AMD group) and 13 patients with cataracts (cataract group). In addition, the thickness of each retinal layer was determined by optical coherence tomography.

Results:

The aqueous humor level of SIRT1 was significantly lower in the AMD group than in the cataract group (p=0.007). In the AMD group, the SIRT1 level was positively correlated with the thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer (r=0.31) and the inner nuclear layer (r=0.76).

Conclusion:

The aqueous level of SIRT1 decreased as the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer became thinner, suggesting that reduction of SIRT1 activity might be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Knockdown of long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 regulates forkhead box O3 to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced human bronchial epithelial cell pyroptosis

Pyroptosis is a novel proinflammatory programmed cell death process. This study was designed to investigate the functional mechanisms of long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (lncRNA GAS5) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) pyroptosis. LPS was used to induce pyroptosis in HBECs, followed by the detection of the expression of GAS5, forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway-related factors. Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8 assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was assessed by LDH assay kit and caspase-1 activity by flow cytometry. Furthermore, expression of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 and pyroptosis-related proteins was evaluated using Western blot analysis, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of inflammatory factors. The interaction between GAS5 and FOXO3 was confirmed using bioinformatic prediction, RNA immunoprecipitation assay, RNA pull-down, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Treatment of HBECs with LPS upregulated the expression of GAS5 and FOXO3, resulting in the inactivation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. On the other hand, inhibition of both GAS5 and FOXO3 promoted cell viability, reduced LDH release, pyroptosis, and inflammatory response in LPS-induced HBECs. Furthermore, FOXO3 could interact with GAS5, while FOXO3 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of GAS5 knockdown on cell pyroptosis. Thus, mechanistically, inhibition of FOXO3 activates the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to suppress LPS-induced pyroptosis in HBECs. This study revealed that GAS5 knockdown attenuates FOXO3 expression thereby activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit LPS-induced pyroptosis in HBECs. These findings may contribute to identifying novel targets that inhibit pyroptosis in HBECs.

A Protective Role of FAM13A in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Upon Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Extract

Background

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic inflammation upon inhalation of noxious particles, e.g., cigarette smoke. FAM13A is one of the genes often found to be associated with COPD, however its function in the pathophysiology of COPD is incompletely understood. We studied its role in airway epithelial barrier integrity and cigarette smoke-induced epithelial responses.

Materials and Methods

Protein level and localization of FAM13A was assessed with immunohistochemistry in lung tissue from COPD patients and non-COPD controls. In vitro, FAM13A expression was determined in the absence or presence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in primary airway epithelial cells (AECs) from COPD patients and controls by western blotting. FAM13A was overexpressed in cell line 16HBE14o- and its effect on barrier function was monitored real-time by electrical resistance. Expression of junctional protein E-cadherin and β-catenin was assessed by western blotting. The secretion of neutrophil attractant CXCL8 upon CSE exposure was measured by ELISA.

Results

FAM13A was strongly expressed in airway epithelium, but significantly weaker in airways of COPD patients compared to non-COPD controls. In COPD-derived AECs, but not those of controls, FAM13A was significantly downregulated by CSE. 16HBE14o- cells overexpressing FAM13A built up epithelial resistance significantly more rapidly, which was accompanied by higher E-cadherin expression and reduced CSE-induced CXCL8 levels.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that the expression of FAM13A is lower in airway epithelium of COPD patients compared to non-COPD controls. In addition, cigarette smoking selectively downregulates airway epithelial expression of FAM13A in COPD patients. This may have important consequences for the pathophysiology of COPD, as the more rapid build-up of epithelial resistance upon FAM13A overexpression suggests improved (re)constitution of barrier function. The reduced epithelial secretion of CXCL8 upon CSE-induced damage suggests that lower FAM13A expression upon cigarette smoking may facilitate epithelial-driven neutrophilia.

