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Pu Y, Yang G, Pan X, Zhou Y, Zhong A, Ding N, Su Y, Peng W, Zeng M, Guo T, Chai X. Higher plasma aldosterone concentrations in patients with aortic diseases and hypertension: a retrospective observational study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:541. [PMID: 38008731 PMCID: PMC10676595 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic diseases remain a highly perilous macrovascular condition. The relationship between circulating aldosterone and aortic diseases is rarely explored, thus we investigated the difference in plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) between patients with and without aortic disease in hypertensive people. METHODS We analyzed 926 patients with hypertension, ranging in age from 18 to 89 years, who had their PAC measured from the hospital's electronic database. The case group and control group were defined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis included general information, clinical data, biochemical data, and medical imaging examination results as covariates. To further evaluate the difference in PAC between primary hypertension patients with aortic disease and those without, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis and also employed propensity score matching to minimize the influence of confounding factors. RESULTS In total, 394 participants were included in the analysis, with 66 individuals diagnosed with aortic diseases and 328 in the control group. The participants were predominantly male (64.5%) and over the age of 50 (68.5%), with an average PAC of 19.95 ng/dL. After controlling for confounding factors, the results showed hypertension patients with aortic disease were more likely to have high PAC levels than those without aortic disease (OR = 1.138, 95% CI [1.062 to 1.238]). Subgroup analysis revealed consistent relationship between PAC and primary hypertensive patients with aortic disease across the different stratification variables. Additionally, hypertensive patients with aortic disease still have a risk of higher PAC levels than those without aortic disease, even after propensity score matching. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that primary hypertensive patients with aortic diseases have elevated levels of PAC, but the causal relationship between PAC and aortic disease requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Pu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guifang Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaogao Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aifang Zhong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingjie Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengping Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Disease Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Apelin-13 Pretreatment Promotes the Cardioprotective Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Myocardial Infarction by Improving Their Survival. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3742678. [PMID: 35355588 PMCID: PMC8960019 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3742678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) based therapy has shown promising results for myocardial infarction (MI), low cell survival heavily limits its beneficial effects. Apelin plays an essential regulatory role in cell proliferation. This study was aimed at determining whether Apelin-13 pretreatment could improve the survival of MSCs in the ischemic heart and enhance their cardioprotective efficacy against MI. MSCs were pretreated with or without Apelin-13 for 24 hours and then exposed to serum deprivation and hypoxia (SD/H) for 48 hours. The mitochondrial morphology of MSCs was assessed by MitoTracker staining. The apoptosis of MSCs was determined by TUNEL staining. The level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) of MSCs was detected by Mito-Sox staining. MSCs and Apelin-13-pretreated MSCs were transplanted into the peri-infarct region in a mouse MI model. Apelin-13 pretreatment protected MSCs against SD/H-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. Apelin-13 pretreatment reduced ROS generation induced by SD/H in MSCs. Furthermore, Apelin-13 pretreatment enhanced the angiogenesis of MSCs under SD/H conditions. Mechanistically, Apelin-13 pretreatment inhibited SD/H-induced MSC apoptosis by downregulating mitochondrial fission via activation of the ERK pathway, and these effects were partially abrogated by ERK inhibitor U0126. Apelin-13 pretreatment promoted the survival of MSCs in the ischemic heart. Moreover, transplantation with Apelin-13-pretreated MSCs improved heart function and increased angiogenesis accompanied by decreased fibrosis compared with MSC transplantation at 28 days following MI. These findings reveal that pretreatment with Apelin-13 improves MSCs survival and enhances their therapeutic efficacy for MI. Our study provides a novel approach to improve MSC-based therapy for cardiovascular disease.
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Hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:419. [PMID: 32499535 PMCID: PMC7272449 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunoprivileged and are being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials to treat different degenerative and autoimmune diseases. In spite of encouraging outcome of initial trials, the long-term poor survival of transplanted cells in the host tissue has declined the overall enthusiasm. Recent analyses of allogeneic MSCs based studies confirm that after transplantation in the hypoxic or ischemic microenvironment of diseased tissues, MSCs become immunogenic and are rejected by recipient immune system. The immunoprivilege of MSCs is preserved by absence or negligible expression of cell surface antigen, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRα. We found that in normoxic MSCs, 26S proteasome degrades HLA-DRα and maintains immunoprivilege of MSCs. The exposure to hypoxia leads to inactivation of 26S proteasome and formation of immunoproteasome in MSCs, which is associated with upregulation and activation of HLA-DRα, and as a result, MSCs become immunogenic. Furthermore, inhibition of immunoproteasome formation in hypoxic MSCs preserves the immunoprivilege. Therefore, hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of allogeneic MSCs. The outcome of the current study may provide molecular targets to plan interventions to preserve immunoprivilege of allogeneic MSCs in the hypoxic or ischemic environment.