Exosomal lncRNA TCONS_00064356 derived from injured alveolar epithelial type II cells affects the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent respiratory disease, and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is still a lack of effective treatment to improve pulmonary structural abnormality and reverse the progression of COPD. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies have attracted much attention and show promising clinical application prospects in COPD treatment. Understanding the communication between injured alveolar cells and MSCs will help us improve the efficiency of MSC-based therapies. Here, we showed that exosomes secreted by injured alveolar epithelial type II (AEC-II) cells could promote the proliferation and migration of MSCs, accompanied with increased expression levels of genes related to mitochondrial synthesis and transfer. Moreover, we identified 21 significantly dysregulated exosomal lncRNAs (16 upregulated and 5 downregulated) using lncRNA sequencing. In addition, we found that lncRNA TCONS_00064356-overexpressing MSCs showed increased proliferation and migration capacities and upregulated expression levels of the genes related to mitochondrial synthesis and transfer. Together, our study uncovers a new potential exosome-mediated communication pathway between injured AEC-II cells and MSCs and provides new targets and ideas for improving the efficiency of MSC-based therapies for COPD.

SKP2-Promoted Ubiquitination of FOXO3 Promotes the Development of Asthma

Asthma is a respiratory disease with a dramatically increasing incidence globally. The present study explored the roles of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) in asthma and their involvement in the Krüppel-like factor 15-lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (KLF15-LRP5) axis. SKP2 expression in patients with asthma and OVA-induced asthmatic Sprague Dawley rats was detected by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and Western blot assays. Alterations in SKP2 and LRP5 expression were evaluated in OVA-induced asthmatic rats, followed by measurement of inflammatory cytokines using ELISA and airway resistance using a methacholine challenge test. We applied TGF-β1 to establish the airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation model of asthma. The FOXO3 ubiquitination and changes in cell biological behaviors were detected using immunoprecipitation, MTT, and Annexin V/propidium iodide assays. Flow cytometry was adopted to detect cell cycle, and ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. SKP2 was highly expressed and FOXO3 was poorly expressed in patients with asthma and in OVA-induced asthmatic rats. SKP2 silencing decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE expression in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas SKP2 enhanced FOXO3 ubiquitination to upregulate KLF15, which bound to the LRP5 promoter in TGF-β1-induced ASMCs and increased LRP5 expression. SKP2 enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in the OVA-induced rat model and augmented TGF-β1-induced ASMC proliferation by inhibiting the FOXO3/KLF15/LRP5 axis. Additionally, overexpressed SKP2 resulted in reduced numbers of ASMCs in the G1 phase but increased numbers in the G2/M phase. Collectively, we show that SKP2 promotes FOXO3 ubiquitination to suppress the KLF15-LRP5 axis, thereby exacerbating asthma.

Cigarette smoke extract reduces FOXO3a promoting tumor progression and cell migration in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and the carcinogens in tobacco smoke play a role in its progression and metastasis. The related molecular events are largely unknown. FOXO3a is a transcription factor considered a tumor suppressor. Its inhibition leads to cell transformation, tumor progression and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate, in different types of lung cancer cell lines (A549, COLO 699 N, SK-MES-1), the effects of cigarette smoke on mitochondrial status and cell metabolism and on key pathways involved in tumor progression and cell migration, looking at the role of FOXO3a in these mechanisms. The different lung cancer cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and TGF-β1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial superoxide, intracellular ATP, extracellular lactate, FOXO3a, p21, survivin, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin, SNAIL1), MMP-9 and cellular migration were assessed by flow-cytometry, fluorimetry, western blot analysis, Real-Time PCR and scratch test. Our results showed that exposure to CSE: (i) increased ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, lactate release while reducing intracellular ATP; (ii) decreased FOXO3a and increased survivin and p21 in the cytoplasm; (iii) decreased E-cadherin, increased SNAIL1 and MMP-9 and promoted cell migration like TGF-β1 did. These effects could be partly explained by downregulation of FOXO3a, as demonstrated by silencing experiments. These data suggest that cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage leading to metabolic reprogramming associated with increased glycolytic flux. This is accompanied with a downregulation of FOXO3a contributing to EMT processes and cell migration therefore promoting tumor progression.

Role of Forkhead box O3a transcription factor in autoimmune diseases

Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) transcription factor, the most important member of Forkhead box O family, is closely related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and aging. The downregulation of FOXO3a has been verified to be associated with the poor prognosis, severer malignancy and chemoresistance in several human cancers. The activity of FOXO3a mainly regulated by phosphorylation of protein kinase B. FOXO3a plays a vital role in promoting the apoptosis of immune cells. FOXO3a could also modulate the activation, differentiation and function of T cells, regulate the proliferation and function of B cells, and mediate dendritic cells tolerance and immunity. FOXO3a accommodates the immune response through targeting nuclear factor kappa-B and FOXP3, as well as regulating the expression of cytokines. Besides, FOXO3a participates in intercellular interactions. FOXO3a inhibits dendritic cells from producing interleukin-6, which inhibits B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and BCL-XL expression, thereby sparing resting T cells from apoptosis and increasing the survival of antigen-stimulated T cells. Recently, plentiful evidences further illustrated the significance of FOXO3a in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, myositis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we focused on the biological function of FOXO3a and related signaling pathways regarding immune system, and summarized the potential role of FOXO3a in the pathogenesis, progress and therapeutic potential of autoimmune diseases.

SIRT1 is a key regulatory target for the treatment of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related organ damage

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive response that contributes to deal with the misfolded or unfolded protein in the lumen of the ER and restore the ER homeostasis. However, excessive and prolonged ER stress can trigger the cell-death signaling pathway which causes cell death, usually in the form of apoptosis. It is generally accepted that inappropriate cellular apoptosis and a series of the subsequent inflammatory response and oxidative stress can cause disturbance of normal physiological functions and organ damage. A lot of evidence shows that the excessive activation of the ER stress contributes to the pathogenesis of many kinds of diseases and inhibiting the inappropriate stress is of great significance for maintaining the normal physiological function. In recent years, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) has become a research hotspot on ER stress. As a master regulator of ER stress, increasing evidence suggests that SIRT1 plays a positive role in a variety of ER stress-induced organ damage via multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting cellular apoptosis and promoting autophagy. Furthermore, a lot of factors have shown effective regulation of SIRT1, which indicates the feasibility of treating SIRT1 as a target for the treatment of ER stress-related diseases. We summarize and reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of SIRT1 in multiple ER stress-mediated organ damage in this review. We also summed up the possible adjustment mechanism of SIRT1, which provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of ER stress-related diseases.

Epigenetic Modifications and Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): An Update Review

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is one of the most prevalent chronic adult diseases and the third leading cause of fatality until 2020. Elastase/anti-elastase hypothesis, chronic inflammation, apoptosis, oxidant-antioxidant balance and infective repair cause pathogenesis of COPD are among the factors at play. Epigenetic changes are post-translational modifications in histone proteins and DNA such as methylation and acetylation as well as dysregulation of miRNAs expression. In this update review, we have examined recent studies on the upregulation or downregulation of methylation in different genes associated with COPD. Dysregulation of HDAC activity which is caused by some factors and miRNAs plays a key role in the suppression and reduction of COPD development. Also, some therapeutic approaches are proposed against COPD by targeting HDAC2 and miRNAs, which have therapeutic effects.

Investigation of the effects of dichlorvos poisoning on AMPK signaling pathway in chicken brain tissues

Dichlorvos is a common crop insecticide widely used by people which causes extensive and serious environmental pollution. However, it has been shown that organophosphorus poisoning causes energy metabolism and neural disorders. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the damage to brain tissue and the changes in AMPK signaling pathway-related gene expression after dichlorvos poisoning in chickens. White-feathered broiler chickens, as the research subjects of this experiment, were divided into three groups: control group, low-dose group (77.5% dichlorvos at 1.13 mg/kg dose) and high-dose group (77.5% dichlorvos at 10.2 mg/kg dose). Clinical symptoms were observed after modeling, and an integrative analysis was conducted using HE staining microscopy, immune-histochemical microscopy, electron microscopy and PCR arrays. The results showed that the high-dose group had more obvious dyspnea, salivation, convulsion and other neurological phenomena. Pathological sections showed that nuclear disintegration of neurons was most obvious in the low-dose group, and apoptosis of brain cells was most obvious in the high-dose group, and the mitochondrial structure was destroyed in the two poisoned group, i.e. low-dose group and high-dose group. PCR arrays showed that AMPK signaling pathway was inhibited and the expressions of genes involved in energy metabolism (ACACA and PRKAA1) were significantly changed. Furthermore, genes associated with protein synthesis (EIF4EBP1) were significantly upregulated. FASN and HMGCR expressions were significantly increased. There were significant changes in the expressions of cell cycle-related genes (STK11, TP53 and FOXO3). Organophosphate poisoning can cause a lot of nuclear disintegration of brain neurons, increases cell apoptosis, disrupts the energy metabolism of mitochondrial structure, and inhibits the AMPK signaling pathway. These results provide a certain idea and basis for studying the mechanism of AMPK signaling after organophosphorus poisoning and provide a research basis for the prevention and treatment of organophosphorus poisoning.