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Shende P, Gandhewar N. Current Trend and Pro-survival Approaches for Augmenting Stem Cell Viability. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1154-1164. [PMID: 32297579 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200416130253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells are of two types: embryonic and adult stem cells and they act as a repair system by replenishing body tissue. Stem cells differentiate into different types of cells, such as neural, hematopoietic, adipose, etc. and are used for the treatment of various conditions like myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease and diabetes. METHODS This article focuses on recent research development that addresses the viability issues of stem cells. The efficiency of transplanted stem cells reduces due to conditions like hypoxia, inflammation, nutrient deprivation, immunogenicity, extracellular matrix loss on delivery and mechanical stress. RESULTS To increase the viability of stem cells, techniques like scaffolds of stem cells with hydrogel or alginate, pre-conditioning, different routes of administration and encapsulation, are implemented. CONCLUSION For the protection of stem cells against apoptosis, different pathways, namely Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K/AKT), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF1), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) and Hippo, are discussed. DISCUSSION Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway decreases the concentration of apoptotic factors, while the HIF pathway protects stem cells against the micro-environment of tissue (hypoxia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School Pharmacy and Technology Management SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L Mehta Road, Vile Parle(W), Mumbai, India
| | - Nivedita Gandhewar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School Pharmacy and Technology Management SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L Mehta Road, Vile Parle(W), Mumbai, India
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Sun Z, Xie Y, Lee RJ, Chen Y, Jin Q, Lv Q, Wang J, Yang Y, Li Y, Cai Y, Wang R, Han Z, Zhang L, Xie M. Myocardium-targeted transplantation of PHD2 shRNA-modified bone mesenchymal stem cells through ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction protects the heart from acute myocardial infarction. Theranostics 2020; 10:4967-4982. [PMID: 32308762 PMCID: PMC7163444 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) is a promising approach to facilitate the precise delivery of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) to the ischemic myocardium. However, stem cell therapy for ischemic myocardium is challenging due to the poor survival of transplanted stem cells under severe ischemic conditions. In this study, we investigated whether myocardium-targeted transplantation of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) shRNA-modified BMSCs by UTMD increases the viability of grafted cells, and enhances their cardioprotective effects in acute myocardial infarction. Methods: BMSCs were transduced with lentiviral PHD2 shRNA, and a novel microbubble formulation was prepared by a thin-film hydration method. In rats, BMSCs with or without PHD2 shRNA modification were transplanted by UTMD after inducing acute myocardium infarction. Effects of PHD2 shRNA on BMSC survival, myocardial apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cardiac function were evaluated. In vitro, anti-apoptotic effects and its mechanisms of PHD2 silencing on BMSC and BMSC-conditioned medium on H9C2 cell were detected. Results: PHD2 shRNA-modified BMSC transplantation by UTMD resulted in increased BMSC survival, reduced myocardial apoptosis, reduced infarct size, increased vascular density, and improved cardiac function compared to the control vector-modified BMSC transplantation by UTMD. PHD2 silencing increased BMSC survival through a HIF-1α-dependent mechanism. The decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis by conditioned medium from PHD2 shRNA-treated BMSCs was due to an increase in the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Conclusions: The delivery of PHD2 shRNA-modified BMSCs by UTMD promoted grafted cell homing and activity, and increased myocardial angiogenesis in the infarcted heart, leading to improved cardiac function. This combination may provide a promising strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of stem cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction.
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Chen F, Zhao ER, Hableel G, Hu T, Kim T, Li J, Gonzalez-Pech NI, Cheng DJ, Lemaster JE, Xie Y, Grassian VH, Sen GL, Jokerst JV. Increasing the Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy via Triple-Function Inorganic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6605-6617. [PMID: 31188564 PMCID: PMC8106804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy in heart disease is challenged by mis-injection, poor survival, and low cell retention. Here, we describe a biocompatible multifunctional silica-iron oxide nanoparticle to help solve these issues. The nanoparticles were made via an in situ growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on both the external surfaces and pore walls of mesocellular foam silica nanoparticles. In contrast to previous work, this approach builds a magnetic moiety inside the pores of a porous silica structure. These materials serve three roles: drug delivery, magnetic manipulation, and imaging. The addition of Fe3O4 to the silica nanoparticles increased their colloidal stability, T2-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast, and superparamagnetism. We then used the hybrid materials as a sustained release vehicle of insulin-like growth factor-a pro-survival agent that can increase cell viability. In vivo rodent studies show that labeling stem cells with this nanoparticle increased the efficacy of stem cell therapy in a ligation/reperfusion model. The nanoparticle-labeled cells increase the mean left ventricular ejection fraction by 11 and 21% and the global longitudinal strain by 24 and 34% on days 30 and 60, respectively. In summary, this multifunctional nanomedicine improves stem cell survival via the sustained release of pro-survival agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric Ruike Zhao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ghanim Hableel
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Natalia Isabel Gonzalez-Pech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David J. Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Lemaster
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yijun Xie
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - George L. Sen
- Department of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Corresponding Author. Tel.: +1 (858) 246-0896
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Xie X, Shen Y, Chen J, Huang Z, Ge J. Mineralocorticoid receptor deficiency improves the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial infarction via enhanced cell survival. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1246-1256. [PMID: 30549184 PMCID: PMC6349200 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor survival of stem cells seriously limits their therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction (MI). Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. Here, we examined whether MR silencing in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could improve MSCs’ survival and enhance their cardioprotective effects in MI. MSCs from male Sprague‐Dawley rats were transfected with adenoviral small interfering RNA to silence MR (siRNA‐MR). MR silencing decreased hypoxia‐induced MSCs’ apoptosis, as demonstrated by Annexin V/7‐AAD staining. The mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effects of MR depletion were associated with inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species production and increased Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. In vivo study, 1 × 106 of MSCs with or without siRNA‐MR were injected into rat hearts immediately after MI. Depletion of MR could improve the MSCs’ survival significantly in infarcted myocardium, associated with more cardiac function improvement and smaller infarct size. Capillary density were also significantly higher in siRNA group with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Our study demonstrated that silencing MR promoted MSCs’ survival and repair efficacy in ischaemic hearts. MR might be a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of cell therapy in ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Rizhao Heart Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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