Circadian Clock and Sirtuins in Diabetic Lung: A Mechanistic Perspective

Diabetes-induced tissue injuries in target organs such as the kidney, heart, eye, liver, skin, and nervous system contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of diabetes. However, whether the lung should be considered a diabetic target organ has been discussed for decades. Accumulating evidence shows that both pulmonary histological changes and functional abnormalities have been observed in diabetic patients, suggesting that the lung is a diabetic target organ. Mechanisms underlying diabetic lung are unclear, however, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and premature aging convincingly contribute to them. Circadian system and Sirtuins have been well-documented to play important roles in above mechanisms. Circadian rhythms are intrinsic mammalian biological oscillations with a period of near 24 h driven by the circadian clock system. This system plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular proliferation and senescence, thus impacting metabolism-related diseases, chronic airway diseases and cancers. Sirtuins, a family of adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent histone deacetylases, have been demonstrated to regulate a series of physiological processes and affect diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), heart disease, cancer, and aging. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the roles of the circadian clock and Sirtuins in regulating cellular processes and highlight the potential interactions of the circadian clock and Sirtuins in the context of diabetic lung.

Hydrogen sulfide attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction-induced cellular senescence and apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells by upregulating sirtuin 1

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gaseous signal molecule, regulates many pathologies related to aging. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been shown to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction and other pathological processes, including premature senescence. This study was aimed to investigate whether and how H2S attenuates senescence and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells via a SIRT1-dependent mechanism. Our results showed that treatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S, attenuated cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence and apoptosis in A549 cells. This was associated with SIRT1 upregulation. SIRT1 activation by a pharmacological activator, SRT1720, attenuated CSE-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells. While SIRT1 inhibition by EX 527 or silencing by siRNA transfection significantly attenuated or abolished the ability of NaHS to reverse the CSE-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and the imbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Also, SIRT1 inhibition or silencing abolished the protection of NaHS against CSE-induced cellular senescence and apoptosis. In conclusion, H2S attenuates CSE-induced cellular senescence and apoptosis by improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress in alveolar epithelial cells in a SIRT1-dependent manner. These findings provide novel mechanisms underlying the protection of H2S against cigarette smoke-induced COPD.

miR-629 targets FOXO3 to promote cell apoptosis in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most aggressive types of human tumor worldwide, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 25%. The transcriptional factor, forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), is regulated by various micro (mi)RNAs and has been reported to be associated with multiple regulatory signaling pathways involved in tumor development. The current study therefore assessed the impact of miR-629 and FOXO3 on gastric cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to assess the expression of mRNA and protein, respectively. Additionally, the cell proliferation and apoptosis rate were determined via an MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The online database TargetScan predicted that FOXO3 was a target of miR-629. A luciferase reporter assay was also performed to verify that FOXO3 was the direct target of miR-629. The results demonstrated that miR-629 and FOXO3 was upregulated and downregulated in GC tissue, respectively. Furthermore, following transfection with a miR-629 inhibitor, SGC-7901, cell proliferation and apoptosis rate were inhibited and promoted when compared with the control group, respectively. Moreover, after the treatment with SGC-7901, the expression of FOXO3, Bax, Caspase 3 was upregulated, and Bcl-2 was downregulated. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay revealed that FOXO3 was the target of miR-629. The results demonstrated that miR-629 and FOXO3 serve vital roles in the development of gastric cancer and may be a future therapeutic target.

Mitochondrial dysfunction increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production and impairs repair and corticosteroid responsiveness in lung epithelium

COPD is characterized by chronic lung inflammation and irreversible lung tissue damage. Inhaled noxious gases, including cigarette smoke, are the major risk factor for COPD. Inhaled smoke first encounters the epithelial lining of the lungs, causing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated whether a mitochondrial defect may contribute to increased lung epithelial pro-inflammatory responses, impaired epithelial repair and reduced corticosteroid sensitivity as observed in COPD. We used wild-type alveolar epithelial cells A549 and mitochondrial DNA-depleted A549 cells (A549 Rho-0) and studied pro-inflammatory responses using (multiplex) ELISA as well as epithelial barrier function and repair (real-time impedance measurements), in the presence and absence of the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide. We observed that A549 Rho-0 cells secrete higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than wild-type A549 cells and display impaired repair upon wounding. Budesonide strongly suppressed the production of neutrophil attractant CXCL8, and promoted epithelial integrity in A549 wild-type cells, while A549 Rho-0 cells displayed reduced corticosteroid sensitivity compared to wild-type cells. The reduced corticosteroid responsiveness may be mediated by glycolytic reprogramming, specifically glycolysis-associated PI3K signaling, as PI3K inhibitor LY294002 restored the sensitivity of CXCL8 secretion to corticosteroids in A549 Rho-0 cells. In conclusion, mitochondrial defects may lead to increased lung epithelial pro-inflammatory responses, reduced epithelial repair and reduced corticosteroid responsiveness in lung epithelium, thus potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD.

Cigarette smoke extract modulates E-Cadherin, Claudin-1 and miR-21 and promotes cancer invasiveness in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoke is considered a risk factor for lung and colorectal cancer. A convincing link between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with colorectal cancer progression and therapeutic resistance has emerged. Deregulated expression of E-Cadherin and Claudin-1 and increased miR-21 expression and invasiveness represent hallmarks of EMT. The effects of cigarette smoke exposure on EMT in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells are largely unknown.

AIM

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on miR-21, Claudin-1 and E-Cadherin, molecules associated to EMT in colorectal cancer cells.

METHODS

A human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was treated with CSE at different concentration (5% and 10%) and for different time points (3 h and 24 h). Metabolic activity (by MTS assay), cell necrosis/cell apoptosis (evaluating Propidium Iodide/Annexin V expression by flow cytometry), miR-21, Claudin-1 and E-Cadherin gene expression were evaluated by Real time PCR. Cell permeability, actin polymerization and cancer cell migration was assessed by Trans-Epitelial Electrical Resistance (TEER), Phalloidin expression and matrigel system, respectively.

RESULTS

CSE at all the tested concentrations and at all time points reduced cell necrosis. CSE at 10% increased miR-21 and reduced the metabolic activity, cell necrosis, Claudin-1 and E-cadherin mRNA at 3 h. Cell permeability, actin polymerization and cancer cell migration were all increased upon CSE exposure.

CONCLUSION

These results showed that CSE increasing miR-21, Claudin-1 and E-Cadherin and enhancing the aggressiveness of cancer cells, may concur to colorectal cancer progression.

Curcumin ameliorates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by modulating autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress through regulation of SIRT1 in a rat model

Objectives

The ability of curcumin to activate SIRT1 and thereby promote autophagy and inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between curcumin and SIRT1 activation in relation to autophagy and ERS in COPD.

Methods

We developed a rat COPD model by cigarette smoke exposure, and divided the rats into control, COPD, COPD + low-dose curcumin (50 mg/kg), COPD + medium-dose curcumin (100 mg/kg), COPD + high-dose curcumin (150 mg/kg), and COPD + high-dose curcumin + sirtinol (2 mM, 30 μL/kg) groups. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. SIRT1 gene and protein expression, and protein expression of autophagy-related genes LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin1, and ERS-related genes CHOP and GRP78 were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot.

Results

SIRT1, LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin1 expression were significantly decreased and CHOP and GRP78 were enhanced in COPD compared with control rats. Curcumin increased the expression of SIRT1, LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin1 and decreased the expression of CHOP and GRP78 in COPD rats. The alleviating effects of curcumin on COPD in the SIRT1-inhibition group were reversed by suppressing LC3-I, LC3-II, and Beclin1 and increasing CHOP and GRP78.

Conclusion

Curcumin might alleviate COPD by promoting autophagy and inhibiting ERS through SIRT1 activation.

MiR-21 upregulation increases IL-8 expression and tumorigenesis program in airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoke exposure, increasing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), promotes inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells. Chronic inflammation, microRNA (miRNA), and oxidative stress are associated with cancer development.

AIMS

The present study was aimed to explore whether cigarette smoke exposure, altering miR-21 expression, promoted inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis processes in airway epithelial cells.

METHODS

Airway normal and cancer epithelial cells (16HBE and A549) were exposed to cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) or with/without agomiR-21, and then it was assessed: a) miR-21 expression; b) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) nuclear protein expression and ERK1/2 activation; c) IL-8 gene expression and protein release. An antagonist of TLR4 (CLI-095) and the antioxidant flavonoid, apigenin, were also included to evaluate miR-21 expression in CSE exposed cells.

RESULTS

It was demonstrated that: a) A549 cells constitutively expressed higher levels of miR-21 and IL-8; b) CSE increased STAT3 nuclear expression in 16HBE; c) in both cell lines, CSE and agomiR-21 increased: miR-21 expression; ERK1/2 activation and IL-8 gene expression and protein release; d) TLR4 inhibition counteracted the effects of CSE on miR-21 in A549; e) apigenin reduced miR-21 and IL-8 gene expression in both cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Data herein provided identified for the first time new mechanisms supporting the crucial role of cigarette smoke-induced miR-21 expression in the amplification of inflammatory responses and in tumorigenesis processes within the airways.

Budesonide, Aclidinium and Formoterol in combination limit inflammaging processes in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke

Inflammation and cellular senescence (also called inflammaging) are involved in the pathogenesis of premature lung aging, a key driver of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Downregulation of histone deacetylases and FoxO3 expression, activation of the ERK 1/2 pathway and IL-8 increase are hallmarks of lung inflammaging. The effects of Budesonide (BUD), Aclidinium (ACL) and Formoterol (FO) on lung inflammaging are unknown. This study was aimed to assess the effects of BUD, ACL and FO in bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by evaluating: a) Expression of TLR4 and survivin and LPS binding by flow cytometry; b) expression of HDAC2, HDAC3, SIRT1 and FoxO3 and activation of the ERK 1/2 pathway by western blot; c) IL-8 mRNA levels and release by Real Time-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Reported results show that CSE increased TLR4 and survivin, LPS binding, ERK 1/2 activation, IL-8 release and mRNA levels but decreased SIRT1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and FoxO3 nuclear expression. Combined therapy with BUD, ACL and FO counteracted the effects of CSE on LPS binding, FoxO3 nuclear expression, ERK 1/2 activation, survivin and IL-8 release and mRNA levels. These findings suggest a new role of combination therapy with BUD, ACL and FO in counteracting inflammaging processes induced by cigarette smoke exposure.

Accelerated lung aging and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases exponentially with aging. Its pathogenesis, however, is not well known and aside from smoking cessation, there are no disease-modifying treatments for this disease. Areas covered: COPD is associated with accelerating aging and aging-related diseases. In this review, we will discuss the hallmarks of aging including genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alteration, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated nutrient sensing, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication, which may be involved in COPD pathogenesis. Expert commentary: COPD and the aging process share similar molecular and cellular changes. Aging-related molecular pathways may represent novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for COPD.

Deducting MicroRNA-Mediated Changes Common in Bronchial Epithelial Cells of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-A Next-Generation Sequencing-Guided Bioinformatic Approach

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic airway inflammatory diseases that share some common features, although these diseases are somewhat different in etiologies, clinical features, and treatment policies. The aim of this study is to investigate the common microRNA-mediated changes in bronchial epithelial cells of asthma and COPD. The microRNA profiles in primary bronchial epithelial cells from asthma (AHBE) and COPD (CHBE) patients and healthy subjects (NHBE) were analyzed with next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the significant microRNA changes common in AHBE and CHBE were extracted. The upregulation of hsa-miR-10a-5p and hsa-miR-146a-5p in both AHBE and CHBE was confirmed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Using bioinformatic methods, we further identified putative targets of these microRNAs, which were downregulated in both AHBE and CHBE: miR-10a-5p might suppress BCL2, FGFR3, FOXO3, PDE4A, PDE4C, and PDE7A; miR-146a-5p might suppress BCL2, INSR, PDE4D, PDE7A, PDE7B, and PDE11A. We further validated significantly decreased expression levels of FOXO3 and PDE7A in AHBE and CHBE than in NHBE with qPCR. Increased serum miR-146a-5p level was also noted in patients with asthma and COPD as compared with normal control subjects. In summary, our study revealed possible mechanisms mediated by miR-10a-5p and miR-146a-5p in the pathogenesis of both asthma and COPD. The findings might provide a scientific basis for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.